2012 Vol. 27, No. 4
Display Method:
2012, 27(4): 319-323.
Abstract:
Using 5 CMS-FA sterile lines as female parents and 5 corresponding restorers as male parents, 25 crosses were bred with the incomplete diallel cross design for the experiment. Their parents and F1 generations were planted to generate data on the yield-related traits. By the additive-dominant model and MINQUE (1) method, the genetic correlations among 10 yield-related traits of CMS-FA hybrid rice were analyzed. The results showed significant correlations among the traits. The genetic correlations between the plant height (PH) and seed-set percent (SSP), between the flag-leaf length (FLL) and growth duration (GD) or SSP, between GD and filled grain number per panicle (FGNPP), between SSP and 1000-grain-weight (TGW), and between TGW and yield per plant (YPP) were basically positive and additive.Those between the panicle number per plant (PNPP) and PH, between FLL, total grain number per plant (TGNPP), FGNPP,SSP, and between TGW and TGNPP were mainly negative and additive.There were also significant or very significant positive dominance correlations between traits of PH and panicle length (PL), between FLL, TGNPP, TGW, PL and TGNPP, FGNPP, YPP. Consequently, in breeding, it would be advisable to choose the traits that showed high additive correlations.
Using 5 CMS-FA sterile lines as female parents and 5 corresponding restorers as male parents, 25 crosses were bred with the incomplete diallel cross design for the experiment. Their parents and F1 generations were planted to generate data on the yield-related traits. By the additive-dominant model and MINQUE (1) method, the genetic correlations among 10 yield-related traits of CMS-FA hybrid rice were analyzed. The results showed significant correlations among the traits. The genetic correlations between the plant height (PH) and seed-set percent (SSP), between the flag-leaf length (FLL) and growth duration (GD) or SSP, between GD and filled grain number per panicle (FGNPP), between SSP and 1000-grain-weight (TGW), and between TGW and yield per plant (YPP) were basically positive and additive.Those between the panicle number per plant (PNPP) and PH, between FLL, total grain number per plant (TGNPP), FGNPP,SSP, and between TGW and TGNPP were mainly negative and additive.There were also significant or very significant positive dominance correlations between traits of PH and panicle length (PL), between FLL, TGNPP, TGW, PL and TGNPP, FGNPP, YPP. Consequently, in breeding, it would be advisable to choose the traits that showed high additive correlations.
2012, 27(4): 324-328.
Abstract:
Planting ratoon rice can save on labor, fertilizer and seeds resulting in a financial gain for the farmers. In this study, the yield and major economic characteristics of 11 ratoon rice varieties were evaluated using the grey incidence analysis. The results showed that II-Youhang 1 had the highest equal weighed incidence degree (EWID) as well as the weighed incidence degree (WID), and was considered the most desirable variety for rice ratooning among all. Two other varieties selected were Tianyou 3301 and II Youming 86 in that order. The varieties, II You 1273, Guyoumingzhan and Tianyou 673, had higher WIDs than the control (Shanyou 63). They could be used for ratooning as well. On the other hand, the WIDs of Jyouming 62 and Liangyouhang 2 were low, and therefore not recommended for the purpose.
Planting ratoon rice can save on labor, fertilizer and seeds resulting in a financial gain for the farmers. In this study, the yield and major economic characteristics of 11 ratoon rice varieties were evaluated using the grey incidence analysis. The results showed that II-Youhang 1 had the highest equal weighed incidence degree (EWID) as well as the weighed incidence degree (WID), and was considered the most desirable variety for rice ratooning among all. Two other varieties selected were Tianyou 3301 and II Youming 86 in that order. The varieties, II You 1273, Guyoumingzhan and Tianyou 673, had higher WIDs than the control (Shanyou 63). They could be used for ratooning as well. On the other hand, the WIDs of Jyouming 62 and Liangyouhang 2 were low, and therefore not recommended for the purpose.
2012, 27(4): 329-332.
Abstract:
Changes on endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) content and FaNCED gene expression during fruit development, as well as the effects of exogenous ABA, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) and ethephon applications on the ripening of strawberries (Fragaria ananassa Duch) were studied. The results showed two peaks of ABA content and FaNCED expression during the entire fruit development period, reaching their maximums at the fruit’s red ripening stage. The ABA application increased endogenous ABA and FaNCED gene expression promoting the fruit ripening and softening. On the other hand, NDGA delayed the fruit ripening and softening, while ethephon induced no significant effect.
