2021 Vol. 36, No. 3
Display Method:
2021, 36(3): 249-254.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.03.001
Abstract:
Objectives Expressions of the genes related to panicle development and cell cycle in the mutant rice with clustered spikelets were studied to pave the road for research with an attempt to increase number of grains per panicle on rice plant for improved yield. Methods The expressions of OsCl-6 and other panicle development-related genes as well as those associated with cell cycle in Neijiang P164 of the mutant variety that bears clustered spikelets on panicle were compared with those in the regular single-floret variety, 9311. Young panicles on Neijiang P164 and 9311 plants that were grown from the seeds in a netted greenhouse were collected for RNA extraction, qRT-PCR, and data analysis. Results The qRT-PCR results showed higher expression of OsCl-6 at different stages of panicle development in Neijiang P164 than 9311. The expressions of cell cycle dependent kinase genes in 9311 was higher than Neijiang P164, while those of class B cyclins in Neijiang P164 higher than 9311. Neijiang P164 had lower expressions on the panicle development-related genes such as LAX1 Conclusions The significant differences in the expressions of the genes related to panicle development and cell cycle, including OsCl-6 and B-type cyclins, between Naijiang P164 and 9311 revealed a potential correlation between the genetic makeup and physiology of the two rice varieties. The upregulated OsCl-6 might inhibit the development of secondary branches on rice plants. As increased grains per panicle would directly boost the yield of a rice plant, clustered spikelets would mean improved crop yield.
2021, 36(3): 255-263.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.03.002
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Objective Drought-tolerance at seed germination stage and genetic diversity of 56 mung bean varieties were determined for resource evaluation. Method Selected mung bean seeds were treated with either water as control or 10% mannitol solution to simulate drought stress. Ten indicators on the draught-tolerance of the seeds at germination stage, such as relative germination rate and potential as well as root length of the sprouts, were monitored. The results were compared to categorize the germplasms using principal component, membership function, and multivariate analyses. Then, the amplified SSRs of the categorized germplasms provided the genetic basis for classifying the draught-resistant property of the seeds at germination stage. Result The top 3 indicators of draught-tolerance comprised 57.87%, 16.42%, and 11.42% separately, and 85.71% accumulatively, in contrition from a principal component analysis. And, at the calculated comprehensive evaluation value D, two of the 56 germplasms were graded highly tolerant, 10 tolerant, 30 moderately tolerant, 13 susceptible, and 1 highly susceptible to drought. From the cluster analysis on the SSR data, the germplasms were classified into 25 of relatively drought-resistant, 26 of varying degrees of drought-resistant due to complex genetic properties, and 5 of drought-susceptible. Conclusions The drought-tolerance of the 56 mung bean germplasms at seed germination stage and their genetic characteristics were determined and classified to facilitate future breeding and utilization of the resource.
2021, 36(3): 264-270.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.03.003
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Objective A rapid and economical method to extract the genomic DNA from Clematis florida Thunb.var. plena D. Don for commercial authentication of the valuable Chinese herbal medicine was established. Method CTAB, Testing Kit, SDS, and the high salt/low pH methods, along with a modified CTAB method, were applied to extract genomic DNA from leaves of the herbal plant. The quality and integrity of the extracted DNA samples were compared using agarose gel electrophoresis. Then, by bidirectional sequencing, the selected molecular pharmacognosy method was used to differentiate between the authentic material and a counterfeit for methodology verification. Result The modified CTAB method yielded high purity DNA with clear and bright bands on SSR primer and ITS2 sequence amplifications. The PCR amplified products of the extracted DNA were used in the bidirectional sequencing to correctly identify and accurately differentiate the true and faux products. Conclusion The improved CTAB method established in this study could effectively extract the genomic DNA of the target plant material. It was simple, rapid and reliable in extracting high quality DNA for molecular pharmacognosy identification on Clematis florida Thunb. var. plena D. Don.
