2023 Vol. 38, No. 6
Display Method:
2023, 38(6): 639-645.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.06.001
Abstract:
Objective Fatty acid binding protein 3 (FABP3) is involved in the uptake and utilization of long-chain fatty acids and plays an important role in fat deposition. To investigate the gene polymorphism and expression differences of FABP3 gene between Tibetan and York pigs could help improve the quality of Tibetan pigs for the genetic level. Methods In this study, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 5' flanking region and CDS region of FABP3 in randomly selected 180-d-old Tibetan and Yorkshire pigs were tested. Expressions of FABP3 in the liver, longest dorsal muscle, and dorsal fat were detected using real-time fluorescence. Results Two SNPs, T-114C and C-635A, were found in FABP3 with significantly differentiated genotype frequencies between the two species of pigs (P＜0.01). Upon transcription factor prediction, these 2 SNPs loci were found to be associated with preadipocyte renewal, differentiation, and fat deposition, and it was hypothesized that they were important functional loci involved in the regulation of FABP3 gene expression. The expressions of FABP3 in the liver and longest dorsal muscle of Tibetan pigs were extremely significantly higher than those of Yorkshire pigs (P＜0.01), and that in the dorsal fat significantly higher than that of Yorkshire pigs (P＜0.05). Conclusion FABP3 might be closely related to the regulation of fat metabolism and deposition of Tibetan pigs which differs from Yorkshire variety.
2023, 38(6): 646-651.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.06.002
Abstract:
Objective Expression and distribution of Mel 1a in various organs of Wanxi White Geese were studied to reveal the regulatory mechanism of melatonin in the animal. Method Mel 1a mRNA and proteins from various tissues and organs of Wanxi White Goose were extracted for real-time PCR and western blot to determine the distribution and differential expressions. Result Mel 1a protein was widely distributed in the brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, spleen, pancreas, and muscle cells of the geese. The IOD analysis of immunohistochemically positive signals using Image-pro plus 6 showed that the spleen had the strongest signal, followed by the pancreas. The signal from the spleen was significantly stronger than the brain, and the signal from the lungs was significantly stronger than the heart and muscles.The expression levels of Mel 1 a mRNA and protein in various organs ranked in the order of ovary, pancreas, spleen, kidney, dry, heart, brain, lungs, and muscles. And they increased gradually along with the development of follicles and decreased after the follicle diameter exceeded 3 cm. Conclusion Melatonin receptors exist in all tissues of western Anhui white geese, with the highest expression in the ovary. Melatonin can mediate the regulation of various biological functions through the receptor, especially the regulation of follicular development in western Anhui white geese.
2023, 38(6): 652-656.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.06.003
Abstract:
Objective A PCR method for simultaneously detecting Type 2 and Type 3 Cyprinid herpesvirus that cause serious diseases on Cyprinidae was developed and tested for clinical diagnosis. Methods Two pairs of specific primers were designed according to the conserved sequences of the DNA polymerase gene of the two types of virus, CyHV-2 and CyHV-3. PCR reaction conditions of the method were optimized. The assay was applied on the stored tissue samples of diseased Carassius auratus and Cyprinus carpio to verify validity of the methodology. Result The newly developed Dual PCR Assay amplified specific bands with the base numbers of 715 bp for CyHV-2 and 456 bp for CyHV-3. It exhibited high sensitivity with a detection limit of 100 copies·μL−1. On the 18 clinical samples, 3 were found to be CyHV-2 and 3 CyHV-3 with a positive detection rate of 33.3%. Furthermore, the assay successfully identified the two type viruses in a mixed sample of CyHV-2 and CyHV-3 in a challenge test. Conclusion The Dual PCR Assay demonstrated high specificity and sensitivity in simultaneously detecting CyHV-2 and CyHV-3. It could be adequately applied for rapid diagnosis of the viral diseases on carps.
2023, 38(6): 657-665.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.06.004
Abstract:
Objective Functional components and yield-related traits of Ziliangyou 737 and its parents were determined. Method Functional components and yield-related agronomic traits of Ziliangyou 737 were compared with those of Zi 392S, Fuhui 737, the white rice control Yiyou 673, and the black rice control Mojiangzimi. Result Ziliangyou 737 was rich in antioxidants (e.g., anthocyanins) and functional ingredients (e.g., essential amino acids and minerals) carrying mostly additive genetic characteristics relating to antioxidant capacity and phenotypes of F1 generation biased towards low-value parents. A strong heterosis of the cross breeding was evident by the upgraded yield-related traits of Ziliangyou 737. Conclusion Rich in antioxidants and functional components, the purple glutinous hybrid rice Ziliangyou 737 was also high on the traits related to crop yield. This study illustrated a promising direction for breeding specialty rice varieties.