Changes on endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) content and FaNCED gene expression during fruit development, as well as the effects of exogenous ABA, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) and ethephon applications on the ripening of strawberries (Fragaria ananassa Duch) were studied. The results showed two peaks of ABA content and FaNCED expression during the entire fruit development period, reaching their maximums at the fruit’s red ripening stage. The ABA application increased endogenous ABA and FaNCED gene expression promoting the fruit ripening and softening. On the other hand, NDGA delayed the fruit ripening and softening, while ethephon induced no significant effect.
2012, 27(4): 333-336.
Abstract:
Levodopa (L-dopa) in flowers, stems, leaves, bean pod, testa and cotyledon of different varieties of broad beans was determined by means of HPLC. Effect of drying temperature and bean’s floral color on the L-dopa content was studied. The results showed that the L-dopa content was highest in flowers and lowest in cotyledons, in the order of: flowers > leaves > pod > stem > testa > cotyledons. The L-dopa content in flowers ranged in the order of:white flowers > light violet flowers > purple flowers. The darker the floral color, the lower the L-dopa content became. The drying temperature affected significantly on the L-dopa content in the flowers. At 100℃, the L-dopa content of the dried flowers was only 60% of that in those dried at 40℃, indicating a significant L-dopa reduction due to the high temperature processing condition.
Levodopa (L-dopa) in flowers, stems, leaves, bean pod, testa and cotyledon of different varieties of broad beans was determined by means of HPLC. Effect of drying temperature and bean’s floral color on the L-dopa content was studied. The results showed that the L-dopa content was highest in flowers and lowest in cotyledons, in the order of: flowers > leaves > pod > stem > testa > cotyledons. The L-dopa content in flowers ranged in the order of:white flowers > light violet flowers > purple flowers. The darker the floral color, the lower the L-dopa content became. The drying temperature affected significantly on the L-dopa content in the flowers. At 100℃, the L-dopa content of the dried flowers was only 60% of that in those dried at 40℃, indicating a significant L-dopa reduction due to the high temperature processing condition.
2012, 27(4): 337-342.
Abstract:
Effects of 18 different luffa stocks on main agronomic traits, yield and quality of balsam pears were studied. The results showed that luffa stocks affected the survival rate, first female flower position and elongating rate of the main plant, as well as the female flower’s section rate and the basal stem diameter. They also significantly impacted the yield of balsam pears. Other than that, no significant variations were found on the main agronomic characteristics and fruit appearance of the 6 selected luffa stocks. However, the basal stem diameter was found to be significantly larger than that on the self-rooted balsam pears. The quality evaluation indicated that the grafted balsam pears were higher in protein content and lower in vitamin C than the self-rooted balsam pears, but no significant difference among different stocks. Overall, the Stock-6 (Silver Stock 1) and Stock-14 (Silver Stock 2) were recommended for the balsam pear rootstock.
Effects of 18 different luffa stocks on main agronomic traits, yield and quality of balsam pears were studied. The results showed that luffa stocks affected the survival rate, first female flower position and elongating rate of the main plant, as well as the female flower’s section rate and the basal stem diameter. They also significantly impacted the yield of balsam pears. Other than that, no significant variations were found on the main agronomic characteristics and fruit appearance of the 6 selected luffa stocks. However, the basal stem diameter was found to be significantly larger than that on the self-rooted balsam pears. The quality evaluation indicated that the grafted balsam pears were higher in protein content and lower in vitamin C than the self-rooted balsam pears, but no significant difference among different stocks. Overall, the Stock-6 (Silver Stock 1) and Stock-14 (Silver Stock 2) were recommended for the balsam pear rootstock.
2012, 27(4): 343-349.
Abstract:
An optimization experiment was conducted on the waxapple cultivars, Nong Ke NO 1. Genomic DNA was extracted from the young leaves using the modified CTAB method. Orthogonal design was applied to optimize ISSR-PCR amplification of the waxapple with 5 factors, including Mg2+,dNTPs,primer,Taq DNA polymerase and template DNA, at 4 levels. An optimal reaction system (25 μL) was established, i. e., 2.0 μL 10×buffer (Mg2+ free),3.0 mmol·L-1 Mg2+,0.2 mmol·L-1 dNTPs,0.4 μmol·L-1 primer,1.5 U Taq DNA polymerase and 30 ng template DNA. Waxapple cultivars, Nong Ke NO 1 and Nong Ke NO 2, were used to challenge the optimized reaction system and select primers. The results indicated that the system was stable and 12 primers were selected.
