2011 Vol. 26, No. 4
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Display Method:
2011, 26(4): 507-512.
Abstract:
Beauveria bassiana is one of the most important entomopathogenic fungi.It plays a crucial role in biocontrol of the farming and forestry pests.The chitinase gene,Bbchit1,was cloned from JYBb201-11 isolate of Beauveria bassiana,which is highly virulent to Homona coffearia.The expected DNA fragments were amplified by DNA-PCR,and the total RNA-RT-PCR with a pair of primers.The fragments were introduced into DH5 isolate of Escherichia coli by PMD18-T vector,and sequenced subsequently.The results from DNA-PCR and the total RNA-RT-PCR showed that the fragments were both 1047 bp.The gene consisted of an open reading frame with 1047 bp(GenBank accession NO.HQ435871),encoding 348 amino acids,which contains an N-terminal 22 amino acid residue displaying the characteristics of a signal peptide.The mature chitinase had a molecular mass of 36.78 kD and a calculated pI of 5.95.The protein sequence contained two conserved regions including a putative substrate binding site(SIGG)and catalytic domain(DGIDIDIE)of fungal chitinases.The chitinase belonged to the class V of family 18 of glycosyl hydrolases.The analysis showed that the deduced amino acid sequence was 99.43% homologous to that of B.bassiana strain Bb0062(AAN41259)and B.bassiana strain NCIM1216(ACF32998),and 98.28% to that of B.bassiana strain MTCC 2028(ACZ28129).
Beauveria bassiana is one of the most important entomopathogenic fungi.It plays a crucial role in biocontrol of the farming and forestry pests.The chitinase gene,Bbchit1,was cloned from JYBb201-11 isolate of Beauveria bassiana,which is highly virulent to Homona coffearia.The expected DNA fragments were amplified by DNA-PCR,and the total RNA-RT-PCR with a pair of primers.The fragments were introduced into DH5 isolate of Escherichia coli by PMD18-T vector,and sequenced subsequently.The results from DNA-PCR and the total RNA-RT-PCR showed that the fragments were both 1047 bp.The gene consisted of an open reading frame with 1047 bp(GenBank accession NO.HQ435871),encoding 348 amino acids,which contains an N-terminal 22 amino acid residue displaying the characteristics of a signal peptide.The mature chitinase had a molecular mass of 36.78 kD and a calculated pI of 5.95.The protein sequence contained two conserved regions including a putative substrate binding site(SIGG)and catalytic domain(DGIDIDIE)of fungal chitinases.The chitinase belonged to the class V of family 18 of glycosyl hydrolases.The analysis showed that the deduced amino acid sequence was 99.43% homologous to that of B.bassiana strain Bb0062(AAN41259)and B.bassiana strain NCIM1216(ACF32998),and 98.28% to that of B.bassiana strain MTCC 2028(ACZ28129).
2011, 26(4): 513-518.
Abstract:
We isolated a female gamete to a fertility-related mutant,from a T-DNA insertional population of indica rice.The transgenic plants carrying a T-DNA insertion displayed phenomena that hygromycin resistance and sensitivity segregation ratios showed 1∶1 by 2-test and the homozygous progeny was not found in 6 successive generations.Reciprocal crosses between heterozygous plants and the wild types showed that the allele could not be transmitted through the female.Statistical analysis showed that the ripening rate of exogenous marker gene hpt with the plant has occurred almost half of the female gamete abortion,embryo sac fertility and closely linked to the hpt gene.Southern-blot showed that the mutant carried with a copy of T-DNA insertion.All of these indicated that the mutant is a gametophyte ovary sterile mutant caused by T-DNA insertion(tentatively named as female gametogenesis sterile 1,fgs1).Cytologic observation showed that pollen fertility of fgs1 was as normal as the wild type minghui 86,but the development of female gamete was blocked.In the female gamete of fgs1 mutant,we found that egg cell(E),synergids(S),antipodal cells(A)and polar nuclei(P)appeared disaggregation one by one during the 8 nucleuses period and the fertilization halted.
We isolated a female gamete to a fertility-related mutant,from a T-DNA insertional population of indica rice.The transgenic plants carrying a T-DNA insertion displayed phenomena that hygromycin resistance and sensitivity segregation ratios showed 1∶1 by 2-test and the homozygous progeny was not found in 6 successive generations.Reciprocal crosses between heterozygous plants and the wild types showed that the allele could not be transmitted through the female.Statistical analysis showed that the ripening rate of exogenous marker gene hpt with the plant has occurred almost half of the female gamete abortion,embryo sac fertility and closely linked to the hpt gene.Southern-blot showed that the mutant carried with a copy of T-DNA insertion.All of these indicated that the mutant is a gametophyte ovary sterile mutant caused by T-DNA insertion(tentatively named as female gametogenesis sterile 1,fgs1).Cytologic observation showed that pollen fertility of fgs1 was as normal as the wild type minghui 86,but the development of female gamete was blocked.In the female gamete of fgs1 mutant,we found that egg cell(E),synergids(S),antipodal cells(A)and polar nuclei(P)appeared disaggregation one by one during the 8 nucleuses period and the fertilization halted.
2011, 26(4): 519-522.
Abstract:
A non-T-DNA insertion spotted leaf mutant W1764 was identified in a transgenic offspring of rice(Oryza sativa L.)indica cv.Minghui86.The spot phenotype was first appearing at the tip part of the lowest leaf at late stage of tillering.As the plant growing,the spot spread from tip part to the whole leaves from lower leaves to the upper ones.When the mutant plant matured,the spot spread to the whole plant.Genetic analysis showed that the mutant phenotype was controlled by a single recessive gene.F2 population build up with mutant W1764 and hybrid rice varieties 02428,and the 136 mutant phenotypes were used for gene targeting,we mapped the mutant gene in 1.9 cM interval between DNA marker NSSR1229 and L05-78 on the long arm of chromosome 12.We temporarily named the gene as spotted leaf 30(t)[spl30(t)].
A non-T-DNA insertion spotted leaf mutant W1764 was identified in a transgenic offspring of rice(Oryza sativa L.)indica cv.Minghui86.The spot phenotype was first appearing at the tip part of the lowest leaf at late stage of tillering.As the plant growing,the spot spread from tip part to the whole leaves from lower leaves to the upper ones.When the mutant plant matured,the spot spread to the whole plant.Genetic analysis showed that the mutant phenotype was controlled by a single recessive gene.F2 population build up with mutant W1764 and hybrid rice varieties 02428,and the 136 mutant phenotypes were used for gene targeting,we mapped the mutant gene in 1.9 cM interval between DNA marker NSSR1229 and L05-78 on the long arm of chromosome 12.We temporarily named the gene as spotted leaf 30(t)[spl30(t)].
2011, 26(4): 523-527.