2023, 38(6): 666-677.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.06.005
Abstract:
Objective Family of aminoacylase 1 genes (ACY1) in Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua was identified, and associated resistance functions analyzed. Methods Based on the transcriptome data, the family of P. cyrtonema Hua aminoacylase genes (PcACY1) was identified. Physicochemical properties, structure, conserved motifs, and evolutionary relationships of the members were analyzed. Expressions of PcACY1 in tissues/organs and under salt stress were detected by qRT-PCR. Results The PcACY1 family had two members located in the cytoplasm, both of which were hydrophilic proteins with signal peptides and no transmembrane structure. As shown in the phylogenetic tree, they exhibited two categories of evolutionary characteristics. The predicted cis-acting elements of the plant ACY1 promoter indicated the presence of multiple hormone-, stress-, and growth/development-related functions. PcACY1 displayed significantly differentiated expressions in different tissues and organs which could be induced by salt stress. Conclusion PcACY1 appeared to play an important role in the growth and development as well as stress resistance of P. cyrtonema .
2023, 38(6): 678-685.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.06.006
Abstract:
Objective Regulatory functions of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua PLT (PcPLT) in the growth and development of rhizomes of the plant were investigated. Methods Based on the P. cyrtonema transcriptome database, the identity and bioinformatics of PcPLT family were obtained. Relative expressions in tissues of the plant and that under NaCl stress were detected using the qRT-PCR technique. The fusion expression vectors of PcPLT2-2 and PcPLT2-7 were constructed, and their fluorescence signals examined to determine subcellular localization. Results Fifteen PcPLT family members were identified. They were hydrophilic proteins, absent of intron structure, coded 159-601 amino acids, and evolutionarily closely related to Liliaceae Asparagus officinalis L. The predicted subcellular localization of PcPLT2-2 was in cytoplasm and nucleus, while PcPLT2-7 in nucleus only. PcPLT2-3 and PcPLT2-7 mostly in the rhizomes; and PcPLT1-3, PcPLT1-4, and PcPLT2-7 responsive to salt stress. Conclusion PcPLT were tissue-specific and capable of enhancing the stress resistance of P. cyrtonema. They might act as an organ development regulator associated with the morphogenesis of rhizome expansion. If so, the result obtained in this study would be of value for the in-depth understanding of the biological functions of PLT.
2023, 38(6): 686-697.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.06.007
Abstract:
Objective Genomes and expressions under stresses of the RLCK VI family genes in Gossypium barbadense were determined to study the regulatory mechanisms of the growth, development, and stress resistance of cotton plants. Method Based on the latest released data on G. barbadense genome, bioinformatics of GbRLCK VI was analyzed to understand the associated physiochemical properties, sequence characteristics, gene replication, phylogenetic evolution, and expression. Result Thirty-nine RLCK VI were identified in G. barbadense which were clustered into two categories of 22 in Group A and 17 in Group B. Both groups contained a kinase domain distributed in 16 chromosomes with most of them located in plasma membrane. The gene family had undergone chromosome fragment duplication events during evolution. Since all Ka/Ks of the gene pairs were less than 1, strict purification and selection might have taken place in the process. The expressions of GbRLCK VI as shown by the transcriptome analysis varied in 10 different tissues with 11 predominantly expressed in the floral organs, while 9 in the roots, stems, and leaves. Under different stresses, 8 genes were significantly expressed by the imposed drought, salt, and verticillium wilt, and 4 only by verticillium wilt. On 4 selected genes, i.e., GB_ A12G0061, GB_ A11G2234, GB_ D01G2010, and GB_ D03G0730, qRT-PCR showed their expressions under drought, salt, or verticillium wilt stress to agree with what the transcriptome data did. Their involvement in the stress response of the cotton plant was confirmed. Conclusion The genome, structure, and phylogenetic characteristics of GbRLCK VI family in G. barbadense were determined. Their roles in the growth, development, and stress responses of the cotton plant were clarified.