An optimization experiment was conducted on the waxapple cultivars, Nong Ke NO 1. Genomic DNA was extracted from the young leaves using the modified CTAB method. Orthogonal design was applied to optimize ISSR-PCR amplification of the waxapple with 5 factors, including Mg2+,dNTPs,primer,Taq DNA polymerase and template DNA, at 4 levels. An optimal reaction system (25 μL) was established, i. e., 2.0 μL 10×buffer (Mg2+ free),3.0 mmol·L-1 Mg2+,0.2 mmol·L-1 dNTPs,0.4 μmol·L-1 primer,1.5 U Taq DNA polymerase and 30 ng template DNA. Waxapple cultivars, Nong Ke NO 1 and Nong Ke NO 2, were used to challenge the optimized reaction system and select primers. The results indicated that the system was stable and 12 primers were selected.
2012, 27(4): 350-354.
Abstract:
Residues in teas and half-life of the insecticide, Propargite, were tested. Propargite degraded ranging from 94.92% to 98.43% on green teas and 63.73% to 87.97% on Oolong teas 15 days after the insecticide was sprayed at 365-1 460 mg稬-1 dilutions. Thus, Propargite had a shorter half-life, higher degradation rate and less residues left on the green teas than the Oolong teas. In addition, it was found that the level of Propargite residues differed by the regions, where the Oolong teas were grown. The primary reason for the variation might be due to the difference in tea varieties of varied growth rates. According to this study, the spraying of Propargite could be held 15 days prior to harvest for the green teas, which is what stipulated by the national regulation. On the other hand, for the Oolong teas, the lead time seemingly should be more than 15 days to be safe.
Residues in teas and half-life of the insecticide, Propargite, were tested. Propargite degraded ranging from 94.92% to 98.43% on green teas and 63.73% to 87.97% on Oolong teas 15 days after the insecticide was sprayed at 365-1 460 mg稬-1 dilutions. Thus, Propargite had a shorter half-life, higher degradation rate and less residues left on the green teas than the Oolong teas. In addition, it was found that the level of Propargite residues differed by the regions, where the Oolong teas were grown. The primary reason for the variation might be due to the difference in tea varieties of varied growth rates. According to this study, the spraying of Propargite could be held 15 days prior to harvest for the green teas, which is what stipulated by the national regulation. On the other hand, for the Oolong teas, the lead time seemingly should be more than 15 days to be safe.
2012, 27(4): 355-362.
Abstract:
The commercially available predatory mites, Neoseiulus cucumeris, were released along with pesticide spray to control Bemisia tabaci on eggplants in a greenhouse test. The experimentation was designed to compare the effect of the two pest control methods on the vertical distribution and population of B. tabaci. The results showed that an aggregated distribution of the whitefly population in the middle and at the bottom parts of the eggplant plants was observed when the chemical control method was applied, but an evenly dispersed insect distribution was seen when the biocontrol was implemented. Pesticide could only control the whitefly nymphs and adults at the top part of the eggplants. On the other hand, N. cucumeris would apparently attack the insects throughout the entire plant, especially the adults in the area near the bottom part of the plant. The result could be taken as another reason to promote the biological, instead of chemical, pest control measures in agricultural practices.
The commercially available predatory mites, Neoseiulus cucumeris, were released along with pesticide spray to control Bemisia tabaci on eggplants in a greenhouse test. The experimentation was designed to compare the effect of the two pest control methods on the vertical distribution and population of B. tabaci. The results showed that an aggregated distribution of the whitefly population in the middle and at the bottom parts of the eggplant plants was observed when the chemical control method was applied, but an evenly dispersed insect distribution was seen when the biocontrol was implemented. Pesticide could only control the whitefly nymphs and adults at the top part of the eggplants. On the other hand, N. cucumeris would apparently attack the insects throughout the entire plant, especially the adults in the area near the bottom part of the plant. The result could be taken as another reason to promote the biological, instead of chemical, pest control measures in agricultural practices.
2012, 27(4): 363-366.
Abstract:
By using the specific primers designed on the basis of conserved sequences of coat protein (CP) gene, a multiplex PCR protocol for the detection of three main viruses (i.e., Freesia mosaic virus, FreMV, Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV and Bean yellow mosaic virus,BYMV) in freesia was developed. Three specific fragments were simultaneously amplified in a single PCR reaction. Their molecular weights were determined to be 340 bp, 628 bp and 212 bp. The sequence analysis indicated that the three viruses shared at least 97 percent homology with other related viruses. The method’s sensitivity was shown to be capable of positively identifying the three viruses with≥10-2 mg of freesia tissue sample.
