2005 Vol. 20, No. 4
Display Method:
2005, 20(4): 217-221.
Abstract:
The mud crab (Scylla serrata Forskal, 1775) is a kind of the important marine culture species in China, and its culture is developing in large scale, and given out huge economy and social benefit.Mud crab culture is regarded as a new economy-gaining point.The trail results using the series formulated diets to feed Scylla serrata showed that the developing diets can meet the nutrient requirements and feeding habit for different stages of mud crabs, diets can improved the crabs to ecdysis, grow normally, and had good attractive, stability in water.The growth rate and survival rate of crablets fed with formulated diets were higher during 32 d; The mean final livability of Scylla serrata for 90 days was 75.9%, mean final body weight was 205.0g.
The mud crab (Scylla serrata Forskal, 1775) is a kind of the important marine culture species in China, and its culture is developing in large scale, and given out huge economy and social benefit.Mud crab culture is regarded as a new economy-gaining point.The trail results using the series formulated diets to feed Scylla serrata showed that the developing diets can meet the nutrient requirements and feeding habit for different stages of mud crabs, diets can improved the crabs to ecdysis, grow normally, and had good attractive, stability in water.The growth rate and survival rate of crablets fed with formulated diets were higher during 32 d; The mean final livability of Scylla serrata for 90 days was 75.9%, mean final body weight was 205.0g.
2005, 20(4): 222-227.
Abstract:
This paper reviewed the research progress on nutrient requirements of protein (or amino acid), lipid (fat acid, phospolipids, cholesterol etc) and carbohydrate for mud crab, Scylla serrata, broodstock nutrition, and the key technology of Scylla serrata healthy culture in recent years.Healthy culture is the future direction for Scylla serrata culture, it is an integrative technique measure of aquaculture science and technology innovation, the technical links bind, restrict and supplement each other during the whole culture process.
This paper reviewed the research progress on nutrient requirements of protein (or amino acid), lipid (fat acid, phospolipids, cholesterol etc) and carbohydrate for mud crab, Scylla serrata, broodstock nutrition, and the key technology of Scylla serrata healthy culture in recent years.Healthy culture is the future direction for Scylla serrata culture, it is an integrative technique measure of aquaculture science and technology innovation, the technical links bind, restrict and supplement each other during the whole culture process.
2005, 20(4): 228-232.
Abstract:
Thymosin α1 (Tα1) is a 28 amino acid peptide, which as immune system enhancer.It had been expressed and purified in a kind of blue green algae, Spirulina platensis.The expression would produce a valuable and cheaper bio—product, because it omitted an expensive purifying process and can be used as an oral medicine or feed additive directly.In this study, A cluster expression system was designed and a gene integration platform system for Spirulina platensis was constructed.ELISA and HPLC analysis was used to compare the difference of expression amount among the 1 to 4 Tα1) gene cluster in transgenic Spirulina platensis.The results showed that the cluster expression was effective and the maximum amount of Tα1 reached 7% of total protein.The immunity enhancement by the transgenic Spirulina platensis was demonstrated by feeding Anguilla japnica as feed additive.Tα1 contents in the tested tissues and organs of the black fry increased after fed with transgenic algae.The transgenic immunity-stimulated Spirulina platensis was the feasible additive of formulated feed for farming fish and its additive dosages was about 0.5—1.0 g·kg-1.
Thymosin α1 (Tα1) is a 28 amino acid peptide, which as immune system enhancer.It had been expressed and purified in a kind of blue green algae, Spirulina platensis.The expression would produce a valuable and cheaper bio—product, because it omitted an expensive purifying process and can be used as an oral medicine or feed additive directly.In this study, A cluster expression system was designed and a gene integration platform system for Spirulina platensis was constructed.ELISA and HPLC analysis was used to compare the difference of expression amount among the 1 to 4 Tα1) gene cluster in transgenic Spirulina platensis.The results showed that the cluster expression was effective and the maximum amount of Tα1 reached 7% of total protein.The immunity enhancement by the transgenic Spirulina platensis was demonstrated by feeding Anguilla japnica as feed additive.Tα1 contents in the tested tissues and organs of the black fry increased after fed with transgenic algae.The transgenic immunity-stimulated Spirulina platensis was the feasible additive of formulated feed for farming fish and its additive dosages was about 0.5—1.0 g·kg-1.
