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Articles in press have been peer-reviewed and accepted, which are not yet assigned to volumes /issues, but are citable by Digital Object Identifier (DOI).
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Objective In order to study the physiological and biochemical changes and differential gene expression of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua seeds during physiological post-ripening. Method the contents of superoxide dismutase, α-amylase, β-amylase, soluble protein, crude fat and soluble sugar at each stage were analyzed by chemical determination method. The differentially expressed genes in 6 stages were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing technology, and the expression levels of key differentially expressed genes were verified by qRT-PCR. Result (1) During the physiological post-ripening process of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua seeds, the soluble sugar content increased gradually in the first four stages, and slightly decreased in the last two stages; The crude fat and protein showed a decreasing trend. The activity of α-amylase and β-amylase increased. (2) During physiological postripening of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua seeds, differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in sucrose and starch metabolic pathways and hormone signal transduction pathways. Conclusion During the physiological post-ripening process of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua seeds, the conversion of starch and other nutrients and the coordination of endogenous hormones promoted the physiological post-ripening of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua seeds. This study is of great significance for understanding the physiological and biochemical changes of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua seeds during post-ripening and the molecular mechanism of dormancy release.
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: Objective Effects of extending the conventional two-year sugarcane ratooning on the agronomy, yield, and economics of the 3rd year crop were analyzed. Method On ridge and furrow beds, 3 major sugarcane varieties in Guangxi Province, GL2, GT44, and YT236, were cultivated conventionally as control. In the 3rd year of the experiment, GF296 sugarcane stems started from seeds were used as replacement to fill in the areas where second-year ratoons of the 3 chosen varieties of sugarcane did not sprout in the spring following the replanting. Major agronomic characteristics and sucrose content of all harvested crops in the 3rd, 4th, and 5th year were determined or a comparative economic evaluation. Result The number of effective stems of replanted population of Guiliu 2 (GL2), Guitang 44 (GT44) and Yuetang 00236 (YT236) was significantly higher than that of non-replanted population (CK), and the yield of GL2 population, GT44 population, YT236 population and their corresponding CK population decreased with the extension of rooting years, and the population yield increased with the extension of the ratoon years. Comparing the ratoon sugarcane varieties GL2, GT44, and YT236 with their control groups, it was found that there were differences in measurements such as plant height, stem diameter, and weight per stem across various ratoon years. The number of effective stems of GL2, GT44 and YT236 populations without replanting was significantly negatively correlated with the years of ratoon, which were-0.907,-0.931 and-0.756, respectively, and the yield was also significantly negatively correlated with the years of ratoon roots, which were-0.915,-0.905 and-0.930, respectively. The results showed that the years of ratoon of the three varieties were not correlated with the yield and the number of effective stems after replanting, indicating that the ratoon root years of sugarcane could be prolonged after replanting. At the same time, after replanting, the economic benefits of GL2, GT44 and YT236 populations also increased, and their total net income increased by 48120.80 yuan·hm2, 46765.80 yuan·hm2 and 42398.60 yuan·hm2, respectively. Conclusion Direct replanting of GF296 seed stem can effectively prolong 3-year of ratoon, significantly increase the economic benefits of the population, and so it should be popularized in a large area. Our results provided theoretical basis for constructing high-yield and stable sugarcane groups, exerting the potential of ratoon, and realizing stable and high-yield cultivation.
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Objective Effects of fertilizer type and application rate on the growth of Kandelia obovate seedlings as well as the microbial community in soil were studied. Method In a field experiment, K. obovate seedlings were planted on lots treated by 3 different organic fertilizers or an inorganic fertilizer at 4 application rates, along with no-fertilizer as control (CK). Plant height and leaf length, width, number, and chlorophyll content of the seedling in the autumn were determined. Composition of the microbial community in soil was detected by high-throughput sequencing based on 16S rRNA gene. Result On the lots applied with Zun Long Fertilizer at the rate of 9.74 g·kg−1, the seedlings, in comparison to those on CK, were 117.50% taller and had 51.15% longer, 63.34% wider, and 178.57% more leaves in 120 d. The microbial compositions in the soil at the lots applied with organic fertilizer, inorganic fertilizer, and CK differed significantly. In addition, there were more distinct species on the organic fertilizers-treated soil than on the others. The plant grew positively with the microbial α-diversity in soil treated with the organic fertilizers, but negatively in soil treated with the inorganic fertilizers. Moreover, the organic fertilization fostered proliferation of beneficial microbes, such as Actinobacteriota and genera Nitrospira, Nocardioides, and Limibaculum, which could synergistically promote the plant growth as well. Conclusion Application of organic fertilizer enhanced the growth of K. obovate as well as the microbial diversity of soil. On the other hand, inorganic fertilizer provided relatively limited benefits on the growth of the plants, yet considerably hindered the development of a healthy soil microbiome.
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Objective Mitochondrial genome and phylogeny of Bactrocera (B.) tuberculata were studied for advancement on the molecular markers design, species identification, and evolutionary genetics relating to the destructive fruit fly. Methods High-throughput sequencing was applied to determine, assemble, join, and annotate the complete genome of B. (B.) tuberculata mitochondria. With the sequences on selected 20 species published on NCBI, the phylogeny of fruit flies was analyzed using the maximum likelihood method (ML). Results The total mitochondrial genome sequence was 15 854 bp long containing 13 protein coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, and one non-coding control gene with 73.2% A+T. There were 3 755 codons in the 13 protein-coding genes. Of the 22 amino acid codons in the protein, UUA (leucine) had the highest frequency (N) of 387 and relative codon (RSCU) of 3.79. Aside from the phenylalanine (F) and threonine (T) that lacked pseuduracine (T) rings and the serine (S1) without a dihydrouracil DHU ring, the secondary structures of the remaining 19 tRNA genes shaped typically like a canonical cloverleaf. And the 22 genes had 178 mismatched G-U base pairs. Based on the mitochondrial analysis, the phylogeny of B. (B.) tuberculate, B. (B.) dorsalis, and B. (B.) carambolae were closely related and in the same branch as other subgenera. The result agreed with what was revealed by the morphological observation. Conclusion For the first time, the complete mitochondrial genome of B. (B.) tuberculata was obtained with a GenBank accession number of MW 892726. The information secured on the structure and nucleotide composition of the mitochondria and the phylogenetic relation with other subgenera would aid further studies on the species identification, evolutionary biology, and pest control of the devastating pest.
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Objective Key genes involved in the detoxification of pyroxsulam in naked barley were identified to facilitate breeding an herbicide-tolerant variety. Method Leaves of herbicide-sensitive Qing 0160 and herbicide-resistant Qing 0306 naked barley were treated with pyroxsulam for 0, 1, or 6 d prior to a high throughput transcriptome sequencing. Result The GO of the differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in photosynthesis before as well as after the pyroxsulam treatment. Significant KEGG enrichment of the genes related to antioxidants in the glutathione metabolic pathway and the stress-related genes in the phenylpropanol and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis pathways was observed 1d after the treatment. And 6 d afterward, the genes related to the biological processes that maintain the cell function as well as the biosynthesis and metabolism of amino acids were significantly enriched. Further analysis indicated that the expressions of SOD21972, POD55052, CAT15170, DHAR59510, APX42784, GR34873, GSTs849, GSTs36979, GSTs31507, GSTs15106, andGSTs20762 were upregulated, while PSⅡ55705, Cc31194, Cc17547, Cc17551, and CYP12424 downregulated. POD55052 in the herbicide-sensitive naked barley was highly expressed but not in the herbicide-resistant counterparts. On the other hand, the expressions of SOD21972, CAT15170, DHAR59510, APX42784, GR34873, GSTs849, GSTs36979, GSTs31507, GSTs15106, GSTs20762, PSⅡ55705, Cc31194, Cc17547, Cc17551, and CYP12424 were higher in the herbicide-resistant than in the herbicide-sensitive naked barley. It suggested that they might be involved in the pyroxsulam-resistance of the plants. Conclusion The basically same trend shown in this study on the gene express by qRT-PCR and the transcriptome sequencing unveiled the genes possibly associated with the pyroxsulam detoxification mechanism of naked barley. The information would facilitate the breeding of an herbicide-resistant variety.
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Objective Physiological mechanism and application concentration of foliar quercetin (Q) spray in improving drought resistance of chestnut seedlings were studied. Method In an irrigation-controlled pot experiment, seedlings of Yanbao chestnut (YB) were sprayed Q solutions of concentrations at 600 μmol·L−1 (QD1), 1 200 μmol·L−1 (QD2), 1 800 μmol·L−1 (QD3), 2 000 μmol·L−1 (QD4), and 3 000 μmol·L−1 (QD5), along with one non-spray control under drought (CK1) and another under normal watering condition (CK2). Contents of chlorophyll, malondialdehyde (MDA), and flavonols as well as antioxidant activities of the seedlings were determined. Result The foliar spray of Q significantly elevated the contents of chlorophyll and flavonols as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) and reduced MDA in the seedling leaves over those under CK1, but not to the levels under CK2. The principal component and membership function analyses showed the average drought resistance of QD1, QD2, QD3, QD4, and QD5 to be 0.735, 0.641, 0.738, 1.389, and 0.828, respectively, indicating a superior treatment effect of 2,000μmol Q·L−1. Conclusion Spraying Q solutions on the chestnut seedlings appeared to mitigate cellular damages induced by drought stress. The treatment raised the antioxidant enzyme activities and chlorophyll content while reduced MDA that retarded cell membrane peroxidation on the leaves with the greatest effect displayed by the application of Q at a concentration of 2 000 μmol·L−1.
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Objective Effects of melatonin application on plant physiology and biochemistry as well as cell wall components of Bougainvillea plants under low temperature were studied. Method Bougainvillea leaves were sprayed with melatonin solutions in the concentrations of 0, 50, 100, and 150 µmol·L–1 at 4 ℃. Leaf area, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters at the optimal/maximal quantum yield of PSⅡ (Fv/Fm), apparent electron transfer rate (ETR), photochemical quenching coefficient (qP), non-photochemical quenching coefficient (qN)], activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), membrane lipid peroxidation products at the production rate of superoxide anion (O2−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, osmotic adjustment soluble sugar (SS) and soluble protein (SP) as well as cell wall components including chelate pectin (CSP), alkali-soluble pectin (SSP), hemicellulose (HC), and cellulose (CE) of the plants were monitored weekly for 3 consecutive weeks from the beginning of treatments (MT0). Result At 4 ℃, the growth and development of Bougainvillea plants was hindered showing unbalanced chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, intensified membrane lipid peroxidation, and altered cell wall composition. The spray of 100 µmol·L−1 melatonin significantly enhanced the physiological activity, reduced wilting, Fv/Fm and ETR, increased activities of SOD, POD, and CAT (e.g., by 96.45%, 104.35%, and 73.11%, respectively, in Elizabeth Angus), decreased H2O2 content by 21.07% and O2− production rate by 26.85%, and raised CSP by 22.55% and SSP by 43.08% in the cell wall over those at MT0. Conclusion Melatonin regulated the physiology of Bougainvillea plants and effectively mitigated the growth inhibition by cold stress. The spray reduced the damage to the photosystem, enhance the antioxidant enzyme activity, retard the membrane lipid oxidation, and stabilize the cell wall of the plant suggesting a potential treatment for preventing serious harms by temperature decline in winter.