By using the specific primers designed on the basis of conserved sequences of coat protein (CP) gene, a multiplex PCR protocol for the detection of three main viruses (i.e., Freesia mosaic virus, FreMV, Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV and Bean yellow mosaic virus,BYMV) in freesia was developed. Three specific fragments were simultaneously amplified in a single PCR reaction. Their molecular weights were determined to be 340 bp, 628 bp and 212 bp. The sequence analysis indicated that the three viruses shared at least 97 percent homology with other related viruses. The method’s sensitivity was shown to be capable of positively identifying the three viruses with≥10-2 mg of freesia tissue sample.
2012, 27(4): 367-372.
Abstract:
The Zhou, Martin, Bourrain and Kit methods were used to extract microbial DNA in paddy soil. They were evaluated based on the amplification of bacterial 16S rRNA V3 variable region amplified by the primer pair GC338f-530R and the fungal 18S rRNA region amplified by the primer pair NS1-GCFung and the subsequent DGGE analysis of amplified products. The results showed that the Martin and the Kit methods satisfied the analytical requirements of soil microbial diversity. The Kit method was simpler and faster, and the quality of its extracted DNA higher, but the yield and purity of DNA extracted were lower and the cost greater than the Martin method. However, the deficiencies did not appear to impose significant negative effect on the PCR amplification and DGGE analysis that followed.
The Zhou, Martin, Bourrain and Kit methods were used to extract microbial DNA in paddy soil. They were evaluated based on the amplification of bacterial 16S rRNA V3 variable region amplified by the primer pair GC338f-530R and the fungal 18S rRNA region amplified by the primer pair NS1-GCFung and the subsequent DGGE analysis of amplified products. The results showed that the Martin and the Kit methods satisfied the analytical requirements of soil microbial diversity. The Kit method was simpler and faster, and the quality of its extracted DNA higher, but the yield and purity of DNA extracted were lower and the cost greater than the Martin method. However, the deficiencies did not appear to impose significant negative effect on the PCR amplification and DGGE analysis that followed.
2012, 27(4): 373-378.
Abstract:
Surface soils of vegetable plots in Fuzhou suburbs were sampled for this study. A simulated continuous leaching test on the soils was conducted to examine the soil-water phosphorus correlation. The results clearly indicated that CaCl2-P and organic P in the soil correlated very significantly to the concentration and accumulation of dissolved P (DTP). Thus, CaCl2-P and organic P were considered excellent indices for the risk evaluation on soil phosphorus leaching. At DTP concentration of 0.05 mg L-1 as the critical value for eutrophication, the CaCl2-P and organic P threshold values for phosphorus leaching in vegetable soils were 14.1 mg穔g-1 and 205.8 mg穔g-1, respectively. According to Hesketh (2000), the "change-point" concentration of the Olsen-P for the vegetable soils was determined to be 96.6 mg穔g-1.
Surface soils of vegetable plots in Fuzhou suburbs were sampled for this study. A simulated continuous leaching test on the soils was conducted to examine the soil-water phosphorus correlation. The results clearly indicated that CaCl2-P and organic P in the soil correlated very significantly to the concentration and accumulation of dissolved P (DTP). Thus, CaCl2-P and organic P were considered excellent indices for the risk evaluation on soil phosphorus leaching. At DTP concentration of 0.05 mg L-1 as the critical value for eutrophication, the CaCl2-P and organic P threshold values for phosphorus leaching in vegetable soils were 14.1 mg穔g-1 and 205.8 mg穔g-1, respectively. According to Hesketh (2000), the "change-point" concentration of the Olsen-P for the vegetable soils was determined to be 96.6 mg穔g-1.
2012, 27(4): 379-384.
Abstract:
Ten tea gardens in eastern Fujian were tested for their soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphor, exchangeable kalium, exchangeable magnesium, exchangeable calcium, available manganese, available cuprum, available boron and available zinc for the quality determination. These indices were subjected to the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. The IFI value significantly correlated with the yield of the spring tea. Hence, the soil fertility could be well defined by using these indices. The fertility of the tea gardens in the eastern Fujian regions was above average, that is, 60% of them were higher and 40% lower than the national average.
Ten tea gardens in eastern Fujian were tested for their soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphor, exchangeable kalium, exchangeable magnesium, exchangeable calcium, available manganese, available cuprum, available boron and available zinc for the quality determination. These indices were subjected to the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. The IFI value significantly correlated with the yield of the spring tea. Hence, the soil fertility could be well defined by using these indices. The fertility of the tea gardens in the eastern Fujian regions was above average, that is, 60% of them were higher and 40% lower than the national average.
