2024 Vol. 39, No. 7
Display Method:
2024, 39(7): 753-758.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.07.001
Abstract:
Objective A rapid method applying the recombinase-aided amplification (RAA) method for detecting porcine pseudorabies virus (PRV) was developed. Methods Based on the sequence of gE gene in PRV, specific primers and probes were designed. Amplification conditions were optimized, and assay specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility scrutinized by a verification trial on clinical samples. Results The newly developed assay successfully amplified the PRV nucleic acids in merely 23m under the constant temperature of 43 ℃ with a detection limit of 111 copies·μL−1. There were no cross reactions with viruses that produced reproductive and respiratory syndromes, epidemic diarrhea, rotavirus, transmissible gastroenteritis, circovirus 2, or circovirus 3 on pigs. The coefficients of variation within a group and between groups on the repeatability test were less than 5%. And, on 40 clinical samples, the positive detection on PRV of the assay was 15% (6/40), which was comparable to that of the conventional PCR. Conclusion A simple, rapid, efficient, and accurate method of fluorescence RAA detection on PRV was established for laboratory testing and epidemiological investigation of the disease.
2024, 39(7): 759-765.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.07.002
Abstract:
Objective A high-yield and high-quality soybean for fresh consumption suitable to be cultivated in Fujian was bred to meet the market demand. Method In a sexual hybridization, Zhexian 12 was selected as the female parent and Jiaoda 18 as the male parent to breed varieties of the target soybeans. Result A line exhibiting the desirable genetic inheritance from the parents was code-named 17B34-2-1. In the winter of 2019, the average yield of fresh pods from the new soybean variety was 11753.40 kg·hm−2, which was significantly 15.00% higher than that of Maodou No. 3 (CK). It was, subsequently, named Mindou No. 13 which delivered an average fresh pod yield of 11348.40 kg·hm−2 representing an increase of 4.07% over CK in the 2020 and 2021 Fujian Provincial Regional Trials. It was officially certified by the Fujian Provincial Committee on Crop Variety Identification in July 2022. Conclusion The newly bred Mindou No. 13 was a widely adaptable, mid-season crop suitable for spring planting in Fujian that gave high yield of fresh beans with appealing eating quality.
2024, 39(7): 766-774.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.07.003
Abstract:
Objective Effects of one-time application of controlled-release bulk blending fertilizer (CRBF) on the grain yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency of double-cropping rice farming in tropical regions were studied. Method Field experiments were carried out in Fengmu Town, Tunchang County and Dongcheng Town, Danzhou City in Hainan Province during 2016 rice growing season. The conventional fertilization applied in 3 separate times (T1) was implemented along with one-time applications of CRBF without N reduction (T2), with 10% N reduction (T3), and with 20% N reduction (T4). Grain yield, N uptake, and N utilization efficiency on the double-cropping rice cultivation were determined at harvest. Result The one-time applications of CRBF promoted N absorption and dry matter accumulation with improved grain yield and N utilization of the rice plants. In comparison to T1, they increased 7.43%–22.84% on the grain yield, 8.22%–22.39% on the above-ground dry matter accumulation, 12.19%–32.06% on the N accumulation, and 31.67%–75.65% on the N recovery efficiency based on an equal N input of CRBF. Except for the yield of early rice at Dongcheng site, the differences were significant. Moreover, T2 also surpassed T3 and T4 mostly on grain yield, dry matter, and N content as well as N recovery efficiency. Conclusion By applying CRBF once annually for the base fertilization, the grain production and N fertilizer utilization of rice plants were significantly improved over the conventional practice. Furthermore, a 10%–20% reduction on N fertilizer did not significantly lower the grain yield. Thus, the application not only simplified the operation but also benefitted the grain production and conserved N for the double cropping rice farming in the tropical regions.