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Objective NPK fertilization to maximize the yield and quality of chili peppers for processing was formulated. 【Method】 An experiment of quadratic saturation D-optimal design with three factors of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium was applied to optimize the formulation targeted to maximize the yield and quality of Mingjiao 9 chili peppers for further processing. Result Significant effects on chili pepper yield and processing quality were found to be K＞P＞N. The optimal amount of N, P2O5, K2O was 151.10, 59.28, 306.78 kg·hm−2 to reach the greatest yield, and 148.59, 59.34, 291.66 kg·hm−2 to achieve the most desirable quality. The combinations of N and P, N and K, and P and K also exerted significant enhancing effects on the chili pepper yield and quality. The optimized fertilizations with a predicted yield exceeding 29,000 kg·hm−2 at 95% confidence level called for the application N, P2O5, and K2O at 109.24–174.43 kg·hm−2, 44.40–78.95 kg·hm−2, and 213.85–287.95 kg·hm−2, respectively, while for a score above 80 on overall chili pepper quality, the application of 63.08–115.23 kg·hm−2, 42.26–72.50 kg·hm−2, and 211.23–292.23 kg·hm−2, respectively, were determined. Conclusion Experimentally optimized NPK fertilizations for chili pepper cultivation to provide a yield of 29000 kg·hm−2 and a quality score of 80 or higher were formulated. To accomplish the goal on yield as well as quality, the formulation would include the ranges of 109.24–115.23 kg·hm−2 on N, 44.40–72.50 kg·hm−2 on P2O5, and 213.85–287.95 kg·hm−2 on K2O with a N∶P2O5∶K2O ratio of 1–1.05∶0.41–0.6∶1.96–2.64.
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Objective Effects of applying Bacillus subtilis B2-GFP culture broth on the growth and physiology of sweet pepper seedlings were studied. Methods In a pot experiment, seedlings of sweet pepper Shuoyuan 808 were treated with B. subtilis B2-GFP culture broths at the concentrations of 1×105 CFU·mL−1 (T1), 1×106 CFU·mL−1 (T2), 1×107 CFU·mL−1 (T3), and 1×108 CFU·mL−1 (T4), along with non-treatment control (CK). The transplanted sweet pepper seedlings were given 5 mL 1×106CFU·mL−1 B2-GFP culture broth every 7 d for 3 times. Growth index, biomass accumulation, leaf photosynthesis, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters as well as antioxidant enzyme activities, morphological formation, and root vitality of the plants were monitored at 21 d. Results Application of the B2-GFP culture broth increased the plant height and biomass as well as the leaf area and chlorophyll content over CK. The greatest effect was observed under T2, which also accentuated the leaf transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (Gs), maximum fluorescence (Fm), photosystem II potential Activity (ФPSⅡ), and photochemical fluorescence quenching coefficient (qP) as well as the activities of peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in the roots but reduced the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and chlorophyll basic fluorescence (Fo). Conclusion When the transplanted sweet pepper seedlings were given 1×106 CFU·mL−1 B2-GFP culture broth, all monitored indicators on the plant growth and root development including leaf photosynthetic parameters and biomass and root antioxidant enzymes activities and vitality were significantly improved in 3 weeks.
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Objective To explore the effects of paclobutrazol (PAC) and ethephon (ETH) on carbon and nitrogen metabolism, endogenous hormone levels, and flower-related gene expression in the flowering plant of Erythrina sykesii, and provide theoretical basis for regulating the flowering period of E. sykesii. Methods Eight-year-old E. sykesii. were treated with three sprays of PAC (600 mg·L−1) and ETH (50 mg·L−1) during the bud physiological differentiation stage, with distilled water as the control (CK). The contents of carbon and nitrogen metabolites, endogenous hormone levels, and flower-related gene expression in the top buds were detected during different bud physiological differentiation periods, and the inflorescence size and number, and branch flowering rate were investigated and statistically analyzed during the peak flowering period. Results After spraying PAC and ETH on the leaves of E. sykesii., the soluble sugar and total carbon (C) content in the top buds gradually increased with the progress of physiological differentiation, while the soluble protein and total nitrogen (N) content gradually decreased, resulting in an increase in the C/N ratio. Among them, there were significant differences between the PAC+ETH treatment and the PAC and ETH treatments, with the PAC+ETH treatment reaching the maximum C/N ratio at the end of physiological differentiation. The endogenous hormone content in the top buds also changed with the physiological differentiation process, with zeatin riboside (ZR) and abscisic acid (ABA) content gradually increasing, while gibberellic acid (GA3) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content gradually decreasing; resulting in a gradual increase in the ratios of ABA/IAA, ABA/GA3, ZR/IAA, and ZR/GA3. There were significant differences between the PAC+ETH treatment and the PAC and ETH treatments, with the PAC+ETH treatment reaching the maximum ABA/IAA, ABA/GA3, ZR/IAA, and ZR/GA3 ratios at the end of physiological differentiation, which were 317.49%, 185.34%, 310.58%, and 180.62% higher than the control, respectively. The flowering-promoting gene Flowering Locus T (FT) began to express and the gene amount gradually increased during the middle stage of physiological differentiation, while SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1 (SOC1), APETALA 1 (AP1), SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP), and LEAFY (LFY) genes were significantly expressed at the end of physiological differentiation. The flowering-inhibiting gene TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) began to express and the gene amount gradually decreased during the early stage of physiological differentiation. Both paclobutrazol and ethephon treatments promoted the flowering bud differentiation process and flowering induction of E. sykesii. The plant treated with PAC+ETH had an advanced flowering period of 12 days, a flowering rate of 36.46%, and a total flowering period of 55 days. Conclusion During the physiological differentiation stage of the flower buds of E. sykesii., spraying paclobutrazol and ethenol is conducive to enhancing the content of carbon and nitrogen metabolites, modulating endogenous hormone levels, stimulating the expression of flowering-related genes, and effectively facilitating floral bud differentiation in E. sykesii.
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Objective Varieties of sweet cherry cultivars from Sichuan Province were analyzed for self-compatibility by the presence of mutant S gene. Method Using the universal and specific primers of S genotype, DNA from the leaves of 39 Cerasus avium L. specimens collected in Sichuan were amplified by PCR. The amplified fragments containing SFB4 and/or SFB4' were sequenced for comparison and further analysis. Result Six genes of S genotype were identified from the 39 sweet cherry specimens with 27 of them having S3 genes, 19 having S9, 12 having S1, 11 having S4, 7 having S6, and 3 having S2. In the 11 specimens containing S4 genes, the ORF sequences of SFBs were amplified. By comparing SFB4 and SFB4', 4 base deletions at 903 bp were observed on the mutant. Subsequently, with a specially designed primer for SFB4', the sequencing indicated the SFB in 7 of the specimens to be SFB4'. Conclusion Six S genes were identified in the 39 C. avium specimens collected in Sichuan. The S4 from 7 of the specimens was the mutant gene, SFB4'.
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Objective In order to improve the yield, quality and resistance of traditional glutinous rice varieties, and meet the development demand of special glutinous rice market. Method Glutinous rice germplasms of high yield, disease resistance, low amylose content (AC), and high alkali spreading value (ASV) were evaluated and identified. Using the incomplete diallel crossing(NC II) method, the selected parental lines and 20 hybrids were pooled to construct a matrix for breeding evaluation. Result The actual yields of 7 choice germplasms ranged from 7744.35 to 9216.45 kg·hm−2, among which X-104 had the highest real cut yield of 9216.45 kg·hm−2 and X-27 had the highest real cut yield of 8960.40 kg·hm−2, which were significantly higher than those of the 3 reference varieties. The abovementioned two short and stout cultivars respectively carried Pi-1 and Pi-kh and Pi-1, Pi-9, and Pi-kh genes were moderate resistance to rice blast. They had AC of 1.71% and 1.68% as well as ASV of 6.75 and 6.13, respectively, indicating low gelatinization temperature. For heterosis in breeding, X-27 exhibited a combining ability of higher on grain yield and quality in addition to taller on plant height; X-57 of greater on yield and ASV but lower on plant height and AC; and X-104, despite the high grain yield and quality, did not offer meaningful advantages. Among the hybrids, Minnuo 2S/X-41 and Minnuo 2S/X-107 were significantly superior to their parents in terms of grain yield, plant height, AC, and ASV. Conclusion The determination of grain yield and quality of glutinous rice involves numerous factors such as effective panicle number, panicle length, 1000-grain weight, length-to-width ratio, yield per plant, AC, and ASV. The broad heritability (h2B) of such traits of the parents and hybrids in this study ranged between 14.72%–53.99%, and the narrow heritability (h2N) between 10.25%–43.07%. The relatively low indexes indicated instability and being prone to environmental effects in gene transfer from generation to generation. Consequently, breeding glutinous rice targeted for a specific use would require a complicated process of selection and hybridization.
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Objective Effects of practices of tillage and green manure utilization on fertility and enzyme activity of soil and yield of sugarcane crop under a continuous cultivation were evaluated. Method On a sugarcane field, the traditional rotary tillage (TCK), Fenlong tillage (FLCK), Fenlong tillage with sugarcane and soybean discards returned to sugarcane roots (FLG), and soybean discards returned to wide rows (FLK) were applied with a random block design. Contents of organic matter and available nutrients and activities of urease, saccharase, acid phosphatase, and catalase as well as yield and quality of sugarcane crop under treatments were compared. Result (1) The treatments induced significantly varied effects on the fertility and enzyme activity of the soil. The 40.6% to 76.7% organic matter contents in the soil around the roots and wide rows were significantly higher than that of TCK (P＜0.05). FLG, FLK, and FLCK significantly raised the available N and P in the soil around the roots with an increase of 16.1%–41.8%. (2) The activities of urease (except under FLG), sucrase, acid phosphatase, and catalase in the soil under FLG, FLK, and FLCK were 0.7-166.7% higher than those under TCK. (3) The 2-year average sugarcane yields under FLG, FLK, and FLCK were 13.1%–30.5% higher than under TCK. Those of FLG and FLK were significantly higher than that of FLCK by 9.9%–15.3% with FLG showing the highest average of 86 043 kg·hm−2. The sucrose content, brix, gravity purity, apparent purity, and pol of sugarcane grown under FLG, FLK, and FLCK were higher than those under TCK. (4) The sugarcane yield significantly correlated with soil urease activity, and extremely significantly correlated with soil sucrase, acid phosphatase, catalase activity, organic matter, available N, and available P. Conclusion Fenlong tillage with green manure returned to the land significantly improved the nutrient contents and enzyme activities in the soil as well as the sugarcane yield and quality on a continuous cropping field. Ease for field operation, Fenlong tillage using green manure on wide rows was recommended for local farming.