2012, 27(4): 385-388.
Abstract:
Effects of 3 different Fertilizers(organic fertilizers ‘chuantian’,‘shengda’ and chicken manure)in two treatments(5,10 kg·plant-1) on the main quality indexes of persimmon cv. ‘Zaohong’, such as titratable acid, Vitamin C, soluble sugar and soluble solids, were studied. The results showed that vitamin C, soluble sugar and soluble solids contents in persimmon fruits with treatments of 3 organic fertilizers increased significantly and titratable acid contents decreased obviously. These results suggested that the effect of ‘chuantian’ organic fertilizer on the fruit quality was better in this study,among the treatment of ‘chanting’ organic fertilezen 10 kg·plant-1 had the best effect.
Effects of 3 different Fertilizers(organic fertilizers ‘chuantian’,‘shengda’ and chicken manure)in two treatments(5,10 kg·plant-1) on the main quality indexes of persimmon cv. ‘Zaohong’, such as titratable acid, Vitamin C, soluble sugar and soluble solids, were studied. The results showed that vitamin C, soluble sugar and soluble solids contents in persimmon fruits with treatments of 3 organic fertilizers increased significantly and titratable acid contents decreased obviously. These results suggested that the effect of ‘chuantian’ organic fertilizer on the fruit quality was better in this study,among the treatment of ‘chanting’ organic fertilezen 10 kg·plant-1 had the best effect.
2012, 27(4): 389-393.
Abstract:
A study on high quality ginger storage was conducted to provide a storing technique with low brine concentration and low temperature of a year-round ginger supply. Using Dioscorea zingiberensis as raw material, the effect of 6%~12% brine concentration on raw ginger processing quality, main nutrient components, nitrite content production and cellular structure was studied by treating with less brine concentration under low temperature, compared with the control group of ginger which treated in 20% salt solution. The result showed that the optimal treatment was the raw ginger salted in 10% salt solution under low temperature which could make the yield rate be up to 94.7%, the brittleness be up to 0.93Mpa, the contents of total anthocyanins, gingerols and curcumin were separately 1.22 mg穔g-1, 213.45 mg穔g-1, 53.47 mg穔g-1 higher than those of control treatment, and low nitrite generated (2.25 mg穔g-1), thus the composite quality indicator of this treatment group was the most ideal. By the observation of the cellular structure of treated ginger, this conclusion could get theory support at cells microscopic level.
A study on high quality ginger storage was conducted to provide a storing technique with low brine concentration and low temperature of a year-round ginger supply. Using Dioscorea zingiberensis as raw material, the effect of 6%~12% brine concentration on raw ginger processing quality, main nutrient components, nitrite content production and cellular structure was studied by treating with less brine concentration under low temperature, compared with the control group of ginger which treated in 20% salt solution. The result showed that the optimal treatment was the raw ginger salted in 10% salt solution under low temperature which could make the yield rate be up to 94.7%, the brittleness be up to 0.93Mpa, the contents of total anthocyanins, gingerols and curcumin were separately 1.22 mg穔g-1, 213.45 mg穔g-1, 53.47 mg穔g-1 higher than those of control treatment, and low nitrite generated (2.25 mg穔g-1), thus the composite quality indicator of this treatment group was the most ideal. By the observation of the cellular structure of treated ginger, this conclusion could get theory support at cells microscopic level.
2012, 27(4): 394-399.
Abstract:
6-Phogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH, EC 1.1.1.44)is one of the key enzymes in the pentose phosphate pathway(PPP). In this study, the 6-phogluconate dehydrogenase gene (gnd) of Aspergillus oryzae CICC2012 was cloned by means of PCR. Subsequently, the bioinformatic methodology was applied to determine the amino acid sequence homology, phylogenetic trees, physical-chemical properties and protein structure of the gene. The results revealed the gene’s length to be 1 723 bp, which encompassed an open reading frame with 1 551 bp encoding 516 amino acids. The 6PGDH encoded by gnd showed a 99% homology with the 6PGDH gene of Aspergillus flavus, which had 11 serine phosphorylation sites, 2 threonine phosphorylation sites and 6 tyrosine phosphorylation sites. The 6PGDH had a molecular weight of 57.3 kD and an isoelectric point of 5.63. The secondary structure of the gnd protein was 44.57% alpha helix, 12.79% beta sheet and 42.64% random coil. The 11-195 amino acid residues appeared to be the NADP+ binding sites.