Abstract:
Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)method was used to amplified the IFN- gene fragment from lung tissue of Muscovy duck,then cloned to pMD18-T vector,the positive clones were confirmed by PCR and restriction enzyme digestion,the obtained sequence were analyzed by the Lasergene v7.1 DNAStar software.The results showed that,the Muscovy duck IFN- gene encoding a 576 bp open reading frame(ORF),which was first reported in the world.The nucleotide had higher similarity ranging from 95.5% to 97.7% among different goose species,also had higher similarity ranging from 97.0% to 97.7% among different duck species;however,the ducks and geese IFN- gene had its' own phylogentic lineage,which means,the IFN- gene had strictly specificity in different species.
Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)method was used to amplified the IFN- gene fragment from lung tissue of Muscovy duck,then cloned to pMD18-T vector,the positive clones were confirmed by PCR and restriction enzyme digestion,the obtained sequence were analyzed by the Lasergene v7.1 DNAStar software.The results showed that,the Muscovy duck IFN- gene encoding a 576 bp open reading frame(ORF),which was first reported in the world.The nucleotide had higher similarity ranging from 95.5% to 97.7% among different goose species,also had higher similarity ranging from 97.0% to 97.7% among different duck species;however,the ducks and geese IFN- gene had its' own phylogentic lineage,which means,the IFN- gene had strictly specificity in different species.
2011, 26(4): 528-532.
Abstract:
Different extraction methods were compared in extracting of active substances from metabolites of Brevibacillus brevis FJAT-0809-GLX.It macroporous tesin method provided the best effect in extraction with 1.593 gL-1.Antibacterial activities of the extract was higher in it by macroporous resin method than it by the chloroform.The optimal procedures applied for extraction of active substances were: centrifuging the fermentation broth of FJAT-0809-GLX at 3600 rpm for 30 min,mixing the supernatant with 40 gL-1 macroporous resin(AmberliteXAD16)and then vortexing for 4h at 160 rpm,28℃;filling the column with the mixture and eluting it with acetone in the ratio of 3 times in given volum of extraction.The eluent was collected and concentrated rotary evaporation at 40℃.
Different extraction methods were compared in extracting of active substances from metabolites of Brevibacillus brevis FJAT-0809-GLX.It macroporous tesin method provided the best effect in extraction with 1.593 gL-1.Antibacterial activities of the extract was higher in it by macroporous resin method than it by the chloroform.The optimal procedures applied for extraction of active substances were: centrifuging the fermentation broth of FJAT-0809-GLX at 3600 rpm for 30 min,mixing the supernatant with 40 gL-1 macroporous resin(AmberliteXAD16)and then vortexing for 4h at 160 rpm,28℃;filling the column with the mixture and eluting it with acetone in the ratio of 3 times in given volum of extraction.The eluent was collected and concentrated rotary evaporation at 40℃.
2011, 26(4): 533-536.
Abstract:
To reveal the immunosuppression mechanisms,eight-day-old Muscovy ducklings,were challenged with Muscovy duck reovirus(MDRV)and avian influenza virus(H9AIV)individually and simultaneously.The changes of proliferation of B lymphocytes in the blood,spleens and bursa were determined by MTT method 7 days,14 days and 21 days after the Muscovy ducklings were challenged.The results show that B lymphocyte stimulation indexes in the blood,bursa and spleen of the challenged group were significantly lower than that in control group,and B lymphocytes stimulation index in co-infection group was the lowest.So B lymphocytes proliferation of peripheral blood and humoral immune organs(bursas,spleens)in Muscovy ducklings was inhibited by both MDRV and H9AIV,and co-infection with MDRV and H9AIV could aggravate this immunosuppression.
To reveal the immunosuppression mechanisms,eight-day-old Muscovy ducklings,were challenged with Muscovy duck reovirus(MDRV)and avian influenza virus(H9AIV)individually and simultaneously.The changes of proliferation of B lymphocytes in the blood,spleens and bursa were determined by MTT method 7 days,14 days and 21 days after the Muscovy ducklings were challenged.The results show that B lymphocyte stimulation indexes in the blood,bursa and spleen of the challenged group were significantly lower than that in control group,and B lymphocytes stimulation index in co-infection group was the lowest.So B lymphocytes proliferation of peripheral blood and humoral immune organs(bursas,spleens)in Muscovy ducklings was inhibited by both MDRV and H9AIV,and co-infection with MDRV and H9AIV could aggravate this immunosuppression.
2011, 26(4): 537-540.
Abstract:
2011 two strains(FZ-04 and FZ-11)were isolated respectively from two broiler farms in Fujian.Hemagglutination test results showed that the isolated allantoic fluid can induce 1% chicken erythrocytes agglutination.Hemagglutination inhibition test results showed that the isolates allantoic fluids were only inhibited by avian influenza virus subtype H9 standard serum specificly.Specified and conserved M(Matrix)gene and HA(Hemagglutinin)gene of H9 subtype were amplified by RT-PCR with the segment lengths of 229bp and 732bp respectively.The results indicated that the isolated strains were H9 subtype of influenza A virus.The phylogenetic analysis of HA genes showed that isolates and representative strains CK/FJ/G9/09 have a closest relationship,belonging to the major sublineage CK/BJ/1/94 in China.
2011 two strains(FZ-04 and FZ-11)were isolated respectively from two broiler farms in Fujian.Hemagglutination test results showed that the isolated allantoic fluid can induce 1% chicken erythrocytes agglutination.Hemagglutination inhibition test results showed that the isolates allantoic fluids were only inhibited by avian influenza virus subtype H9 standard serum specificly.Specified and conserved M(Matrix)gene and HA(Hemagglutinin)gene of H9 subtype were amplified by RT-PCR with the segment lengths of 229bp and 732bp respectively.The results indicated that the isolated strains were H9 subtype of influenza A virus.The phylogenetic analysis of HA genes showed that isolates and representative strains CK/FJ/G9/09 have a closest relationship,belonging to the major sublineage CK/BJ/1/94 in China.
2011, 26(4): 541-544.
Abstract:
As the black Muscovy for experimental material,the early bodyweight of different sexual black Muscovy from 0 to 10 weeks old were measured,in order to investigate the growth model in this study,three kinds of nonlinear models of Gompertz,Logistic and von Bertalanffy were used to fit the growth curve respectively.The results showed that black Muscovy grew slowly before age of 4 weeks,the growth rate accelerated significantly after age of 4 weeks,and reached the growth peak at age of 6 to 10 weeks.Compared with goodness of fit(R2),the results showed the growth curve could be well fitted with these three models and the R2 was above 0.99,but the Gompertz model had well closed to the actual observed values.Further more,the fitting parameters of Gompertz model between genders were compared,and the male black Muscovy showed higher initial weight,maximum bodyweight,and inflection point weight than female black Muscovy.The inflection age of male was 5.3 weeks and the female was 4.3 weeks.The Gompertz model equation for male and female black muscovy was W=3111.4[exp-4.4482exp(-0.2802t)] and W=2100.4[exp-4.1071exp(-0.3225t)] respectively.This study would help to understand the growth model and development of different sexual black Muscovy,and would provide the scientific basis for rational use of resources,breeding germplasm and selection in black Muscovy.