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Objective Correlation between the mutation sites of tyrosinase related protein 1b gene, TYRP1b, and body color traits of Danio rerio was investigated. Method DNA of muscles from zebrafish of three significantly different body color phenotypes were used as the templates. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the genes were tested by PCR and Sanger direct sequencing to determine the relationship between the mutation sites of TYRP1b and traits of zebrafish body color. Result The exon 2, partial intron 3, exon 4, intron 4, exon 5, intron 5, exon 6, and exon 7 of TYRP1b were 134 bp, 212 bp, 168 bp, 135 bp, 180 bp, 113 bp, 150 bp, and 171bp in length, respectively. Eighteen SNPs were found in 219 zebrafish with body color of red, yellow, and blue. Of them, 11 (i.e., g.2125G＞A, g.2150G＞A, g.2152G＞T, g.2161C＞A, g.2175A＞T, g.2180G＞T, g.2185A＞T, g.2192A＞C, g.2200A＞T, g.2201A＞C, and g.2213T＞C) were located in partial intron 3, 5 (i.e., g.7C＞A, g.65A＞G, g.84T＞A, and g.103C＞T) in intron 4 and g.61G＞T in intron 5, and the synonymous mutation g.125G＞T in exon 4 and g.80T＞A in exon 6. No SNPs were detected in exons 2, 5, and 7. An association analysis showed that the genotypes of g.2152G＞T, g.2175A＞T, g.2180T＞G, g.2192A＞C, g.2200A＞T, and g.2201A＞C in intron 3, g.65A＞G in intron 4, and g.80T＞A in exon 6 of TYRP1b significantly correlated with zebrafish body color (P＜0.01). Conclusion It appeared that 8 SNPs in introns 3, 4, and exon 6 of TYRP1b in D. rerio were associated with body color phenotype of the fish.
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Objective To clarify the pathogenicity and culture characteristics of Goose astrovirus(GAstV). Methods Disease diagnosis and pathogen isolation, identification, gene sequencing, culture characteristics , and pathogenicity on a goose at a farm in Guangdong showing visceral and gout symptoms were conducted. Results The Goose astrovirus (GAstV) isolated from the tissue sample was named GD2208. It showed the highest homology of 97.4%–99.1% with the reference strain GAstV-Ⅱ based on the ORF2 gene nucleotide sequence. They belonged to the same evolutionary branch on the evolutionary tree. In an animal regression test, the chicks inoculated with GD2208 displayed similar clinical symptoms as well as the pathological and histopathological changes observed on the naturally infected 3-day-old goose and had a 20% mortality rate. The isolate could proliferate in goose embryos, but unable to adapt to SPF chicken or Muscovy duck embryos after 4 generations of blind transmission. It could also grow in GEK and LMH cells with the apparent cytopathic effects or in DF-1 cells without the effects after 8 generations of blind transmission. Conclusion A GAstV-Ⅱ strain isolated from a diseased goose when inoculated in healthy chicks produced similar symptoms on the birds, and it could grow in goose embryos, GEK, LMH, and DF-1 cells.
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Objective Effects of Yupingfeng on the growth performance, immune function and serum biochemical indices of Dehua black chicken were investigated, and the safety of Yupingfeng was observed. Method Astragalus membranaceus, Atractylodis macrocephalae Koidz. and Radix Saposhnikoviae were mixed and decocted at a mass ratio of 2:2:1 to make the decoction concentration at 1 g·mL-1 of raw materials. The tested 160 30-day-old Dehua black chickens with similar body weight were randomly divided into a low-dose group (treated with 1.25 mL Yupingfeng decoction per chicken per day), a medium-dose group (treated with 1.875 mL), a high-dose group (treated with 2.5 mL), and a control group（0 mL). Each group had 4 replicates, with 10 chikens in each replicate. Yupingfeng decoction was mixed in drinking water and fed for 25 days. Blood and duodenum were sampled to test relevant indicators of growth performance, intestinal morphology immune function, antioxidant capacity and serum biochemistry. Results Compared with the control group, 1）the daily weight gains in groups of the medium- and high-dose were increased by 16.77%(P＜0.05) and 27.58%(P＜0.01), and the feed conversion ratios of the three dose groups were increased by 8.30%,14.61% and 21.92%, respectively; 2）the levels of IL-2 of serum in the three dose groups, and the levels of SIgA of the duodenal mucosa in the medium- and high-dose groups were significantly increased(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01) ; the levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α of serum in the three dose groups were significantly decreased (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01) . 3) the reduction of the MDA concentration in the three dose groups was extremely significant (P＜0.01), while the GSH-Px activity and SOD activity in the three dose groups, the CAT activity and T-AOC activity in the high dose group, were significantly increased(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01). 4) In the medium- and high- dose groups, the crypt depth was decreased (P＜0.05), while the ratio of villus height to crypt depth was increased(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01); 5) In the three dose groups , there were no significant differences in the serum biochemical indices of total bilirubin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, and creatine kinase (P＞0.05). Conclusion The Yupingfeng decoction can improve the growth performance, intestinal morphology, antioxidant capacity and immune function with anti-inflammatory effect and maintaining immune homeostasis in Dehua black chicken. And Yupingfeng decotion is safe, and the proper dosage is 2.5 mL per chicken per day.
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: [ Objective ] Using Pear Young Fruit establish resistance evaluation system of pear fire blight, resistance materials of pear fire blight (Erwinia amylovora)were Screened to provide technical information for disease resistance breeding research. Method 77 Pear germplasm resources,including 36 cultivates and 41 hybrid progenies of ‘Kuerlexiangli’pear by Artifical inoculating young fruit stage, fruit expansion stage,fruit ripening period,The disease resistance grading index of pear varieties （germplasm） was formulated according to the strength of the pathogenic response after inoculation,and the disease resistance levels of 77 Pear germplasm resources were comprehensively evaluated. Results The results showed that young fruit stage can more accurate assessment of resistance leve, Compared with fruit expansion stage and fruit ripening period;77 Pear germplasm resources represented significant different on disease resistance,among which 13 were highly susceptible to the stain,11 varieties(germplasm)were susceptible, 27 varieties(germplasm) were moderately susceptible,26 varieties(germplasm) were resistant. The majority of the pear varieties(germplasm) tested was susceptible to E.amylovora, 33.77% varieties(germplasm) were evaluated as resistant, 66.23% varieties(germplasm) were evaluated as varying degrees susceptible. Conclusion Resistance evaluation system was established through young fruit stage was determined as inoculation periods, Observing incidence after 24 h inoculation;the 26 resistant varieties(germplasm) were Screened from the test varieties by using resistance evaluation system,which could provide the selective breeding of hybrid parents of pears,and which could provide research reference for rapid breeding of new resistant varieties in the future.
: [ Objective ] Using Pear Young Fruit establish resistance evaluation system of pear fire blight, resistance materials of pear fire blight (Erwinia amylovora)were Screened to provide technical information for disease resistance breeding research.
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: Objective The purpose of this paper is to clarify the root rot incidence rate of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua in Fujian area and identify the causing pathogens, which will provide a theoretical basis for the control of root rot disease. Methods The incidence of root rot were investigate in the three planting areas of P. cyrtonema in Fujian province. The roots and rhizomes with typical root rot symptoms were collected from the fields. The pathogens were isolated and identified with morphology, molecular biology and pathogenicity test. Results The average incidence of root rot was about 10.50% in the seedlings phase and 17.65% in the rhizomes during harvesting phase. A total of 98 isolates were obtained from the diseased samples. The pathogens were finally identified as Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani and F. fujikuroi based on morphological characteristics, FOF1/FOR1 and F8/R8 PCR amplification of specific primer, and sequence analysis of translation elongation factor-1α (tef-1α) gene. The separation frequencies of the tree pathogens were 75.51%, 20.41% and 4.08%, respectively. Inoculating the pathogens on the healthy rhizomes reproduced the same symptoms previously observed in the field. Pathogenicities of the tree pathogens were confirmed by fulfilling the Koch’s postulates. Conclusion It was confirmed that F. oxysporum, F. solani and F. fujikuroi were the pathogens of root rot of P. cyrtonema in Fujian province. This is the first report of F. fujikuroi causing root rot of P. cyrtonema in China.
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Objective Molecular genetics of Yellowfin Puffer （Takifugu xanthopterus） in Dayang River of China was studied, and provide basic data for genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis of germplasm resources of T. xanthopterus. Method The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of T. xanthopterus was obtained by high-throughput sequencing technology, and the structure of mitochondrial genome was analyzed. Result The length of the complete mitochondrial genome was determined to be 16444bp （GenBank accession no. MT560586） consisting of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs, 2 ribosomal RNAs, 1 control region and OL. Thirteen protein-coding genes started with ATG as a start codon except for the gene cox1 started with a special GTG codon, whereas Cox2 ended with codon T, the preference codon （RSCU＞2） including the codon Arg （CGA） and Ser （UCC）. All 22 tRNA genes present the typical clover leaf secondary structure except trnS1. Taking Monotreta leiurus as outgroup, the complete mitochondrial genome sequences of 16 species of Fugu were analyzed for evolutionary relationship. The phylogenetic tree constructed by Bayes software showed that T.xanthopterus had closely relationship with Takifugu chrysops and Takifugu pardalis. Conclusion The mitochondrial genome structure and gene order of T.xanthopterus conform to the typical structure and arrangement characteristics of fish genome.
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Objective To provide the theoretical basis for developing the selenium-rich cultivation of amaranth, the mechanism of AMF to improve nutrient quality of amaranth under selenium-enriched cultivation was studied. Method Potting experiments were applied to study the effects of selenium and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on photosynthesis, growth status, amaranth, and selenium accumulation of Amaranthus tricolor L. Result The results showed that different selenium treatments significantly increased the chlorophyll a, b content, transpiration rate(Tr), stomatal conductance(Gs), net photosynthetic rate(Pn) and intercellular CO2 concentration(Ci), while reduced the amaranthine content, but not significantly affected the mycorrhizal infection rate or mycorrhizal dependence. Inoculation with AMF promoted the growth of amaranth under different selenium treatments and increased leaf amaranthine content, as well as enhanced photosynthetic capacity and improved accumulation of selenium content in roots, stems and leaves. Conclusion In conclusion, both AMF inoculation and exogenous selenium treatment improved the photosynthetic and selenium accumulation, thus improving the nutritional quality of Amaranthus tricolor L.
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Objective Characterising the migratory dispersal behaviour of the leafhopper, Empoasca vitis (Göthe), and revealing the initial key factors that influence migratory dispersal of its populations. Method In this study, we employed tethered balloons affixed with yellow insect-trapping boards to ensnare E. vitis at varying heights and orientations. Subsequently, we analysed and simulated E. vitis migratory and dispersal behaviours using the HYSPLIT-4 airflow dynamics model and meteorological data. By combining field population surveys with analyses of population density and dispersal coefficient, we elucidated the key factors driving the transformation of E. vitis population distribution. Result The maximum flying altitude attained by E. vitis was 8 metres, and the population density of E. vitis experienced a steady decline as the altitude increased from 2-8 metres. The HYSPLIT-4 aerodynamic model analysis indicated that the migration trajectory of E. vitis was solely determined by the migration time, with no impact from the altitude on the migration trajectory or the linear dispersal distance. The HYSPLIT-4 aerodynamic model's results demonstrated that E. vitis has a linear dispersal distance of 35.70-178.10 km within 24 hours. Further analysis of population density and dispersal coefficient indicated both aggregated and random distribution of E. vitis, with migration and dispersal considered influential in the transformation of distribution types. Conclusion E. vitis may undergo regional migration through air currents. The transition between aggregated and random distribution of E. vitis populations, driven by population density, also plays a role in field dispersal and regional migration. Therefore, control of E. vitis should be concentrated in the main control area and extended outwards for 200 km.