6-Phogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH, EC 1.1.1.44)is one of the key enzymes in the pentose phosphate pathway(PPP). In this study, the 6-phogluconate dehydrogenase gene (gnd) of Aspergillus oryzae CICC2012 was cloned by means of PCR. Subsequently, the bioinformatic methodology was applied to determine the amino acid sequence homology, phylogenetic trees, physical-chemical properties and protein structure of the gene. The results revealed the gene’s length to be 1 723 bp, which encompassed an open reading frame with 1 551 bp encoding 516 amino acids. The 6PGDH encoded by gnd showed a 99% homology with the 6PGDH gene of Aspergillus flavus, which had 11 serine phosphorylation sites, 2 threonine phosphorylation sites and 6 tyrosine phosphorylation sites. The 6PGDH had a molecular weight of 57.3 kD and an isoelectric point of 5.63. The secondary structure of the gnd protein was 44.57% alpha helix, 12.79% beta sheet and 42.64% random coil. The 11-195 amino acid residues appeared to be the NADP+ binding sites.
2012, 27(4): 400-404.
Abstract:
Development of Pleurotus geesteranus Singer mycelia in the submerged medium containing 3 μg added selenium (Se) per mL was studied in a 3×10 L auto-control fermentor. Biological characteristics, culture environment and medium nutrition including the diameter and density of the mycelial spheres, as well as the pH, DO, total soluble sugar and protein of the medium were monitored to determine the effect of the selenium addition. The results showed that (a) the mycelial growth was basically the same with or without the Se addition, (b) the biomass as well as the sphere’s diameter and density increased with incubation time, and (c) a significant correlation existed among the factors. At the end of 72h culture, the biomass in CK and Se groups were 1.92 and 1.81 mg·mL-1, respectively; the Se content of mycelium in the treatment group was 45.37 mg·kg-1 with an Se bioconversion efficiency of 53.37%. During incubation, the total soluble sugar in the culture medium slowly increased initially followed by a decline, but the total soluble protein remained constant on a decreasing trend.
Development of Pleurotus geesteranus Singer mycelia in the submerged medium containing 3 μg added selenium (Se) per mL was studied in a 3×10 L auto-control fermentor. Biological characteristics, culture environment and medium nutrition including the diameter and density of the mycelial spheres, as well as the pH, DO, total soluble sugar and protein of the medium were monitored to determine the effect of the selenium addition. The results showed that (a) the mycelial growth was basically the same with or without the Se addition, (b) the biomass as well as the sphere’s diameter and density increased with incubation time, and (c) a significant correlation existed among the factors. At the end of 72h culture, the biomass in CK and Se groups were 1.92 and 1.81 mg·mL-1, respectively; the Se content of mycelium in the treatment group was 45.37 mg·kg-1 with an Se bioconversion efficiency of 53.37%. During incubation, the total soluble sugar in the culture medium slowly increased initially followed by a decline, but the total soluble protein remained constant on a decreasing trend.
2012, 27(4): 405-408.
Abstract:
To produce a ready-to-eat, preservative-free ginger root product, a non-thermal pasteurization applying ozone in water at pH 3.0 was developed. The sterilization effect by the ozone treatment was studied. Both of the curves of ozone solubility in water and seasoning liquid fitted the Logistic model. The ozone saturation concentrations in water and the seasoning liquid at 16-17℃ were 0.852 mg·L-1 and 1.920 mg·L-1, respectively. Ozone was fed at a rate of 33.34 mg·min-1·L-1. Ginger roots were submerged in water at pH 3.0 and in the seasoning liquid with the ozone-feeding for 15 and 20 minutes. The bacteria, mould and yeast counts in the product were less than 10 CFU·g-1 yielding a sterilization rate of greater than 99.9%. The hygiene index of the ready-to-eat ginger product met the standards for pickles stipulated under GB 2714-2003.
To produce a ready-to-eat, preservative-free ginger root product, a non-thermal pasteurization applying ozone in water at pH 3.0 was developed. The sterilization effect by the ozone treatment was studied. Both of the curves of ozone solubility in water and seasoning liquid fitted the Logistic model. The ozone saturation concentrations in water and the seasoning liquid at 16-17℃ were 0.852 mg·L-1 and 1.920 mg·L-1, respectively. Ozone was fed at a rate of 33.34 mg·min-1·L-1. Ginger roots were submerged in water at pH 3.0 and in the seasoning liquid with the ozone-feeding for 15 and 20 minutes. The bacteria, mould and yeast counts in the product were less than 10 CFU·g-1 yielding a sterilization rate of greater than 99.9%. The hygiene index of the ready-to-eat ginger product met the standards for pickles stipulated under GB 2714-2003.