As the black Muscovy for experimental material,the early bodyweight of different sexual black Muscovy from 0 to 10 weeks old were measured,in order to investigate the growth model in this study,three kinds of nonlinear models of Gompertz,Logistic and von Bertalanffy were used to fit the growth curve respectively.The results showed that black Muscovy grew slowly before age of 4 weeks,the growth rate accelerated significantly after age of 4 weeks,and reached the growth peak at age of 6 to 10 weeks.Compared with goodness of fit(R2),the results showed the growth curve could be well fitted with these three models and the R2 was above 0.99,but the Gompertz model had well closed to the actual observed values.Further more,the fitting parameters of Gompertz model between genders were compared,and the male black Muscovy showed higher initial weight,maximum bodyweight,and inflection point weight than female black Muscovy.The inflection age of male was 5.3 weeks and the female was 4.3 weeks.The Gompertz model equation for male and female black muscovy was W=3111.4[exp-4.4482exp(-0.2802t)] and W=2100.4[exp-4.1071exp(-0.3225t)] respectively.This study would help to understand the growth model and development of different sexual black Muscovy,and would provide the scientific basis for rational use of resources,breeding germplasm and selection in black Muscovy.
2011, 26(4): 545-548.
Abstract:
The strain FZ01 was isolated from a diseased Anguilla Anguilla taken from a fish farm suffering from an outbreak of unknown pathogen.The virulence,morphological,physiological and biochemical characteristics and serotype of the FZ01 were investigated.Oxidase test,catalase test and a glucose fermentation test were done by A VITEK automatic microbiological identification analysis.The results showed that the strain FZ01 was pathogenic for both eel and mouse.The fatality rate of 2107CFU for eel was 100% in 48 h.It was confirmed as the causative agent of the epidemic.FZ01 was Gram-negative bacilli,and the results showed that it was Aeromonas hydrophila.Tests of the pathogens susceptibility to antibiotics demonstrated its sensitivity to Enrofloxacin,tetracycline,and ciprofloxacin,but resistance to amoxicillin and sulfamethoxazole.Serologic tests showed that this strain's cell agglutination titer with the Fujian Province serotype O∶Ah10501 was 1∶27.These results suggested that we should take full account of serotype features in disease control process,and select the appropriate drugs and immune agents.
The strain FZ01 was isolated from a diseased Anguilla Anguilla taken from a fish farm suffering from an outbreak of unknown pathogen.The virulence,morphological,physiological and biochemical characteristics and serotype of the FZ01 were investigated.Oxidase test,catalase test and a glucose fermentation test were done by A VITEK automatic microbiological identification analysis.The results showed that the strain FZ01 was pathogenic for both eel and mouse.The fatality rate of 2107CFU for eel was 100% in 48 h.It was confirmed as the causative agent of the epidemic.FZ01 was Gram-negative bacilli,and the results showed that it was Aeromonas hydrophila.Tests of the pathogens susceptibility to antibiotics demonstrated its sensitivity to Enrofloxacin,tetracycline,and ciprofloxacin,but resistance to amoxicillin and sulfamethoxazole.Serologic tests showed that this strain's cell agglutination titer with the Fujian Province serotype O∶Ah10501 was 1∶27.These results suggested that we should take full account of serotype features in disease control process,and select the appropriate drugs and immune agents.
2011, 26(4): 549-551.
Abstract:
The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary sodium butyrate on the feeding,growth performance,and Antioxidant capacity of Anguilla rostrata.There were three groups.The diet of Control group,experimental group I,experimental group II contained 0,0.5 and 1.0 of sodium butyrate,respectively.Each experimental group was divided into 2 parallel groups and stocked in indoor tanks(100 Anguilla rostrata /1m3).The experiment lasted 42 days.Daily food intake was recorded during the experiment.Fish weight and liver antioxidant capacity were determined at the end of the experiment.The results showed that,in the weight gain and reducing feed conversion ratio,both of the experimental groups were better than the control groups.Compared with the control group,weight gain of experimental group Ⅱ increased by 37% and feed conversion ratio of experimental group Ⅱ decreased by 26%.In feeding rate and survival rate,the three groups did not differ significantly.Compared with the control group,liver total antioxidant capacity and catalase activity of experimental group Ⅱ were increased by 25% and 15%,MDA was decreased by 15%,while the experimental groupⅠhad little difference.
The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary sodium butyrate on the feeding,growth performance,and Antioxidant capacity of Anguilla rostrata.There were three groups.The diet of Control group,experimental group I,experimental group II contained 0,0.5 and 1.0 of sodium butyrate,respectively.Each experimental group was divided into 2 parallel groups and stocked in indoor tanks(100 Anguilla rostrata /1m3).The experiment lasted 42 days.Daily food intake was recorded during the experiment.Fish weight and liver antioxidant capacity were determined at the end of the experiment.The results showed that,in the weight gain and reducing feed conversion ratio,both of the experimental groups were better than the control groups.Compared with the control group,weight gain of experimental group Ⅱ increased by 37% and feed conversion ratio of experimental group Ⅱ decreased by 26%.In feeding rate and survival rate,the three groups did not differ significantly.Compared with the control group,liver total antioxidant capacity and catalase activity of experimental group Ⅱ were increased by 25% and 15%,MDA was decreased by 15%,while the experimental groupⅠhad little difference.
2011, 26(4): 552-556.
Abstract:
1059 serum samples from 40 swine farms of vaccination with PRRSV vaccine and 683 serum samples from 24 swine farms of non-vaccination with PRRSV vaccine were collected to determine antibody level of PRRSV with IDEXX PRRSV antibody ELISA Kit.Positive rate,coefficient variation(CV)and Sample/Positive(S/P)were analyzed.The result showed that in vaccinated pig farms,883 of 1059 serum samples were positive of PRRSV antibody,average positive rate and CV were 83.4% and 67.1,respectively;S/P of 44 serum samples was higher than 2.5,accounting for 4.2%.In non-vaccinated pig farms,290 of 683 serum samples were positive of antibody of PRRSV,average positive rate and CV were 42.5% and 87.4,respectively;S/P of 74 serum samples was higher than 2.5,accounting for 10.1%.The results indicated that non-vaccinated pig farms have been infected by PRRSV.Average positive rate of PRRSV antibody is higher in vaccinated pig farms than in non-vaccinated pig farms.Simultaneously,CV and S/P in vaccinated pig farms decreased obviously compared to non-vaccinated pig farms.It is concluded that vaccination with PRRSV vaccine is one of better ways to control PRRS.