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:[ Objective ] Real time and accurate prediction of evapotranspiration during the fruiting period of substrate cultivated cucumber, guiding substrate cultivated cucumber irrigation. Method Real time greenhouse microclimate environmental data during the cucumber fruiting period is obtained through sensors. Cucumber evapotranspiration is measured using the weighing method, with transplanting time, air temperature, relative humidity, light intensity, and daily average irrigation amount for the first five days as inputs, using Back Propagation neural network (BPNN), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) to establish substrate cultivation cucumber evapotranspiration prediction models, and the prediction effects of different models are compared. The model dataset The time interval is set to 20 minutes. Result Compared to BPNN, CNN, and LSTM models, the GRU model has the best prediction performance, with a coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.8577, 2.3279 g, and 1.6744 g, respectively. When the measured daily real-time cumulative evapotranspiration of cucumbers exceeds 50 g, the relative error fluctuation between the predicted daily real-time cumulative evapotranspiration of cucumbers by the GRU model and the measured daily real-time cumulative evapotranspiration is the smallest, ranging from 0.11% to 10.01%. Conclusion The prediction model of evapotranspiration during the fruiting period of substrate cultivated cucumbers based on GRU has the best prediction effect, which can provide reference for irrigation system of substrate cultivated cucumbers.
:[ Objective ] Real time and accurate prediction of evapotranspiration during the fruiting period of substrate cultivated cucumber, guiding substrate cultivated cucumber irrigation.
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: Objective The stability of candidate reference genes of Ganoderma pseudoferreum under different stress treatments were evaluated to provide reference for exploring the gene function and molecular mechanism of G.pseudoferreum infestation of rubber tree roots. Methods The G. pseudoferreum mycelia under five abiotic stresses ( temperature, salt, oxidation, pH, drought ) and one biotic stress (biocontrol bacteria) were collected to isolate RNA and reverse transcribed into cDNA. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR technology was used to amplify the six candidate reference genes (UBC, ACT, RPL6, β-TUB, APT, 28s), and the softwares of geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and RefFinder were used to evaluate genes stability to find the most suitable reference genes for different stresses. Results The RNA of all samples showed two clear bands, and the melting curves of the six candidate reference genes showed obvious single peak. Combined analysis of geNorm, NormFinder, Bestkeeper and RefFinder, found that the stability of gene expression under temperature stress was UBC ＞ ACT ＞ RPL6 ＞ β-TUB ＞ 28s ＞ APT, and the stability of gene expression under salt stress was ACT ＞ RPL6 ＞ UBC ＞ APT ＞ β-TUB ＞ 28s; the stability of gene expression under oxidative stress was UBC ＞ ACT ＞ 28s ＞ APT ＞ β-TUB ＞ RPL6; the stability of gene expression under pH stress was RPL6 ＞ UBC ＞ APT ＞ ACT ＞ β-TUB ＞ 28s, the stability of gene expression under drought stress was ACT ＞ UBC ＞ β-TUB ＞ RPL6 ＞ APT ＞ 28s, and the stability of gene expression under biotic stress was UBC ＞ ACT ＞ RPL6 ＞ 28s ＞ APT ＞ β-TUB. Conclusion Combining all genes and experimental conditions, we recommend genes ACT and UBC as the best reference genes for normalizing gene expression under drought, oxidation, temperature and biotic stress experimental conditions. Genes ACT and RPL6 are the most suitable reference genes under salt stress, and UBC and RPL6 are the most suitable reference genes under pH stress.
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Objective Liupao Tea (Camellia sinensis var. sinensis cv. Liupao) was studied for the genes associated with anthocyanin synthesis for target breeding. Methods Anthocyanin were extracted with ethanol hydrochloride from Liubao Tea plants bearing purple or green buds. Transcriptome sequencing was performed using Illumina Hiseq 2500 high-throughput platform to identify differentially expressed genes, determine expression of the genes related to anthocyanin synthesis, and conduct GO and KEGG enrichment analyses on the extracts. The sequencing results were subsequently verified by fluorescence quantification PCR. Results The young leaves on the tea plants borne with purple buds contained sevenfold higher anthocyanin than those on the plants with green buds. The transcriptome of the genes of the purple buds had 165570 unigenes with an average length of 1450 bp. Of them, 243 related to the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, and 43 significantly differentially expressed between the two types of plants. The 43 differentiated genes encoded 14 key enzymes, i.e., phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), cinnamate acid 4-hydroxylase (C4H), anthocyanidin reductase (ANR), 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), flavonol synthase (FLS), flavonoid-3′,5′-hydroxylase (F3′5′H), flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3′H), flavanone-3-hydroxylase (F3H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), and leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR). Conclusion Thirty-four genes significantly upregulated in Liupao Tea plants with purple buds were found to be associated with 14 key enzymes encoding anthocyanin biosynthesis. They were speculated to play an important role in the bud color differentiation between the two varieties.
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: Objective To explore the effects of microbial cultures（Enterobacter aerogenes CT-B09-2、Bacillus amyloliquefaciens JL-B06 and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus WYS-A01-1）on the structure and diversity of Phyllostachys edulis soil bacterial communities. Method Taking P. edulis seedlings as the research object, compound microbial cultures were applied by root irrigation. 30 days after the application, rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil samples of P. edulis seedlings were collected to measure soil physical and chemical properties. Total soil DNA was extracted and 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing was performed to analyze the impact of compound microbial cultures on soil bacterial community structure and diversity. Results The compound microbial cultures can effectively increase the content of available phosphorus in soil, regulate soil pH, and improved the functional activities related to material metabolism and decomposition of carbon compounds in rhizosphere soil. 26 phyla, 65 classes, 158 orders, 253 families, 448 genera, and 674 species were detected in P. edulis rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil. The main dominant bacterial phyla are Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteriota, Acidobacteriota, and Chloroflexi. After the application of compound microbial cultures, the number of species in the rhizosphere soil microbial community of P. edulis increased significantly, but there was no significant change in non-rhizosphere soil samples. Conclusion The compound microbial cultures can regulate soil mineral elements, improve soil pH, and regulate the composition of bacterial microbial community.
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: Objective To solve the problem of resource utilization and harmless treatment of abandoned grape branches in the eastern foothills of Helan Mountain, and to alleviate the shortage of edible mushroom raw materials. Method Seven strains of Coprinus comatus were introduced in the experiment, and six cultivation formulas were designed using grape branches from the eastern foothills of Helan Mountain as the main cultivation material instead of traditional cultivation substrates. The strains and formulas were arranged and combined to obtain 42 treatments. The biological efficiency, nutritional components such as crude polysaccharides, amino acid flavor components, and heavy metal safety of Coprinus comatus in the cultivation substrate containing grape branches were explored, and the appropriate cultivation formula was obtained through grey correlation analysis. Result The experiment showed that among 42 treatments, 16 treatments containing grape branch cultivation substrate had a biological efficiency of over 100%. Among them, the CM6 treatment (strain CC900, cultivation substrate containing 20% grape branches) had the best biological efficiency, and the crude polysaccharide content was significantly higher than the control (treatment without grape branch substrate); The ash content is closely related to biological efficiency, and higher biological efficiency results in higher ash content. Cultivating Coprinus comatus using grape brancheswill not affect their yield, appearance, and flavor, and meets national food safety standards. CM6, DM4, and CM3 are the cultivation schemes with better comprehensive performance. Conclusion Grape branches can not only replace some traditional raw materials for cultivating Coprinus comatus, but also improve the yield and nutritional content of Coprinus comatus to a certain extent, reduce production costs, and are good cultivation materials for Coprinus comatus.
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Objective Growth-regulating factors (GRF) is a unique protein of plants, which plays an important role in mugwort growth and stress. It plays an important role in Artemisia argyi growth and stress stress. Method To understand the biological characteristics of the GRF gene family in Artemisia argyi, this study conducted bioinformatic analysis of physical and chemical properties, gene structure, evolution and expression of the GRF gene family; analyzed the expression patterns of the members of the gene family in different tissues, stress and different hormones using transcriptomic data and real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Result A total of 17 GRF family members were identified from the A. argyi genome, physicochemical identification showed that all are hydrophilic proteins; The phylogenetic evolutionary tree falls into four subfamilies; The motif analysis indicated that genes of the same clade in the evolutionary tree have a similar or the same conserved motif; The AaGRF gene family members are randomly distributed on 11 different chromosomes; The AaGRF gene family promoter contains multiple stress and hormone-responsive elements; The AaGRF gene family showed different trends in response to salinity stress; The expression pattern of this family members in the roots, stems and leaves of A. argyi is tissue-specific; After treatment with abscisic acid, indoacetic acid, salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate, AaGRF05, AaGRF06, AaGRF11 and AaGRF14 showed the highest gene expression at 12 hour after treatment, indicating that most of the genes are involved in regulation during prophase. Conclusion In conclusion, this paper shows that the GRF gene family participates in the regulation of A. argyi growth and stresses, which provides a certain theoretical basis for the comprehensive exploration of the function of GRF family in the next step research.
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In order to explore the selectivity of different lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to the carbon source of medium, 16 representative LAB were isolated from forage crops as the research object were selected. In the MRS broth medium, glucose, sucrose, fructose, xylose, raffinose and mixed sugars (raffinose-glucose-fructose-sucrose-xylose) were used as carbon sources for the 16 strains. There were 3 replicates for each strain, and a blank control (without inoculation) for each sugar treatment. After 24 hours of inoculation’, the high-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the contents of residual carbon source and lactic acid in the broth for each treatment. The results of the 16 strains showed that: (1) Sucrose was the preferred carbon source for the growth of most strains; there were differences in the selection of glucose, fructose and xylose among different strains. Lactobacillus fermentum LbF-WM preferred raffinose and xylose, and Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides LeP-IR preferred xylose. (2) The utilization rate of sucrose reached 100% by Lactobacillus brevis LbR-EG and Leuconostoc citreum LeC-IR, Lb. fermentum LbF-WM and Lactobacillus reuteri LbR-EG used fructose, Lb. fermentum LbF-WM, Lb. reuteri LbR-EG and Le. pseudomesenteroides LeP-IR used raffinose. The utilization rate of glucose by Enterococcus faecium EF-KG, Lb. brevis LbB-KG, Lactobacillus pentosus LbPe-EG and Lactococcus lactis LcL-SC were higher than that of other carbon sources. (3) The lactic acid yield was higher by E. durans EG-IR using glucose and mixed sugar, Lb. pentosus LbPe-EG used fructose, Leuconostoc mesenteroides LeM-IR fermented raffinose and mixed sugar, Lb. pentosus LbPe-EG useed sucrose, Lb. fermentum LbF-WM used xylose, and Lactococcus garvieae LcG-IR used mixed sugar. (4) The lactic acid production was more efficient by E. durans ED-IR using glucose, Lb. plantarum LbPl-IR, Le. mesenteroides LeM-IR and Lb. pentosus LbPe-EG used fructose, Lb. plantarum LbPl-IR and Le. mesenteroides LeM-IR used raffinose, Lb. pentosus LbPe-EG, Lb. plantarum LbPl-IR and E. durans ED-IR used sucrose, and Le. pseudomesenteroides LeP-IR used xylose, Lc. garvieae LcG-IR and E. durans EG-IR used mixed sugars. The lactic acid production efficiency of Lb. plantarum LbPl-IR used 5 kinds sugars was more than 80%. In summary, the different strains had different sugar utilization, acid production and acid production efficiency in the same sugar source, and the same strain fermented different sugars also had different sugar utilization, acid production and acid production efficiency. In view of the types of LAB distributed on forage crops, selecting the most suitable carbon source would benefit to more rapid and large-scale production of lactic acid, lowering the pH value, and better preserving the nutrients of silage.