2005, 20(4): 233-237.
Abstract:
The immunostimulated blue algae is the transgenic Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 in which human thymosin-alpll (Tα1) gene had been expressed effectively. It has been confirmed that the immunocompetence in mice can be improved by oral administration of immunostimulated Synechococcus sp. PCC7942. The immunostimulated Synechococcus sp. was fed to Anguilla japonica as feed additive in this experiment. And the black fry was infected with epidemic pathogenic Vibrio sp. which had been isolated from the diseased A. japonica in the laboratory. Ta, contents in the measured tissues and organs of the black fry increased after fed with immunostimulated Synechococcus sp. The immunocompetence in A. japonica could be improved by oral administration of immunostimulated Synechococcus sp.. Resistances to bacterial pathogens such as Vibrio sp. and to environmental stress could be increased by fed with this immunostimulated blue algae, and the effects of the immunostimulated blue algae facilitated on growth of the black fry have been also observed in the experiment. The immunostimulated blue algae was the feasible aquatic feed additive and its dosages was about 0.5 to 1.0 gram per kilogram formulated feed.
The immunostimulated blue algae is the transgenic Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 in which human thymosin-alpll (Tα1) gene had been expressed effectively. It has been confirmed that the immunocompetence in mice can be improved by oral administration of immunostimulated Synechococcus sp. PCC7942. The immunostimulated Synechococcus sp. was fed to Anguilla japonica as feed additive in this experiment. And the black fry was infected with epidemic pathogenic Vibrio sp. which had been isolated from the diseased A. japonica in the laboratory. Ta, contents in the measured tissues and organs of the black fry increased after fed with immunostimulated Synechococcus sp. The immunocompetence in A. japonica could be improved by oral administration of immunostimulated Synechococcus sp.. Resistances to bacterial pathogens such as Vibrio sp. and to environmental stress could be increased by fed with this immunostimulated blue algae, and the effects of the immunostimulated blue algae facilitated on growth of the black fry have been also observed in the experiment. The immunostimulated blue algae was the feasible aquatic feed additive and its dosages was about 0.5 to 1.0 gram per kilogram formulated feed.
2005, 20(4): 238-242.
Abstract:
The immunohistochemical localization of endocrine cells in the digestive tract of Pseudosciaena crocea were studied with four mammal serum i. e. anti-5-HT, anti-SST, anti-Gas and anti-Glu by the immunohistochemical technique of the streptavidin-peroxidase marked with HRP. The results showed that the immunologically positive endocrine cells of 5-HT were distributed throughout the digestive tract, and the distributive density of 5-HT cell was higher throughout stomach, less in oesophagus and intestine. The immunologically positive endocrine cells of SST were located mostly in stomachus cardiacus, and stomachus fundus, but less in stomachus pyloricu, and only a few in the oesophagus, foregut and midgut, and it increased in hidgut. The immunologically positive endocrine cells of Gas were found in stomachus pyloricu, foregut and midgut, hidgut. It indicated that the cell density reduced from stomachus pyloricu to hidgut, but it was not found in oesophagus. stomachus cardiacus, and stomachus fundus. The immunologically positive endocrine cells of Glu were not found throughout the digestive tract. According to the morphologic character, the endocrine cells in the digestive tract of Pseudosciaena crocea were the same as other kinds of fish. It could be divided into two cell types, the opening and the closing types.
The immunohistochemical localization of endocrine cells in the digestive tract of Pseudosciaena crocea were studied with four mammal serum i. e. anti-5-HT, anti-SST, anti-Gas and anti-Glu by the immunohistochemical technique of the streptavidin-peroxidase marked with HRP. The results showed that the immunologically positive endocrine cells of 5-HT were distributed throughout the digestive tract, and the distributive density of 5-HT cell was higher throughout stomach, less in oesophagus and intestine. The immunologically positive endocrine cells of SST were located mostly in stomachus cardiacus, and stomachus fundus, but less in stomachus pyloricu, and only a few in the oesophagus, foregut and midgut, and it increased in hidgut. The immunologically positive endocrine cells of Gas were found in stomachus pyloricu, foregut and midgut, hidgut. It indicated that the cell density reduced from stomachus pyloricu to hidgut, but it was not found in oesophagus. stomachus cardiacus, and stomachus fundus. The immunologically positive endocrine cells of Glu were not found throughout the digestive tract. According to the morphologic character, the endocrine cells in the digestive tract of Pseudosciaena crocea were the same as other kinds of fish. It could be divided into two cell types, the opening and the closing types.