1059 serum samples from 40 swine farms of vaccination with PRRSV vaccine and 683 serum samples from 24 swine farms of non-vaccination with PRRSV vaccine were collected to determine antibody level of PRRSV with IDEXX PRRSV antibody ELISA Kit.Positive rate,coefficient variation(CV)and Sample/Positive(S/P)were analyzed.The result showed that in vaccinated pig farms,883 of 1059 serum samples were positive of PRRSV antibody,average positive rate and CV were 83.4% and 67.1,respectively;S/P of 44 serum samples was higher than 2.5,accounting for 4.2%.In non-vaccinated pig farms,290 of 683 serum samples were positive of antibody of PRRSV,average positive rate and CV were 42.5% and 87.4,respectively;S/P of 74 serum samples was higher than 2.5,accounting for 10.1%.The results indicated that non-vaccinated pig farms have been infected by PRRSV.Average positive rate of PRRSV antibody is higher in vaccinated pig farms than in non-vaccinated pig farms.Simultaneously,CV and S/P in vaccinated pig farms decreased obviously compared to non-vaccinated pig farms.It is concluded that vaccination with PRRSV vaccine is one of better ways to control PRRS.
2011, 26(4): 572-576.
Abstract:
Twenty-nine silage maize lines with different agronomic traits were used as parents to produce 54 hybrids by random crossing for this study.Correlation and path coefficient analyses were performed.The results showed that the straw yield,stem diameter,seed yield,node number,plant height,ear height and bract number were determined to be the key agronomic traits affecting the biomass of the silage maize.A regression equation on biomass of the maize was established.The result of the preliminary correlation analysis between biomass-related agronomic traits and quality attributes indicated that selection based on the biomass-related agronomic traits did not significantly affect the resultant maize quality,but breeding based on the straw yield-related agronomic traits reduced CP and improved NDF,as well as ADF.Therefore,in breeding new varieties of maize,considerations should be given on balancing the straw yield reduction and seed yield improvement in order to arrive at desirable high yield and good quality for the new crop variety.
Twenty-nine silage maize lines with different agronomic traits were used as parents to produce 54 hybrids by random crossing for this study.Correlation and path coefficient analyses were performed.The results showed that the straw yield,stem diameter,seed yield,node number,plant height,ear height and bract number were determined to be the key agronomic traits affecting the biomass of the silage maize.A regression equation on biomass of the maize was established.The result of the preliminary correlation analysis between biomass-related agronomic traits and quality attributes indicated that selection based on the biomass-related agronomic traits did not significantly affect the resultant maize quality,but breeding based on the straw yield-related agronomic traits reduced CP and improved NDF,as well as ADF.Therefore,in breeding new varieties of maize,considerations should be given on balancing the straw yield reduction and seed yield improvement in order to arrive at desirable high yield and good quality for the new crop variety.
2011, 26(4): 577-582.
Abstract:
Minkui 3 is a new,pollen-free ornamental sunflower variety developed by cross-breeding the CS(with white petals)as female parent and the high-generation inbred line,M1R3-1(with yellow petals),as male parent by the Crop Institute,Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences.The new variety was confirmed to be a true hybrid offsping by molecular marker analysis,such as RAPD and ISSR.The results obtained from the cultivation at various sites for several years showed that Minkui 3 could be used for ornamental cut flower production and garden cultivation because of its stable ornamental characteristics,yellow petals,bright colors,pollen-free property and branching capability.Minkui 3 had a growth period of 92-112 days.Its plant height was 96.0-170.0 cm with faceplate diameter of 6.4-7.2 cm,flower diameter of 13.7-14.8 cm,petal number of 34-39,and a cut flower lifespan of 9-14 d.This vigorous,adaptable,new variety had a short growth period,was suitable for year-round cultivation,and provided a cutting output of 90000-120000 piecesm-2.Minkui 3 had passed the provincial appraisal in 2011.The instruction manual for cultivation is also available.
Minkui 3 is a new,pollen-free ornamental sunflower variety developed by cross-breeding the CS(with white petals)as female parent and the high-generation inbred line,M1R3-1(with yellow petals),as male parent by the Crop Institute,Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences.The new variety was confirmed to be a true hybrid offsping by molecular marker analysis,such as RAPD and ISSR.The results obtained from the cultivation at various sites for several years showed that Minkui 3 could be used for ornamental cut flower production and garden cultivation because of its stable ornamental characteristics,yellow petals,bright colors,pollen-free property and branching capability.Minkui 3 had a growth period of 92-112 days.Its plant height was 96.0-170.0 cm with faceplate diameter of 6.4-7.2 cm,flower diameter of 13.7-14.8 cm,petal number of 34-39,and a cut flower lifespan of 9-14 d.This vigorous,adaptable,new variety had a short growth period,was suitable for year-round cultivation,and provided a cutting output of 90000-120000 piecesm-2.Minkui 3 had passed the provincial appraisal in 2011.The instruction manual for cultivation is also available.
2011, 26(4): 615-619.
Abstract:
Salicylic acid(SA)was applied on Taizishen(Pseudostellaria heterophylla)to induce the plant's resistance to the leaf spot disease.Enzyme activities relating to the disease-resistance were investigated.In vitro-regenerated Taizishen plantlets were treated under aseptic conditions with 6 different concentrations of SA,0.5-15 mmol-1,to determine the optimum SA induction level.Activities of various enzymes in the leaves were determined within 1-7 days after SA treatment.The disease-resistance of the treated plantlets was observed with the application of a water suspension of the leaf spot spores,7 days after the treatment.The results showed that(a)the activity of the enzymes,such as peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase,in the leaves was enhanced by SA treatment;(b)the catalase activity was significantly inhibited after induction by SA at a concentration of 5 mmol-1;and(c)POD activity increased by 170%,PPO increased by 293%,and CAT decreased by 43.3%,as compared to the control.SA concentration in the range of 0.5-15 mmol-1 appeared to be capable of inducing the disease-resistance in Taizishen.The best result seemed to be at the concentration of 5 mmol-1 SA,as the average effective rate was 59.6%,which was significantly higher than those achieved by the other treatments.
Salicylic acid(SA)was applied on Taizishen(Pseudostellaria heterophylla)to induce the plant's resistance to the leaf spot disease.Enzyme activities relating to the disease-resistance were investigated.In vitro-regenerated Taizishen plantlets were treated under aseptic conditions with 6 different concentrations of SA,0.5-15 mmol-1,to determine the optimum SA induction level.Activities of various enzymes in the leaves were determined within 1-7 days after SA treatment.The disease-resistance of the treated plantlets was observed with the application of a water suspension of the leaf spot spores,7 days after the treatment.The results showed that(a)the activity of the enzymes,such as peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase,in the leaves was enhanced by SA treatment;(b)the catalase activity was significantly inhibited after induction by SA at a concentration of 5 mmol-1;and(c)POD activity increased by 170%,PPO increased by 293%,and CAT decreased by 43.3%,as compared to the control.SA concentration in the range of 0.5-15 mmol-1 appeared to be capable of inducing the disease-resistance in Taizishen.The best result seemed to be at the concentration of 5 mmol-1 SA,as the average effective rate was 59.6%,which was significantly higher than those achieved by the other treatments.
2011, 26(4): 620-626.