In order to explore the selectivity of different lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to the carbon source of medium, 16 representative LAB were isolated from forage crops as the research object were selected. In the MRS broth medium, glucose, sucrose, fructose, xylose, raffinose and mixed sugars (raffinose-glucose-fructose-sucrose-xylose) were used as carbon sources for the 16 strains. There were 3 replicates for each strain, and a blank control (without inoculation) for each sugar treatment. After 24 hours of inoculation’, the high-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the contents of residual carbon source and lactic acid in the broth for each treatment. The results of the 16 strains showed that: (1) Sucrose was the preferred carbon source for the growth of most strains; there were differences in the selection of glucose, fructose and xylose among different strains. Lactobacillus fermentum LbF-WM preferred raffinose and xylose, and Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides LeP-IR preferred xylose. (2) The utilization rate of sucrose reached 100% by Lactobacillus brevis LbR-EG and Leuconostoc citreum LeC-IR, Lb. fermentum LbF-WM and Lactobacillus reuteri LbR-EG used fructose, Lb. fermentum LbF-WM, Lb. reuteri LbR-EG and Le. pseudomesenteroides LeP-IR used raffinose. The utilization rate of glucose by Enterococcus faecium EF-KG, Lb. brevis LbB-KG, Lactobacillus pentosus LbPe-EG and Lactococcus lactis LcL-SC were higher than that of other carbon sources. (3) The lactic acid yield was higher by E. durans EG-IR using glucose and mixed sugar, Lb. pentosus LbPe-EG used fructose, Leuconostoc mesenteroides LeM-IR fermented raffinose and mixed sugar, Lb. pentosus LbPe-EG useed sucrose, Lb. fermentum LbF-WM used xylose, and Lactococcus garvieae LcG-IR used mixed sugar. (4) The lactic acid production was more efficient by E. durans ED-IR using glucose, Lb. plantarum LbPl-IR, Le. mesenteroides LeM-IR and Lb. pentosus LbPe-EG used fructose, Lb. plantarum LbPl-IR and Le. mesenteroides LeM-IR used raffinose, Lb. pentosus LbPe-EG, Lb. plantarum LbPl-IR and E. durans ED-IR used sucrose, and Le. pseudomesenteroides LeP-IR used xylose, Lc. garvieae LcG-IR and E. durans EG-IR used mixed sugars. The lactic acid production efficiency of Lb. plantarum LbPl-IR used 5 kinds sugars was more than 80%. In summary, the different strains had different sugar utilization, acid production and acid production efficiency in the same sugar source, and the same strain fermented different sugars also had different sugar utilization, acid production and acid production efficiency. In view of the types of LAB distributed on forage crops, selecting the most suitable carbon source would benefit to more rapid and large-scale production of lactic acid, lowering the pH value, and better preserving the nutrients of silage.
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Hybrid rice between indica-japonica has strong heterosis, which has been the focus of rice breeding study. Objective This study aims to provide a scientific basis for indica-japonica breeding practice and genetic improvement of key rice characters. Method In this study, 14 parents were selected and 48 hybrid rice combinations were created, according to NC-II incomplete diallel hybridization. Genetic effects, heterosis and genetic correlation of 5 traits, including growth period, plant height, spikelet length, spikelet width and spikelet length-width ratio, were analyzed by using additive and dominant genetic model (A-D model). Result The ratio of the additive variance component to the phenotypic variance(VA/VP) in growth period, plant height, spikelet length, spikelet width and spikelet length-width ratio accounted for 69.2%, 74.2%, 58.9%, 66.0% and 63.5%. The variation of the broad-sense heritability (H2B) and the narrow-sense heritability (H2N) was 59.0%～99.6% and 69.2%～98.9%, respectively, and both reached significant or extremely significant levels, the characters were mainly controlled by additive effects and little influenced by environment, and it was effective for early generation selection in breeding practice. Growth period, plant height and spikelet length, spikelet width and spikelet length-width ratio of most hybrid combinations showed negative mid-parent heterosis and negative over-parent heterosis, and the growth period of indica-japonica hybrid combinations was shortened, the plant height was reduced, and the spikelet length-width ratio was between the two parents. Growth period is an independent genetic trait of the characters, and plant height has a certain positive correlation with grain shape. Conclusion In breeding practice of indica-japonica rice, researchers should pay attention to the coordination of growth period, plant height, grain shape and other characters, and effectively using heterosis to cultivate new elite hybrid rice combinations.
Hybrid rice between indica-japonica has strong heterosis, which has been the focus of rice breeding study.
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: Objective To provide reference for the classification of mango leaf diseases, addressing the issues of lack of datasets and low recognition accuracy. Method This article proposes the use of denoising diffusion models for disease data augmentation, and innovatively proposes a mango leaf disease classification method that combines SKNet and MobilenetV3 models. Firstly, a denoising diffusion model was used to expand the dataset, and then a multi-scale structural similarity index was used to evaluate the similarity between the generated disease images and the captured disease images. Then, the training and generation effects of DDIM and DCGAN networks were compared. In the Mobilenet model, replace the SE attention module with the SKNet module to construct the network model. Results The MS-SSIM index of all types of disease images generated and captured using DDIM is greater than 0.63 and higher than DCGAN. Compared to other attention modules, the combination of SKNet and MobilenetV3 has the best classification performance, at over 98%. Visualize the smooth class activation diagram of adding CA, CBAM, and ECA attention modules. Compared with other attention modules, the attention distribution area of SKNet is more concentrated on diseased leaves. Conclusion This method has good application prospects in the detection of diseased leaves, which can improve the efficiency and accuracy of disease identification, reduce detection costs, and can be applied to mobile or embedded devices.
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Objective The relation between somatic incompatibility (SI) and genetic difference of Ganoderma sinense was investigated. This will provide the basis for evaluating genetic differences of G.sinense strains by SI test. Method Construction of dikaryon strains using unidirectional or bidirectional nuclear migration test with seven monokaryon of G.sinense as parents. Then SI reaction was tested on the PDA medium, and the genetic differences between them were analyzed by ISSR, RAPD and SRAP molecular markers. Result Eleven dikaron strains of five types with clear genetic relationship were obtained. The SI reactions were result in compatibility and incompatibility. And the incompatibility emerged three types of gap, gap with line and wall-like structure. The combined analysis of ISSR, RAPD and SRAP molecular markers genetic similarity coefficients ranging from 0.29 to 0.97 among the eleven strains.The UPMGA clustering diagram was able to demonstrate the genetic relationship of eleven trains, and these genetic relationships correspond to those of the parental sources. Conclusion The nucleus has a large effect on the SI response of G.sinense, whereas the cytoplasm has a minimal effect on it. The type of SI reaction of G. sinense strains corresponds to their genetic differences. So in the future evaluation of genetic differences in G. sinense germplasm resources, a simple and convenient method of SI could be applied for preliminary analysis.
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Abstact: Objective In order to provide a basis for further promoting the new technology of extending the ratoon sugarcane seed stalk by direct replanting, the effects of extending the second year of ratoon on the traits and yield of sugarcane varieties were studied. Method GL2, GT44 and YT236, three major sugarcane varieties in Guangxi Province, were taken as the replanted population in the second year of ratoon. GF296 seed stalks were used for the direct replanting treatment on the ridge and furrow sugarcane beds with cultivated resistance and the non-replanted population was the control (CK), and the important agronomic traits and sucrose content of the replanted and non-replanted populations were determined at the harvest stage of the 3rd, 4th and 5th year of ratoon, respectively, and the economic benefits were measured. Result The number of effective stems of GL2, GT44 and YT236 after replanting was significantly higher than that of CK. The yield of CK decreased with the extension of permanent root years, and the population yield increased with the extension of permanent root years after replanting, but there was no significant difference in other agronomic traits. The effective stem number of GL2, GT44 and YT236 populations without replanting was negatively correlated with the ratoon years, which were −0.907, −0.931 and −0.756, respectively. The yield was also significantly negatively correlated with the years of ratoon roots, which were −0.915, −0.905 and −0.930, respectively. The results showed that the ratoon years of three varieties were not negatively correlated with yield and number of effective stems, indicating that the ratoon years of sugarcane could be extended after replanting. At the same time, the economic benefits of GL2, GT44 and YT236 groups also increased after replanting, and their total net income increased by 48120.80 yuan /hm2, 46765.80 yuan /hm2 and 42398.60 yuan /hm2 during the three-year ratoon period, respectively. Conclusion Directly replanting of GF296 could effectively extend the years of ratoon for 3 years, which was cost-effective in terms of economic benefit comparison and suitable for large-scale promotion. Therefore, this study provides a theoretical basis for constructing high and stable yield population, realizing the potential of sugarcane ratoon, and realizing stable and high yield.
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: Objective To study the genetic rule of waxy maize yield and sugar degree, and analyze the correlation between yield, sugar degree and three ear leaves traits, so as to provide reference for breeding of fresh waxy maize with high sugar degree and explore the mechanism of the influence of three ear leaves traits on quality traits. Methods In this study, 6 inbred lines were used as test species, and 15 waxy maize inbred lines were selected for incomplete diallel hybridization (NCII design). The yield of ear, soluble sugar content (sugar degree) of grain, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, and other 10 ear and plant-related traits of the hybrid combinations were measured at the harvest period (21 days after pollination). Panicle weight and sugar content were the main yield and quality traits to evaluate the contribution of L. trefoil to yield and quality. The other characters were used as reference characters to evaluate the importance of three ear leave to yield and quality. According to the measured data, general combining ability (GCA) and special combining ability (SCA) of ear yield and sugar content were analyzed. Results The results showed that there was a strong correlation between leaf length and ear yield in three ear leave characters. There was a strong correlation between leaf width and sugar content. There was a significant negative correlation between ear yield and sugar content, so materials with moderate leaf length and wide leaf width should be preferred in breeding process to improve the selection efficiency of high-quality waxy maize. Conclusion The study indicated that the length and width of the leaves, especially the lower ear leaves and ear position leaves, could be used as the basis for selecting breeding materials of waxy maize.
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Objective Effects of waterlogging on quality of maize kernels at filling stage were studied to decipher the mechanism and for breeding selection. Method Two backbone maize inbred lines in Guangxi, 88M-1-8 and Xian 21A, were subjected to normal water irrigation (CK) or artificial flooding treatments (W) after pollination. The experiment lasted 14d or 18d with a total of 4 variables, i.e., CK-14, CK-18, W-14, and W-18. Contents of soluble protein, soluble sugar, starch, sucrose, and abscisic acid (ABA) as well as activities of sucrose synthetase (SS-I in decomposition direction) and granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) of the kernels were measured. Effect of waterlogging on maize quality at filling stage was evaluated using the principal component analysis and membership function method. Result Under W-14, the contents of protein, starch, and ABA and the activities of SS-I and GBSS in 88M-1-8 were significantly higher than those in Xian 21A, so were the soluble sugar, starch, ABA, and GBSS in 88M-1-8 under W-18. As the waterlogging prolonged, the soluble protein, starch, sucrose, SS-I, and GBSS in both inbred lines raised significantly. The protein, starch, ABA, and SS-I in 88M-1-8 increased more significantly, and the soluble sugar, sucrose and GBSS in Xian 21A more significantly in W-14 than CK-14. Furthermore, compared with CK-18, W-18 induced more significant increases on the soluble sugar and ABA in 88M-1-8, and the protein, starch, sucrose, SS-I, and GBSS in Xian 21A. Evaluated by the principal component analysis and membership function method on various kernel quality indicators, the tolerance of the two species to flooding were 88M-1-8 under W-14＞88M-1-8 under W-18＞Xian 21A under W-14＞Xian 21A under W-18. Conclusion Artificially flooding the maize plants raised the soluble protein, soluble sugar, starch, sucrose, SS-I, and GBSS in kernels over regular irrigation. 88M-1-8 and Xian 21A differed in responses to the stress. Waterlogging-tolerant 88M-1-8 was significantly higher in the GBSS activity and ABA and starch contents than Xian 21A. Nonetheless, prolonged waterlogging reduced the stress tolerance of either cultivar.