2005, 20(4): 243-246.
Abstract:
Two strains of intestinal bacteria A40209CDC4 and A31009NA separated from cultured eel degraded fish meal and the effects of them on the apparent digestibility coefficient (DAC)of eel formulated feed were studied. The results showed that the free amino acid content, total free amino acid, oligopeptide + free amino acid content and water-soluble protein of test group by A40209CDC4 and A31009NA were significantly increased to compare to control group. The DACs of dry matter and crude protein of eel formulated feed were increased 30.96%, 10.04%, 42.96% and 13.11% by strain A40209CDC4 and A31009NA bacterium respectively. Which indicated that the exploration and application of eel intestinal bacteria A40209CDC4 and A31009NA for microflora feed additive of were promising.
Two strains of intestinal bacteria A40209CDC4 and A31009NA separated from cultured eel degraded fish meal and the effects of them on the apparent digestibility coefficient (DAC)of eel formulated feed were studied. The results showed that the free amino acid content, total free amino acid, oligopeptide + free amino acid content and water-soluble protein of test group by A40209CDC4 and A31009NA were significantly increased to compare to control group. The DACs of dry matter and crude protein of eel formulated feed were increased 30.96%, 10.04%, 42.96% and 13.11% by strain A40209CDC4 and A31009NA bacterium respectively. Which indicated that the exploration and application of eel intestinal bacteria A40209CDC4 and A31009NA for microflora feed additive of were promising.
2005, 20(4): 247-250.
Abstract:
A 65-day feeding trail was conducted to evaluate the difference between Oregon moist pellet (trial group) and trash fish (control group) fed to Epinephlus malabaricu. The results indicated that there were no significant differences in the average daily gain (ADG) between the trial group and the control group, the average feed coefficient (FC) was 1.43 and 4.75 respectively, the feed cost of 1kg gain for Epinephlus malabaricu were ￥ 8.01 and ￥ 9.50 respectively, and the cost saved ￥ 1.49.There were no significant differences (P0.05) in the average ratio of internal organs for Epinephlus malabaricu, the fatness coefficient, the contents of crude protein and crude fat in muscle. So it was feasible for Epinephlus malabaricu to be fed with Oregon moist feed.
A 65-day feeding trail was conducted to evaluate the difference between Oregon moist pellet (trial group) and trash fish (control group) fed to Epinephlus malabaricu. The results indicated that there were no significant differences in the average daily gain (ADG) between the trial group and the control group, the average feed coefficient (FC) was 1.43 and 4.75 respectively, the feed cost of 1kg gain for Epinephlus malabaricu were ￥ 8.01 and ￥ 9.50 respectively, and the cost saved ￥ 1.49.There were no significant differences (P0.05) in the average ratio of internal organs for Epinephlus malabaricu, the fatness coefficient, the contents of crude protein and crude fat in muscle. So it was feasible for Epinephlus malabaricu to be fed with Oregon moist feed.
2005, 20(4): 251-256.
Abstract:
Group increasing of free-spawning copepod Acartia pacifica and egg-carrying copepod Schmackeria dubia in a semi-closed pond and the tanks in laboratory were compared. The results indicated that reproduction rate of A. pacifica was higher in stiring water than in still water, while S. dubia exhibited active multiplication under both conditions. Low nauplii production of A. pacifica in still water should be attributed to low hatching rate of the disperse eggs after they sink to bottom. Eggs of S. dubia, on the contrary, would be protected by the egg sacs and avoid the harsh bottom environment, then this egg-carrying copepod can yield high density of nauplii in still water also. Our results imply egg-carrying copepods are more applicable to rear for larvae culture than free-spawning copepods.