Abstract:
With 3414 fertilizer experiment,the models of NPK fertilization for vegetables were established with quadratic polynomial in the optimal amount and the ratio of three elements.The results showed that the economic level of fertilizations were different in average for various kind of vegetables,such as: N(237113)kgm-2,P2O5(15069)kgm-2,K2O(289104)kgm-2 for leaf vegetables;N(237113)kgm-2,P2O5(15069)kgm-2,K2O(289104)kgm-2 for tuberous root;N(22163)kgm-2,P2O5(10741)kgm-2,K2O(217121)kgm-2 for melon and fruit;and N(26136)kgm-2,P2O5(83?59)kgm-2,K2O(243192)kgm-2 for onions,respectively.The differences in yield and nutritive characteristics of varieties resulted significant changes in amount of NPK fertilization.Among the optimal ratio,P2O5 and K2O was obviously higher in onions,melons and fruits than in leaf vegetables.The content of alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen,Olsen-P and available K in tested soil fitted in well with the NPK of recommended fertilization in exponential function relationship.It indicated that the established models are capable in prediction for the fertilization in virtual.
With 3414 fertilizer experiment,the models of NPK fertilization for vegetables were established with quadratic polynomial in the optimal amount and the ratio of three elements.The results showed that the economic level of fertilizations were different in average for various kind of vegetables,such as: N(237113)kgm-2,P2O5(15069)kgm-2,K2O(289104)kgm-2 for leaf vegetables;N(237113)kgm-2,P2O5(15069)kgm-2,K2O(289104)kgm-2 for tuberous root;N(22163)kgm-2,P2O5(10741)kgm-2,K2O(217121)kgm-2 for melon and fruit;and N(26136)kgm-2,P2O5(83?59)kgm-2,K2O(243192)kgm-2 for onions,respectively.The differences in yield and nutritive characteristics of varieties resulted significant changes in amount of NPK fertilization.Among the optimal ratio,P2O5 and K2O was obviously higher in onions,melons and fruits than in leaf vegetables.The content of alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen,Olsen-P and available K in tested soil fitted in well with the NPK of recommended fertilization in exponential function relationship.It indicated that the established models are capable in prediction for the fertilization in virtual.
2011, 26(4): 632-636.
Abstract:
Effects of seed manure,seedling fertilization,rhizobia inoculation and their combinations on the yield,organic carbon,nutrient uptake/accumulation of milk vetch(Astragalus sinicus L.)were studied in yellow-clay paddy fields.The results indicated that the fertilization significantly increased the stalk length and amount of root nodules of the milk vetch as compared to the control.The fresh grass output was most significantly increased by 81.2%-162.6%,and the dry matters output significantly increased by 45.8%-101.1%.The organic carbon and nutrient accumulations increased ranging from 51.6%-99.4% and 54.4%-105.3%,respectively.The fertilization with the mixture of the seed manure(calcium magnesium phosphate 75 kgm-2)and PK seedling fertilizer(calcium magnesium phosphate 375 kgm-2+ potassium chloride 90 kgm-2)increased the fresh grass,dry matters,organic carbon and nutrient accumulations by 42.1%,37.9%,31.5% and 29.5%,respectively,as compared to the control.The mixture of the seed manure and P seedling fertilizer improved the results as well.On the other hand,rhizobia inoculation with the fertilization did not enhance the nutrient accumulation.It was found that increased phosphorus and potassium could effectively improve the yield and nutrient uptake/accumulation of the milk vetch in the current fertility level of yellow paddy field.
Effects of seed manure,seedling fertilization,rhizobia inoculation and their combinations on the yield,organic carbon,nutrient uptake/accumulation of milk vetch(Astragalus sinicus L.)were studied in yellow-clay paddy fields.The results indicated that the fertilization significantly increased the stalk length and amount of root nodules of the milk vetch as compared to the control.The fresh grass output was most significantly increased by 81.2%-162.6%,and the dry matters output significantly increased by 45.8%-101.1%.The organic carbon and nutrient accumulations increased ranging from 51.6%-99.4% and 54.4%-105.3%,respectively.The fertilization with the mixture of the seed manure(calcium magnesium phosphate 75 kgm-2)and PK seedling fertilizer(calcium magnesium phosphate 375 kgm-2+ potassium chloride 90 kgm-2)increased the fresh grass,dry matters,organic carbon and nutrient accumulations by 42.1%,37.9%,31.5% and 29.5%,respectively,as compared to the control.The mixture of the seed manure and P seedling fertilizer improved the results as well.On the other hand,rhizobia inoculation with the fertilization did not enhance the nutrient accumulation.It was found that increased phosphorus and potassium could effectively improve the yield and nutrient uptake/accumulation of the milk vetch in the current fertility level of yellow paddy field.
2011, 26(4): 637-641.
Abstract:
Enzyme activities in compost containing various proportions of sludge and tea waste were compared.The results showed that the higher compost temperature was reached on the third day,and maintained for 16-18 days for all treatments.The total N in the compost containing 40%-50% of sludge was higher than when 30% sludge was used.The total N of Treatment D was 19.17 gg-1,which was the highest among all treatments.The order of total N content for the treatments was DECBA.The available N of Treatment E was 1171 mgg-1,which was the highest among all treatments.The order of average available N for the treatments was EDCBA.The cellulase activity increased linearly as the temperature rose.On the 8th day,the cellulase activities of the Treatment A,B,C and E reached maximum values of 0.396,0.498,0.499 and 0.498 mg-1-1,respectively.Treatment E attained the highest value of 0.590 mg-1-1 on 12th day.The urease activity decreased with increasing tea waste addition.The order of the average urease activity in the treatments was CADEB.
Enzyme activities in compost containing various proportions of sludge and tea waste were compared.The results showed that the higher compost temperature was reached on the third day,and maintained for 16-18 days for all treatments.The total N in the compost containing 40%-50% of sludge was higher than when 30% sludge was used.The total N of Treatment D was 19.17 gg-1,which was the highest among all treatments.The order of total N content for the treatments was DECBA.The available N of Treatment E was 1171 mgg-1,which was the highest among all treatments.The order of average available N for the treatments was EDCBA.The cellulase activity increased linearly as the temperature rose.On the 8th day,the cellulase activities of the Treatment A,B,C and E reached maximum values of 0.396,0.498,0.499 and 0.498 mg-1-1,respectively.Treatment E attained the highest value of 0.590 mg-1-1 on 12th day.The urease activity decreased with increasing tea waste addition.The order of the average urease activity in the treatments was CADEB.
2011, 26(4): 583-586.
Abstract:
Browning of Longan-jelly is an important factor that affects the quality of the product.This study focused on the causations in the browning of longan-jelly during exportation and suggested the optimal processing accordingly for the delay of the browning.The single factor experiments were conducted for sterilization temperature,the concentration of disodium EDTA,Vc and sugar,the pH of jelly liquid.The orthogonal experiment was followed thereafter for those selected levels.Results indicated that the optimum conditions for slowing down the browning of longan-jelly were Vc 0.01%,disodium EDTA 0.02%,sugar 16% and pH 3.3,respectively.