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doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.009.018
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Objective Changes of the microbial community in fermentation of substrates for cultivating Agaricus bisporus were investigated. Method The microbial community characteristics of a compound A. bisporus culture substrates containing spent Flammulina velutiper and Pleurotus eryngii materials were monitored during the 7 stages, Ag1 to Ag7 from pile building to 1st and 2nd fermentation, using the high throughput 16S rDNA full-length sequencing of Pacbio platform. Result A total of 715 OTUs were obtained in the fermentation process (i.e., 328, 340, 294, 377, 364, 166, and 174 for each stage) with 161 OTUs commonly found in all stage. The microbes included 21 phyla, 299 genera, and 399 species. At phylum level, Fimicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Gemmatimonadetes had higher abundance in all 7 stages. The dominant genus in the substrate during the pile building and 1st fermentation stages was Ureibacillus, while Limnochordaceae, S0134_terrestrial_group, Thermobacillu, and Ruminiclostridium stood out in the 2nd fermentation stage. At species level, Ureibacillus thermophilus and Ureibacillus terrenus were dominant in the pile building and 1st fermentation stages. In the 2nd fermentation stage, the species in the genus of Limnochordaceae were the greatest in relative abundance. It appeared that the microbial abundance and diversity increased gradually before the onset of 2nd fermentation. The community structure of the substrate varied significantly between the 1st and the 2nd fermentation, but the deviation diminished significantly after the 2nd fermentation leaving mostly the dominant species that basically functioned to degrade the waste mushroom material enriching the fertilization effect. Conclusion The full-length sequencing technology clearly identified the dominant species unveiling many previously unclassified microorganisms. The results helped to better optimize the substrate fermentation process for an improved cultivation of A. bisporus.
, Available online
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Objective The effects of coffee peel and litter on the growth and photosynthesis of coffee seedlings were investigated to determine a suitable ecological cycle cultivation a suitable of coffee. Method One-year-old seedlings of seedlings were used as experimental materials. A randomized block design was used to study the effects of coffee peel and litter on their leaf photosynthesis and water use efficiency. Conventional mulching group was set up: C (control), L (litter mulching cultivation), P (peel mulching cultivation) and LP (litter and peel mulching cultivation). Result Coffee litter mulching significantly increased the specific leaf area of coffee by 45.46%, while coffee peel mulching significantly decreased the plant height by 12.11%. Coffee peel mulching significantly increased net photosynthesis, leaf respiration, total photosynthesis, net water use efficiency and total water use efficiency by 78.33%, 109.34%, 91.72%, 80.54% and 104.95%, but did not affect stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and carbon use efficiency. The comprehensive evaluation of coffee photosynthesis under coffee waste mulching treatment was P＞LP＞L＞C. Conclusion Coffee peel mulching was better than other mulching treatments in promoting the growth and photosynthetic capacity of coffee seedlings. The suitable coffee ecological cycle cultivation with the peel amount of 239.05 g m-2 could to realize cost saving and efficiency increase in coffee planting process.
, Available online
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Objective Fertility and enzymatic activity of the saline-alkali soil in relation to land use were analyzed for ecological improvements and restoration. Method At Songnen Plain in western Jilin province, the effects on organic carbon, total nitrogen, invertase, urease, alkaline phosphatase, and catalase of the saline-alkali soils under different types of land use as paddy farming field (N1), dry farming field (N2), wetland (S), and grassland (C) were compared. Result The organic carbon contents in the soils ranged 9.70–16.27 g·kg−1 under N1, 3.85–11.58 g·kg−1 under N2, 2.14–2.97 g·kg−1 under S, and 5.25–11.24 g·kg−1 under C; and the total nitrogen, 1.83–2.32 g·kg−1 under N1, 0.45–0.76 g·kg−1 under N2, 0.34–1.28 g·kg−1 under S, and 0.88–2.04 g·kg−1 under C. The activities of various enzymes were urease＞alkaline phosphatase＞catalase＞sucrase and decreased along the depth of the soil layers. The invertase significantly correlated with C/N at P＜0.05, the urease with C/N at P＜0.01, the alkaline phosphatase with the organic C at P＜0.01 and with the total nitrogen at P＜0.05, while the catalase with total nitrogen at P＜0.01 and with C/N at P＜0.05. The redundant analysis indicated that the activities of invertase and urease were mainly regulated by the pH and bulk density, while those of alkaline phosphatase and catalase largely affected by the moisture content and electric conductivity of the soil. Conclusion Land use exerted significant effects on the organic carbon, total nitrogen, and enzyme activity in the saline-alkali soils which gradually decreased from the surface to the deeper layers. Farming on the land fostered the nutrient accumulation and increased the enzymatic activities in soil. Thus, either paddy or dry field was more ecologically friendly than wetland or grassland for the regions of saline-alkali soil.
, Available online
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Objective Role of aminopeptidase gene pAPN and sialic acid neuraminidase gene NEU3 in the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) infection on pigs was investigated. Methods Being the main receptor of TGEV, pAPN was removed from pAPN and NEU3 in ST cells to verify its supposed key function on the disease. The CRISPR gene editing technique was applied to clip the target gene in ST cells prior to an artificial TGEV infection test. The resulting changes on the infection, virus copy number, cytopathic improvement, and fibronectin were monitored. Results Compared with control, the ST cells free of pAPN and NEU3 significantly attenuated TGEV infection-induced cytopathies and the virus copy number. In addition, at a same TGEV titer the mRNA immune responders induced by the knockdown ST cells were significantly lower than the wild-type counterparts. Conclusion It was confirmed that the removal of pAPN and NEU3 inhibited the TGEV infection in pigs with reduced viral induced cytopathies. Thus, an antiviral therapy and a guideline for breeding resistant pigs could be developed by targeting these two key genes in the ST cells.
, Available online
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Objective The stress of wheat waterlogging is the main abiotic stress factor in wheat production in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. To study the effects of different duration of waterlogging on physiological characteristics and yield of wheat at booting stage provides a theoretical basis for the research on the mechanism of wheat waterlogging resistance at booting stage and production. Method The effects of waterlogging duration on wheat growth and yield at booting stage were studied by pot pot water control method with wheat varieties Yangmai 16 and Zhongmai 895 as experimental materials. Result (1) Under the stress of waterlogging, the chlorophyll content of wheat leaves decreased significantly. The longer the waterlogging lasted, the greater the decline of SPAD value was. The SPAD value of the more heavily injured leaves decreased more, and the more severely injured the inverted two leaves than the flag leaves. (2) The activity of antioxidant enzymes such as CAT, SOD and POD in wheat showed a trend of type "∧" during the waterlogging period, while the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) decreased or increased slowly in the early stage of waterlogging, while increased sharply in the late stage. (3) In the booting period, the effective number of ears, grain number of ears, 1000-grain weight and other yield factors increased slightly, which may be caused by the stress response of wheat. (4) The stress of waterlogging at the stage of heading had no significant effect on the height of wheat plant. Long-term waterlogging resulted in a significant decrease in wheat yield. The decrease of effective panicle number, grain number per panicle and 1000-grain weight was the main factor causing wheat yield reduction. After 15 d of waterlogging stress, the yield per plant of zhongmai 895 and yangmai 16 decreased by 51.47% and 43.99%, respectively, compared with CK. Conclusion Booting stage waterlogging stress significantly reduced the wheat leaf chlorophyll content, destroyed the plant active oxygen metabolism in the body and the balance between antioxidant enzyme system, excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species causes cells to peroxide lipid membrane, causing cell structure and function is impaired, affect plant photosynthesis and nutrient transfer and accumulation, increase the biomass of wheat is reduced, resulting in lack of grain-filling, caused empty grain, grain and invalid number of flat significantly increased, resulting in wheat production. In addition, during the whole process of waterlogging stress, the resistance of the two wheat varieties tested was as follows: yangmai 16＞zhongmai 895.
, Available online
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Objective To investigate the changes of starch content, reducing sugar content and soluble total sugar content in tubers, the changes of endogenous hormone content in tubers, the morphological indexes, physiological indexes and the analysis of variance of endogenous hormones during the process of tuber expansion. And the correlation between these indicators and endogenous hormones, lay the foundation for further study of the physiological mechanism of yam growth and development and guiding the high yield and quality cultivation of yam. Method Six kinds of endogenous hormones such as ABA, GA3, IAA, JA, ZR and IPA were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with different tuber lengths of Bikeqi yam. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the content of salicylic acid (SA), and to analyze the dynamic changes of source hormone content in different growth stages, and the correlation between morphological indicators of yam and endogenous hormones. The relationship between differentially expressed genes associated with endogenous hormones and endogenous hormones was explored for the effects of these factors on the expansion of yam tubers. Result The contents of IAA, ZR, ABA, JA and SA were positively correlated with the morphological indexes of yam tuber; the contents of GA3 and IPA were negatively correlated with the morphological indexes; the contents of IAA were positively correlated with the perimeter and diameter of yam tuber; the contents of GA3 were negatively correlated with the length of tuber; the genes correlated with IAA were negatively correlated with the contents of IAA Conclusion Endogenous hormones IAA, ZR, ABA, JA and SA promote the expansion of yam tuber; endogenous hormones GA3 and IPA inhibit the growth of yam tuber; endogenous hormones IAA promote the thickening of yam; endogenous hormones GA3 inhibit the elongation of yam; the down-regulation of IAA related genes can promote the synthesis of IAA, that is, regulate the content of IAA.
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2024, 39(3): 243-250.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.03.001
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Objective Three cold-tolerant sweet maize cultivars were tested at seedling stage as well as in the field to select the variety for extending growth season to increase productivity. Method An indoor experiment using seedlings of Mintian 6855, Cuitian 618, and Guangliangtian NO. 27 (named Guangliang 27) was conducted at 4 ℃ for varied durations. A field test was also carried out on the plants in cold weather. Phenotype identification was used to compare and analyze the physiological indices on the seedlings and the ear appearance in the field. Results (1) Phenotypic appearances of Mintian 6855 seedlings of the 3 cultivars showed the strongest cold tolerance after being treated at 4 ℃ for 24, 48, and 72 h, while Guangliang 27 seedlings were the weakest. (2) The activities of SOD, CAT, and POD of the Mintian 6855 seedlings in 48 h were respectively 315.43 U·g−1, 771.97 µmoL·min−1·g−1, and 429.81 U·g−1; 13.9%, 28.5%, and 109.1% higher than those of Cuitian 618; and 34.3%, 18.8%, and 86.4% higher than those of Guangliang 27. Among the 3 cultivars, Mintian 6855 accumulated MDA in the least amount. The SP content in Mintian 6855 was significantly higher than that in Guangliang 27. (3) The SOD activity was extremely significant correlated with the treatment time. The CAT and SOD activities significantly correlated with the SP content. (4) In the field test, the well-developed ears harvested from the winter crop of Mintian 6855 had an appealing appearance free of any missing kernels. On average, the plants produced significantly more rows of kernels at 15.6 and dry kernel yield at 71.68% per ear than did Cuitian 618 or Guangliang 27. Conclusion Mintian 6855 was significantly more tolerant to low temperatures as shown phenotypically and physiologically at seedling stage. As a mature plant in the field, it bore appealing ears under cold climate.