2024, 39(7): 775-784.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.07.004
Abstract:
Objective SSRs in the transcriptome of Nymphaea Paul Stetson flowers were studied to generate new markers for evaluating germplasms and facilitating breeding of tropical waterlilies. Method SSR loci were retrieved from the transcriptomes of floral pistils, stamens, and petals of Nymphaea Paul Stetson using MISA. Characteristics of the loci were analyzed by Excel, and primers designed by Primer 3.0 and screened by TP-M13-SSR PCR. Result There were 12365 SSR loci found in the 39079 unigenes of the transcriptome at the frequency of 31.64% averaging one SSR locus per 5.79 kb. Most of the SSR loci had dinucleotide repeat motifs comprising 71.85% of total with AG/CT being the dominant unit that made up 61.34% of the motifs. Trinucleotide repeat motifs accounted for 26.10% of the sites with AAG/CTT being dominant at 8.30%. The repeating frequency was 5–20 times with a sequence of 12–30 bp averaging 18.38 bp long. Of the 9212 pairs of primers designed, 100 were randomly selected for a validation by PCR amplification to arrive at 9 pairs with high polymorphism being used as the markers. Subsequently, the 12 germplasms were clustered into 3 branches under a genetic similarity coefficient of 0.7375. Conclusion The SSR loci in the Nymphaea Paul Stetson transcriptome were high on distribution frequency, rich in diversity, greatly polymorphic, and desirable for applications. The 9 pairs of SSR primers identified in this study extended the existing marker repertoire facilitating effective germplasm differentiation on waterlilies.
Passion Fruit Ripening Stages Divided by Logistic Growth Model with Multiple Quantifiable Indicators
2024, 39(7): 785-793.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.07.005
Abstract:
Objective To effectively determine the summer growth and development as well as the fruit formation and maturation of passion fruit applying logistic model was studied. Method Physiochemical parameters including transverse and longitudinal diameters, solid to acid ratio, pulp percentage, pericarp thickness, and firmness of Qinmi No. 9 passion fruit were monitored as the plant grew and fruit developed. A logistic growth model incorporating those quantifiable indicators was evaluated to classify the fruit maturity stages by a factor analysis. Result In terms of longitudinal and transverse diameters, the passion fruit grew in a slow-fast-slow pattern. Once the effective accumulated temperature in growth degree days (GDD) reached 440 ℃·d, the fruit essentially had completed the enlargement stage. Thereafter, the solid to acid ratio and pulp yield of the fruit were in an S-shape trend, while the peel thickness and fruit firmness in a declining cubic function. A significant correlation was observed between the indicators and GDD. With the factor analysis-generated assessment index, IM, the mathematic model built with the logistic growth function showed a high fitting of 99.25% on fruit maturity. Three growth transition points, t1, t2, and t3, distinctively separated the fruit development into (A) the pulp weight gaining stage with a GDD of 475–736 ℃·d, (B) the color-changing stage with a GDD of 736–997 ℃·d, and (C) the ripening stage with a GDD of 997–1200 ℃·d. Conclusion The analysis based on the selected quantitative physiochemical indicators effectively divided the maturation of Qinmi No. 9 passion fruit into the pulp weight gaining, color-changing, and ripening stages. The result would facilitate the design of automated fruit picking and storage management.
2024, 39(7): 794-800.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.07.006
Abstract:
Objective Effects of biochar application on the physiology of Fokienia hodginsii seedlings under drought stress and enzyme activities in the soil were investigated. Method Corn-stalk biochar was added in varied rates to the irrigation-controlled potting soil in cultivating one-year-old F. hodginsii seedlings. Growth and osmotic regulator contents of the seedlings as well as enzyme activities in soils containing the biochar at 20 g·kg−1 (T1), 50 g·kg−1 (T2), or 80 g·kg−1 (T3) along with a blank control (CK) were determined. Result (1) All biochar applications significantly promoted the seedling growth and biomass accumulation (P＜0.05) with T2 showing the greatest increases on plant height, root diameter, and per plant biomass. (2) Under draught, the contents of soluble sugar, soluble protein, and proline in the seedlings of the treatment groups increased initially followed by a decline. In 42 d, soluble sugar and proline peaked, so did soluble protein in 56 d. The overall effect by the treatments ranked T2＞T1＞T3＞CK. The seedlings grown on T2 had 50.7% more soluble sugar, 127% more soluble protein, and 54.4% more proline than those on CK. (3) The treatments also significantly elevated the enzyme activities in soil (P＜0.05). Specifically, urease activity reached the maximum in 70d, catalase, nitrate reductase, and sucrase activities in 42d, and sucrase content in 56 d. Of all treatments, the effects ranked T2＞T1＞T3＞CK. Again, T2 was the top performer. Conclusion Short of adequate water supply, biochar addition at a rate of 50 g·kg−1 significantly boosted the enzyme activity in the soil and benefitted the growth and stress resistance of the seedlings grown in the field. On the other hand, an addition beyond that level could be detrimental.
