2024 Vol. 39, No. 2
Display Method:
2024, 39(2): 125-130.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.02.001
Abstract:
Objective A previously unknown strain of duck adenovirus B2 (DAdV B2) was isolated from a ducking of pale liver disease in Fujian and identified for epidemiological reference. Methods The virus associated with the disease was detected by PCR and isolated for identification by genome sequencing and a challenge test. Result The DAdV B2/BG48 virus infected LMH cells in the duck became swollen like a ballon, and eventually, died and disintegrated. The MDEF cells inoculated with the isolate changed from a spindle-shape to ball-like and clustered together with intercellular spaces in between. Distinctively, BG48 genome had a 3 bp insertion in the pX region, a 33 bp insertion in the ORF19B domain, and 42 bp deletion at the junction between ORF64 and ORF67. A G-base was found on the 133rd spot after the starting code of ORF67 and no truncated mutation in the terminal nor other codes compared with CH-GD-12-2014, or BG27 and BG18 previously identified. In a challenge test, BG48 induced a 50% morbidity and 0 mortality on 2-day-old Muscovy ducks with similar clinical symptoms and pathological changes between the artificially infected and the naturally diseased birds. Conclusion A novel DAdV B2 strain, BG48, from a Muscovy duck of pale liver disease was isolated and identified. The virus was uniquely characterized by multiple insertions and deletion mutations in the gene suggesting a potential of causing complex epidemic.
2024, 39(2): 131-136.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.02.002
Abstract:
Objective Regulatory function of the suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) in the interferon signaling pathway during an influenza virus infection on cells was studied. Method A549 cell lines were constructed with SOCS3 overexpression by a lentivirus infection and knockdown by siRNA technology. Along with control, they were infected with the influenza virus and sampled at times to assess the expressions and activation of crucial molecules within the interferon signaling pathway using RT-PCR and western blot analysis. Result Decreasing expressions of type I interferon IFN-β and type III interferons IL-28 and IL-29 were observed following the SOCS3 overexpression in cells. Conversely, the SOCS3 knockdown raised the expressions of IFN-β, IL-28, and IL-29. SOCS3 overexpression also suppressed the expressions of the interferon regulatory factor IRF7 as well as those of the pattern recognition receptors RIG-I, MDA5, and TLR3 responsible for detecting influenza virus RNA. The virus induced SOCS3 overexpression inhibited, but the knockdown enhanced, the STAT1 phosphorylation. Conclusion An influenza virus invasion on cells induced SOCS3 to recognize the receptors and regulate the mRNA expression inhibiting the type I and III interferon productions and STAT1 activation resulting in a blockage on the interferon signal transmission.
2024, 39(2): 137-146.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.02.003
Abstract:
Objective A functional analysis was conducted on the cloned bZIP transcription factor in cassava. Method The coding sequence (CDS) of ZIP2 in Cassava SC205 was amplified to perform a bioinformatic analysis in determining the subcellular localization and expression of MebZIP2. A pNC-green-subN fusion expression vector was constructed and transferred into tobacco epidermal cells using the Agrobacterium-mediated method. Fluorescence signals were observed for subcellular localization of the protein. Expressions of MebZIP2 in tissues at different stages of storage root development of the plant were determined. Interactions between MebZIP2 and the promoters of starch synthesis genes were analyzed by the yeast one-hybrid assay. Result The CDS of MebZIP2 was 465 bp long encoded 154 amino acids with a molecular weight of 17 891.35 Da and an isoelectric point of 5.23. The unstable hydrophilic protein contained a bZIP-conserved domain with the highest sequence similarity to that of one of Hevea brasiliensis at 74.22%. The promoter region of MebZIP2 included responsive elements to light, hormones (such as gibberellin, salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid), endosperm expression, and stresses. The protein localized in the cell membrane as well as the nucleus. The gene expressed highly in the root apical meristems, fibrous roots, stems, and at early development stages of storage roots and co-expressed with those involved starch synthesis, such as MeAPL5a, MeGBSS1, and MeISA1, whose promoters could interact with the protein. Conclusion Belonging to the bZIP family associated with plant growth, development, starch synthesis, and resistance to abiotic stress, MebZIP2 exhibited a tissue- and root development stage-specific expression. The protein interacted with the promoters of MeAPL5a, MeGBSS1, and MeISA1 related to starch synthesis in the plant. It might also be involved in cassava storage root development.
