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Objective In order to study the physiological and biochemical changes and differential gene expression of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua seeds during physiological post-ripening. Method the contents of superoxide dismutase, α-amylase, β-amylase, soluble protein, crude fat and soluble sugar at each stage were analyzed by chemical determination method. The differentially expressed genes in 6 stages were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing technology, and the expression levels of key differentially expressed genes were verified by qRT-PCR. Result (1) During the physiological post-ripening process of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua seeds, the soluble sugar content increased gradually in the first four stages, and slightly decreased in the last two stages; The crude fat and protein showed a decreasing trend. The activity of α-amylase and β-amylase increased. (2) During physiological postripening of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua seeds, differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in sucrose and starch metabolic pathways and hormone signal transduction pathways. Conclusion During the physiological post-ripening process of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua seeds, the conversion of starch and other nutrients and the coordination of endogenous hormones promoted the physiological post-ripening of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua seeds. This study is of great significance for understanding the physiological and biochemical changes of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua seeds during post-ripening and the molecular mechanism of dormancy release.
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: Objective Effects of extending the conventional two-year sugarcane ratooning on the agronomy, yield, and economics of the 3rd year crop were analyzed. Method On ridge and furrow beds, 3 major sugarcane varieties in Guangxi Province, GL2, GT44, and YT236, were cultivated conventionally as control. In the 3rd year of the experiment, GF296 sugarcane stems started from seeds were used as replacement to fill in the areas where second-year ratoons of the 3 chosen varieties of sugarcane did not sprout in the spring following the replanting. Major agronomic characteristics and sucrose content of all harvested crops in the 3rd, 4th, and 5th year were determined or a comparative economic evaluation. Result The number of effective stems of replanted population of Guiliu 2 (GL2), Guitang 44 (GT44) and Yuetang 00236 (YT236) was significantly higher than that of non-replanted population (CK), and the yield of GL2 population, GT44 population, YT236 population and their corresponding CK population decreased with the extension of rooting years, and the population yield increased with the extension of the ratoon years. Comparing the ratoon sugarcane varieties GL2, GT44, and YT236 with their control groups, it was found that there were differences in measurements such as plant height, stem diameter, and weight per stem across various ratoon years. The number of effective stems of GL2, GT44 and YT236 populations without replanting was significantly negatively correlated with the years of ratoon, which were-0.907,-0.931 and-0.756, respectively, and the yield was also significantly negatively correlated with the years of ratoon roots, which were-0.915,-0.905 and-0.930, respectively. The results showed that the years of ratoon of the three varieties were not correlated with the yield and the number of effective stems after replanting, indicating that the ratoon root years of sugarcane could be prolonged after replanting. At the same time, after replanting, the economic benefits of GL2, GT44 and YT236 populations also increased, and their total net income increased by 48120.80 yuan·hm2, 46765.80 yuan·hm2 and 42398.60 yuan·hm2, respectively. Conclusion Direct replanting of GF296 seed stem can effectively prolong 3-year of ratoon, significantly increase the economic benefits of the population, and so it should be popularized in a large area. Our results provided theoretical basis for constructing high-yield and stable sugarcane groups, exerting the potential of ratoon, and realizing stable and high-yield cultivation.
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Objective Physiological mechanism and application concentration of foliar quercetin (Q) spray in improving drought resistance of chestnut seedlings were studied. Method In an irrigation-controlled pot experiment, seedlings of Yanbao chestnut (YB) were sprayed Q solutions of concentrations at 600 μmol·L−1 (QD1), 1 200 μmol·L−1 (QD2), 1 800 μmol·L−1 (QD3), 2 000 μmol·L−1 (QD4), and 3 000 μmol·L−1 (QD5), along with one non-spray control under drought (CK1) and another under normal watering condition (CK2). Contents of chlorophyll, malondialdehyde (MDA), and flavonols as well as antioxidant activities of the seedlings were determined. Result The foliar spray of Q significantly elevated the contents of chlorophyll and flavonols as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) and reduced MDA in the seedling leaves over those under CK1, but not to the levels under CK2. The principal component and membership function analyses showed the average drought resistance of QD1, QD2, QD3, QD4, and QD5 to be 0.735, 0.641, 0.738, 1.389, and 0.828, respectively, indicating a superior treatment effect of 2,000μmol Q·L−1. Conclusion Spraying Q solutions on the chestnut seedlings appeared to mitigate cellular damages induced by drought stress. The treatment raised the antioxidant enzyme activities and chlorophyll content while reduced MDA that retarded cell membrane peroxidation on the leaves with the greatest effect displayed by the application of Q at a concentration of 2 000 μmol·L−1.
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Objective Effects of melatonin application on plant physiology and biochemistry as well as cell wall components of Bougainvillea plants under low temperature were studied. Method Bougainvillea leaves were sprayed with melatonin solutions in the concentrations of 0, 50, 100, and 150 µmol·L–1 at 4 ℃. Leaf area, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters at the optimal/maximal quantum yield of PSⅡ (Fv/Fm), apparent electron transfer rate (ETR), photochemical quenching coefficient (qP), non-photochemical quenching coefficient (qN)], activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), membrane lipid peroxidation products at the production rate of superoxide anion (O2−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, osmotic adjustment soluble sugar (SS) and soluble protein (SP) as well as cell wall components including chelate pectin (CSP), alkali-soluble pectin (SSP), hemicellulose (HC), and cellulose (CE) of the plants were monitored weekly for 3 consecutive weeks from the beginning of treatments (MT0). Result At 4 ℃, the growth and development of Bougainvillea plants was hindered showing unbalanced chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, intensified membrane lipid peroxidation, and altered cell wall composition. The spray of 100 µmol·L−1 melatonin significantly enhanced the physiological activity, reduced wilting, Fv/Fm and ETR, increased activities of SOD, POD, and CAT (e.g., by 96.45%, 104.35%, and 73.11%, respectively, in Elizabeth Angus), decreased H2O2 content by 21.07% and O2− production rate by 26.85%, and raised CSP by 22.55% and SSP by 43.08% in the cell wall over those at MT0. Conclusion Melatonin regulated the physiology of Bougainvillea plants and effectively mitigated the growth inhibition by cold stress. The spray reduced the damage to the photosystem, enhance the antioxidant enzyme activity, retard the membrane lipid oxidation, and stabilize the cell wall of the plant suggesting a potential treatment for preventing serious harms by temperature decline in winter.
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Objective NPK fertilization to maximize the yield and quality of chili peppers for processing was formulated. 【Method】 An experiment of quadratic saturation D-optimal design with three factors of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium was applied to optimize the formulation targeted to maximize the yield and quality of Mingjiao 9 chili peppers for further processing. Result Significant effects on chili pepper yield and processing quality were found to be K＞P＞N. The optimal amount of N, P2O5, K2O was 151.10, 59.28, 306.78 kg·hm−2 to reach the greatest yield, and 148.59, 59.34, 291.66 kg·hm−2 to achieve the most desirable quality. The combinations of N and P, N and K, and P and K also exerted significant enhancing effects on the chili pepper yield and quality. The optimized fertilizations with a predicted yield exceeding 29,000 kg·hm−2 at 95% confidence level called for the application N, P2O5, and K2O at 109.24–174.43 kg·hm−2, 44.40–78.95 kg·hm−2, and 213.85–287.95 kg·hm−2, respectively, while for a score above 80 on overall chili pepper quality, the application of 63.08–115.23 kg·hm−2, 42.26–72.50 kg·hm−2, and 211.23–292.23 kg·hm−2, respectively, were determined. Conclusion Experimentally optimized NPK fertilizations for chili pepper cultivation to provide a yield of 29000 kg·hm−2 and a quality score of 80 or higher were formulated. To accomplish the goal on yield as well as quality, the formulation would include the ranges of 109.24–115.23 kg·hm−2 on N, 44.40–72.50 kg·hm−2 on P2O5, and 213.85–287.95 kg·hm−2 on K2O with a N∶P2O5∶K2O ratio of 1–1.05∶0.41–0.6∶1.96–2.64.