2023, 38(6): 698-706.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.06.008
Abstract:
Objective Regulating effect of melatonin application on the physiology of a tomato plant under aluminum stress was studied. Method Al-tolerant Millennial tomato and Al-sensitive Provence tomato plants were grown in blank control, Al-added, melatonin-added (MT), or Al-and-melatonin-added (AMT) potting soils. Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), proline (Pro), ascorbic acid (AsA), glutathione (GSH), and chlorophyll as well as chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, Al-accumulation, and root activity in the plants were monitored. DNA damage occurred to the roots, stems, and leaves of the plants during the experimentation were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed on all collected data using the one-way ANOVA and Duncan test. Result Under Al-stress, the growth and development of the tomato plants of either variety were severely inhibited, and the DNA in the organs, especially the roots, seriously damaged. Whereas the presence of melatonin in the soil (MT and/or AMT ) significantly alleviated the symptoms of Al-toxicity on the plants. For instance, with the addition, the main growth indicators, such as plant height, root length, and leaf area, were improved; the activity of antioxidant enzymes significantly heightened with an increasing trend initially and followed by a decline as treatment duration prolonged; the contents of GSH and AsA raised by 91.14% and 13.52% respectively; the reduction on MDA maximized at 38.39%; proline, which regulates the osmotic balance in tomato, increased to 144.81% and chlorophyll significantly; the fluorescence parameters improved; the photosynthetic capacity much restored; the root activity of Millennial tomato plant increased by 5.19%, and that of Provence tomato by 43.03%; the Al-accumulation in the roots, stems, and leaves significantly reduced; the DNA tailing in organs slowed; and the repairs on damaged DNA in cells observed. Conclusion Applying exogenous melatonin in soil effectively activated various physiological responses, raised the activity of antioxidant enzymes, enhanced the plant photosynthesis, reduced damage on cellular DNA, and elevated the resistance to Al-toxicity of the tomato plants under the heavy metal stress.
2023, 38(6): 707-713.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.06.009
Abstract:
Objective Effects of adding biochar in soil on the growth and nutrient-uptake of continuous monocropped cucumber plants were studied. Methods A pot experiment was performed on cucumber seedlings grown in soil without (CK) or with various concentrations of biochar at 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 3%. Growth and nutrients absorption by the plants were monitored to determine the effects and optimal application of the soil conditioner. Results The fresh and dry weights as well as the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents of the cucumber seedlings increased significantly as the amount of added biochar increased but declined at higher levels of the addition. With 1% added biochar in soil, the biomass and the contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the plants peaked. The pH and organic carbons in soil underwent an upward trend with increasing biochar. Compared to CK, adding 2% biochar to the potting soil significantly improved the contents of available potassium, 2% and 3% significantly elevated that of available phosphorus, and 1% significantly rose that of alkali hydrolysis nitrogen. Conclusion As commonly known, presence of biochar can improve the structure, fertility, and microbial activity in soil. In this study, it was found that an addition of the soil conditioner at 1% level achieved not only the desirable effects on the soil but also on the growth of continuous monocropped cucumber plants.
2023, 38(6): 714-722.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.06.010
Abstract:
Objective Effects of N-reducing fertilization combined with vine pruning on the growth, yield, and fruit quality of passion fruit plants were studied. Method A field test was conducted in two consecutive years on Tainong No. 1 passion fruit with the single-fruiting vine cultivation method under different N-reducing fertilizations in combination with varied pruning methods. Effects of regular N application at 240 kg·hm−2 without pruning as control (T1) and 9 treatments using varied N-reducing fertilizations and vine pruning on the plant growth and fruit formation, yield, and quality were determined. Result From 2021 to 2022, the stem diameter and the numbers of effective leaves, floral buds, flowers, and successfully formed fruits were increased by the treatments. The use of 80% of the normally applied N fertilizer with pruning, T6 significantly improved those indices to the highest level among all treatments and control and shortened the average internode between fruits by 19.04%. The treatments significantly changed the average fruit yield per plant over control (P＜0.05) with the greatest increase of 71.74% delivered by T6. T6 also produced the highest number of fruits per vine, average individual fruit weight, and proportion of medium and large fruits with the increases of 48.90%, 15.29%, and 1.65%, respectively. And the fruits the vines bore were 25.89% higher on total sugars, 75.24% higher on sugar-acid ratio, and 28.18% lower on acid than they were under T1. Conclusion The 20% reduction on the use of N fertilizer (i.e., at the application rate of 192 kg·hm−2) along with severe branch pruning on a passion fruit vine could significantly improve the plant growth, flowering, and fruiting as well as the fruit yield and quality.