2024, 39(2): 147-153.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.02.004
Abstract:
Objective Nutritional quality of the newly bred two-line hybrid black rice Ziliangyou 7206 was analyzed for breeding and functional food product development. Method Contents of amino acids, fatty acids, anthocyanin, and flavonoids as well as antioxidant capacity and free radical scavenging ability of Ziliangyou 7206, along with Yiyou 673 as the reference, were determined. Result The two varieties of rice did not differ significantly in the contents of water, ash, and fat. However, Ziliangyou 7206 had higher contents of protein at 7.33%, the 17 total detected amino acids at 11.08%, and the essential amino acids at 9.71% (which exceeded the FAO standard) as well as higher TAVs on all flavor amino acids compared to Yiyou673. Among the 8 fatty acids in the rice, both varieties of rice had the ratio of SFA(saturated fatty acids)∶MUFA(monounsaturated fatty acids)∶PUFA(polyunsaturated fatty acids) lower than 1∶1∶1 as recommended by the Chinese Nutrition Association, and contained essential fatty acids, such as linoleic acid and linolenic acid. In addition, Ziliangyou 7206 was significantly higher than Yiyou 673 in anthocyanins, total flavonoids, total antioxidant capacity, and free radical scavenging ability. Conclusion The hybridized Ziliangyou 7206 was richer in nutritional value than Yiyou 673 and could be promoted for consumption or making functional food products.
2024, 39(2): 154-164.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.02.005
Abstract:
Objective The biological function of AheCS gene and the correlation between citric acid content and relative expression of AheCS gene were analyzed, and the possible role of AheCS gene in the metabolism of organic acids in jackfruit was discussed. Method AheCS1, AheCS2, and AheCS3 from fruits of A. heterophyllus Haida 2 were cloned for a bioinformatic analysis. At room temperature(22±1℃) and 90% RH, changes on the gene expression and citric acid content in the fruits under natural ripening process or exposed to either 0.5 mg·L−1 of 1-MCP or 1,000 mg·L−1 of 40% ethylene (ETH) were determined. Result The citric acid content in a naturally ripening jackfruit gradually rose and declined subsequently. It increased at an accelerated rate when exposed to ETH, but the rate was slowed down by the 1-MCP treatment. The ORFs of the three genes ranged from 1 422 bp to 1 827 bp containing conserved WPNVDAHS domain and belonging to the CS family. The amino acid sequences were phylogenetically closely related to those of CsCS (MH_048698.1) in citrus with a similarity of 86.49%, MnCS (XP010087965.1) in mulberry with a similarity of 97%, and AaCS (JAT55223.1) in anthurium with a similarity of 86%. The expressions of these genes were low in the early stage and raised subsequently during natural ripening (CK). However, the exogenous ETH hastened the increasing rate of AheCS1 expression and elevated the levels of AheCS2 and AheCS3 expressions, while 1-MCP delayed the rise but heightened the expression levels of the three genes at the stage near fruit maturity. The citric acid content of the ripening fruits generally positively correlated with the gene expressions. The correlation with AheCS2 reached a statistically significant level. Conclusion AheCS2 is a potential gene involved in the regulation of citric acid accumulation during the ripening process of jackfruit, and it can be a candidate gene for further study of the function and genetic improvement of the AheCS gene in jackfruit .