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Objective To explore the effects of paclobutrazol (PAC) and ethephon (ETH) on carbon and nitrogen metabolism, endogenous hormone levels, and flower-related gene expression in the flowering plant of Erythrina sykesii, and provide theoretical basis for regulating the flowering period of E. sykesii. Methods Eight-year-old E. sykesii. were treated with three sprays of PAC (600 mg·L−1) and ETH (50 mg·L−1) during the bud physiological differentiation stage, with distilled water as the control (CK). The contents of carbon and nitrogen metabolites, endogenous hormone levels, and flower-related gene expression in the top buds were detected during different bud physiological differentiation periods, and the inflorescence size and number, and branch flowering rate were investigated and statistically analyzed during the peak flowering period. Results After spraying PAC and ETH on the leaves of E. sykesii., the soluble sugar and total carbon (C) content in the top buds gradually increased with the progress of physiological differentiation, while the soluble protein and total nitrogen (N) content gradually decreased, resulting in an increase in the C/N ratio. Among them, there were significant differences between the PAC+ETH treatment and the PAC and ETH treatments, with the PAC+ETH treatment reaching the maximum C/N ratio at the end of physiological differentiation. The endogenous hormone content in the top buds also changed with the physiological differentiation process, with zeatin riboside (ZR) and abscisic acid (ABA) content gradually increasing, while gibberellic acid (GA3) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content gradually decreasing; resulting in a gradual increase in the ratios of ABA/IAA, ABA/GA3, ZR/IAA, and ZR/GA3. There were significant differences between the PAC+ETH treatment and the PAC and ETH treatments, with the PAC+ETH treatment reaching the maximum ABA/IAA, ABA/GA3, ZR/IAA, and ZR/GA3 ratios at the end of physiological differentiation, which were 317.49%, 185.34%, 310.58%, and 180.62% higher than the control, respectively. The flowering-promoting gene Flowering Locus T (FT) began to express and the gene amount gradually increased during the middle stage of physiological differentiation, while SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1 (SOC1), APETALA 1 (AP1), SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP), and LEAFY (LFY) genes were significantly expressed at the end of physiological differentiation. The flowering-inhibiting gene TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) began to express and the gene amount gradually decreased during the early stage of physiological differentiation. Both paclobutrazol and ethephon treatments promoted the flowering bud differentiation process and flowering induction of E. sykesii. The plant treated with PAC+ETH had an advanced flowering period of 12 days, a flowering rate of 36.46%, and a total flowering period of 55 days. Conclusion During the physiological differentiation stage of the flower buds of E. sykesii., spraying paclobutrazol and ethenol is conducive to enhancing the content of carbon and nitrogen metabolites, modulating endogenous hormone levels, stimulating the expression of flowering-related genes, and effectively facilitating floral bud differentiation in E. sykesii.
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Objective Varieties of sweet cherry cultivars from Sichuan Province were analyzed for self-compatibility by the presence of mutant S gene. Method Using the universal and specific primers of S genotype, DNA from the leaves of 39 Cerasus avium L. specimens collected in Sichuan were amplified by PCR. The amplified fragments containing SFB4 and/or SFB4' were sequenced for comparison and further analysis. Result Six genes of S genotype were identified from the 39 sweet cherry specimens with 27 of them having S3 genes, 19 having S9, 12 having S1, 11 having S4, 7 having S6, and 3 having S2. In the 11 specimens containing S4 genes, the ORF sequences of SFBs were amplified. By comparing SFB4 and SFB4', 4 base deletions at 903 bp were observed on the mutant. Subsequently, with a specially designed primer for SFB4', the sequencing indicated the SFB in 7 of the specimens to be SFB4'. Conclusion Six S genes were identified in the 39 C. avium specimens collected in Sichuan. The S4 from 7 of the specimens was the mutant gene, SFB4'.
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Objective Liupao Tea (Camellia sinensis var. sinensis cv. Liupao) was studied for the genes associated with anthocyanin synthesis for target breeding. Methods Anthocyanin were extracted with ethanol hydrochloride from Liubao Tea plants bearing purple or green buds. Transcriptome sequencing was performed using Illumina Hiseq 2500 high-throughput platform to identify differentially expressed genes, determine expression of the genes related to anthocyanin synthesis, and conduct GO and KEGG enrichment analyses on the extracts. The sequencing results were subsequently verified by fluorescence quantification PCR. Results The young leaves on the tea plants borne with purple buds contained sevenfold higher anthocyanin than those on the plants with green buds. The transcriptome of the genes of the purple buds had 165570 unigenes with an average length of 1450 bp. Of them, 243 related to the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, and 43 significantly differentially expressed between the two types of plants. The 43 differentiated genes encoded 14 key enzymes, i.e., phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), cinnamate acid 4-hydroxylase (C4H), anthocyanidin reductase (ANR), 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), flavonol synthase (FLS), flavonoid-3′,5′-hydroxylase (F3′5′H), flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3′H), flavanone-3-hydroxylase (F3H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), and leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR). Conclusion Thirty-four genes significantly upregulated in Liupao Tea plants with purple buds were found to be associated with 14 key enzymes encoding anthocyanin biosynthesis. They were speculated to play an important role in the bud color differentiation between the two varieties.
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: Objective To explore the effects of microbial cultures（Enterobacter aerogenes CT-B09-2、Bacillus amyloliquefaciens JL-B06 and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus WYS-A01-1）on the structure and diversity of Phyllostachys edulis soil bacterial communities. Method Taking P. edulis seedlings as the research object, compound microbial cultures were applied by root irrigation. 30 days after the application, rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil samples of P. edulis seedlings were collected to measure soil physical and chemical properties. Total soil DNA was extracted and 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing was performed to analyze the impact of compound microbial cultures on soil bacterial community structure and diversity. Results The compound microbial cultures can effectively increase the content of available phosphorus in soil, regulate soil pH, and improved the functional activities related to material metabolism and decomposition of carbon compounds in rhizosphere soil. 26 phyla, 65 classes, 158 orders, 253 families, 448 genera, and 674 species were detected in P. edulis rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil. The main dominant bacterial phyla are Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteriota, Acidobacteriota, and Chloroflexi. After the application of compound microbial cultures, the number of species in the rhizosphere soil microbial community of P. edulis increased significantly, but there was no significant change in non-rhizosphere soil samples. Conclusion The compound microbial cultures can regulate soil mineral elements, improve soil pH, and regulate the composition of bacterial microbial community.
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: Objective To solve the problem of resource utilization and harmless treatment of abandoned grape branches in the eastern foothills of Helan Mountain, and to alleviate the shortage of edible mushroom raw materials. Method Seven strains of Coprinus comatus were introduced in the experiment, and six cultivation formulas were designed using grape branches from the eastern foothills of Helan Mountain as the main cultivation material instead of traditional cultivation substrates. The strains and formulas were arranged and combined to obtain 42 treatments. The biological efficiency, nutritional components such as crude polysaccharides, amino acid flavor components, and heavy metal safety of Coprinus comatus in the cultivation substrate containing grape branches were explored, and the appropriate cultivation formula was obtained through grey correlation analysis. Result The experiment showed that among 42 treatments, 16 treatments containing grape branch cultivation substrate had a biological efficiency of over 100%. Among them, the CM6 treatment (strain CC900, cultivation substrate containing 20% grape branches) had the best biological efficiency, and the crude polysaccharide content was significantly higher than the control (treatment without grape branch substrate); The ash content is closely related to biological efficiency, and higher biological efficiency results in higher ash content. Cultivating Coprinus comatus using grape brancheswill not affect their yield, appearance, and flavor, and meets national food safety standards. CM6, DM4, and CM3 are the cultivation schemes with better comprehensive performance. Conclusion Grape branches can not only replace some traditional raw materials for cultivating Coprinus comatus, but also improve the yield and nutritional content of Coprinus comatus to a certain extent, reduce production costs, and are good cultivation materials for Coprinus comatus.
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Objective Growth-regulating factors (GRF) is a unique protein of plants, which plays an important role in mugwort growth and stress. It plays an important role in Artemisia argyi growth and stress stress. Method To understand the biological characteristics of the GRF gene family in Artemisia argyi, this study conducted bioinformatic analysis of physical and chemical properties, gene structure, evolution and expression of the GRF gene family; analyzed the expression patterns of the members of the gene family in different tissues, stress and different hormones using transcriptomic data and real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Result A total of 17 GRF family members were identified from the A. argyi genome, physicochemical identification showed that all are hydrophilic proteins; The phylogenetic evolutionary tree falls into four subfamilies; The motif analysis indicated that genes of the same clade in the evolutionary tree have a similar or the same conserved motif; The AaGRF gene family members are randomly distributed on 11 different chromosomes; The AaGRF gene family promoter contains multiple stress and hormone-responsive elements; The AaGRF gene family showed different trends in response to salinity stress; The expression pattern of this family members in the roots, stems and leaves of A. argyi is tissue-specific; After treatment with abscisic acid, indoacetic acid, salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate, AaGRF05, AaGRF06, AaGRF11 and AaGRF14 showed the highest gene expression at 12 hour after treatment, indicating that most of the genes are involved in regulation during prophase. Conclusion In conclusion, this paper shows that the GRF gene family participates in the regulation of A. argyi growth and stresses, which provides a certain theoretical basis for the comprehensive exploration of the function of GRF family in the next step research.