2024, 39(7): 801-809.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.07.007
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the effects of pulsed electric field on the photosynthetic electron transport and ability to release negative air ions (NAIs) of Agave americana were investigated. Method Chlorophyll content, rapid chlorophyll fluorescence kinetic functions (OJIP curve), chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and NAI concentration of A. americana var. Marginata exposed to a pulsed electric field at 0 kV (CK), 5 kV (T1), or 7 kV (T2) were determined. Result (1) T1 and T2 significantly increased the chlorophyll content over CK by 6.30% and 6.70%, respectively. (2) The OJIP curves had higher deflection (I) and peak (P) than the origin (O) and inflection point (J), a flatter upward trend on I-P than on O-J, and a greater than 0 J-band with the peak of T2 higher than that of T1. (3) T1 and T2 also caused the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters to generally rise on the peak fluorescence intensity (Fm) and energy captured by unit reaction center (TRo/CSo), fall on the PSⅡ light, system potential activity (Fv/Fo), and number of electron transmitters on PSⅡ acceptor side (Sm), and maintain a stable maximum light quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm) as well as fluorescence at J-step (Vj). The performance index based on light energy absorption (PIabs) decreased with an 18.60% reduction by T1 and 14.1% by T2. The comprehensive performance parameter (PItotal) under CK was greater than that under T1 or T2. (4) After a 4h treatment, the NAI concentration increased 87.60% under T1 and 62.09% under T2 from an hour previously. And, during that time, the concentrations differed significantly between T1 and T2, as well as in comparison with CK. Conclusion Exposure to a pulsed electric field significantly affected the photosynthetic electron transport and NAIs releasing of A. americana. The findings disclosed a means to identify potentially applicable germplasms and a physical treatment to enrich the unique biological function of the plant.
2024, 39(7): 810-818.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.07.008
Abstract:
Objective Mating type and fungicides for effective control of Phytophthora colocasiae that caused 2020 taro blight epidemic in Fujian were determined. Method Specimens of diseased taro tissues were collect from the 4 blight-infected regions in Fujian to isolate and identify the pathogen. Based on the morphology, pathogenicity, and sequence homology of ITS-LSU-Ypt1, the pathogenic strains were identified to be of P. colocasiae. Subsequently, mating type and sensitivity to 6 fungicides of the isolates were determined in the laboratory. Result In total, 125 strains were isolated and identified to have caused the epidemic. Out of them, 122 belonged to the A2 mating type and 3 the A1A2 type. The laboratory toxicity test of 6 fungicides on the isolates showed 98% metalaxyl to be the strongest with EC50 of (0.146±0.032) μg·mL−1, while the EC50 of 95% dimethomorph, 98% fluopicolide, and 94% cyazofamid ranged from (0.239±0.011) μg·mL−1 to (0.713±0.088) μg·mL−1 and that of 95% azoxystrobin at (23.447±3.666) μg·mL−1. Conclusion The dominant strains of P. colocasiae that caused the taro blight in Fujian in 2020 were of the A2 mating type and could be best controlled by using 98% metalaxyl, 95% dimethomorph, 98% fluopicolide, or 94% cyazofamid.