2024, 39(2): 165-174.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.02.006
Abstract:
Objective Bioinformatics of YUCCA family encoding the flavin-containing monooxygenase associated with biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in passion fruit was studied. Methods Bioinformatic methods were applied to analyze the physicochemical properties, conserved domains, chromosome location, structure, phylogenetic tree, and cis-acting elements of the genes in Passiflora edulis Sims. qRT-PCR was used to determine the expressions of some members under IAA treatment. Results There were 29 YUCCA members unevenly distributed in 8 chromosomes of P. edulis. They significantly differed in length that ranged from 552 bp to 9210 bp and contained 1–8 introns and 8 conserved motifs. A phylogenetic tree analysis divided the family into three distinct categories, and within a same class the members were highly conservative. Genetically, the genes were more closely related to Medicago sativa L. and Arabidopsis thaliana than Oryza sativa L. The cis-acting element analysis indicated that the promoter of the family genes could be induced by various hormones and respond to various stresses. PeYUCCA6, PeYUCCA11, and PeYUCCA16 showed low or no expression in the leaves of Tainong and Golden Passion Fruit, but PeYUCCA23 had a high expression suggesting its predominant role in the plant development. The treatment of 100 μmol·L−1 IAA significantly elevated the expressions of PeYUCCA7, PeYUCCA13, PeYUCCA17, PeYUCCA24, and PeYUCCA26. Conclusion The expressions of YUCCAs in P. edulis varied greatly under IAA treatment. But as a family, the genes likely played an important role in the growth, development, and resistance to adverse environment of passion fruits.
2024, 39(2): 175-184.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.02.007
Abstract:
Objective Biological functions and lateral branching transduction mechanism of RhMAX2A were investigated by cloning the cDNA and determining the after-decapitation expressions in tissues of Rosa hybrida. Methods The cDNA sequence of RhMAX2A was cloned from hybrid tea rose Dianhong by RT-PCR for a bioinformatic analysis. The subcellular location of the gene was determined by transient transformation of PC1300s-RhMAX2A-GFP in tobacco leaves. After decapitating the plant, expressions of the gene in different organs were determined by qRT-PCR. Results The cDNA of RhMAX2A (GeneBank accession number: OP055810) was 1030 bp in length encoding 246 amino acids with the chemical formula of C2910H4793N1029O1244S210, a molecular weight of 27.35 kD, and a total atomic weight of 3909. The instability coefficient of the unstable hydrophilic protein was 53.07, the fat coefficient, 106.30, and the GRAVY value, 0.049. The protein secondary structure was mainly α-helix and random coil of a presumed F-box domain belonging to the α/β hydrolase family. RhMAX2A (OP055810) had the highest homology with that in R. chinensis Old Blush (XP_024283944.1) followed by that in Fragaria vesca subsp. vesca (XP_004287076.1) of the same closely related subfamily. The encoded protein was in the nucleus. The gene expressed most highly in the roots but also in the axillary buds, and nodes among tested organs. Decapitation on the plant significantly upregulated RhMAX2A in the roots and axillary buds. Conclusion RhMAX2A was successfully cloned from R. hybrida Dianhong, which functioned in the nucleus, expressed mainly in the roots and axillary buds, and could be upregulated by plant decapitation.
2024, 39(2): 185-192.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.02.008
Abstract:
Objective Effect of electric field and treatment time applied to Acacia cincinnata seeds on germination was investigated. Method A. cincinnata seeds were treated by electric voltages ranging from 0 (CK) to 1.0 kV·cm−1 for 15, 30, 45, or 60m prior to germination under normal conditions. Indicators of germination displayed by the seeds were analyzed. Result The seeds exposed to an increasing electric field for up to 60 m germinated at a rate that showed a down-up-down pattern with a peak at 45m. The germination potential and index were at the highest under 0.6−0.8 kV·cm−1 for 45 m and significantly different from CK (P＜0.05). A best fit regression function between the applied electric field and time was found to be Y = 7.73 + 135.23 X1 + 1.24 X2−86.16 X12−0.00911 X22 - 0.75 X1 X2 at R2 = 0.81 (P＜0.05). A cluster analysis indicated an extremely significant effect of the electric field/time interaction exerted on the seed germination index. Conclusion The of an electric field and treatment time applied on A. cincinnata seeds significantly affected the germination with a rate peaked under 0.6 kV·cm−1 for 45 m.