Browning of Longan-jelly is an important factor that affects the quality of the product.This study focused on the causations in the browning of longan-jelly during exportation and suggested the optimal processing accordingly for the delay of the browning.The single factor experiments were conducted for sterilization temperature,the concentration of disodium EDTA,Vc and sugar,the pH of jelly liquid.The orthogonal experiment was followed thereafter for those selected levels.Results indicated that the optimum conditions for slowing down the browning of longan-jelly were Vc 0.01%,disodium EDTA 0.02%,sugar 16% and pH 3.3,respectively.
2011, 26(4): 587-590.
Abstract:
Using 11 gourd germplasms,the simulated heat stress experimentation was carried out in an artificial climate chamber.Heat damage to the gourd germplasms as indicated by the heat stress index,relative conductivity,MDA,POD,SOD,Pro and other physiological and biochemical changes was evaluated.Through 6 physiological and biochemical correlation,principal component and cluster analyses,the heat resistance of these germplasms was determined.The results showed that(a)in 7 days under artificial treatment,the heat-resistance of the germplasms could be effectively differentiated;(b)it was possible to apply analyses using the 6 physiological and biochemical parameters yielded 4 variables for the Euclidean distance cluster analysis for further evaluation of the differences on gourd's heat resistance;and(c)the cluster analysis identified 4 heat-sensitive,6 moderate heat-tolerant and one heat-tolerant germplasm.
Using 11 gourd germplasms,the simulated heat stress experimentation was carried out in an artificial climate chamber.Heat damage to the gourd germplasms as indicated by the heat stress index,relative conductivity,MDA,POD,SOD,Pro and other physiological and biochemical changes was evaluated.Through 6 physiological and biochemical correlation,principal component and cluster analyses,the heat resistance of these germplasms was determined.The results showed that(a)in 7 days under artificial treatment,the heat-resistance of the germplasms could be effectively differentiated;(b)it was possible to apply analyses using the 6 physiological and biochemical parameters yielded 4 variables for the Euclidean distance cluster analysis for further evaluation of the differences on gourd's heat resistance;and(c)the cluster analysis identified 4 heat-sensitive,6 moderate heat-tolerant and one heat-tolerant germplasm.
2011, 26(4): 591-595.
Abstract:
Electroantennogram(EAG)was employed to record the electrophysiolog ical responses of the diamondback moth(DBM)adult to crucifer of nine volatiles.The results showed higher EAG responses of DBM to six carbon alcohol and aldehyde were displayed,such as 1-hexanol,hexanal,trans-2-hexen-1-al.However,the weaker EAG responses of DBM to terpenes such as(1R)-(+)-α-pinene,α-terpinene,(+)-3-carene,1,8-cineole and d-limonene were displayed.The EAG responses were enhanced with the increase in concentration,of 1-hexanol,hexanal,trans-2-hexen-1-al,heptanal,α-terpinene and d-limonene respectively.The EAG response to(1R)-(+)-α-pinene,(+)-3-carene and 1,8-cineole were decreased at first and then increased to the maximum with increasing concentrations.The highest EAG response in female was to trans-2-hexen-1-al and the EAG relative value was approximately 331%,and that in male was to 1-hexanol and the EAG relative value was approximately 298%.The maximal differences of EAG relative values of DBM responding to the same concentration of volatiles were no more than two fold.
Electroantennogram(EAG)was employed to record the electrophysiolog ical responses of the diamondback moth(DBM)adult to crucifer of nine volatiles.The results showed higher EAG responses of DBM to six carbon alcohol and aldehyde were displayed,such as 1-hexanol,hexanal,trans-2-hexen-1-al.However,the weaker EAG responses of DBM to terpenes such as(1R)-(+)-α-pinene,α-terpinene,(+)-3-carene,1,8-cineole and d-limonene were displayed.The EAG responses were enhanced with the increase in concentration,of 1-hexanol,hexanal,trans-2-hexen-1-al,heptanal,α-terpinene and d-limonene respectively.The EAG response to(1R)-(+)-α-pinene,(+)-3-carene and 1,8-cineole were decreased at first and then increased to the maximum with increasing concentrations.The highest EAG response in female was to trans-2-hexen-1-al and the EAG relative value was approximately 331%,and that in male was to 1-hexanol and the EAG relative value was approximately 298%.The maximal differences of EAG relative values of DBM responding to the same concentration of volatiles were no more than two fold.
2011, 26(4): 596-600.
Abstract:
Based on the reported nucleotide sequences of the coat protein(CP)gene of Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus(CGMMV),a pair of primers was designed and used for cloning and sequencing CP gene fragment from the genome of CGMMV isolate which infected cucumber in Guangxi province,China.Results showed that the highest homology could reach 100% at the nucleic acid level with CGMMV-GX-G(DQ647384).Mechanical inoculation test with the isolate was carried out and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)was applied to detect and identify.Typical systemic symptoms were developed on those hosts of cucumber,watermelon,muskmelon,pumpkin and bottle gourd after inoculated with CGMMV,and local symptoms was found on Chenopodium amaranitcolor.No symptom was found on Nicotiana tabacum var.K326 and N.glutinosar.The result of analysis of variance proved that the different plant and inoculation time on the infection.The results of RT-PCR showed specific bands in the samples of inoculated cucurbitaceous plants while no bands were detected in the sample of Nicotiana tabacum var.K326,N.glutinosar and the untreated control group.Results of biological and molecular detection and identification showed that the isolate CGMMV-GX belonged to CGMMV W strains.
Based on the reported nucleotide sequences of the coat protein(CP)gene of Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus(CGMMV),a pair of primers was designed and used for cloning and sequencing CP gene fragment from the genome of CGMMV isolate which infected cucumber in Guangxi province,China.Results showed that the highest homology could reach 100% at the nucleic acid level with CGMMV-GX-G(DQ647384).Mechanical inoculation test with the isolate was carried out and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)was applied to detect and identify.Typical systemic symptoms were developed on those hosts of cucumber,watermelon,muskmelon,pumpkin and bottle gourd after inoculated with CGMMV,and local symptoms was found on Chenopodium amaranitcolor.No symptom was found on Nicotiana tabacum var.K326 and N.glutinosar.The result of analysis of variance proved that the different plant and inoculation time on the infection.The results of RT-PCR showed specific bands in the samples of inoculated cucurbitaceous plants while no bands were detected in the sample of Nicotiana tabacum var.K326,N.glutinosar and the untreated control group.Results of biological and molecular detection and identification showed that the isolate CGMMV-GX belonged to CGMMV W strains.
2011, 26(4): 601-604.