2024, 39(3): 251-258.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.03.002
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Objective Sweet corn inbred lines low in accumulating Pb and Cd were identified, and a molecular detection method for the pollutants examined. Method Ten sweet corn inbred lines were tested on Pb and Cd accumulation. In a pot experiment, the heavy metals in roots, stems/leaves, and kernels of the plants grown on soil with spiked Pb and/or Cd were measured over time. Applicability of a molecular detection method on Pb and Cd at the InDel locus of ZmHMA2 in corn plant was scrutinized. Result The accumulation of Pb and Cd in organs of a corn plant was roots＞stems/leaves＞kernels. It did not differ significantly whether the metal elements were presented individually or simultaneously in the soil. Two inbred lines were identified to retain in the kernels less on Pb, 3 on Cd, and only Mintian X901 on both Pb and Cd. The targeted molecular detection found InDel 2307 locus in 4 of the specimens, the average content of Cd which contained were 1.801 mg·kg−1 lower in the roots, 0.64 mg·kg−1 lower in the stems/leaves, and 0.131 mg·kg−1 lower in the kernels compared to the average of the other varieties. Conclusion The InDel 2307 locus as a marker displayed a specificity in differentiating Cd content in corn plants grown on soils contaminated with different levels of the heavy metals. The molecular detection result and the Pb and Cd contents on the 10 sweet corn inbred lines indicated that Mintian X901 was the cultivar least prone to accumulate the pollutants.
2024, 39(3): 259-265.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.03.003
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Objective Effects of spent straws of tropical plants used for mulching on farm soil and corn crop were studied. Method A field experimentation was conducted on designated plots applying sugarcane leaves mulching (SLM) , decayed sugarcane leaves mulching (DSLM) , pineapple leaves mulching (PLM), Fugui bamboo leaves mulching (FLM), or two controls of plastic film covering (CK1) and no mulching (CK2). Soil pH, organic matter, total N, available P, and available K as well as corn yield and quality of the plots were determined. Result All straw mulching increased pH, organic matter, total N, available P, and available K over CK2. Specifically, FLM increased pH by 22.22% , organic matter by 21.63%, total N by 24.51%, available P by 2.74%, and available K by 389.38%. In comparison with CK1, the increases were by 9.01% on pH, by 6.42% on organic matter, by 17.59% on total N, and by 477.79% on available K but an insignificant decline on available P. For the yield of corn crop, significant increases were observed with DSLM and FLM, but no significant effect on the others. Conclusion Mulching the corn field with tropical straws improved the soil properties, corn quality, and crop yield. FLM significantly upgraded the soil fertility, while RSLM enhanced the crop yield.
2024, 39(3): 266-275.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.03.004
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Objective Microencapsulation was applied to improve the stability of PGPRs for promoting corn growth. Method Rhizosphere bacteria that promote corn growth were isolated. The bacteria in broth were encapsulated using sodium alginate (SA) and CaCl2. Based on operation efficiency and PGPR survival rate, optimal conditions for the encapsulation were determined. Properties of the microencapsulated agent were analyzed for field applications with respect to the bacterial proliferation under varied artificial dehydration created by using polyethylene glycol (PEG) and salt, temperatures, pHs, and storage times as well as the growth and root morphology of the treated corn plants. Result Two PGPR strains with multiple plant growth promoting functions were isolated. The microcapsule microbial agent prepared with a mass fraction of 1% SA-3% CaCl2 had good stability. The embedding rate of the microcapsule microbial agent reached 91.27%, the number of live bacteria reached 8.73 × 109 cfu·g−1, and the proliferation was 7.79 times. Significant protection against the imposed adverse conditions was observed. In comparison with the virgin PGPRs broth, the encapsulation also significantly enhanced the growth of the treated corn plants with a 91.83% increase on plant height, 81.82% on seedling dry weight, and 29.57% on root dry weight over control. In addition, the total length, surface area, diameter, volume, and tip number of the roots of the corn plants grown with the encapsulated PGPRs were significantly increased as well. Conclusion Microencapsulation significantly improved the stability as well as the root morphology and growth promoting effect of PGPRs on the corn plants.
2024, 39(3): 276-289.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.03.005
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Objective Genetics and quality of a variety of germplasms of spring soybeans for fresh consumption were studied and evaluated for breeding and production in Fujian province. Method Descriptive statistics and analyses of variation, correlation, principal components, and clustering were applied to study the genetics of 47 germplasms. Seven phenotypic and 13 agronomic traits were selected to evaluate the quality of the spring soybeans for fresh consumption. Result Aside from plant type and podding habit, phenotypic traits differentiated significantly among the 47 germplasms. There were distinctive differences on 13 agronomic traits with variation coefficients ranging from 7.49% to 38.07%. Among them, the coefficient on the bottom pod height was the largest and that on the standard pod length the smallest. Significant correlations were found between (1) plant height and bottom pod height, number of effective branches, pod weight per plant, and standard pod yield, (2) stem girth and pod weight per plant, standard pod yield, and number of effective branches, (3) count of effective branches and pod weight per plant, standard pod yield, and fresh pod yield, (4) effective and standard pod counts per plant and pod weight per plant, and (5) pod weight per plant and standard and fresh pod yields. The CASAR normalized maximum variance rotational principal component analysis indicated that the 13 agronomic traits provided 73.677% information describing 4 major factors on pod yield, pod number, plant type, and pod shape of the plants. Based on the principal factor characteristic vector and corresponding characteristic root and the comprehensive principal component score on each of and the Euclidean distances among the 47 germplasms calculated from the standardized data on 13 agronomic traits, the method of the sum of squared deviations divided the 47 germplasms into 2 major categories and 2 sub-categories, whereas the cluster analysis classified them into 3 major categories and 2 sub-categories. The two methods drew a generally agreeable conclusion. Based on the scores of top 10 principal components, standard pod yield, and fresh pod yield of the cultivars, Nannong 1821, Mindou No. 14, Xinghuadou No. 8, Xinghua 618, Mindou No. 10, Xinghuadou No. 9, Xinghuadou No. 4, and Xinghuadou No. 3 were the choice high-quality, high-yield germplasms of spring soybeans for fresh consumption. Conclusion Of 47 spring soybean germplasms, 8 stood out as the most desirable cultivars for fresh consumption. They were also highly diversified genetically for being used as parents or intermediate materials in breeding new varieties.
2024, 39(3): 290-301.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.03.006
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Objective TIFY protein is a key regulator of the JA signalling pathway and plays a significant regulatory role in plant growth and development, abiotic stress and the accumulation of secondary metabolites. The identification of the TIFY gene in Isodon rubescens provides a theoretical foundation for the breeding of I. rubescens with enhanced stress tolerance and the investigation of the synthesis of secondary metabolites. Method TIFY family was identified using bioinformatic methods based on the full-length transcriptome database of I. rubescens. Expressions of the genes in tissues were analyzed by RT-qPCR. Result (1) A total of 12 IrTIFYs genes were identified in I. rubescens. (2) The amino acid length was 124—378, the molecular weight 13 924.89—39 692.38 Da, and the isoelectric point ranged from 5.05 to 9.69. All members were unstable proteins, except for IrTIFY10. IrTIFY proteins were all located in the nucleus and were hydrophilic proteins without signal peptides. (3) Structural analysis indicates that IrTIFY proteins lack transmembrane structure and that the most abundant secondary structure type is random coil. Furthermore, all TIFY proteins contain multiple phosphorylation sites. (4) The IrTIFY gene family had weak codon preference, with a slight tendency to use codons ending in A or U. (5) There were many light-, hormone-, and stress-responsive cis-elements in the IrTIFY gene family, but cis-elements were difference in numbers and types among different members.（6）Evolutionary tree analysis showed that the 12 members of the TIFY family were divided into four subfamilies: PPD (IrTIFY2), ZML (IrTIFY3/8/10), TIFY (IrTIFY7/12), and JAZ (IrTIFY1/4/5/6/9/11). They were closest to that of Salvia miltiorrhiza of Labiaceae family. (7) RT-qPCR analysis revealed that the expression of all 12 members of the TIFY family of I. rubescens in different tissues was as follows: leaves > stems > roots, and most of them were significantly different. Conclusion Based on the above results, it is hypothesised that the TIFY gene family plays an important regulatory role in the growth and development of I. rubescens and may be involved in the regulation of the synthesis of secondary metabolites of I. rubescens, which lays the foundation for further in-depth study of the function of the TIFY gene family in I. rubescens and provides an idea for the further study of the function of the TIFY gene family in I. rubescens.
2024, 39(3): 302-309.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.03.007
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Objective Method for determining the viability of passion fruit pollens was explored to facilitate the utilization of existing germplasms and breeding new varieties. Methods Medium and conditions for in vitro culture of Passiflora pollens was optimized. Appropriate staining methods to determine and storage conditions to maximize the pollen viability were investigated. Contents of sucrose, H3BO3, Ca(NO3)2, and polyethylene glycol-4000 (PEG-4000) of the medium were optimized in an orthogonal experiment on pollens of 6 germplasms. Pollen germination on the finalized medium for varied culture times was observed. The staining of I2-KI, TTC, and Alexander methods and storage for different durations at different temperatures were compared. Results The optimum medium was formulated with 100 g·L−1 sucrose, 0.02 g·L−1 H3BO3, 0.04 g·L−1 Ca(NO3)2, 150 g·L−1 PEG-4000, 200 g·L−1 MgSO4·7H2O, and 100 g·L−1 KNO3, then adjusted to pH 5.5. The pollen germination was examined in 1 h of the in vitro culture. TTC staining showed satisfactory effect with no significant deviations from the in vitro observation indicating it an applicable indicator for pollen viability. In 24 h of storage at 25 ℃ the pollen viability was 30.48%; and at 4 ℃, it was 26.69% and remained 26.54%–29.05% for 7 d. Conclusion The medium formulation and in vitro culture time as well as the staining method and storage conditions of passion fruit pollens were determined making a rapid and reliable procedure to maximize the pollen germination available.