2024, 39(2): 193-198.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.02.009
Abstract:
Objective A highly specific polyclonal antibody of the capsid of chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV) was prepared for field detection and quarantine inspection on infected Solanaceae plants. Methods The full-length (861 bp) and partial fragment (396 bp) of the gene from a ChiVMV GZ-Tabacco isolate were amplified using RT-PCR, recombined into the prokaryotic expression vector pET28a, and transformed into E. coil BL21 for induced expression. After chromatographic isolation and dialysis purification, the products were used to immunize Dahl rabbits for the antibody preparation. Potency and specificity of the candidate antibodies were evaluated by ELISA and western blot. Results Two polyclonal antibodies, namely antiCP1-287aa and antiCP1-132aa with the titers of 1∶6400 and 1∶12800, respectively, were obtained. Both positively detected the antigen as shown by western blot. But the indirect ELISA on the field strains revealed that antiCP1-132aa specifically detected ChiVMV not potato virus Y (PVY), whereas antiCP1-287aa failed to differentiate the two. Conclusion The identified polyclonal antibody, antiCP1-132aa was highly specific in detecting ChiVMV in field tests. It could become a useful tool for further studies on the infectious virus of chilli peppers.
2024, 39(2): 199-205.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.02.010
Abstract:
Objective Deep learning to accurately identify weeds for effective weeding in vegetable fields was investigated. Method Image of a vegetable field was cropped into grid cells as sub-images of vegetables, weeds, and bare ground. Deep learning networks using the ShuffleNet, DenseNet, and ResNet models were applied to distinguish the target sub-images, particularly the areas required weeding. Precision, recall rate, F1 score, and overall and average accuracy in identifying weeds of the models were evaluated. Result Although all applied models satisfactorily distinguished weeds from vegetables, ShuffleNet could simultaneously deliver a 95.5% precision with 97% recall and a highest detection speed of 68.37 fps suitable for real-time field operations. Conclusion The newly developed method using the ShuffleNet model was feasible for precision weed control in vegetable fields.
2024, 39(2): 206-215.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.02.011
Abstract:
Objectives Effects of applying organic manure on the growth and photosynthesis of plants cultivated on acid red soil contaminated by aluminum were studied. Methods In a pot experiment, aluminum-laden acid red soil was used as control (CK) or blended with either pig manure at the rate of 10 g·kg−1 (P10), 30 g·kg−1 (P30), or 50 g·kg−1 (P50), chicken manure at 10 g·kg−1 (C10), 30 g·kg−1 (C30), or 50 g·kg−1 (C50), or pig and chicken manures at 15 g·kg−1 each (PC15). Biomass and photosynthetic properties including chlorophyll fluorescence indexes of Brassica napus L. seedlings grown in the pots were determined. Results Application of the organic manure in the soil significant improved the aboveground biomass, photosynthetic pigment content, and chlorophyll fluorescence indexes of the seedlings over CK (P＜0.05). In 80 d after the treatments, these indicators were higher than CK indicating the heavy metal toxicity in the soil had been gradually alleviated by chelation. At a same application rate, chicken manure rendered a greater effect than pig manure on the increases of aboveground biomass and photosynthetic pigment but less on the photosynthetic parameters, Fv/Fm and qP, while the combination of chicken and pig manures performed superior to either chicken or pig manure alone on the photosynthetic pigment content, Tr, Gs, Ci, and qN (P＜0.05). It appeared that the alkaline chicken manure benefited the growth more and that the nutrient-rich pig manure did the photosynthesis more for the seedlings. Conclusions To effectively mitigate the aluminum stress on B. napus L. seedlings grown in an acid red soil, an application of pig manure at 50 g·kg−1, and chicken manure at 30 g·kg−1 with appropriate adjustments according to the actual field conditions was recommended.