Group increasing of free-spawning copepod Acartia pacifica and egg-carrying copepod Schmackeria dubia in a semi-closed pond and the tanks in laboratory were compared. The results indicated that reproduction rate of A. pacifica was higher in stiring water than in still water, while S. dubia exhibited active multiplication under both conditions. Low nauplii production of A. pacifica in still water should be attributed to low hatching rate of the disperse eggs after they sink to bottom. Eggs of S. dubia, on the contrary, would be protected by the egg sacs and avoid the harsh bottom environment, then this egg-carrying copepod can yield high density of nauplii in still water also. Our results imply egg-carrying copepods are more applicable to rear for larvae culture than free-spawning copepods.
2005, 20(4): 257-260.
Abstract:
A 28 d feeding trial was conducted to examine the effects of marine fish scale meal (0%, 3.5% and 7.0% respectively) in sow dietaries. Eighteen sows (Landrace×Taihu swine)were randomly allocated into three treatment groups with three replications and two sows in each treatment according to a completely block randomized design. The results showed as followed: ① The serum biochemical parameters of farrowing lactation sows in different groups had significant differences (P0.05) : that serum AKP activities and iron concentrations of lactation sows of Treatment Ⅰ on the 10 days after farrowing were significantly higher than those of Treatment Ⅱ and CK; The blood albumen and iron concentration of sows in Treatment Ⅰ on the 20 days after farrowing were significantly lower than those of Treatment Ⅱ and CK (P0.05). ②The daily feed intakes of sows in different treatments showed no significant differences (P0.05). ③There were no significant differences (P0.05) in feed efficiency of weaning piglets in different treatments. 3.5% to 7.0% of marine fish scale meal added to the lactation sows dietaries had no effect on the appetite.
A 28 d feeding trial was conducted to examine the effects of marine fish scale meal (0%, 3.5% and 7.0% respectively) in sow dietaries. Eighteen sows (Landrace×Taihu swine)were randomly allocated into three treatment groups with three replications and two sows in each treatment according to a completely block randomized design. The results showed as followed: ① The serum biochemical parameters of farrowing lactation sows in different groups had significant differences (P0.05) : that serum AKP activities and iron concentrations of lactation sows of Treatment Ⅰ on the 10 days after farrowing were significantly higher than those of Treatment Ⅱ and CK; The blood albumen and iron concentration of sows in Treatment Ⅰ on the 20 days after farrowing were significantly lower than those of Treatment Ⅱ and CK (P0.05). ②The daily feed intakes of sows in different treatments showed no significant differences (P0.05). ③There were no significant differences (P0.05) in feed efficiency of weaning piglets in different treatments. 3.5% to 7.0% of marine fish scale meal added to the lactation sows dietaries had no effect on the appetite.
2005, 20(4): 261-264.
Abstract:
The studies on developing series artificial diets with different diet prescription, production technics and its culture efficiency for Abalone larval, juvenile and adult had been carried out.The results showed that Abalone larval fed with the artificial diet instead of part of diatom adhered to board 10 days longer than that only fed diatom, seedling output and survival rate increased by 30%—40% and 15%—20% respectively, average growth rate of Abalone juvenile of 3.5 mm fed on the diet for 66 days was 169 μm·d-1, average growth rate of adult of 25 mm fed adult diet for 90 days was 172 μm·d-1, average weight gain was 105 mg·d-1, average feed coefficient 2.0.which were 20 μm·d-1, 12 mg·d-1 higher and 0.1 lower than those of one commercial diet which was 152 μm·d-1, 93 mg·d-1 and 2.1 respectively.
The studies on developing series artificial diets with different diet prescription, production technics and its culture efficiency for Abalone larval, juvenile and adult had been carried out.The results showed that Abalone larval fed with the artificial diet instead of part of diatom adhered to board 10 days longer than that only fed diatom, seedling output and survival rate increased by 30%—40% and 15%—20% respectively, average growth rate of Abalone juvenile of 3.5 mm fed on the diet for 66 days was 169 μm·d-1, average growth rate of adult of 25 mm fed adult diet for 90 days was 172 μm·d-1, average weight gain was 105 mg·d-1, average feed coefficient 2.0.which were 20 μm·d-1, 12 mg·d-1 higher and 0.1 lower than those of one commercial diet which was 152 μm·d-1, 93 mg·d-1 and 2.1 respectively.