2021, 36(3): 271-278.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.03.004
Abstract:
Objective To clarify the influence of different soil compaction on the growth and development of the Anoectochilus, and to screen out the appropriate compaction required for the growth of the Anoectochilus, to provide a theoretical basis for the scientific planting and quality improvement of the Anoectochilus. Method Through pot experiment, used perlite control, the soil bulk density was set to 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0 and 1.1 g·cm−3, a total of 5 treatments to study the effect of soil compaction on the growth and quality of Anoectochilus. Result (1) Too high or too low soil compaction is not conducive to the growth and yield of Anoectochilus. When the soil bulk density is 0.9 g·cm−3, the plant height, ground path, number of leaves, root length and fresh weight of Anoectochilus are was the largest, with a significant increase of 14.97%, 8.70%, 6.80%, 21.04%, and 28.87% on average compared with other treatments; the drying rate is the largest when the soil bulk density is 0.8 g·cm−3, which is an average increase of 44.84% compared with other treatments; The soil compaction has no obvious effect on leaf length and leaf width. (2) Suitable soil compaction (0.8～0.9 g·cm−3) increased the content of chlorophyll a and carotenoids in the leaves of Anoectochilus, but had little effect on the content of chlorophyll b. (3) Too high or too low soil compaction is not conducive to the accumulation of C, N, P, K nutrients and quality improvement of Anoectochilus, when the soil bulk density is 0.9 g·cm−3, the polysaccharides, amino acids, total The content of phenol, flavonoids, and Vc was the highest, and the average increase was 36.65%, 41.79%, 23.22%, 24.10%, 13.60% compared with other treatments. Conclusion Too high or too low soil compaction is not conducive to the growth and yield and quality of the Anoectochilus. When the ratio of red soil to perlite reaches 40 ∶ 1, which is the soil bulk density is 0.9 g·cm−3, the growth and quality of the Anoectochilus is the best.
2021, 36(3): 279-289.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.03.005
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Objective The aim of this study is to investigate the types, relative contents and differences in the aroma components of the juice of Guanximiyou and its new bud variants, as well as the possible molecular mechanisms causing the changes in the aroma components. Methods Fruits juice of Guanximiyou and its bud-variant varieties Hongroumiyou and Sanhongmiyou were used as test materials to determine the aroma components by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The genes that were significantly differentially expressed were screened by transcriptome analysis, and the expression patterns of these genes were analyzed using the trend of FPKM values. Results A total of 150 aroma components were detected in the three juice samples, and the aroma compounds that accounted for a large number were aromatic hydrocarbons, sesquiterpenes, aldehydes, alcohols and ketones. Guanximiyou, Hongroumiyou and Sanhongmiyou detected 59, 129 and 67 aroma compounds respectively, with their total relative contents of 4.56, 8.02 and 9.90 respectively, indicating that bud changes significantly caused changes in the aroma components and total relative content. The relative content of aldehydes was the highest, with hexanal being the main aroma component common to all three species; alcohols and ketones were the next most abundant, while furans, aromatic hydrocarbons, sesquiterpenes, esters and monoterpenes were less abundant; 32 other aroma components were also detected at very low or trace levels, all of which were unknown and unreported compounds. Transcriptome analysis was used to screen for one new gene (Citrus_maxima_newGene_12651), seven genes with significant differences in expression of Lipoxidase (LOX2.1) (cg2g001970, cg2g001980, cg2g002000, cg2g002010, cg2g002030, cg2g002040, cg2g002080 cg2g002030, cg2g002040, cg2g002080), one LOX3.1 gene (cg1g010660) and two Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH1) genes (cg3g017900, cg3g017890), using trend analysis of FPKM values. It was tentatively hypothesized that the differences in the aroma components of the juices of the three varieties were related to the differential expression of genes in the fatty acid pathway and the isoprene pathway. Conclusion Aldehydes, alcohols and ketones were the main aroma components of Guanximiyou and its bud varieties, and hexanal was the main aroma compound common to the three varieties; The significant differences in the aroma components of the fruit juices of the three varieties tested were initially hypothesized to be related to the differential expression of genes in the fatty acid pathway and isoprene pathway.