2023, 38(6): 723-731.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.06.011
Abstract:
Objective To improve the mycelium biomass of Lyophyllum decast liquid seeds, high-quality liquid seeds are prepared by optimizing the liquid fermentation formula, to promote the rapid development of industrial production of L. decastes mushrooms. Methods Taking L. decastes as the research material, the effects of 6 kinds of carbon sources, 8 kinds of nitrogen sources, and 10 kinds of metal ions on the mycelium growth were analyzed by single-factor design. The carbon source, nitrogen source, and metal ions screened out by single-factor design were further optimized by the Box-Behnken response surface method, and the advantages and disadvantages of liquid seeds and solid seeds in the production of L. decastes mushrooms were compared. Results The nutritional elements suitable for the growth of L. decastes were whole wheat flour, peanut meal, K2HPO4, and MgSO4·7H2O, and the optimal formula was whole wheat flour 47 g·L−1, peanut meal 22 g·L−1, K2HPO4 2.00 g·L−1, MgSO4·7H2O 2.00 g·L−1. When the fermentation culture reached the 8th day, the dry cell mass (DCM) was 32.81±1.10 g·L−1. Compared with the DCM by the initial formula, the DCM prepared with the optimized formula was increased by 7.34 times. Compared with solid seeds, the production time of liquid seeds was shortened by 48 days, the time of mycelium germination was shortened by 2 days, and the yield per bag increased by 15.47%, in industrial production. Conclusion The liquid fermentation formula developed in this study can obtain high-quality production seeds, and the liquid fermentation strategy for the preparation of seeds is suitable for the industrial production of L. decastes mushrooms.
2023, 38(6): 732-738.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.06.012
Abstract:
Objective Effect of ambient temperature on the growth and development of Harmonia dimidiata Fabricius was studied to determine the condition to encourage the beetle reproduction for serving as a biocontrol agent in the field. Method H. dimidiata were fed on Ephestia kuehniella Zellerwere eggs and reared under a controlled temperature between 15 ℃ and 32 ℃ in a chamber to monitor the temperature effect on the development and survival of the predator. Threshold temperatures for developmental stages and effective accumulated temperature for growth were estimated by the least square method. Relationship between the chamber temperature and the beetle development was simulated with a linear diurnal equation. Result The optimal egg hatching of H. dimidiata with a greater than 85% hatchability took place between 20 ℃ and 30 ℃. At 20 ℃, the rate of 87.5% for the beetles to reach adulthood was the highest. It was followed by 25 ℃ (82.50%)＞30 ℃ (77.50%)＞32 ℃ (45.00%)＞15 ℃ (35.00%). Either low temperature of 15 ℃ or high of 32 ℃ inhibited the growth of the beetles, but within that range, the development could still be completed with the rate hastened and the time shortened by increasing the ambient temperature. There was no significant difference in the time for entire beetle development in between 20 ℃ and 32 ℃. On the other hand, the duration was extremely significantly prolonged at 15 ℃ as considerable hindrance was imposed on the growth by low temperature. The threshold temperatures for various developmental stages of H. dimidiata were found to be at the highest level for the 2nd instar larvae at 12.74 ℃, the lowest for the pupal stage at 9.24 ℃, and for the egg-hatching at 9.87 ℃. The effective accumulated temperature required for the growth to maturity of a beetle was 324.82 d· ℃. Conclusion Ambient temperature significantly affected the development, growth, and survival of H. dimidiata. Based on the survival rate and development time of H. dimidiate reared on E. kuehniella eggs for feed, 20-30 ℃ was determined to be the temperature range for optimal reproduction. The information obtained on the physiology of the predator would aid in the rearing as a potentially valuable biocontrol agent as well as in studying diapause of H. dimidiata.