2012, 27(4): 409-416.
Abstract:
Amino acid content of the alkali solution of feather meals was determined using an automatic amino acid analyzer. Extraction by ethanol, water or HCl was applied prior to amino acid analysis for optimization of the methodology. When 80% ethanol was used at pH 3.3 in a 90℃ water bath for the extraction, all 18 amino acids could be detected. The total amino acid content obtained by the ethanol method was 4.5 times and 5.4 times higher than the water and HCl method, respectively. The content of the individual amino acids obtained by the method increased in proportion with the protein concentration. The analytical results could be used to indicate the degree of feather hydrolysis.
Amino acid content of the alkali solution of feather meals was determined using an automatic amino acid analyzer. Extraction by ethanol, water or HCl was applied prior to amino acid analysis for optimization of the methodology. When 80% ethanol was used at pH 3.3 in a 90℃ water bath for the extraction, all 18 amino acids could be detected. The total amino acid content obtained by the ethanol method was 4.5 times and 5.4 times higher than the water and HCl method, respectively. The content of the individual amino acids obtained by the method increased in proportion with the protein concentration. The analytical results could be used to indicate the degree of feather hydrolysis.
2012, 27(4): 417-421.
Abstract:
Based on their phenophase characteristics, biological yield, adaptability and morphological features, four Lolium multiflorum varieties in Fuzhou and Qingliu were evaluated for their suitability for extended cultivation in the province. The results showed that all four varieties, especially L. maximus and L hercules, grew normally in the region. They could be harvested 5 times a year at their jointing stage. The annual yield of the fresh forage was 85.1-101.6 t穐m-2.
Based on their phenophase characteristics, biological yield, adaptability and morphological features, four Lolium multiflorum varieties in Fuzhou and Qingliu were evaluated for their suitability for extended cultivation in the province. The results showed that all four varieties, especially L. maximus and L hercules, grew normally in the region. They could be harvested 5 times a year at their jointing stage. The annual yield of the fresh forage was 85.1-101.6 t穐m-2.
2012, 27(4): 422-426.
Abstract:
Anthraquinone content of Cassia spp. seeds from Fujian was determined using UV visible spectrophotometry and HPLC.Indices for the seed’s medicinal quality were analyzed. The results showed that the anthraquinone composition of the seeds varied significantly from sample to sample. For instance, the contents of aurantio-obtusin and rhein in C. obtusifolia were 1.383 and 0.557 mg·g-1, respectively. Chrysophanol in C.tora was the highest among all tested species at 1.310 mg·g-1. The contents of C.bicapsularis and C. occidentalis were 1.850 and 1.310 mg·g-1, respectively. Aurantio-obtusin, rhein,emodin, chrysophanol and physcion were not found in the seeds of C. alata, C.nictitans and C.rotundifolia. The correlation coefficient between rhein and chrysophanol was 0.809, while that between rhein and aurantio-obtusin was 0.749. The variation coefficient of among different Cassia species was the greatest at 0.302, while that of aurantio-obtusin was 0.278.
Anthraquinone content of Cassia spp. seeds from Fujian was determined using UV visible spectrophotometry and HPLC.Indices for the seed’s medicinal quality were analyzed. The results showed that the anthraquinone composition of the seeds varied significantly from sample to sample. For instance, the contents of aurantio-obtusin and rhein in C. obtusifolia were 1.383 and 0.557 mg·g-1, respectively. Chrysophanol in C.tora was the highest among all tested species at 1.310 mg·g-1. The contents of C.bicapsularis and C. occidentalis were 1.850 and 1.310 mg·g-1, respectively. Aurantio-obtusin, rhein,emodin, chrysophanol and physcion were not found in the seeds of C. alata, C.nictitans and C.rotundifolia. The correlation coefficient between rhein and chrysophanol was 0.809, while that between rhein and aurantio-obtusin was 0.749. The variation coefficient of among different Cassia species was the greatest at 0.302, while that of aurantio-obtusin was 0.278.
2012, 27(4): 427-431.