Abstract:
Biological characteristics of Sagittaria trifolia Linn.were observed in the fields of the late-season rice.Their effects on the rice yield were evaluated.Most S.trifolia seedlings sprouted 30 days after the late-season rice fields were plowed and leveled.The sprouting might last for 46 days.The numbers of green leaves and total leaves on the plant provided a quantifiable index for the weed growth.They increased,stabilized and decreased during the weed's lifespan,while the number of withered leaves always increased with age.On average,0.5-0.8 new leaves appeared every 3 days.The average length and width of the leaves ranged from 8.45 to 15.14cm and 1.23 to 2.59cm,respectively.The average stem length reached 40.53 cm,and the average number of roots came to 44.73.Branching was not found in S.trifolia.The durations of bloom and fruit were 28-day and 12-day,respectively;and the average number of flowers and fruits were 2.15 and 1.85,respectively.About 70% of the corms of S.trifolia were found in 5 to 15 cm beneath the surface of soil.The rice yield could be reduced by 2.94% to 23.53% depending on the growth density of the weed.When the number of S.trifolia was 20 to 25 per square meter,the weeds started to induce a significant on rice production.
Biological characteristics of Sagittaria trifolia Linn.were observed in the fields of the late-season rice.Their effects on the rice yield were evaluated.Most S.trifolia seedlings sprouted 30 days after the late-season rice fields were plowed and leveled.The sprouting might last for 46 days.The numbers of green leaves and total leaves on the plant provided a quantifiable index for the weed growth.They increased,stabilized and decreased during the weed's lifespan,while the number of withered leaves always increased with age.On average,0.5-0.8 new leaves appeared every 3 days.The average length and width of the leaves ranged from 8.45 to 15.14cm and 1.23 to 2.59cm,respectively.The average stem length reached 40.53 cm,and the average number of roots came to 44.73.Branching was not found in S.trifolia.The durations of bloom and fruit were 28-day and 12-day,respectively;and the average number of flowers and fruits were 2.15 and 1.85,respectively.About 70% of the corms of S.trifolia were found in 5 to 15 cm beneath the surface of soil.The rice yield could be reduced by 2.94% to 23.53% depending on the growth density of the weed.When the number of S.trifolia was 20 to 25 per square meter,the weeds started to induce a significant on rice production.
2011, 26(4): 605-610.
Abstract:
By infection with Fusarium oxysporum in greenhouse,bacterial physiological flora of cucumber rhizosphere was changed and enzymatic activities decreased.The population of nitrobacteria and nitrite bacteria decreased in the early and peak phases of infection,thereafter which enhanced growing of aerobic azotobacter and denitrifier.The population of ammonifying bacteria and cellulose-decomposition bacteria consistently decreased during infection period.The population of rhizosphere thiobacillus dropped dramatically concomitant of increase in anti-sulfuration bacteria.The impact of nitrobacteria in cucumbers was significantly different between susceptible and resistant varieties,which may play an important role in physiologic accommodations against of cucumber Fusarium wilt.After Fusarium oxysporum infection,the activities of rhizosphere enzymes were declined significantly in catelase,urease,cellulase and alkaline-phosphatase.In early infection,the decline of activities was observed for catelase and cellulase more remarkable in susceptible varieties than in resistant varieties.However,the extent of decline in late of infection was found for urease and phosphatase but more remarkable in resistant varieties than that in susceptible.The impact of catelase in resistance to the disease was different significantly between susceptible and resistant varieties,which can be used as reference in resistant breeding.
By infection with Fusarium oxysporum in greenhouse,bacterial physiological flora of cucumber rhizosphere was changed and enzymatic activities decreased.The population of nitrobacteria and nitrite bacteria decreased in the early and peak phases of infection,thereafter which enhanced growing of aerobic azotobacter and denitrifier.The population of ammonifying bacteria and cellulose-decomposition bacteria consistently decreased during infection period.The population of rhizosphere thiobacillus dropped dramatically concomitant of increase in anti-sulfuration bacteria.The impact of nitrobacteria in cucumbers was significantly different between susceptible and resistant varieties,which may play an important role in physiologic accommodations against of cucumber Fusarium wilt.After Fusarium oxysporum infection,the activities of rhizosphere enzymes were declined significantly in catelase,urease,cellulase and alkaline-phosphatase.In early infection,the decline of activities was observed for catelase and cellulase more remarkable in susceptible varieties than in resistant varieties.However,the extent of decline in late of infection was found for urease and phosphatase but more remarkable in resistant varieties than that in susceptible.The impact of catelase in resistance to the disease was different significantly between susceptible and resistant varieties,which can be used as reference in resistant breeding.
2011, 26(4): 611-614.
Abstract:
Based on the morphological appearances and descriptions in literature,a simple and convenient method for identifying the sex of diamondback moth(DBM),Plutella xylostella(Linnaeus),was developed.The results showed that the sex of the first-and second-instar larvae was not easily distinguishable by naked eyes or optical microscopic observation.However,the male third-and fourth-instar larva showed a lighter colored fifth abdominal segment than that on the female counterparts.On the male pupae,a lump on each side of a short,longitudinal slip was visible near the gonopore on the 9th abdominal segment.The female pupae had a long,longitudinal slip between the genital pore on the 8th abdominal segment and the oviporus on the 9th segment.The adult males had characteristic brown wings with a wavy edge on the posterior margin and a yorked abdominal end.The female adults,on the other hand,were lighter in color and bigger on body size than the males,and had their abdominal ends appeared round in shape.
Based on the morphological appearances and descriptions in literature,a simple and convenient method for identifying the sex of diamondback moth(DBM),Plutella xylostella(Linnaeus),was developed.The results showed that the sex of the first-and second-instar larvae was not easily distinguishable by naked eyes or optical microscopic observation.However,the male third-and fourth-instar larva showed a lighter colored fifth abdominal segment than that on the female counterparts.On the male pupae,a lump on each side of a short,longitudinal slip was visible near the gonopore on the 9th abdominal segment.The female pupae had a long,longitudinal slip between the genital pore on the 8th abdominal segment and the oviporus on the 9th segment.The adult males had characteristic brown wings with a wavy edge on the posterior margin and a yorked abdominal end.The female adults,on the other hand,were lighter in color and bigger on body size than the males,and had their abdominal ends appeared round in shape.
2011, 26(4): 627-631.
Abstract:
Field experiments were conducted to study the effect of Monosodium Glutamate Organic Compound Fertilizer on planting cucumber.The yield and quality of cucumber and the content of free amino acid and microbe-carbon in soil were analyzed.Results showed that the mix application of chemicals and monosodium glutamate organic fertilizers increased the cucumber yield and improved the soil quality in available N、P、K,free amino acid and biologic-carbon.Compared with chemical fertilizer,mixed compound fertilizers increased the cucumber yield about 2.5%-7.9% and improved its qualities in the contents of Vc,soluble sugar and biologic-carbon for about 4.9%-19.6%,6.7%-25.5% and 26.7%-59.5%,respectively.Concomitantly,the nitrate content of the cucumber was decreased for 0.4%-12.8%.Total carbon content of microbial biomass correlated to the organic nitrogen applied to soil with monosodium glutamate fertilizer was fitted well with one dimensional linear equation.