2021, 36(3): 290-295.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.03.006
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Objective Effects of mulching with a degradable hemp film on the melon development and quality as well as the soil properties in greenhouse cultivation of cantaloupes were studied. Methods A mulching film made of hemp fibers (MDM) along with a conventional PE film (PEBM) and without covering as control (CK) was applied on the cultivation bed of Luhoutian No. 1 cantaloupe in a solar greenhouse. Growth and development of the melons and soil conditions were monitored under a single factor random block design experiment. Results Compared with CK, MDM and PEBM mulching increased the soil internal temperature by approximately 3.3 ℃. Both films increased the moisture content of the soil in a similar manner as well. As for the growth and development of the plants, MDM shortened the pollination time by 3d, while PEBM by 4d; and, both films truncated the fruit maturity for harvest by 10 d. Mulching with MDM produced 18.4% higher individual fruit weight, and 14.7% with PEBM; whereas, both films increased 3% on fruit yield per plot and per unit area with significant differences. The soluble sugar content of the melons under the MDM treatment was 10.7% higher; and, 9.9% higher under PEBM. After harvest, the soil mulched with MDM and PEBM decreased, respectively, 13.0 mg·kg−1 and 9.0 mg·kg−1 on available nitrogen, 17.0 mg·kg−1 and 9.0 mg·kg−1 on available phosphorus, and 33.0 mg·kg−1 and 24.0 mg·kg−1 on available potassium. However, no significant differences were observed among the treatments on total nitrogen or potassium contents. MDM mulching also impacted significantly on the microbial population in the soil. The bacterial and fungal counts were 101.60% and 70.66%, respectively, higher, while the actinomycetes 23.24% higher than CK. Conclusion It appeared that the degradable hemp film was a desirable environment-friendly mulching material for cantaloupe farming.
2021, 36(3): 296-304.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.03.007
Abstract:
Objective Correlation between the soil properties and the quality of Duobei tea grown on the land was studied for improvements on plantation operation and product quality. Method Soils at 9 Duobei tea planting areas were sampled to determine the pH and contents of metals, organic matters, available phosphorus, alkali hydrolysis nitrogen, and available potassium as well as the activities of sucrase, urease, and catalase. Sensory evaluation and chemical analysis on the teas were conducted. Correlation between the soil properties and the quality and antioxidant activity of Duobei tea grown on a same locality was analyzed. Result The contents of organic matters and available phosphorus in the soil at the 9 planting areas reached the first-grade fertility standard, but the available nitrogen and potassium were generally low. Among the various lots, Field #7 showed the highest soil quality with 45.57g·kg−1 on organic matters, 46.90 mg·kg−1 on alkali hydrolyzed nitrogen, 14.81 mg·kg−1 on available phosphorus, 157.00 mg·kg−1 on available potassium, and 4.68 on pH. Judged being "tender, fresh, strong and mellow" on sensory quality and highly desirable on nutritional composition, the Duobei teas from Field #1, #2, and #7 deemed those areas the choice locations to produce premium grade products. And, the tea from Field #7 showed the greatest in vitro antioxidant capacity among all. A correlation analysis on the soil properties and tea quality revealed that the land with more organic matters, alkali hydrolysis nitrogen, urease, and invertase would likely to grow teas of higher nutritional and sensory quality but heightened soil pH, available phosphorus, and catalase activity in soil could bring about negative results. Conclusion It appeared that application of nitrogen and potassium, control on phosphorus, and enrichment on organic matters in plantation soil could considerably improve the quality of Duobei tea produced.