Abstract:
Firstly,this paper introduces the key technological points of the intelligent biogas engineering system by taking Xin-xing seed-pig pig farms as an example,including pH monitoring system of acidification tank and biogas digester,intelligent feeding system, heating system for FRP digester, bio-gas automatic mixing system, gas flowing metering system and internet remote control system.Then,it takes a comparison of the cost and gas production rate between intelligent biogas engineering and traditional biogas engineering, the result showing that: for the long-term sustainable operation of biogas engineering, intelligent biogas engineering is more according with the cost-benefit principle; technology system of intelligent biogas engineering can create the best environment for biogas fermentation, thus it can get the highest efficiency of gas production.
Firstly,this paper introduces the key technological points of the intelligent biogas engineering system by taking Xin-xing seed-pig pig farms as an example,including pH monitoring system of acidification tank and biogas digester,intelligent feeding system, heating system for FRP digester, bio-gas automatic mixing system, gas flowing metering system and internet remote control system.Then,it takes a comparison of the cost and gas production rate between intelligent biogas engineering and traditional biogas engineering, the result showing that: for the long-term sustainable operation of biogas engineering, intelligent biogas engineering is more according with the cost-benefit principle; technology system of intelligent biogas engineering can create the best environment for biogas fermentation, thus it can get the highest efficiency of gas production.
2012, 27(4): 432-436.
Abstract:
Algae carbon constitutes an important part in fishery carbon sinks. Three algae development scenarios, namely, the baseline, kelp positive and kelp negative, were designed to evaluate their effect on fishery carbon sinks. The results showed that, in comparison with the baseline scenario, the kelp positive type increased, while the kelp negative type reduced the carbon sink. The kelp positive type would aggregate algae carbon sinks to reach 1.189 million tons in 2020. That would be 152.75 tons more than the baseline could provide. It was, therefore, speculated that kelp aquaculture could be applied as an important means for increasing the fishery carbon sink.
Algae carbon constitutes an important part in fishery carbon sinks. Three algae development scenarios, namely, the baseline, kelp positive and kelp negative, were designed to evaluate their effect on fishery carbon sinks. The results showed that, in comparison with the baseline scenario, the kelp positive type increased, while the kelp negative type reduced the carbon sink. The kelp positive type would aggregate algae carbon sinks to reach 1.189 million tons in 2020. That would be 152.75 tons more than the baseline could provide. It was, therefore, speculated that kelp aquaculture could be applied as an important means for increasing the fishery carbon sink.
2012, 27(4): 437-442.
Abstract:
In the past 6 years, 278 pesticide products adulterated with unregistered substances were reviewed. The greatest number of these products was insecticides, and their formulations belonged mostly to the emulsified EC and water-soluble powder WP. They were registered for applications on vegetables, fruits, tea,rice and cotton. The adulterants were frequently organophosphorous and pyrethroids. Some of these products claimed to control the same pests as do the legal products, while other might even extend their coverage. Possible harms of the illegal act are discussed and recommendations to alleviate such practice by measures including enforcing product monitoring on the market, establishing standards and regulations and increasing penalty for violators are discussed.
In the past 6 years, 278 pesticide products adulterated with unregistered substances were reviewed. The greatest number of these products was insecticides, and their formulations belonged mostly to the emulsified EC and water-soluble powder WP. They were registered for applications on vegetables, fruits, tea,rice and cotton. The adulterants were frequently organophosphorous and pyrethroids. Some of these products claimed to control the same pests as do the legal products, while other might even extend their coverage. Possible harms of the illegal act are discussed and recommendations to alleviate such practice by measures including enforcing product monitoring on the market, establishing standards and regulations and increasing penalty for violators are discussed.
2012, 27(4): 443-451.
Abstract:
Ecosystem service is vital for the survival of living beings on this planet. This paper reviews the recent domestic and foreign studies relating to the definition, content, methodologies, evaluation and research progress of the ecosystem services. Suggestions for further studies are also presented.
Ecosystem service is vital for the survival of living beings on this planet. This paper reviews the recent domestic and foreign studies relating to the definition, content, methodologies, evaluation and research progress of the ecosystem services. Suggestions for further studies are also presented.
2012, 27(4): 452-456.
Abstract:
Rice false smut is one of the most serious diseases on rice worldwide. This paper reviews the recent achievements in the research on its occurrence, distribution, pathogen’s biological characteristic, infection, and circulation. Also included are the selection of disease resistant materials and resistant gene mapping, as well as the existing problems and direction of further studies on the disease.
Rice false smut is one of the most serious diseases on rice worldwide. This paper reviews the recent achievements in the research on its occurrence, distribution, pathogen’s biological characteristic, infection, and circulation. Also included are the selection of disease resistant materials and resistant gene mapping, as well as the existing problems and direction of further studies on the disease.