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Objective The relation between somatic incompatibility (SI) and genetic difference of Ganoderma sinense was investigated. This will provide the basis for evaluating genetic differences of G.sinense strains by SI test. Method Construction of dikaryon strains using unidirectional or bidirectional nuclear migration test with seven monokaryon of G.sinense as parents. Then SI reaction was tested on the PDA medium, and the genetic differences between them were analyzed by ISSR, RAPD and SRAP molecular markers. Result Eleven dikaron strains of five types with clear genetic relationship were obtained. The SI reactions were result in compatibility and incompatibility. And the incompatibility emerged three types of gap, gap with line and wall-like structure. The combined analysis of ISSR, RAPD and SRAP molecular markers genetic similarity coefficients ranging from 0.29 to 0.97 among the eleven strains.The UPMGA clustering diagram was able to demonstrate the genetic relationship of eleven trains, and these genetic relationships correspond to those of the parental sources. Conclusion The nucleus has a large effect on the SI response of G.sinense, whereas the cytoplasm has a minimal effect on it. The type of SI reaction of G. sinense strains corresponds to their genetic differences. So in the future evaluation of genetic differences in G. sinense germplasm resources, a simple and convenient method of SI could be applied for preliminary analysis.
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Abstact: Objective In order to provide a basis for further promoting the new technology of extending the ratoon sugarcane seed stalk by direct replanting, the effects of extending the second year of ratoon on the traits and yield of sugarcane varieties were studied. Method GL2, GT44 and YT236, three major sugarcane varieties in Guangxi Province, were taken as the replanted population in the second year of ratoon. GF296 seed stalks were used for the direct replanting treatment on the ridge and furrow sugarcane beds with cultivated resistance and the non-replanted population was the control (CK), and the important agronomic traits and sucrose content of the replanted and non-replanted populations were determined at the harvest stage of the 3rd, 4th and 5th year of ratoon, respectively, and the economic benefits were measured. Result The number of effective stems of GL2, GT44 and YT236 after replanting was significantly higher than that of CK. The yield of CK decreased with the extension of permanent root years, and the population yield increased with the extension of permanent root years after replanting, but there was no significant difference in other agronomic traits. The effective stem number of GL2, GT44 and YT236 populations without replanting was negatively correlated with the ratoon years, which were −0.907, −0.931 and −0.756, respectively. The yield was also significantly negatively correlated with the years of ratoon roots, which were −0.915, −0.905 and −0.930, respectively. The results showed that the ratoon years of three varieties were not negatively correlated with yield and number of effective stems, indicating that the ratoon years of sugarcane could be extended after replanting. At the same time, the economic benefits of GL2, GT44 and YT236 groups also increased after replanting, and their total net income increased by 48120.80 yuan /hm2, 46765.80 yuan /hm2 and 42398.60 yuan /hm2 during the three-year ratoon period, respectively. Conclusion Directly replanting of GF296 could effectively extend the years of ratoon for 3 years, which was cost-effective in terms of economic benefit comparison and suitable for large-scale promotion. Therefore, this study provides a theoretical basis for constructing high and stable yield population, realizing the potential of sugarcane ratoon, and realizing stable and high yield.
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Objective Effects of fertilizer type and application rate on the growth of Kandelia obovate seedlings as well as the microbial community in soil were studied. Method In a field experiment, K. obovate seedlings were planted on lots treated by 3 different organic fertilizers or an inorganic fertilizer at 4 application rates, along with no-fertilizer as control (CK). Plant height and leaf length, width, number, and chlorophyll content of the seedling in the autumn were determined. Composition of the microbial community in soil was detected by high-throughput sequencing based on 16S rRNA gene. Result On the lots applied with Zun Long Fertilizer at the rate of 9.74 g·kg−1, the seedlings, in comparison to those on CK, were 117.50% taller and had 51.15% longer, 63.34% wider, and 178.57% more leaves in 120 d. The microbial compositions in the soil at the lots applied with organic fertilizer, inorganic fertilizer, and CK differed significantly. In addition, there were more distinct species on the organic fertilizers-treated soil than on the others. The plant grew positively with the microbial α-diversity in soil treated with the organic fertilizers, but negatively in soil treated with the inorganic fertilizers. Moreover, the organic fertilization fostered proliferation of beneficial microbes, such as Actinobacteriota and genera Nitrospira, Nocardioides, and Limibaculum, which could synergistically promote the plant growth as well. Conclusion Application of organic fertilizer enhanced the growth of K. obovate as well as the microbial diversity of soil. On the other hand, inorganic fertilizer provided relatively limited benefits on the growth of the plants, yet considerably hindered the development of a healthy soil microbiome.
, Available online , doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.009.018
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Objective Changes of the microbial community in fermentation of substrates for cultivating Agaricus bisporus were investigated. Method The microbial community characteristics of a compound A. bisporus culture substrates containing spent Flammulina velutiper and Pleurotus eryngii materials were monitored during the 7 stages, Ag1 to Ag7 from pile building to 1st and 2nd fermentation, using the high throughput 16S rDNA full-length sequencing of Pacbio platform. Result A total of 715 OTUs were obtained in the fermentation process (i.e., 328, 340, 294, 377, 364, 166, and 174 for each stage) with 161 OTUs commonly found in all stage. The microbes included 21 phyla, 299 genera, and 399 species. At phylum level, Fimicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Gemmatimonadetes had higher abundance in all 7 stages. The dominant genus in the substrate during the pile building and 1st fermentation stages was Ureibacillus, while Limnochordaceae, S0134_terrestrial_group, Thermobacillu, and Ruminiclostridium stood out in the 2nd fermentation stage. At species level, Ureibacillus thermophilus and Ureibacillus terrenus were dominant in the pile building and 1st fermentation stages. In the 2nd fermentation stage, the species in the genus of Limnochordaceae were the greatest in relative abundance. It appeared that the microbial abundance and diversity increased gradually before the onset of 2nd fermentation. The community structure of the substrate varied significantly between the 1st and the 2nd fermentation, but the deviation diminished significantly after the 2nd fermentation leaving mostly the dominant species that basically functioned to degrade the waste mushroom material enriching the fertilization effect. Conclusion The full-length sequencing technology clearly identified the dominant species unveiling many previously unclassified microorganisms. The results helped to better optimize the substrate fermentation process for an improved cultivation of A. bisporus.
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Objective Mitochondrial genome and phylogeny of Bactrocera (B.) tuberculata were studied for advancement on the molecular markers design, species identification, and evolutionary genetics relating to the destructive fruit fly. Methods High-throughput sequencing was applied to determine, assemble, join, and annotate the complete genome of B. (B.) tuberculata mitochondria. With the sequences on selected 20 species published on NCBI, the phylogeny of fruit flies was analyzed using the maximum likelihood method (ML). Results The total mitochondrial genome sequence was 15 854 bp long containing 13 protein coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, and one non-coding control gene with 73.2% A+T. There were 3 755 codons in the 13 protein-coding genes. Of the 22 amino acid codons in the protein, UUA (leucine) had the highest frequency (N) of 387 and relative codon (RSCU) of 3.79. Aside from the phenylalanine (F) and threonine (T) that lacked pseuduracine (T) rings and the serine (S1) without a dihydrouracil DHU ring, the secondary structures of the remaining 19 tRNA genes shaped typically like a canonical cloverleaf. And the 22 genes had 178 mismatched G-U base pairs. Based on the mitochondrial analysis, the phylogeny of B. (B.) tuberculate, B. (B.) dorsalis, and B. (B.) carambolae were closely related and in the same branch as other subgenera. The result agreed with what was revealed by the morphological observation. Conclusion For the first time, the complete mitochondrial genome of B. (B.) tuberculata was obtained with a GenBank accession number of MW 892726. The information secured on the structure and nucleotide composition of the mitochondria and the phylogenetic relation with other subgenera would aid further studies on the species identification, evolutionary biology, and pest control of the devastating pest.