2021, 36(3): 305-311.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.03.008
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Objective Breeding results on growth and reproduction performances of two generations of a line of fast-growing Fuqing goats were studied. Method Traits on growth and reproduction of the newly bred Fuqing goats in two generations were analyzed. Result After two successive generations of strict and systematic breeding, the growth and reproductive traits of the goats in the core groups were improved. The genetic progress and population uniformity on growth characteristics in two generations tended to be more significant than those on reproduction traits. The body weight indicators on the 2-, 9- and 12-month-old progeny increased with significant differences by the generation (P＜0.05). Other than the 9-month-old goats, those of different ages showed a decreasing coefficient of variance on body weight from 0 to the 2nd generation. Compared to the 0 generation, the goats after two generations of breeding had their body weight increased in 2 month by 7.45%, in 9 months by 11.74%, and in 12 months by 10.70%. There was no significant difference on the body weight at birth among the progenies in the core groups (P＞0.05). Both surviving rate and body weight of the weaning kids increased with the breeding generation, but the average weights of weaning kids differed significantly among the three generations (P＜0.05), as they were 9.42kg for the 0 generation, 9.95kg for the 1st generation, and 10.15kg for the 2nd generation. Conclusion After two successive generations of systematic breeding, the growth of Fuqing goats was effectively upgraded to ensure a reliable breeding program.
2021, 36(3): 312-318.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.03.009
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Objective The pathogen causing a viral disease with a 65% incident rate, 90% mortality, and massive skin hemorrhage on the birds at a mule duck farm in Fuzhou, Fujian in August 2020 was isolated with its pathogenic characteristics identified. Method The heart, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidney, skin, and other tissues of the diseased ducks were collected for the pathogen detection including virus isolation and identification, gene sequencing, and histopathological examinations. Result PCR showed positive results only on the collected tissues from the plague virus-infected ducks. Subsequent virus isolation and identification on those positive specimens were performed, and the virus code-named as FJ2020176. The UL2 gene of the strain was sequenced to show a 97.8-99.9% nucleotide homology with the virulent strain CHV, CV, and 2085. Compared to the vaccine strain VAC, the attenuated strain 1, and the attenuated strain 2, FJ2020176 had a 528bp nucleotide insertion in its UL2 gene confirming it to be a virulent strain of duck plague virus. The histopathological examination under a microscope showed the following observations in the infected ducks: necrosis and hemorrhage on the focal liver, decreased white pulp on the spleen tissue, necrotic and exfoliated lymphocytes, hemorrhage and blood stasis on the kidney, necrosis on the lymph nodes, and hemorrhage on the bursa of Fabricius, in addition to the exterior skin hemorrhage. Conclusion The virulent FJ2020176 was isolated from the diseased ducks with massive skin hemorrhage and severe infection and mortality rates. The bleeding on the skin was deemed a significant symptom for clinical diagnosis of the duck plague cases.
2021, 36(3): 319-325.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.03.010
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Objective This experiment was conducted to study the effects of feeding Hongqu glutinous rice wine grains (HGG) diet on the performance and egg quality of laying hens. Method A total of 192 38-week-old Hy-Line Brown laying hens were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 replicates per group and 8 laying hens per replicate. The basal diet of experimental groups I-III were replaced (equivalent substitution) the soybean meal (dehulled soybean meal) with 4%, 8%, and 12% HGG, respectively, and the control group was fed basal diet. After 14 days pre-test period, enter the formal feeding experiment period which lasted for 42 days. Result The results showed as follows: 1) There was 46.18% crude protein, 10.46% starch, 8.75% ether extract, 52.47% protein digestibility, and rich in amino acids (especially 2.43% sulfur-containing amino acids) in HGG based on dry matter. 2) The dietary 4%～12% HGG had no significant effect on the production performance of laying hens (P＞0.05), while increased the feed intake of the layers to a certain extent (especially under the heat stress environment) (P＞0.05). The dietary 4%～12% HGG had no significant effect on the egg shape index, eggshell strength and eggshell thickness (P＞0.05), while the egg yolk color was significantly increased after feeding 8%～12% HGG dietary for 28 days (P＜0.05). Conclusion It can be concluded that HGG is a kind of high quality protein feed, which could replace soybean meal in the diet of laying hens. It had no significant effect on performance of laying hens, but could improve the yolk color and egg quality to a certain extent.