2005, 20(4): 265-270.
Abstract:
The effects of pH values on the protease and amylase activities in different digestive organs (liver, intestines and stomach) of Pangasius Sutchi (Fowier) were preliminarily studied.The results showed that the enzyme activities changed with the variation of pH value, among which the optimum pH for protease were 7.0, 7.8 and 3.0 respectively in the liver, intestine and stomach, and for the amylase were 7.0, 6.2 and 7.0 in the white Fowier.In the black Fowier, the optimum pH values for protease were 7.0, 7.8 and 3.0, and for the amylase were 7.0, 7.0 and 7.0.The protease activities was stomach>liver>intestine and the amylase activities was liver> stomach>intestine.The enzyme activities of the black Fowier were all higher than those of the white one.
The effects of pH values on the protease and amylase activities in different digestive organs (liver, intestines and stomach) of Pangasius Sutchi (Fowier) were preliminarily studied.The results showed that the enzyme activities changed with the variation of pH value, among which the optimum pH for protease were 7.0, 7.8 and 3.0 respectively in the liver, intestine and stomach, and for the amylase were 7.0, 6.2 and 7.0 in the white Fowier.In the black Fowier, the optimum pH values for protease were 7.0, 7.8 and 3.0, and for the amylase were 7.0, 7.0 and 7.0.The protease activities was stomach>liver>intestine and the amylase activities was liver> stomach>intestine.The enzyme activities of the black Fowier were all higher than those of the white one.
2005, 20(4): 271-274.
Abstract:
Squid visceral meal is rich in nutrition, such as crude protein, crude fat, taurine, lecithin, cholesterol, glycine, alanine, valine, microelements, etc.It has been used to the fishery feeds largely, by which had significant appetite to aquatic animals, and improved their growth.However, the problems such as moldiness in processing and transporting duration, fatty acid rancidification and higher level of Cd, have greatly effected on its security application to feed industry.
Squid visceral meal is rich in nutrition, such as crude protein, crude fat, taurine, lecithin, cholesterol, glycine, alanine, valine, microelements, etc.It has been used to the fishery feeds largely, by which had significant appetite to aquatic animals, and improved their growth.However, the problems such as moldiness in processing and transporting duration, fatty acid rancidification and higher level of Cd, have greatly effected on its security application to feed industry.
2005, 20(4): 275-279.
Abstract:
In order to reduce energy consumption and temperature raise, promote productivity and prolong service life, the vertical fine pulverizers of WFL series adopt a vertical design with internal centrifugation grading system.The passing cold air cools the material and the intelligent feeding controls the load.In addition to the renewable wear parts that prolong their service life, the measures of adding muffler, pulse dust separation and others also improved the product performance.The technical data of eel compound feed line adopted model WFL-100 fine pulverizer (75 kW) as principal machine in pulverizing Chilean red fish powder are as follow: net capacity 2110 kg·h-1, power consumption 38.8 kW·h-1, 99.2% of final product passing through 80# standard mesh, material temperature rise 9.4℃ , dust concentration 4.03 mg·m-3 in operation area the project had provided a high quality, efficient and energy-saving equipment for processing fine powder to aquatic feeds and relative industrial technical progress.
In order to reduce energy consumption and temperature raise, promote productivity and prolong service life, the vertical fine pulverizers of WFL series adopt a vertical design with internal centrifugation grading system.The passing cold air cools the material and the intelligent feeding controls the load.In addition to the renewable wear parts that prolong their service life, the measures of adding muffler, pulse dust separation and others also improved the product performance.The technical data of eel compound feed line adopted model WFL-100 fine pulverizer (75 kW) as principal machine in pulverizing Chilean red fish powder are as follow: net capacity 2110 kg·h-1, power consumption 38.8 kW·h-1, 99.2% of final product passing through 80# standard mesh, material temperature rise 9.4℃ , dust concentration 4.03 mg·m-3 in operation area the project had provided a high quality, efficient and energy-saving equipment for processing fine powder to aquatic feeds and relative industrial technical progress.