2024, 39(3): 310-319.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.03.008
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Objective Anthocyanin content at various growth stages and fruit quality of eggplants exposed to low temperature and/or deficient light were studied. Methods Purple black eggplant Xiu Niang was grown in a greenhouse under (A) daytime/night temperatures of 18 ℃/13 ℃ with normal lighting at 250 μmol·m−2·s−1, (B) normal temperatures of 25 ℃/20 ℃ with poor lighting at 120 μmol·m−2·s−1, (C) low temperatures of 18 ℃/13 ℃ with poor lighting at 120 μmol·m−2·s−1, or (CK) normal temperatures and lighting. Growth, physiology, anthocyanin contents in different plant parts, and quality of fruit of the eggplants at seedling, flowering, and fruiting stages were monitored. Results The stresses of low temperature and/or poor lighting affected the growth of eggplant seedlings. Low temperature alone (i.e., A) exerted significantly greater effects on the growth and physiology of the seedlings than B or C. The anthocyanin contents in the organs of a seedling ranked stems＞leaf veins＞leaves＞roots. At the flowering stage, the content was higher in the petals than the calyx; and at the fruiting stage, it ranked peels＞stalks＞fruits＞pulp. The anthocyanin content in the plant at all stages under various treatments were B＜CK＜C＜A. The coloration of eggplant was intensified by the treatments in a trend of B＜CK＜C＜A. And the treatments appeared to cause reductions in the order of A＜C＜B＜CK on the soluble sugars, soluble proteins, flavonoids, and total phenols contents in the plants. Conclusion Exposure to low temperature (e.g., 18 ℃ in daytime and 13 ℃ at night) promoted, but poor lighting inhibited, anthocyanin synthesis in eggplant. When both conditions were imposed simultaneously on the plants, the effect of low temperature on anthocyanin overshadowed that of poor lighting. In contrast, the fruit quality suffered by either low temperature, poor lighting, or both, especially low temperature.
2024, 39(3): 320-329.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.03.009
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Objective A method to effectively evaluate the quality of Crassulaceae germplasms in Fujian was established. Method Based on horticultural traits, ornamental property, weather adaptability, and potential applications, 48 varieties of succulent plants in the germplasm collection in Fujian were classified by means of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP)and K-Means clustering. Result The AHP analysis selected 14 morphological traits, including leaf color, mesophyll texture development, adaptability to summer conditions, plant appearance, and flowering period, which contributed a weight of 61.2% of the total ranking score, to be the key evaluation criteria. The K-Means clustering graded 7 cultivars of the 48 germplasms, Echeveri agavoides 'Ebony', Graptopetalum 'Purple Delight', Echeveria 'Alba Beauty', Graptoveria 'Opalina', Echeveria nodulosa 'Maruba', Echeveria 'Blue Elf', and Echeveria 'Peach Pride', as excellent, while 14 including Crassula rupestris F. as good and the remainders, average. Conclusion The classification on quality of Crassulaceae germplasms applied AHP and K-Means clustering basically agreed with the field observations in choosing the two top-grade groups that accounted for 43.75% of the 48 succulent plants to be the candidates for breeding and promotion.
2024, 39(3): 330-338.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.03.010
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Objective Pathogen that caused the root rot on Atractylodes macrocephala at Xinyang, Henan Province was isolated, identified, and studied for prevention and control of the disease. Method Morphological and multiple gene analyses were employed to identify the pathogen. Biological characteristics of the isolate were determined. Result The isolate had white hyphae, oval spores with slightly pointed ends, macroconidia sized (7–10) μm× (3–4) μm with 3–5 septa, and microconidia sized (3–5) μm × (1–2) μm with two or no compartments. It showed a high homology with Fusarium fujikuroi and was, for the first time, identified as the fungal pathogen responsible for the root rot disease on Atractylodes macrocephala. It thrived at 28 ℃, pH 7, sucrose for carbon, and potassium nitrate for nitrogen. Of the 3 plant-based fungicides tested, 0.3% eugenol soluble agent exerted the greatest toxicity on the isolate with an EC50 of 6.906 mg·L−1. Conclusion F. fuciformis was identified as the pathogen that caused the root rot disease on A. macrocephala in Henan. The optimal culture conditions for the fungus included 28 ℃, pH 7, sucrose as the carbon source, and potassium nitrate as the nitrogen source.
2024, 39(3): 339-344.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.03.011
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Objective A multiplex RT-PCR assay to simultaneously detect citrus yellow vein clearing virus (CYVCV), citrus tristeza virus (CTV), and hop stunt viroid (HSVd) was developed. Method Multiplex RT-PCR primers were designed, and their specificity was analyzed. The optimal concentration ratio, annealing temperature and sensitivity of primers were determined. Moreover, citrus samples from Fujian region were detected by the established multiplex RT-PCR. Result The optimized concentration ratio of CYVCV-F/R, CTV-F/R, and HSVd-F/R primers was 1:1:2, and the annealing temperature at 52.9 ℃ for the assay. The assay displayed a sensitivity at 10-2 dilution and the positive detections on CYVCV of 47.1%, on CTV of 56.7%, and on HSVd of 22.9% on 157 detected samples. Conclusion A rapid, accurate, applicable multiplex RT-PCR method for CYVCV, CTV, and HSVd detections was successfully established.
2024, 39(3): 345-353.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.03.012
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Objective Effects of biochar addition on the soil aggregates were analyzed for controlling erosion, maintaining permeability, and retaining water and nitrogen fertilizer on forestland. Method In a one-year pot experiment, soil sample from a forestland in Fujian was used in treatments applying either no extra materials as control (CK), a chemical fertilizer (F), wood biochar along with a chemical fertilizer (MC), or straw biochar with a chemical fertilizer (JC). The chemical fertilizer contained 1 g of urea, 2.19 g of superphosphate, and 0.44 g potassium chloride. Biochar was added at 140 g per pot. Nitrogen fertilizer distribution in soil was visualized by analytical data, and a topdressing of 5 g 15N-urea included to trace nitrogen movements. Soil aggregation and aggregate stability were monitored. Results (1) The content of macroaggregates in soil was significantly raised by MC or JC over F with the greatest effect on the aggregates larger than 2 mm—a 108.92 % increase by MC and 119.11 % by JC. (2) In comparison to F, the presence of biochar under MC and JC stabilized the aggregation structure with significantly higher indexes on MWD, GMD, and R＞0.25 mm and lower D. Between the MC and JC treatments, the latter was superior to the former. (3) The biochar addition also heightened the total nitrogen content in soil aggregates of different sizes. The MC-treated soil had a higher content than the JC counterpart. The nitrogen contribution rate by larger-than-2 mm aggregates was significantly 38.09% more under MC and 69.10 % under JC than F. (4) When biochar was added, more δ15N was detected in the ＞0.25–2 mm aggregates. MC resulted in 2.25-fold, and JC 3.89-fold, of that of F. The nitrogen retention in large aggregates significantly correlated with the aggregate stability of soil. Conclusion Application of biochar not only enhanced the stability of aggregates but also reduced nitrogen loss in soil at forestland. Nitrogen fertilizer was retained more effectively in macro- than micro-aggregates in soil. The straw biochar appeared to improve more on aggregate stability, while wood biochar more so on nitrogen retention.
2024, 39(3): 354-361.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.03.013
Abstract:
Objective The study investigated the effects of various proteases on the enzymatic hydrolysis of protein from Hongqu glutinous rice wine grains, followed by a functional evaluation of the resulting enzymatic hydrolysate. The purpose was to provide theoretical support for the development and preparation of protein peptides derived from Hongqu glutinous rice wine grains protein. Method Purified Hongqu glutinous rice wine grains were utilized as the raw material, employing various proteases, including alcalase, trypsin, animal protease, papain, bromelain, pepsin, compound enzyme preparation F106, and yeast extract enzyme, for enzymatic hydrolysis. The enzymatic hydrolysis rate, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) free radical scavenging antioxidant ability, xanthine oxidase (XOD), and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity, along with other biological activity functions, were described. Results The peak proteolytic rates for animal protease and trypsin were (71.43±1.03)% and (70.20±0.32)%, respectively. Among the hydrolysates, those derived from pepsin, alcalase and yeast extract enzyme exhibited the best DPPH free radical scavenging antioxidant capacity. The median effective concentration(EC50) of peptides were (2.78±0.34) mg·mL−1, (3.02±0.03) mg·mL−1 and (3.24±0.65) mg·mL−1, respectively. The hydrolysates of pepsin and alcalase exhibited superior ABTS scavenging and XOD inhibition capabilities. The protein of peptides EC50 values were (1.54±0.07) mg·mL−1, (6.45±0.27) mg·mL−1, (10.71±0.06) mg·mL−1, and (17.68±0.04) mg·mL−1, respectively, while their half inhibitory indices of XOD were (1.28±0.01) and (1.78±0.03), respectively. Alcalase and papain hydrolysate showed themostoptimal ACE inhibitory activity. The EC50 of the peptides were (0.27±0.01) mg·mL−1 and their half inhibition indices were (118.40±2.53) and (98.35±1.95), respectively. Conclusion The peptides derived from the protein of Hongqu glutinous rice wine grains exhibit different biological activities after enzymatic hydrolysis by various proteases. Among them, the XOD inhibitory activity of pepsin enzymatic hydrolysis is stronger, and the ACE inhibitory activity of alcalase and papain enzymatic hydrolysis is better.
2024, 39(3): 362-368.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.03.014
Abstract:
Objective A rapid method for detecting residues of enrofloxacin (ENR) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) in seafood by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was developed. Method On spiked seafood samples, (50±5) nm silver nanoparticles were used as the enhancement reagent and 200 g·L−1 NaCl solution as the extraction solution for the SERS assay. Detection results were read within 3 min and mathematical correlation between peak measurement and drug concentration examined. Based on the linearity and limit of detection, optimal assay conditions were determined. Result The assay showed several peaks on ENR and CIP standards. The C-N bending vibration caused the peak at 532 cm−1, the out-of-plane bending vibration at 552 cm−1, the C-N, C-C-F out-of-plane and C-C=O in-plane bending vibrations at 651 cm−1, the stretching vibration of C-H on the benzene ring, C-C=O out-of-plane bending vibration, C-C-N bending vibration and C-H, C-N stretching vibration at 737 cm−1, and the C-H, C-N out-of-plane bending vibration at 785 cm−1. By quantifying the characteristic peak at 737 cm−1, a linear relationship with an R2＞0.96 was found between the Raman intensity and drug concentration in the range of 10–200 ng·mL−1. The assay had a recovery rate of 78.4%~106.7%, RSD of 2.1%~6.7%, and a detection limit of 10 μg·kg−1. Conclusion The newly developed rapid SERS assay for detecting ENR and CIP residues in seafood was deemed accurate, stable, and applicable for field screening and testing.
Journal DynamicsMORE+
- Editors of FJAS participated in the 2019 Annual Conference of Chinese Academy of Science and Technology Journals
- FJAS was selected as the latest CSCD source journal
- FJAS was selected as the " Core Journals of China " (2017, the 8th edition) (Mar 25, 2019)
- FJAS joined the Open Science Identity(OSID) Project
- The editors of FJAS participated in the Training on Academic Quality Improvement for Science and Technology Journals
- The director of the editorial department of the journal participated in the meeting of the executive council of the Fujian Journal Association
- FJAS was included in Japan Science and Technology Agency Database (JST)
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- Attention! Four ministries and commissions jointly published policy to promote the reform and development of Sci-tech periodicals
- There is "law" for academic misconduct in journals (2019-07-23)
- General Office of State Council and Central Committee printed "Opinions on Further Promoting the Spirit of Scientists and Strengthening the Construction of Academic Atmosphere"
- China's sci-tech periodicals should exercise "internal strength" to highlight the encirclement
- The Central Committee reviewed and approved the ‘Opinions on Deepening Reform and Cultivating World-Class Scientific and Technological Journals ’
- General Office of State Council and Central Committee printed and published "Several Opinions on Further Strengthening the Construction of Scientific Research Integrity
- Five ministries and commissions jointly issued 'Opinions on Accurately Grasping the Role of Scientific and Technological Journals in Academic Evaluation'
Co OrganizerMORE+
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering Technology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Fujian Agricultural Research Center of Taiwan
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