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Objective Effects of applying Bacillus subtilis B2-GFP culture broth on the growth and physiology of sweet pepper seedlings were studied. Methods In a pot experiment, seedlings of sweet pepper Shuoyuan 808 were treated with B. subtilis B2-GFP culture broths at the concentrations of 1×105 CFU·mL−1 (T1), 1×106 CFU·mL−1 (T2), 1×107 CFU·mL−1 (T3), and 1×108 CFU·mL−1 (T4), along with non-treatment control (CK). The transplanted sweet pepper seedlings were given 5 mL 1×106CFU·mL−1 B2-GFP culture broth every 7 d for 3 times. Growth index, biomass accumulation, leaf photosynthesis, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters as well as antioxidant enzyme activities, morphological formation, and root vitality of the plants were monitored at 21 d. Results Application of the B2-GFP culture broth increased the plant height and biomass as well as the leaf area and chlorophyll content over CK. The greatest effect was observed under T2, which also accentuated the leaf transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (Gs), maximum fluorescence (Fm), photosystem II potential Activity (ФPSⅡ), and photochemical fluorescence quenching coefficient (qP) as well as the activities of peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in the roots but reduced the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and chlorophyll basic fluorescence (Fo). Conclusion When the transplanted sweet pepper seedlings were given 1×106 CFU·mL−1 B2-GFP culture broth, all monitored indicators on the plant growth and root development including leaf photosynthetic parameters and biomass and root antioxidant enzymes activities and vitality were significantly improved in 3 weeks.
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Objective To provide the theoretical basis for developing the selenium-rich cultivation of amaranth, the mechanism of AMF to improve nutrient quality of amaranth under selenium-enriched cultivation was studied. Method Potting experiments were applied to study the effects of selenium and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on photosynthesis, growth status, amaranth, and selenium accumulation of Amaranthus tricolor L. Result The results showed that different selenium treatments significantly increased the chlorophyll a, b content, transpiration rate(Tr), stomatal conductance(Gs), net photosynthetic rate(Pn) and intercellular CO2 concentration(Ci), while reduced the amaranthine content, but not significantly affected the mycorrhizal infection rate or mycorrhizal dependence. Inoculation with AMF promoted the growth of amaranth under different selenium treatments and increased leaf amaranthine content, as well as enhanced photosynthetic capacity and improved accumulation of selenium content in roots, stems and leaves. Conclusion In conclusion, both AMF inoculation and exogenous selenium treatment improved the photosynthetic and selenium accumulation, thus improving the nutritional quality of Amaranthus tricolor L.
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:[ Objective ] Real time and accurate prediction of evapotranspiration during the fruiting period of substrate cultivated cucumber, guiding substrate cultivated cucumber irrigation. Method Real time greenhouse microclimate environmental data during the cucumber fruiting period is obtained through sensors. Cucumber evapotranspiration is measured using the weighing method, with transplanting time, air temperature, relative humidity, light intensity, and daily average irrigation amount for the first five days as inputs, using Back Propagation neural network (BPNN), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) to establish substrate cultivation cucumber evapotranspiration prediction models, and the prediction effects of different models are compared. The model dataset The time interval is set to 20 minutes. Result Compared to BPNN, CNN, and LSTM models, the GRU model has the best prediction performance, with a coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.8577, 2.3279 g, and 1.6744 g, respectively. When the measured daily real-time cumulative evapotranspiration of cucumbers exceeds 50 g, the relative error fluctuation between the predicted daily real-time cumulative evapotranspiration of cucumbers by the GRU model and the measured daily real-time cumulative evapotranspiration is the smallest, ranging from 0.11% to 10.01%. Conclusion The prediction model of evapotranspiration during the fruiting period of substrate cultivated cucumbers based on GRU has the best prediction effect, which can provide reference for irrigation system of substrate cultivated cucumbers.
:[ Objective ] Real time and accurate prediction of evapotranspiration during the fruiting period of substrate cultivated cucumber, guiding substrate cultivated cucumber irrigation.
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Hybrid rice between indica-japonica has strong heterosis, which has been the focus of rice breeding study. Objective This study aims to provide a scientific basis for indica-japonica breeding practice and genetic improvement of key rice characters. Method In this study, 14 parents were selected and 48 hybrid rice combinations were created, according to NC-II incomplete diallel hybridization. Genetic effects, heterosis and genetic correlation of 5 traits, including growth period, plant height, spikelet length, spikelet width and spikelet length-width ratio, were analyzed by using additive and dominant genetic model (A-D model). Result The ratio of the additive variance component to the phenotypic variance(VA/VP) in growth period, plant height, spikelet length, spikelet width and spikelet length-width ratio accounted for 69.2%, 74.2%, 58.9%, 66.0% and 63.5%. The variation of the broad-sense heritability (H2B) and the narrow-sense heritability (H2N) was 59.0%～99.6% and 69.2%～98.9%, respectively, and both reached significant or extremely significant levels, the characters were mainly controlled by additive effects and little influenced by environment, and it was effective for early generation selection in breeding practice. Growth period, plant height and spikelet length, spikelet width and spikelet length-width ratio of most hybrid combinations showed negative mid-parent heterosis and negative over-parent heterosis, and the growth period of indica-japonica hybrid combinations was shortened, the plant height was reduced, and the spikelet length-width ratio was between the two parents. Growth period is an independent genetic trait of the characters, and plant height has a certain positive correlation with grain shape. Conclusion In breeding practice of indica-japonica rice, researchers should pay attention to the coordination of growth period, plant height, grain shape and other characters, and effectively using heterosis to cultivate new elite hybrid rice combinations.
Hybrid rice between indica-japonica has strong heterosis, which has been the focus of rice breeding study.
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Objective The effects of coffee peel and litter on the growth and photosynthesis of coffee seedlings were investigated to determine a suitable ecological cycle cultivation a suitable of coffee. Method One-year-old seedlings of seedlings were used as experimental materials. A randomized block design was used to study the effects of coffee peel and litter on their leaf photosynthesis and water use efficiency. Conventional mulching group was set up: C (control), L (litter mulching cultivation), P (peel mulching cultivation) and LP (litter and peel mulching cultivation). Result Coffee litter mulching significantly increased the specific leaf area of coffee by 45.46%, while coffee peel mulching significantly decreased the plant height by 12.11%. Coffee peel mulching significantly increased net photosynthesis, leaf respiration, total photosynthesis, net water use efficiency and total water use efficiency by 78.33%, 109.34%, 91.72%, 80.54% and 104.95%, but did not affect stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and carbon use efficiency. The comprehensive evaluation of coffee photosynthesis under coffee waste mulching treatment was P＞LP＞L＞C. Conclusion Coffee peel mulching was better than other mulching treatments in promoting the growth and photosynthetic capacity of coffee seedlings. The suitable coffee ecological cycle cultivation with the peel amount of 239.05 g m-2 could to realize cost saving and efficiency increase in coffee planting process.
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Objective Fertility and enzymatic activity of the saline-alkali soil in relation to land use were analyzed for ecological improvements and restoration. Method At Songnen Plain in western Jilin province, the effects on organic carbon, total nitrogen, invertase, urease, alkaline phosphatase, and catalase of the saline-alkali soils under different types of land use as paddy farming field (N1), dry farming field (N2), wetland (S), and grassland (C) were compared. Result The organic carbon contents in the soils ranged 9.70–16.27 g·kg−1 under N1, 3.85–11.58 g·kg−1 under N2, 2.14–2.97 g·kg−1 under S, and 5.25–11.24 g·kg−1 under C; and the total nitrogen, 1.83–2.32 g·kg−1 under N1, 0.45–0.76 g·kg−1 under N2, 0.34–1.28 g·kg−1 under S, and 0.88–2.04 g·kg−1 under C. The activities of various enzymes were urease＞alkaline phosphatase＞catalase＞sucrase and decreased along the depth of the soil layers. The invertase significantly correlated with C/N at P＜0.05, the urease with C/N at P＜0.01, the alkaline phosphatase with the organic C at P＜0.01 and with the total nitrogen at P＜0.05, while the catalase with total nitrogen at P＜0.01 and with C/N at P＜0.05. The redundant analysis indicated that the activities of invertase and urease were mainly regulated by the pH and bulk density, while those of alkaline phosphatase and catalase largely affected by the moisture content and electric conductivity of the soil. Conclusion Land use exerted significant effects on the organic carbon, total nitrogen, and enzyme activity in the saline-alkali soils which gradually decreased from the surface to the deeper layers. Farming on the land fostered the nutrient accumulation and increased the enzymatic activities in soil. Thus, either paddy or dry field was more ecologically friendly than wetland or grassland for the regions of saline-alkali soil.