2005, 20(4): 280-284.
Abstract:
Compared the fundamental requirement to current standard quality of fish oil, fully analyzed the characteristic index, quality grade index, hygienic index of fish oil and discussed the effect of shoddy additives on the oil quality, the suggestion on how to improve the quality of fish oil and to guarantee products quality were put forward: ① To renew the current fish oil standard, and formulate different standards of feeding fish oil according to different raised objectives such as aquatic species, livestock and poultry and so on.② To speed up the research and development of all kinds of fish oils specially for aquiculture and annotate what kinds of oil that used and the proportion of various ingredients.③ Peroxide value and acid value should be taken as forced hygienic index of fish oil.The kinds and ceiling values for antioxidant quantity should be set.④ To establish the examination method of fish oil, and strengthen the management of supervision and inspection on additives.
Compared the fundamental requirement to current standard quality of fish oil, fully analyzed the characteristic index, quality grade index, hygienic index of fish oil and discussed the effect of shoddy additives on the oil quality, the suggestion on how to improve the quality of fish oil and to guarantee products quality were put forward: ① To renew the current fish oil standard, and formulate different standards of feeding fish oil according to different raised objectives such as aquatic species, livestock and poultry and so on.② To speed up the research and development of all kinds of fish oils specially for aquiculture and annotate what kinds of oil that used and the proportion of various ingredients.③ Peroxide value and acid value should be taken as forced hygienic index of fish oil.The kinds and ceiling values for antioxidant quantity should be set.④ To establish the examination method of fish oil, and strengthen the management of supervision and inspection on additives.
2005, 20(4): 285-288.
Abstract:
The tannic acid was selected as the precipitant of peptide in fish meal.The contents of protein and free amino acids in the filtrate of fish meal are determined by the Kjeldahe method and formaldehyde-titration method respectively, then calculate the contents of oligopeptides.The results showed that this method was convenient in operation and suitable for application in the determination of oligopeptides and free amino acids in large fish meal samples and the results were good in determination of oligopeptides and free amino acids in fishmeal by using this method.
The tannic acid was selected as the precipitant of peptide in fish meal.The contents of protein and free amino acids in the filtrate of fish meal are determined by the Kjeldahe method and formaldehyde-titration method respectively, then calculate the contents of oligopeptides.The results showed that this method was convenient in operation and suitable for application in the determination of oligopeptides and free amino acids in large fish meal samples and the results were good in determination of oligopeptides and free amino acids in fishmeal by using this method.
2005, 20(4): 289-291.
Abstract:
A method for the simultaneous determination of vitamin A, D and E in fish oil by high performance liquid chromatography was developed.The quantitative analysis on the vitamin content in fish oil was made by characterizing the retention time and spectral graph, and using the maximum absorbance wavelength for peak area.The results showed that the average recovery was 89.6%—95.0%,and variety was 3.6%—5.1%.So this method was suitable to be used in the determination on vitamin A, D and E.
A method for the simultaneous determination of vitamin A, D and E in fish oil by high performance liquid chromatography was developed.The quantitative analysis on the vitamin content in fish oil was made by characterizing the retention time and spectral graph, and using the maximum absorbance wavelength for peak area.The results showed that the average recovery was 89.6%—95.0%,and variety was 3.6%—5.1%.So this method was suitable to be used in the determination on vitamin A, D and E.
2005, 20(4): 292-295.
Abstract:
The execution of agricultural standardization is an inevitable requirement for speeding up strategic adjustment of agricultural economic structure and promoting agricultural product competitiveness.This paper puts forward some thoughts on further advancing the construction of agricultural standardization through analysing the present situation and weak link of Fujian agriculture.
The execution of agricultural standardization is an inevitable requirement for speeding up strategic adjustment of agricultural economic structure and promoting agricultural product competitiveness.This paper puts forward some thoughts on further advancing the construction of agricultural standardization through analysing the present situation and weak link of Fujian agriculture.