2024, 39(7): 819-825.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.07.009
Abstract:
Objective Viruses that infected chili pepper crops in Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia were identified, and their genetic relationship analyzed. Methods The 47 infected chili pepper plants at 4 major producing areas in Chifeng City were diagnosed, and viruses identified by sRNA high-throughput sequencing with bioinformatic analysis and RT-PCR. Fragments of RT-PCR were sequenced using the Sanger method to conduct a phylogenetic analysis with the MEGA software. Results Six viruses were identified by sRNA high-throughput sequencing. Of which, 4 were re-verified by RT-PCR. The dominant viruses infecting the 4 regions differed significantly. They were Broad bean wilt virus 2(BBWV2) and Potato virus Y(PVY) in Chengzi County of Songshang District, PVY and Pepper mild mottle virus(PMMoV) in Jinshan County of Kalaqin District, and BBWV2 in Ningcheng County and Xiqiao County of kalaqin District. When the infection was caused by multiple viruses, it was mostly by two major pathogens and had the highest rate of occurrence at 61.54%. The phylogenetic analysis on the sequenced nucleotides of the viruses showed distinctive genetic differences between PMMoV and BBWV2 and, possibly, PVY of a novel genetic type. Conclusion There are significant differences in the types of viruses, detection rates, and types of virus co-infections that occur in different chili production areas of Chifeng City in Inner Mongolia .
2024, 39(7): 826-838.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.07.010
Abstract:
Objective Endophytic microbes of Pinellia ternata and rhizosphere microbial communities in the habitat soils in Guizhou as affected by the environmental conditions were analyzed. Methods High throughput sequencing to identify the endophytic and rhizosphere microbiota in P. ternata and soils of the wild, large-scale cultivated, and intercropped P. ternata plants grew in Guizhou was conducted. Microbial diversity, species, relationships, and enzyme activities as well as functional microflora were analyzed. Bioinformatics was employed to decipher the ecological relationship between the plant and its habitat. Results The environmental, physiochemical, and enzymatic conditions on the land where P. ternata plants were grown in the wild or under cultivation varied significantly. For instance, the organic matter content and acidity were high in the cultivated plots, but the enzyme activity was high in the soil of virgin forest. In the plants, Rhizobium, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Bradyrhizobium were the dominant endophytic bacteria genera, whereas Campylospora, Neocosmospora,Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Dactylonectria, unclassified genera of Xylariales order, etc. were found to be the dominant fungi genera. In the rhizosphere soil, abundant dominant microbial species regularly aggregated and were affected by the environmental factors and planting method. For example, 10 dominant bacteria genera and 13 fungi genera significantly correlated with the physicochemical properties and/or enzyme activity of the soil they inhabited. In general, the endophytic microbes in the plants were more sensitive to the environmental factors than those in the rhizosphere soil. And they could be synergistic as well as antagonistic to one another, but the rhizosphere community tended to be stable. Aside from the unclassified and unknown genera, the dominant endophytic bacteria were mostly considered beneficial for the plant. Conclusion The microbial community in the soil could be improved by adjusting pH and applying microbial fertilizers. The endophytic microbes of P. ternate including Rhizobia,Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Agrobacterium, Trichoderma, and Metarhizium anisopliae could be used to enhance plant growth ushering in the development of a pharmaceutical industry based on the medicinal material.
2024, 39(7): 839-847.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.07.011
Abstract:
Objective Effects of fertilizer type and application rate on the growth of Kandelia obovate seedlings as well as the microbial community in soil were studied. Method In a field experiment, K. obovate seedlings were planted on lots treated by 3 different organic fertilizers or an inorganic fertilizer at 4 application rates, along with no-fertilizer as control (CK). Plant height and leaf length, width, number, and chlorophyll content of the seedling in the autumn were determined. Composition of the microbial community in soil was detected by high-throughput sequencing based on 16S rRNA gene. Result On the lots applied with Zun Long Fertilizer at the rate of 9.74 g·kg−1, the seedlings, in comparison to those on CK, were 117.50% taller and had 51.15% longer, 63.34% wider, and 178.57% more leaves in 120 d. The microbial compositions in the soil at the lots applied with organic fertilizer, inorganic fertilizer, and CK differed significantly. In addition, there were more distinct species on the organic fertilizers-treated soil than on the others. The plant grew positively with the microbial α-diversity in soil treated with the organic fertilizers, but negatively in soil treated with the inorganic fertilizers. Moreover, the organic fertilization fostered proliferation of beneficial microbes, such as Actinobacteriota and genera Nitrospira, Nocardioides, and Limibaculum, which could synergistically promote the plant growth as well. Conclusion Application of organic fertilizer enhanced the growth of K. obovate as well as the microbial diversity of soil. On the other hand, inorganic fertilizer provided relatively limited benefits on the growth of the plants, yet considerably hindered the development of a healthy soil microbiome.