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Objective The stress of wheat waterlogging is the main abiotic stress factor in wheat production in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. To study the effects of different duration of waterlogging on physiological characteristics and yield of wheat at booting stage provides a theoretical basis for the research on the mechanism of wheat waterlogging resistance at booting stage and production. Method The effects of waterlogging duration on wheat growth and yield at booting stage were studied by pot pot water control method with wheat varieties Yangmai 16 and Zhongmai 895 as experimental materials. Result (1) Under the stress of waterlogging, the chlorophyll content of wheat leaves decreased significantly. The longer the waterlogging lasted, the greater the decline of SPAD value was. The SPAD value of the more heavily injured leaves decreased more, and the more severely injured the inverted two leaves than the flag leaves. (2) The activity of antioxidant enzymes such as CAT, SOD and POD in wheat showed a trend of type "∧" during the waterlogging period, while the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) decreased or increased slowly in the early stage of waterlogging, while increased sharply in the late stage. (3) In the booting period, the effective number of ears, grain number of ears, 1000-grain weight and other yield factors increased slightly, which may be caused by the stress response of wheat. (4) The stress of waterlogging at the stage of heading had no significant effect on the height of wheat plant. Long-term waterlogging resulted in a significant decrease in wheat yield. The decrease of effective panicle number, grain number per panicle and 1000-grain weight was the main factor causing wheat yield reduction. After 15 d of waterlogging stress, the yield per plant of zhongmai 895 and yangmai 16 decreased by 51.47% and 43.99%, respectively, compared with CK. Conclusion Booting stage waterlogging stress significantly reduced the wheat leaf chlorophyll content, destroyed the plant active oxygen metabolism in the body and the balance between antioxidant enzyme system, excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species causes cells to peroxide lipid membrane, causing cell structure and function is impaired, affect plant photosynthesis and nutrient transfer and accumulation, increase the biomass of wheat is reduced, resulting in lack of grain-filling, caused empty grain, grain and invalid number of flat significantly increased, resulting in wheat production. In addition, during the whole process of waterlogging stress, the resistance of the two wheat varieties tested was as follows: yangmai 16＞zhongmai 895.
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Objective To investigate the changes of starch content, reducing sugar content and soluble total sugar content in tubers, the changes of endogenous hormone content in tubers, the morphological indexes, physiological indexes and the analysis of variance of endogenous hormones during the process of tuber expansion. And the correlation between these indicators and endogenous hormones, lay the foundation for further study of the physiological mechanism of yam growth and development and guiding the high yield and quality cultivation of yam. Method Six kinds of endogenous hormones such as ABA, GA3, IAA, JA, ZR and IPA were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with different tuber lengths of Bikeqi yam. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the content of salicylic acid (SA), and to analyze the dynamic changes of source hormone content in different growth stages, and the correlation between morphological indicators of yam and endogenous hormones. The relationship between differentially expressed genes associated with endogenous hormones and endogenous hormones was explored for the effects of these factors on the expansion of yam tubers. Result The contents of IAA, ZR, ABA, JA and SA were positively correlated with the morphological indexes of yam tuber; the contents of GA3 and IPA were negatively correlated with the morphological indexes; the contents of IAA were positively correlated with the perimeter and diameter of yam tuber; the contents of GA3 were negatively correlated with the length of tuber; the genes correlated with IAA were negatively correlated with the contents of IAA Conclusion Endogenous hormones IAA, ZR, ABA, JA and SA promote the expansion of yam tuber; endogenous hormones GA3 and IPA inhibit the growth of yam tuber; endogenous hormones IAA promote the thickening of yam; endogenous hormones GA3 inhibit the elongation of yam; the down-regulation of IAA related genes can promote the synthesis of IAA, that is, regulate the content of IAA.
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Objective Key genes involved in the detoxification of pyroxsulam in naked barley were identified to facilitate breeding an herbicide-tolerant variety. Method Leaves of herbicide-sensitive Qing 0160 and herbicide-resistant Qing 0306 naked barley were treated with pyroxsulam for 0, 1, or 6 d prior to a high throughput transcriptome sequencing. Result The GO of the differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in photosynthesis before as well as after the pyroxsulam treatment. Significant KEGG enrichment of the genes related to antioxidants in the glutathione metabolic pathway and the stress-related genes in the phenylpropanol and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis pathways was observed 1d after the treatment. And 6 d afterward, the genes related to the biological processes that maintain the cell function as well as the biosynthesis and metabolism of amino acids were significantly enriched. Further analysis indicated that the expressions of SOD21972, POD55052, CAT15170, DHAR59510, APX42784, GR34873, GSTs849, GSTs36979, GSTs31507, GSTs15106, andGSTs20762 were upregulated, while PSⅡ55705, Cc31194, Cc17547, Cc17551, and CYP12424 downregulated. POD55052 in the herbicide-sensitive naked barley was highly expressed but not in the herbicide-resistant counterparts. On the other hand, the expressions of SOD21972, CAT15170, DHAR59510, APX42784, GR34873, GSTs849, GSTs36979, GSTs31507, GSTs15106, GSTs20762, PSⅡ55705, Cc31194, Cc17547, Cc17551, and CYP12424 were higher in the herbicide-resistant than in the herbicide-sensitive naked barley. It suggested that they might be involved in the pyroxsulam-resistance of the plants. Conclusion The basically same trend shown in this study on the gene express by qRT-PCR and the transcriptome sequencing unveiled the genes possibly associated with the pyroxsulam detoxification mechanism of naked barley. The information would facilitate the breeding of an herbicide-resistant variety.
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: [ Objective ] Using Pear Young Fruit establish resistance evaluation system of pear fire blight, resistance materials of pear fire blight (Erwinia amylovora)were Screened to provide technical information for disease resistance breeding research. Method 77 Pear germplasm resources,including 36 cultivates and 41 hybrid progenies of ‘Kuerlexiangli’pear by Artifical inoculating young fruit stage, fruit expansion stage,fruit ripening period,The disease resistance grading index of pear varieties （germplasm） was formulated according to the strength of the pathogenic response after inoculation,and the disease resistance levels of 77 Pear germplasm resources were comprehensively evaluated. Results The results showed that young fruit stage can more accurate assessment of resistance leve, Compared with fruit expansion stage and fruit ripening period;77 Pear germplasm resources represented significant different on disease resistance,among which 13 were highly susceptible to the stain,11 varieties(germplasm)were susceptible, 27 varieties(germplasm) were moderately susceptible,26 varieties(germplasm) were resistant. The majority of the pear varieties(germplasm) tested was susceptible to E.amylovora, 33.77% varieties(germplasm) were evaluated as resistant, 66.23% varieties(germplasm) were evaluated as varying degrees susceptible. Conclusion Resistance evaluation system was established through young fruit stage was determined as inoculation periods, Observing incidence after 24 h inoculation;the 26 resistant varieties(germplasm) were Screened from the test varieties by using resistance evaluation system,which could provide the selective breeding of hybrid parents of pears,and which could provide research reference for rapid breeding of new resistant varieties in the future.
: [ Objective ] Using Pear Young Fruit establish resistance evaluation system of pear fire blight, resistance materials of pear fire blight (Erwinia amylovora)were Screened to provide technical information for disease resistance breeding research.
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: Objective The purpose of this paper is to clarify the root rot incidence rate of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua in Fujian area and identify the causing pathogens, which will provide a theoretical basis for the control of root rot disease. Methods The incidence of root rot were investigate in the three planting areas of P. cyrtonema in Fujian province. The roots and rhizomes with typical root rot symptoms were collected from the fields. The pathogens were isolated and identified with morphology, molecular biology and pathogenicity test. Results The average incidence of root rot was about 10.50% in the seedlings phase and 17.65% in the rhizomes during harvesting phase. A total of 98 isolates were obtained from the diseased samples. The pathogens were finally identified as Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani and F. fujikuroi based on morphological characteristics, FOF1/FOR1 and F8/R8 PCR amplification of specific primer, and sequence analysis of translation elongation factor-1α (tef-1α) gene. The separation frequencies of the tree pathogens were 75.51%, 20.41% and 4.08%, respectively. Inoculating the pathogens on the healthy rhizomes reproduced the same symptoms previously observed in the field. Pathogenicities of the tree pathogens were confirmed by fulfilling the Koch’s postulates. Conclusion It was confirmed that F. oxysporum, F. solani and F. fujikuroi were the pathogens of root rot of P. cyrtonema in Fujian province. This is the first report of F. fujikuroi causing root rot of P. cyrtonema in China.