2023, 38(6): 739-745.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.06.013
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Objective Antennae of Dendrolimus houi were examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) for the morphological differences that might relate to functional differentiations between the male and female moths. Methods SEM images of the antennae of newly emerged male and female D. houi were obtained for an ultrastructural comparison. Results The yellowish brown antennae of the male pine moths had a feather-like appearance, while that of the female resembled a short-tooth-comb. They both had 13 distinctive types of sensilla in 6 classifications including 2 sensilla trichodea, 1 sensilla basiconica, 3 sensilla chaetica, 3 sensilla styloconica, 2 sensilla coeloconica, and 2 Bőhm bristles. The sexual dimorphism on adult D. houi was evident by the sensilla basiconica of the females and the sensilla trichodea Ⅱ of the males shown on the antenna surface. In addition, there were more numerous and longer 6-8 sensilla trichodea Ⅰ that were orderly aligned in a row with 1-2 sensilla trichodea Ⅱ in between on the abdomen of the lateral branches of the male antenna than those of the female organ (P＜0.05). Conclusion The ultrastructure of the moth antennae revealed by SEM displayed the significant differences between the male and female D. houi on the length and quantity of the lateral branch sensilla trichodea Ⅰ. The fact that sensilla basiconica existed only on the female moths and the sensilla trichodea Ⅱ exclusively on the male adults might be indicative of distinctive roles of them in host-selection, mating behavior, or other biological functions of the insect species.
2023, 38(6): 746-752.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.06.014
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Objective Accumulation of chromium (Cr) in vegetables migrated from soil and mitigation effect of soil conditioner applications were investigated. Methods A field experimentation was conducted on a slightly polluted lot to determine the Cr-uptakes of green mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern and Coss), peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. rugosa Bonaf.), sweet potato (Ficus tikoua Bur), and soybean (Glycine max Merrill) plants grown on it. Vegetable with the greatest Cr-uptake was further tested on the lot for the heavy metal accumulation under the soil treatments of blank (CK), peat (P), and addition of organic fertilizer (M), zeolite (Z), FeSO4 (Fe), M+P at 1∶2 (MP), M+Z at 1∶2 (MZ), M+P+FeSO4 at 3∶6∶1 (MPFe) or M+Z+FeSO4 at 3∶6∶1 (MZFe). The application of FeSO4 was at a rate of 540 kg·hm−2, and the others at 5400 kg·hm−2. Results None of the initial tested vegetables had a Cr content exceeded the national safety standard. Since the green mustard had the highest uptake rate, it was used in the subsequent experimentation. The various added conditioners raised the soil pH by 0.45-0.93; increased the yield of mustard by 5.66-12.77%, except Z and Fe; and decreased the available Cr in soil by 39.8-53.8%. The treatments of P, M, Z, Fe, MP, MZ, MPFe, and MZFe lowered Cr content in the mustard by 53%, 33%, 44%, 32%, 59%, 40%, 72%, and 82%, respectively. Conclusion The Cr-uptake of mustard was significantly higher than those of the other crops grown on the same field. Both available Cr in soil and in mustard were significantly reduced by the M, P, Z, and Fe treatments that applied soil conditioner singly or in combination. In combination, MPFe or MZFe performed significantly superior in reducing Cr-accumulation in mustard.
2023, 38(6): 753-760.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.06.015
Abstract:
Objective Mathematical models of the photosynthetic responses of plants exposed to monochromatic lights were constructed for the development of indoor agricultural cultivation. Method An experimentation was designed to generate varied wavelengths of monochromatic lights and test, measure, and construct a mathematical model for the photosynthetic responses of plants exposed to the light source. On seedlings of 10 different plant species grown under 22 varied monochromatic lights, the photosynthetic rates of the plants were measured to obtain light response curves (LRCs). Using Castanopsis hystrix and Liriodendron chinense (Hemsl.) Sarg as two representative plants, mathematical models were constructed. From the asymptotic linear curve, the light intensity at quasi-saturation point was calculated. Then, the calculated theoretical and measured empirical data were compared to test the validity of the prediction model. Result Of all the LRCs, there were two types—one of C. hystrix, which was asymptotic linear showing no plateau, and another of L. chinense, which had an inflection point. A high degree of fitting was found between the light intensity at quasi-saturation point calculated from the model and that measured empirically. After a data treatment, curves with light saturation and compensation points were obtained. Conclusion The specially designed monochromatic lights generating method and plant photosynthesis measuring system enabled a successful construction of the LRCs. The patterns and characteristics of the photosynthesis of different plants in response to the monochromatic lights varied. The high fitting on the photosynthetic response data between the values calculated from the mathematical model and those measured from the experiment suggested an applicability of the current methodology for studies on plant photosynthesis. Since the developed method and test system were not species-specific, they could be used universally for research on other plants. And using the mathematical model, optimal light wavelength and intensity at saturation point could be estimated for designing artificially controlled agriculture facilities such as “plant factories” for indoor mass crop cultivation.