2024, 39(7): 848-856.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.07.012
Abstract:
Objective Improvement on quality of wine made from Ziqiu wild grapes southern grapes was explored through vine fertilization and vinification optimization. Method Ziqiu wild grape vines were foliar-sprayed with GS-1 solutions in various concentrations 3 times after the grape color began to change. Application concentration was selected to maximize the contents of proanthocyanidins, free anthocyanins, total phenolics, and total flavonoids in the grapes. Contents of total acid and sugar in the grapes were monitored regularly and ratio of sugar to acid (ripeness coefficient) calculated to determine the time for harvesting and processing. Sensory evaluation and physiochemical parameters on the wine were used to optimize the inoculum species and amount, temperature, and time of the fermentation process in a single factor test followed by an orthogonal experiment. Result (1) Late September, when grape maturity coefficient, M, reached over 21, was the time for harvesting and starting fermentation. (2) By spraying 300x dilution of GS-1 on the vines, the harvested grapes produced significantly increased amount of key nutrients in the wine. For instance, total sugar, proanthocyanidins, free anthocyanins, total phenolics, and total flavonoids rose 3.74%, 26.99%, 35.41%, 13.91%, and 24.12%, respectively, over control. (3) The optimized fermentation applied JP2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae as the inoculum at 1% to culture at 24 ℃ for 10 d. Conclusion The Ziqiu wild grapes grown on the vines sprayed with GS-1 and picked at the time closely scrutinized by the fruit maturity coefficient produced a wine made by the optimized process with significantly improved nutritional and sensory quality.
2024, 39(7): 857-867.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.07.013
Abstract:
Objective Specialized honeys exhibit strong antioxidant capabilities, antibacterial activities, and medicinal properties derived from plants, presenting significant potential and value for development and utilization. This study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of various specialized honeys within China, with the goal of identifying samples with outstanding biological activities. Ultimately, the research endeavors to provide a scientific basis for the medical and healthcare applications of honey. Method Thirty-three honey samples from different regions in China were collected for physicochemical and biological activity analyses. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the free radical scavenging and total antioxidant capacity tests, and antibacterial capacity assessed by means of agar diffusion and microdilution in broth. Result All tested honeys met the national standards on physicochemical properties. Of the 33 specimens, the leucosceptrum honey exhibited the strongest antioxidative activity, the chestnut and agastache honeys performed well, while the fennel honey showed the highest antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus aureus and the Goji honey on Escherichia coli. The antioxidative, but not the antibacterial, capacity of the honeys significantly correlated with the total phenolic content in it. Conclusion Not all sweet-tasting honeys are created equal. The nutritional, antioxidant, and antibacterial functions of some samples tested in this study stood out with special marketing and product development potentials. The evaluation protocol presented in this article might be useful in further investigations that might lead to extended utilization of the common food ingredient.
2024, 39(7): 868-878.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.07.014
Abstract:
Salt-tolerant plants in the southern coastal areas in China were categorized based on their habitats and physiology. The geographic characteristics of the region were described for reference information. From the perspectives of pollution by heavy metals and organic compounds, salinization of sandy soil, decline of biodiversity, and eutrophication of water, the potentials of applying salt-tolerant plants in combination with other agents to reverse the deteriorating conditions and for ecological rejuvenation cited in literature were reviewed. This article covers the relevant basic studies, newly discovered and introduced salt-tolerant species, applicable materials and agents, and integrated systems incorporating varieties of plants for an effective land restoration. Challenges remaining beyond the ongoing progress are discussed with suggestions for future studies.
Salt-tolerant plants in the southern coastal areas in China were categorized based on their habitats and physiology. The geographic characteristics of the region were described for reference information. From the perspectives of pollution by heavy metals and organic compounds, salinization of sandy soil, decline of biodiversity, and eutrophication of water, the potentials of applying salt-tolerant plants in combination with other agents to reverse the deteriorating conditions and for ecological rejuvenation cited in literature were reviewed. This article covers the relevant basic studies, newly discovered and introduced salt-tolerant species, applicable materials and agents, and integrated systems incorporating varieties of plants for an effective land restoration. Challenges remaining beyond the ongoing progress are discussed with suggestions for future studies.