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Objective Characterising the migratory dispersal behaviour of the leafhopper, Empoasca vitis (Göthe), and revealing the initial key factors that influence migratory dispersal of its populations. Method In this study, we employed tethered balloons affixed with yellow insect-trapping boards to ensnare E. vitis at varying heights and orientations. Subsequently, we analysed and simulated E. vitis migratory and dispersal behaviours using the HYSPLIT-4 airflow dynamics model and meteorological data. By combining field population surveys with analyses of population density and dispersal coefficient, we elucidated the key factors driving the transformation of E. vitis population distribution. Result The maximum flying altitude attained by E. vitis was 8 metres, and the population density of E. vitis experienced a steady decline as the altitude increased from 2-8 metres. The HYSPLIT-4 aerodynamic model analysis indicated that the migration trajectory of E. vitis was solely determined by the migration time, with no impact from the altitude on the migration trajectory or the linear dispersal distance. The HYSPLIT-4 aerodynamic model's results demonstrated that E. vitis has a linear dispersal distance of 35.70-178.10 km within 24 hours. Further analysis of population density and dispersal coefficient indicated both aggregated and random distribution of E. vitis, with migration and dispersal considered influential in the transformation of distribution types. Conclusion E. vitis may undergo regional migration through air currents. The transition between aggregated and random distribution of E. vitis populations, driven by population density, also plays a role in field dispersal and regional migration. Therefore, control of E. vitis should be concentrated in the main control area and extended outwards for 200 km.
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: Objective The stability of candidate reference genes of Ganoderma pseudoferreum under different stress treatments were evaluated to provide reference for exploring the gene function and molecular mechanism of G.pseudoferreum infestation of rubber tree roots. Methods The G. pseudoferreum mycelia under five abiotic stresses ( temperature, salt, oxidation, pH, drought ) and one biotic stress (biocontrol bacteria) were collected to isolate RNA and reverse transcribed into cDNA. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR technology was used to amplify the six candidate reference genes (UBC, ACT, RPL6, β-TUB, APT, 28s), and the softwares of geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and RefFinder were used to evaluate genes stability to find the most suitable reference genes for different stresses. Results The RNA of all samples showed two clear bands, and the melting curves of the six candidate reference genes showed obvious single peak. Combined analysis of geNorm, NormFinder, Bestkeeper and RefFinder, found that the stability of gene expression under temperature stress was UBC ＞ ACT ＞ RPL6 ＞ β-TUB ＞ 28s ＞ APT, and the stability of gene expression under salt stress was ACT ＞ RPL6 ＞ UBC ＞ APT ＞ β-TUB ＞ 28s; the stability of gene expression under oxidative stress was UBC ＞ ACT ＞ 28s ＞ APT ＞ β-TUB ＞ RPL6; the stability of gene expression under pH stress was RPL6 ＞ UBC ＞ APT ＞ ACT ＞ β-TUB ＞ 28s, the stability of gene expression under drought stress was ACT ＞ UBC ＞ β-TUB ＞ RPL6 ＞ APT ＞ 28s, and the stability of gene expression under biotic stress was UBC ＞ ACT ＞ RPL6 ＞ 28s ＞ APT ＞ β-TUB. Conclusion Combining all genes and experimental conditions, we recommend genes ACT and UBC as the best reference genes for normalizing gene expression under drought, oxidation, temperature and biotic stress experimental conditions. Genes ACT and RPL6 are the most suitable reference genes under salt stress, and UBC and RPL6 are the most suitable reference genes under pH stress.
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: Objective To provide reference for the classification of mango leaf diseases, addressing the issues of lack of datasets and low recognition accuracy. Method This article proposes the use of denoising diffusion models for disease data augmentation, and innovatively proposes a mango leaf disease classification method that combines SKNet and MobilenetV3 models. Firstly, a denoising diffusion model was used to expand the dataset, and then a multi-scale structural similarity index was used to evaluate the similarity between the generated disease images and the captured disease images. Then, the training and generation effects of DDIM and DCGAN networks were compared. In the Mobilenet model, replace the SE attention module with the SKNet module to construct the network model. Results The MS-SSIM index of all types of disease images generated and captured using DDIM is greater than 0.63 and higher than DCGAN. Compared to other attention modules, the combination of SKNet and MobilenetV3 has the best classification performance, at over 98%. Visualize the smooth class activation diagram of adding CA, CBAM, and ECA attention modules. Compared with other attention modules, the attention distribution area of SKNet is more concentrated on diseased leaves. Conclusion This method has good application prospects in the detection of diseased leaves, which can improve the efficiency and accuracy of disease identification, reduce detection costs, and can be applied to mobile or embedded devices.
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Objective In order to improve the yield, quality and resistance of traditional glutinous rice varieties, and meet the development demand of special glutinous rice market. Method Glutinous rice germplasms of high yield, disease resistance, low amylose content (AC), and high alkali spreading value (ASV) were evaluated and identified. Using the incomplete diallel crossing(NC II) method, the selected parental lines and 20 hybrids were pooled to construct a matrix for breeding evaluation. Result The actual yields of 7 choice germplasms ranged from 7744.35 to 9216.45 kg·hm−2, among which X-104 had the highest real cut yield of 9216.45 kg·hm−2 and X-27 had the highest real cut yield of 8960.40 kg·hm−2, which were significantly higher than those of the 3 reference varieties. The abovementioned two short and stout cultivars respectively carried Pi-1 and Pi-kh and Pi-1, Pi-9, and Pi-kh genes were moderate resistance to rice blast. They had AC of 1.71% and 1.68% as well as ASV of 6.75 and 6.13, respectively, indicating low gelatinization temperature. For heterosis in breeding, X-27 exhibited a combining ability of higher on grain yield and quality in addition to taller on plant height; X-57 of greater on yield and ASV but lower on plant height and AC; and X-104, despite the high grain yield and quality, did not offer meaningful advantages. Among the hybrids, Minnuo 2S/X-41 and Minnuo 2S/X-107 were significantly superior to their parents in terms of grain yield, plant height, AC, and ASV. Conclusion The determination of grain yield and quality of glutinous rice involves numerous factors such as effective panicle number, panicle length, 1000-grain weight, length-to-width ratio, yield per plant, AC, and ASV. The broad heritability (h2B) of such traits of the parents and hybrids in this study ranged between 14.72%–53.99%, and the narrow heritability (h2N) between 10.25%–43.07%. The relatively low indexes indicated instability and being prone to environmental effects in gene transfer from generation to generation. Consequently, breeding glutinous rice targeted for a specific use would require a complicated process of selection and hybridization.
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Objective Effects of practices of tillage and green manure utilization on fertility and enzyme activity of soil and yield of sugarcane crop under a continuous cultivation were evaluated. Method On a sugarcane field, the traditional rotary tillage (TCK), Fenlong tillage (FLCK), Fenlong tillage with sugarcane and soybean discards returned to sugarcane roots (FLG), and soybean discards returned to wide rows (FLK) were applied with a random block design. Contents of organic matter and available nutrients and activities of urease, saccharase, acid phosphatase, and catalase as well as yield and quality of sugarcane crop under treatments were compared. Result (1) The treatments induced significantly varied effects on the fertility and enzyme activity of the soil. The 40.6% to 76.7% organic matter contents in the soil around the roots and wide rows were significantly higher than that of TCK (P＜0.05). FLG, FLK, and FLCK significantly raised the available N and P in the soil around the roots with an increase of 16.1%–41.8%. (2) The activities of urease (except under FLG), sucrase, acid phosphatase, and catalase in the soil under FLG, FLK, and FLCK were 0.7-166.7% higher than those under TCK. (3) The 2-year average sugarcane yields under FLG, FLK, and FLCK were 13.1%–30.5% higher than under TCK. Those of FLG and FLK were significantly higher than that of FLCK by 9.9%–15.3% with FLG showing the highest average of 86 043 kg·hm−2. The sucrose content, brix, gravity purity, apparent purity, and pol of sugarcane grown under FLG, FLK, and FLCK were higher than those under TCK. (4) The sugarcane yield significantly correlated with soil urease activity, and extremely significantly correlated with soil sucrase, acid phosphatase, catalase activity, organic matter, available N, and available P. Conclusion Fenlong tillage with green manure returned to the land significantly improved the nutrient contents and enzyme activities in the soil as well as the sugarcane yield and quality on a continuous cropping field. Ease for field operation, Fenlong tillage using green manure on wide rows was recommended for local farming.