2021, 36(3): 326-331.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.03.011
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Objective The protein-protein interaction networks (PPINs) was applied to decipher the protective mechanism of tea plants in resisting the invasion by insects. Method RNA-seq was used to determine if a Camellia sinensis cv. Niaowang plant was infested by Empoasca vitis Gothe. PPINs of differential expression genes (DEGs) between 0 h and 12 h as well as 0 h and 24 h after the infestation were constructed based on Interolog. Result There were 212 PPIs between 0 h and 12 h, 3 551 PPIs between 0 h and 24 h, and 3 605 PPIs in the merged network. The topological properties of the PPINs showed the degree of the protein distribution following the power-law model, and hence, their functions predictable. It was found that DEGs mainly partook in the plant-pathogen interactions, plant hormone signal transduction, DNA base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, mismatch repair, linolenic acid and alpha-linoleic acid metabolism, and other biological processes through GO and KEGG analysis. Furthermore, the tea leaves that were infected for 24 h would require greater amounts of PPIs than those affected for 12 h to develop the defense mechanism to ward off the ill-effect brought by Empoasca vitis Gothe. Conclusion Tea plants mainly resist the invasion of Empoasca Vitis through the three differential genes to promote the corresponding interaction, and when tea plants continue to be invaded, more interactions will be initiated, or various secondary metabolites will be produced to resist pests. To resist the invasion of Empoasca Vitis, tea plant mainly promoted the PPIs of three differential genes. When invasion continuing, more interactions would be initiated, and various secondary metabolites would be produced to resist pests.
2021, 36(3): 332-336.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.03.012
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Objective Characteristics and damages brought about by the soft rot on Paris polyphylla Smith var. chinensis (Franch.) Hara and the pathogen that caused the disease were studied for positive identification and field control. Method Specimens of the diseased plant tissues were collected for isolation, purification, morphological examination, 16S rDNA gene sequencing, and pathogenicity determination of the pathogen. Result The diseased leaves, stems, and tubers on the plants were usually found in the fields where air circulation and water drainage were poor. At onset of the disease, water-soaked necrosis and pungent odor began to appear on the infected plant parts. Then the internal tissues started to break down and liquify. The morphological, molecular biological characteristics, and pathogenicity on the isolate showed the responsible pathogen to be Pectobacterium carowvorum. Conclusion The soft rot disease on P. polyphylla was determined to be infected by P. carowvorum under poorly ventilated surrounding and inadequately drained soil in the field where the plants were cultivated.
2021, 36(3): 337-344.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.03.013
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Objective Strains of Serratia marcescens FZSF02 that had heterologous expression and could produce prodigiosin with relevant synthesis gene cluster were constructed to study the mechanism relating to temperature regulation in the biological process. Methods Three Escherichia coli strains with heterologous expression carrying different promoters were constructed. Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to determine the transcriptional differences of pigA, pigF and pigN in the pig gene cluster at 37 ℃ and 28 ℃. Results At 28 ℃, all 3 promoters initiated the expression of the pig gene cluster in E. coli, and prodigiosin was produced in the 3 recombinant strains. In contrast, only the recombinant strain carrying the strong T7 promoter delivered a small amount of the pigment after IPTG induction at 37 ℃. The RT-qPCR results showed the transcription levels of the above genes in S. marcescens FZSF02 were down-regulated at 37 ℃ in comparison to 28 ℃. Conclusion The reason why S. marcescens FZSF02 was able to produce prodigiosin at 28 ℃ but failed at 37 ℃ might be, at higher temperatures, that the pig gene cluster was down-regulated and/or that the activities of one or several key enzymes encoded by the pig genes for the biosynthesis of precursors MBC and MAP were somehow inhibited.