Field experiments were conducted to study the effect of Monosodium Glutamate Organic Compound Fertilizer on planting cucumber.The yield and quality of cucumber and the content of free amino acid and microbe-carbon in soil were analyzed.Results showed that the mix application of chemicals and monosodium glutamate organic fertilizers increased the cucumber yield and improved the soil quality in available N、P、K,free amino acid and biologic-carbon.Compared with chemical fertilizer,mixed compound fertilizers increased the cucumber yield about 2.5%-7.9% and improved its qualities in the contents of Vc,soluble sugar and biologic-carbon for about 4.9%-19.6%,6.7%-25.5% and 26.7%-59.5%,respectively.Concomitantly,the nitrate content of the cucumber was decreased for 0.4%-12.8%.Total carbon content of microbial biomass correlated to the organic nitrogen applied to soil with monosodium glutamate fertilizer was fitted well with one dimensional linear equation.
2011, 26(4): 642-645.
Abstract:
Nitrogen pollution of streams in Wuyishan National key scenic area was studied.Variations on TN,NH3-N,NO3--N and NO2--N were analyzed through continuous monitoring between 2008 and 2009.The results showed that the nitrogen pollution varied with the season.The concentration of NH3-N in either the flood or dry season was higher than the annual mean.That of NO3--N in the dry season was also higher than the annual mean.But that in the flood season was lower than the annual mean.Among the streams,the TN and NO3--N pollution in Chongyangxi Stream and Huangboxi Stream were more severe than in Jiuquxi Stream.The nitrogen pollution levels,except NH3-N,in Xiamei Stream were low.
Nitrogen pollution of streams in Wuyishan National key scenic area was studied.Variations on TN,NH3-N,NO3--N and NO2--N were analyzed through continuous monitoring between 2008 and 2009.The results showed that the nitrogen pollution varied with the season.The concentration of NH3-N in either the flood or dry season was higher than the annual mean.That of NO3--N in the dry season was also higher than the annual mean.But that in the flood season was lower than the annual mean.Among the streams,the TN and NO3--N pollution in Chongyangxi Stream and Huangboxi Stream were more severe than in Jiuquxi Stream.The nitrogen pollution levels,except NH3-N,in Xiamei Stream were low.
2011, 26(4): 646-651.
Abstract:
According to the industrial and agricultural development,Shang-hang,Jin-jiang,Long-wen and Xia-pu were selected as representative regions in this study.Thirty-two soil samples from 4 regions and fifty-two vegetable samples from 19 varieties were taken for detecting of heavy metal content.The results showed that the Cd,Pb and Hg contents of some soil samples were higher than it of national standard.Based on the comprehensive heave metal pollution index,the 28.13% of total soil samples reached in warning level of pollution and 6.25% were in moderate statuses.Among vegetable samples,the 11.54% of which were polluted in certain extent by Cd,Hg and the highest pollution index was found from leaf vegetables.The most of polluted samples were obtained from Shang-hang County,followed by Jin-jiang and Long-wen.The most of polluted vegetable species were cabbage,mustard,etc.Results indicated that the heavy metal contamination in vegetables was correlated in some degree with the species of vegetable and the development level of industrialization.The pollution resulted mainly with Cd and Pb.
According to the industrial and agricultural development,Shang-hang,Jin-jiang,Long-wen and Xia-pu were selected as representative regions in this study.Thirty-two soil samples from 4 regions and fifty-two vegetable samples from 19 varieties were taken for detecting of heavy metal content.The results showed that the Cd,Pb and Hg contents of some soil samples were higher than it of national standard.Based on the comprehensive heave metal pollution index,the 28.13% of total soil samples reached in warning level of pollution and 6.25% were in moderate statuses.Among vegetable samples,the 11.54% of which were polluted in certain extent by Cd,Hg and the highest pollution index was found from leaf vegetables.The most of polluted samples were obtained from Shang-hang County,followed by Jin-jiang and Long-wen.The most of polluted vegetable species were cabbage,mustard,etc.Results indicated that the heavy metal contamination in vegetables was correlated in some degree with the species of vegetable and the development level of industrialization.The pollution resulted mainly with Cd and Pb.
2011, 26(4): 652-655.
Abstract:
Based on the data published in Fujian Statistical Yearbook,the amounts of various agricultural wastes produced in Fujian from 1990 to 2008 were obtained.The total waste of the crop straw was 8.05-10.77 million tons.It declined gradually from 1990 through 2008.The straw from the food crops(i.e.,cereals)decreased most greatly: the rice straw by 30.42% and wheat straw by 95%.On the other hand,the straw from the cash crops(except sugarcane)increased by 59.99% from 1990 to 2005.The livestock manure increased gradually from 21.66 to 32.72 million tons over the years.Pig manure increased 1.46 times from 1990 to 2005.Sheep manure increased 1.46 times,but the cow manure declined by 32.43%,from 1990 to 2008.
Based on the data published in Fujian Statistical Yearbook,the amounts of various agricultural wastes produced in Fujian from 1990 to 2008 were obtained.The total waste of the crop straw was 8.05-10.77 million tons.It declined gradually from 1990 through 2008.The straw from the food crops(i.e.,cereals)decreased most greatly: the rice straw by 30.42% and wheat straw by 95%.On the other hand,the straw from the cash crops(except sugarcane)increased by 59.99% from 1990 to 2005.The livestock manure increased gradually from 21.66 to 32.72 million tons over the years.Pig manure increased 1.46 times from 1990 to 2005.Sheep manure increased 1.46 times,but the cow manure declined by 32.43%,from 1990 to 2008.
2011, 26(4): 656-659.
Abstract:
Compared with the developing of affluent and beautiful villages in Taiwan,the foundation for new rural construction in mainland China seems lagged about 30 to 50 years in development.The challenges are faced by mainland China particularly in the transformation for agricultural production and rural social development.Currently,it is considered urgently to change the priority of new rural construction from developing of agricultural production to increasing of farmers' living standards and to enhance the transformation of rural society.Accomplishing of rural social security,speeding up the rural population shift and extending the scale of operations are three tasks needed to be enhanced.It is necessary to support the rural construction and farmer's organization consistently.
Compared with the developing of affluent and beautiful villages in Taiwan,the foundation for new rural construction in mainland China seems lagged about 30 to 50 years in development.The challenges are faced by mainland China particularly in the transformation for agricultural production and rural social development.Currently,it is considered urgently to change the priority of new rural construction from developing of agricultural production to increasing of farmers' living standards and to enhance the transformation of rural society.Accomplishing of rural social security,speeding up the rural population shift and extending the scale of operations are three tasks needed to be enhanced.It is necessary to support the rural construction and farmer's organization consistently.
2011, 26(4): 660-663.
Abstract:
Fuzhou is rich in culinary arts,but lags behind on tourism in comparison to some other regions in China.This article describes the resources,characteristics and potential of the local culinary arts and also discusses the difficulties and recommendations for the tourism development.
Fuzhou is rich in culinary arts,but lags behind on tourism in comparison to some other regions in China.This article describes the resources,characteristics and potential of the local culinary arts and also discusses the difficulties and recommendations for the tourism development.