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: Objective To study the genetic rule of waxy maize yield and sugar degree, and analyze the correlation between yield, sugar degree and three ear leaves traits, so as to provide reference for breeding of fresh waxy maize with high sugar degree and explore the mechanism of the influence of three ear leaves traits on quality traits. Methods In this study, 6 inbred lines were used as test species, and 15 waxy maize inbred lines were selected for incomplete diallel hybridization (NCII design). The yield of ear, soluble sugar content (sugar degree) of grain, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, and other 10 ear and plant-related traits of the hybrid combinations were measured at the harvest period (21 days after pollination). Panicle weight and sugar content were the main yield and quality traits to evaluate the contribution of L. trefoil to yield and quality. The other characters were used as reference characters to evaluate the importance of three ear leave to yield and quality. According to the measured data, general combining ability (GCA) and special combining ability (SCA) of ear yield and sugar content were analyzed. Results The results showed that there was a strong correlation between leaf length and ear yield in three ear leave characters. There was a strong correlation between leaf width and sugar content. There was a significant negative correlation between ear yield and sugar content, so materials with moderate leaf length and wide leaf width should be preferred in breeding process to improve the selection efficiency of high-quality waxy maize. Conclusion The study indicated that the length and width of the leaves, especially the lower ear leaves and ear position leaves, could be used as the basis for selecting breeding materials of waxy maize.
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Objective Effects of waterlogging on quality of maize kernels at filling stage were studied to decipher the mechanism and for breeding selection. Method Two backbone maize inbred lines in Guangxi, 88M-1-8 and Xian 21A, were subjected to normal water irrigation (CK) or artificial flooding treatments (W) after pollination. The experiment lasted 14d or 18d with a total of 4 variables, i.e., CK-14, CK-18, W-14, and W-18. Contents of soluble protein, soluble sugar, starch, sucrose, and abscisic acid (ABA) as well as activities of sucrose synthetase (SS-I in decomposition direction) and granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) of the kernels were measured. Effect of waterlogging on maize quality at filling stage was evaluated using the principal component analysis and membership function method. Result Under W-14, the contents of protein, starch, and ABA and the activities of SS-I and GBSS in 88M-1-8 were significantly higher than those in Xian 21A, so were the soluble sugar, starch, ABA, and GBSS in 88M-1-8 under W-18. As the waterlogging prolonged, the soluble protein, starch, sucrose, SS-I, and GBSS in both inbred lines raised significantly. The protein, starch, ABA, and SS-I in 88M-1-8 increased more significantly, and the soluble sugar, sucrose and GBSS in Xian 21A more significantly in W-14 than CK-14. Furthermore, compared with CK-18, W-18 induced more significant increases on the soluble sugar and ABA in 88M-1-8, and the protein, starch, sucrose, SS-I, and GBSS in Xian 21A. Evaluated by the principal component analysis and membership function method on various kernel quality indicators, the tolerance of the two species to flooding were 88M-1-8 under W-14＞88M-1-8 under W-18＞Xian 21A under W-14＞Xian 21A under W-18. Conclusion Artificially flooding the maize plants raised the soluble protein, soluble sugar, starch, sucrose, SS-I, and GBSS in kernels over regular irrigation. 88M-1-8 and Xian 21A differed in responses to the stress. Waterlogging-tolerant 88M-1-8 was significantly higher in the GBSS activity and ABA and starch contents than Xian 21A. Nonetheless, prolonged waterlogging reduced the stress tolerance of either cultivar.
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Objective Correlation between the mutation sites of tyrosinase related protein 1b gene, TYRP1b, and body color traits of Danio rerio was investigated. Method DNA of muscles from zebrafish of three significantly different body color phenotypes were used as the templates. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the genes were tested by PCR and Sanger direct sequencing to determine the relationship between the mutation sites of TYRP1b and traits of zebrafish body color. Result The exon 2, partial intron 3, exon 4, intron 4, exon 5, intron 5, exon 6, and exon 7 of TYRP1b were 134 bp, 212 bp, 168 bp, 135 bp, 180 bp, 113 bp, 150 bp, and 171bp in length, respectively. Eighteen SNPs were found in 219 zebrafish with body color of red, yellow, and blue. Of them, 11 (i.e., g.2125G＞A, g.2150G＞A, g.2152G＞T, g.2161C＞A, g.2175A＞T, g.2180G＞T, g.2185A＞T, g.2192A＞C, g.2200A＞T, g.2201A＞C, and g.2213T＞C) were located in partial intron 3, 5 (i.e., g.7C＞A, g.65A＞G, g.84T＞A, and g.103C＞T) in intron 4 and g.61G＞T in intron 5, and the synonymous mutation g.125G＞T in exon 4 and g.80T＞A in exon 6. No SNPs were detected in exons 2, 5, and 7. An association analysis showed that the genotypes of g.2152G＞T, g.2175A＞T, g.2180T＞G, g.2192A＞C, g.2200A＞T, and g.2201A＞C in intron 3, g.65A＞G in intron 4, and g.80T＞A in exon 6 of TYRP1b significantly correlated with zebrafish body color (P＜0.01). Conclusion It appeared that 8 SNPs in introns 3, 4, and exon 6 of TYRP1b in D. rerio were associated with body color phenotype of the fish.
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Objective To clarify the pathogenicity and culture characteristics of Goose astrovirus(GAstV). Methods Disease diagnosis and pathogen isolation, identification, gene sequencing, culture characteristics , and pathogenicity on a goose at a farm in Guangdong showing visceral and gout symptoms were conducted. Results The Goose astrovirus (GAstV) isolated from the tissue sample was named GD2208. It showed the highest homology of 97.4%–99.1% with the reference strain GAstV-Ⅱ based on the ORF2 gene nucleotide sequence. They belonged to the same evolutionary branch on the evolutionary tree. In an animal regression test, the chicks inoculated with GD2208 displayed similar clinical symptoms as well as the pathological and histopathological changes observed on the naturally infected 3-day-old goose and had a 20% mortality rate. The isolate could proliferate in goose embryos, but unable to adapt to SPF chicken or Muscovy duck embryos after 4 generations of blind transmission. It could also grow in GEK and LMH cells with the apparent cytopathic effects or in DF-1 cells without the effects after 8 generations of blind transmission. Conclusion A GAstV-Ⅱ strain isolated from a diseased goose when inoculated in healthy chicks produced similar symptoms on the birds, and it could grow in goose embryos, GEK, LMH, and DF-1 cells.
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Objective Effects of Yupingfeng on the growth performance, immune function and serum biochemical indices of Dehua black chicken were investigated, and the safety of Yupingfeng was observed. Method Astragalus membranaceus, Atractylodis macrocephalae Koidz. and Radix Saposhnikoviae were mixed and decocted at a mass ratio of 2:2:1 to make the decoction concentration at 1 g·mL-1 of raw materials. The tested 160 30-day-old Dehua black chickens with similar body weight were randomly divided into a low-dose group (treated with 1.25 mL Yupingfeng decoction per chicken per day), a medium-dose group (treated with 1.875 mL), a high-dose group (treated with 2.5 mL), and a control group（0 mL). Each group had 4 replicates, with 10 chikens in each replicate. Yupingfeng decoction was mixed in drinking water and fed for 25 days. Blood and duodenum were sampled to test relevant indicators of growth performance, intestinal morphology immune function, antioxidant capacity and serum biochemistry. Results Compared with the control group, 1）the daily weight gains in groups of the medium- and high-dose were increased by 16.77%(P＜0.05) and 27.58%(P＜0.01), and the feed conversion ratios of the three dose groups were increased by 8.30%,14.61% and 21.92%, respectively; 2）the levels of IL-2 of serum in the three dose groups, and the levels of SIgA of the duodenal mucosa in the medium- and high-dose groups were significantly increased(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01) ; the levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α of serum in the three dose groups were significantly decreased (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01) . 3) the reduction of the MDA concentration in the three dose groups was extremely significant (P＜0.01), while the GSH-Px activity and SOD activity in the three dose groups, the CAT activity and T-AOC activity in the high dose group, were significantly increased(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01). 4) In the medium- and high- dose groups, the crypt depth was decreased (P＜0.05), while the ratio of villus height to crypt depth was increased(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01); 5) In the three dose groups , there were no significant differences in the serum biochemical indices of total bilirubin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, and creatine kinase (P＞0.05). Conclusion The Yupingfeng decoction can improve the growth performance, intestinal morphology, antioxidant capacity and immune function with anti-inflammatory effect and maintaining immune homeostasis in Dehua black chicken. And Yupingfeng decotion is safe, and the proper dosage is 2.5 mL per chicken per day.