2021, 36(3): 345-357.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.03.014
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Objective Chemical and microbial factors in field soils related to disease occurrence of continuously cropped Pesudostellaria heterophylla were investigated. Method Microbial community structure and diversity of rhizosphere soil from 5 continuous cropping P. heterophylla fields in Zherong County, Fujian were analyzed on data obtained by high-throughput sequencing technology. Correlation analysis of the microbial distribution was conducted based on the chemical properties of rhizosphere soil and phenolic acids. Result A clustering analysis on 744,331 fungal and 1,032,029 bacterial effective sequences resulted in 1,314 operational taxonomic units for the fungi and 10,310 for the bacteria. At each of the 5 locations, the number of common OTUs was significantly greater than that of unique ones. On the other hand, the alpha diversity analysis showed significant differences in microbial composition and abundance among the habitats as the species richness at Habitat Ⅳ, Ⅱ, and Ⅰ were higher than those at Habitat Ⅴ and Ⅲ. The canonical correspondence analysis indicated the soil chemical properties and phenolic acids in the root exudates significantly affected the microbial distribution. Fusarium and other pathogenic fungi were found at all 5 sites with the count of the pathogenic fungi inversely proportional to that of other microbial species, i.e., a possible correlation between Fusarium and the rhizosphere community. Conclusion It appeared that the continuous cropping that frequent fungal diseases on the plants might be significantly associated with the evolution of rhizosphere microbial structure and diversity mediated by the root exudate from P. heterophylla itself.
2021, 36(3): 358-368.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.03.015
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Objective Extraction process of flavonoids from roots of Acanthopanax senticosus plants was optimized by response surface method, and in vitro antioxidant activity of the extract determined. Methods A single factor Box-Benhnken design experiment was conducted to optimize the flavonoid extraction. The antioxidant activity of the extracted flavonoids was measured against DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl free radicals as well as the total reducing capacity and protection of macrophages against oxidative stress. Results The optimized process by a response surface experiment with 4 factors and 3 levels used 55% ethanol at a liquid-solid ratio of 45:1 to extract at 72 ℃ for 73 m. It resulted in a yield of total flavonoids of 24.11±0.17 mg·g−1. The IC50 of the extract on DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl free radicals were 28.38 μg·mL−1, 103.77 μg·mL−1, and 228.70 μg·mL−1, respectively. The extract exhibited a capacity in raising the proliferation of RAW264.7 cells and in protecting against the oxidative damage induced by H2O2. Conclusion The flavonoids extracted from the roots of A. senticosus exhibited significant in vitro antioxidant activities.
2021, 36(3): 369-378.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.03.016
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Objective Utilization of digital images taken by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to quickly and accurately monitor the nitrogen nutrition of winter wheat crops in the field for fertilization management was explored. Method The digital images of field winter wheat at flagging and flowering stages obtained by camera on a UAV along with the agronomic information of the crop on the ground were collected. A correlation analysis on the data was conducted, and the variance inflation factors integrated for index selection. The selected indices sensitive to the variations of nitrogen nutrition indicators (NNIs) and free of co-linearity among themselves were employed to develop a mathematic model on nitrogen nutrition using the partial least square regression method and verified with the collected data for prediction accuracy and applicability. Result The correlation coefficient and variance inflation factor allowed a precise index selection from the digital images. The indices for the winter wheat at flagging stage were thus determined to include b, g/b, (r-g-b)/(r+g), NDI, and WI, while those at flowering stage b, r/b, (r-g-b)/(r+g), and VARI. The coefficient on the model at the flowering stage was 0.008 8 higher, and the root mean square error 0.021 7 lower, than those at the flagging stage. Conclusion Using the UAV digital images of the winter wheat at flagging and flowering stages, a visualized distribution map of the indices was constructed to enable a clear and accurate display of the nitrogen nutrition status of the crop in the field. The results at the flowering stage were considered slightly more sensitive than those obtained at the flagging stage in providing information on fertilization management.