2024, 39(2): 216-224.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.02.012
Abstract:
Objective Effect of processing temperature in pyrolysis of discarded tomato vines on the physiochemical properties of the resulting biochar was studied. Methods Biochar of waste tomato vines were prepared under the pyrolytic temperatures of 300 ℃, 500 ℃, and 700 ℃ for 2h. Surface characteristics, element, and functional groups of the biochar were examined by means of electron microscope scanning, elemental analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. Results The biochar prepared under different pyrolytic temperatures had a pH ranging 9.83-10.67. High process temperature reduced the yield but increased the ash content of the biochar. At 500 ℃, the biochar had the least amount of total nitrogen, but the highest at 300 ℃. At 500 ℃, the fixed carbon content peaked at 51.42%, and the C/N ratio at 36.63. More pores appeared on the biochar made by a lower than a higher temperature, under which ash and/or molten elements tended to cover the surface reducing the porosity. A high pyrolytic temperature, comparing 700 ℃ to 300 ℃ or 500 ℃, also raised the aromatization, as shown by the declined Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum absorption, especially at 500-800cm−1 region. Conclusion The temperature applied in pyrolysis affected the physics, chemistry, and microstructure of the tomato vine biochar. Overall, a pyrolysis process of 300-500 ℃ for 2 h appeared to deliver desirable results.
2024, 39(2): 225-236.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.02.013
Abstract:
Objective Charcoal baking in processing tea was optimized. Methods Fuzzy sensory evaluation score was used as the criterion in a 3-factors-3-levels response surface experiment to optimize the temperature (A), leaves spreading thickness (B), and time (C) of the tea baking with burning charcoal. A linear regression model was established for the process. Actual and theoretical sensory evaluations on the resulting tea were compared to determine the effect of the baking on tea quality and reliability of the quadratic regression model in predicting the result. Results The optimized charcoal baking spread tea leaves 3 cm thick and held at 82 ℃ for 126 min. The main aromatics in the baked tea included trans-nerol, farnesene, plant alcohol, and indole in contents corresponded to the rated grade. The major biochemicals were tea polyphenols, soluble sugars, amino acids, and caffeine in contents reflected the color and taste of the brewed tea. The sensory panel and the fuzzy evaluation on the tea yielded agreeable results. Conclusion The fuzzy sensory evaluation model appeared to be applicable for determining the process conditions of tea charcoal baking.
2024, 39(2): 237-242.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.02.014
Abstract:
Microbes remaining in soil after farming contribute over 50% of soil organic carbon (SOC) in the agri-ecosystem. Appropriate tillages benefit the diversity and accumulation of microorganisms as well as the aggregation and properties of soil on farmland. Thus, understanding the ecological process is essential to achieve a long-term, efficient agriculture operation with maximized SOC retention. This article reviews the research progress at home and abroad encompassing the subjects such as, the pathways and contribution to SOC by microbial residues, the direct and indirect impacts of tillage methods on SOC, and the relations between tillage and microbial community in soil.
Microbes remaining in soil after farming contribute over 50% of soil organic carbon (SOC) in the agri-ecosystem. Appropriate tillages benefit the diversity and accumulation of microorganisms as well as the aggregation and properties of soil on farmland. Thus, understanding the ecological process is essential to achieve a long-term, efficient agriculture operation with maximized SOC retention. This article reviews the research progress at home and abroad encompassing the subjects such as, the pathways and contribution to SOC by microbial residues, the direct and indirect impacts of tillage methods on SOC, and the relations between tillage and microbial community in soil.