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Objective Molecular genetics of Yellowfin Puffer （Takifugu xanthopterus） in Dayang River of China was studied, and provide basic data for genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis of germplasm resources of T. xanthopterus. Method The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of T. xanthopterus was obtained by high-throughput sequencing technology, and the structure of mitochondrial genome was analyzed. Result The length of the complete mitochondrial genome was determined to be 16444bp （GenBank accession no. MT560586） consisting of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs, 2 ribosomal RNAs, 1 control region and OL. Thirteen protein-coding genes started with ATG as a start codon except for the gene cox1 started with a special GTG codon, whereas Cox2 ended with codon T, the preference codon （RSCU＞2） including the codon Arg （CGA） and Ser （UCC）. All 22 tRNA genes present the typical clover leaf secondary structure except trnS1. Taking Monotreta leiurus as outgroup, the complete mitochondrial genome sequences of 16 species of Fugu were analyzed for evolutionary relationship. The phylogenetic tree constructed by Bayes software showed that T.xanthopterus had closely relationship with Takifugu chrysops and Takifugu pardalis. Conclusion The mitochondrial genome structure and gene order of T.xanthopterus conform to the typical structure and arrangement characteristics of fish genome.
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Abstract:
In order to explore the selectivity of different lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to the carbon source of medium, 16 representative LAB were isolated from forage crops as the research object were selected. In the MRS broth medium, glucose, sucrose, fructose, xylose, raffinose and mixed sugars (raffinose-glucose-fructose-sucrose-xylose) were used as carbon sources for the 16 strains. There were 3 replicates for each strain, and a blank control (without inoculation) for each sugar treatment. After 24 hours of inoculation’, the high-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the contents of residual carbon source and lactic acid in the broth for each treatment. The results of the 16 strains showed that: (1) Sucrose was the preferred carbon source for the growth of most strains; there were differences in the selection of glucose, fructose and xylose among different strains. Lactobacillus fermentum LbF-WM preferred raffinose and xylose, and Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides LeP-IR preferred xylose. (2) The utilization rate of sucrose reached 100% by Lactobacillus brevis LbR-EG and Leuconostoc citreum LeC-IR, Lb. fermentum LbF-WM and Lactobacillus reuteri LbR-EG used fructose, Lb. fermentum LbF-WM, Lb. reuteri LbR-EG and Le. pseudomesenteroides LeP-IR used raffinose. The utilization rate of glucose by Enterococcus faecium EF-KG, Lb. brevis LbB-KG, Lactobacillus pentosus LbPe-EG and Lactococcus lactis LcL-SC were higher than that of other carbon sources. (3) The lactic acid yield was higher by E. durans EG-IR using glucose and mixed sugar, Lb. pentosus LbPe-EG used fructose, Leuconostoc mesenteroides LeM-IR fermented raffinose and mixed sugar, Lb. pentosus LbPe-EG useed sucrose, Lb. fermentum LbF-WM used xylose, and Lactococcus garvieae LcG-IR used mixed sugar. (4) The lactic acid production was more efficient by E. durans ED-IR using glucose, Lb. plantarum LbPl-IR, Le. mesenteroides LeM-IR and Lb. pentosus LbPe-EG used fructose, Lb. plantarum LbPl-IR and Le. mesenteroides LeM-IR used raffinose, Lb. pentosus LbPe-EG, Lb. plantarum LbPl-IR and E. durans ED-IR used sucrose, and Le. pseudomesenteroides LeP-IR used xylose, Lc. garvieae LcG-IR and E. durans EG-IR used mixed sugars. The lactic acid production efficiency of Lb. plantarum LbPl-IR used 5 kinds sugars was more than 80%. In summary, the different strains had different sugar utilization, acid production and acid production efficiency in the same sugar source, and the same strain fermented different sugars also had different sugar utilization, acid production and acid production efficiency. In view of the types of LAB distributed on forage crops, selecting the most suitable carbon source would benefit to more rapid and large-scale production of lactic acid, lowering the pH value, and better preserving the nutrients of silage.
In order to explore the selectivity of different lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to the carbon source of medium, 16 representative LAB were isolated from forage crops as the research object were selected. In the MRS broth medium, glucose, sucrose, fructose, xylose, raffinose and mixed sugars (raffinose-glucose-fructose-sucrose-xylose) were used as carbon sources for the 16 strains. There were 3 replicates for each strain, and a blank control (without inoculation) for each sugar treatment. After 24 hours of inoculation’, the high-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the contents of residual carbon source and lactic acid in the broth for each treatment. The results of the 16 strains showed that: (1) Sucrose was the preferred carbon source for the growth of most strains; there were differences in the selection of glucose, fructose and xylose among different strains. Lactobacillus fermentum LbF-WM preferred raffinose and xylose, and Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides LeP-IR preferred xylose. (2) The utilization rate of sucrose reached 100% by Lactobacillus brevis LbR-EG and Leuconostoc citreum LeC-IR, Lb. fermentum LbF-WM and Lactobacillus reuteri LbR-EG used fructose, Lb. fermentum LbF-WM, Lb. reuteri LbR-EG and Le. pseudomesenteroides LeP-IR used raffinose. The utilization rate of glucose by Enterococcus faecium EF-KG, Lb. brevis LbB-KG, Lactobacillus pentosus LbPe-EG and Lactococcus lactis LcL-SC were higher than that of other carbon sources. (3) The lactic acid yield was higher by E. durans EG-IR using glucose and mixed sugar, Lb. pentosus LbPe-EG used fructose, Leuconostoc mesenteroides LeM-IR fermented raffinose and mixed sugar, Lb. pentosus LbPe-EG useed sucrose, Lb. fermentum LbF-WM used xylose, and Lactococcus garvieae LcG-IR used mixed sugar. (4) The lactic acid production was more efficient by E. durans ED-IR using glucose, Lb. plantarum LbPl-IR, Le. mesenteroides LeM-IR and Lb. pentosus LbPe-EG used fructose, Lb. plantarum LbPl-IR and Le. mesenteroides LeM-IR used raffinose, Lb. pentosus LbPe-EG, Lb. plantarum LbPl-IR and E. durans ED-IR used sucrose, and Le. pseudomesenteroides LeP-IR used xylose, Lc. garvieae LcG-IR and E. durans EG-IR used mixed sugars. The lactic acid production efficiency of Lb. plantarum LbPl-IR used 5 kinds sugars was more than 80%. In summary, the different strains had different sugar utilization, acid production and acid production efficiency in the same sugar source, and the same strain fermented different sugars also had different sugar utilization, acid production and acid production efficiency. In view of the types of LAB distributed on forage crops, selecting the most suitable carbon source would benefit to more rapid and large-scale production of lactic acid, lowering the pH value, and better preserving the nutrients of silage.
, Available online
Abstract:
Objective Role of aminopeptidase gene pAPN and sialic acid neuraminidase gene NEU3 in the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) infection on pigs was investigated. Methods Being the main receptor of TGEV, pAPN was removed from pAPN and NEU3 in ST cells to verify its supposed key function on the disease. The CRISPR gene editing technique was applied to clip the target gene in ST cells prior to an artificial TGEV infection test. The resulting changes on the infection, virus copy number, cytopathic improvement, and fibronectin were monitored. Results Compared with control, the ST cells free of pAPN and NEU3 significantly attenuated TGEV infection-induced cytopathies and the virus copy number. In addition, at a same TGEV titer the mRNA immune responders induced by the knockdown ST cells were significantly lower than the wild-type counterparts. Conclusion It was confirmed that the removal of pAPN and NEU3 inhibited the TGEV infection in pigs with reduced viral induced cytopathies. Thus, an antiviral therapy and a guideline for breeding resistant pigs could be developed by targeting these two key genes in the ST cells.
