2023 Vol. 38, No. 12
Display Method:
2023, 38(12): 1387-1394.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.12.001
Abstract:
Objective Pathogen causing the hydrosalpinx fluid syndrome (HFS) with a declined egg-laying in breeding and egg-laying ducks was investigated for the disease control. Method Nucleic acid amplification, pathogen isolation and identification, and artificial infection on ducks were carried out on tissue samples collected from the live or dead Sheldrake Ducks, Cherry Valley Ducks, and Muscovy Ducks that were found infected by HFS at farms in Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Anhui, and Guangxi autonomous region. The disease symptoms included chylous hydrosalpinx fluids and hemorrhagic, edematous, and thickened mucosa, in addition to a declined egg-laying on the ducks. Result No bacteria were detected in the hydrosalpinx fluid. In the clinical specimens, RT-PCR tested positive on avian metapneumovirus subgroup C (aMPV/C) but no other commonly known viruses that cause a declined egg-laying in ducks. Subsequently, the duck embryos inoculated with the viral infected samples were aMPV/C-positive and showed slight embryonic edema and bleeding on the embryo surface and liver. The virus isolation rate on the F5 embryo fluid by RT-PCR was 72.2%. The nucleotide sequences of the isolated FJ2375, GD2381, FJ2228, and JX2126 had a homology of 96.1% with the earliest reported aMPV/C-infected Muscovy duck/1999/99178/France, those of 67.8-68.7%, 66.1-66.8%, and 71.4% with aMPV/A, B, and D, respectively, and that of 67.7-68.3% with the human MPV. The sequences were more closely related to aMPV/C than the others in genetic evolution. Furthermore, the virus was successfully recovered from the artificially infected ducks that exhibited similar HFS symptoms observed in naturally diseased birds. Conclusion The pathogenic virus that caused HFS in ducks was identified as aMPV/C. It paved the way for the development of means to accurately diagnose and effectively prevent and control the disease.
2023, 38(12): 1395-1404.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.12.002
Abstract:
Objective Effects of inclusion of an aqueous extract from stems and leaves of Panax quinquefolium L. in forage on growth and meat quality of quails were investigated. Methods One-hundred-fifty one-day-old quails were randomly divided into 5 groups with three replicates in each group and 10 birds per replicate. The groups included a blank control that was fed with the basic diet (CON), an antibiotic control (KSS) with 100 mg·kg−1 amoxicillin added to the feed, one trial group supplemented with 1% of the extract (SD), one with 1.5% of the extract (SZ), and another with 2% of the extract (SG). The feeding lasted for 50 d that included a 5 d preliminary adaptation period. Results On growth performance, the quails in the SZ group significantly increased the average daily body weight gain (P＜0.05), while reduced the feed to meat ratio (P＜0.05). On meat tenderness, the shear force on the breast and leg muscles of the birds in the treatment groups was significantly lower than that of CON or KSS (P＜0.05) with the quails in the SZ group being the most tender. On nutritional value, the breast meat of the SG quails had the significantly higher protein than that of CON counterparts (P＜0.05), whereas those of the SZ and SG quails significantly higher fat than that of the CON or KSS birds (P＜0.05). However, the leg muscles of either CON or KSS quails contained significantly less protein than SZ and SG quails (P＜0.05) and less fat than SZ quails (P＜0.05). No significant differences among the groups in the moisture content of breast and leg meats (P＞0.05) were observed. Compared with the CON group, the unsaturated fatty acid content in the chest muscle of quails in each experimental group was not significantly reduced (P> 0.05 ), and the unsaturated fatty acid content in the leg muscle of quails in the SZ group was significantly increased (P< 0.05 ) . The content of inosinic acid in quail muscle, the content of inosinic acid in breast muscle and leg muscle of SZ group was significantly higher than that of KSS group (P< 0.05 ). Contents of essential amino acids and flavor amino acids in breast muscle and leg muscle of quails in SD, SZ and SG groups were significantly higher than those in KSS group (P< 0.05 ). The H. E. staining showed no abnormality in the liver and kidney of the quails under treatment. The expression of growth hormone (GH) gene in the treatment birds was significantly higher than that in CON group (P＜0.05) with that of the SZ quails having the highest. Conclusion Addition of the aqueous extract of P. quinquefolium L. stems and leaves in the feed accelerated the growth, improved the meat tenderness, accentuated the meat flavor of the quails without adverse effect on the liver or kidney of the birds. The plant extract appeared to be a highly safe diet supplement applicable to replace antibiotics in raising quails.
2023, 38(12): 1405-1413.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.12.003
Abstract:
Objective A disease-resistant, high-quality hybrid rice was bred to meet the market demand and improve the profitability for the farmers. Method Based on the desired gene haplotypes, the high-yield, disease-resistant, strong-restoring and combining Fuhui 699 restorer line was selected as the male parent to cross with the female parents, the 3 sterile Yexiang A lines that are known for their desirable fragrance, high quality, and strong disease-resistance. The resulting F1 hybrid was examined for the target traits at multi-year and multi-point rice blast resistance tests as well as multi-ecological adaptability and rice quality analyses. Result From 2017 to 2018, the choice hybrid, Yexiangyou 699, was submitted to the regional trial on mid-season rice in Fujian. It displayed an evenly distributed population of acceptable plant type and delivered a two-year averaged growth period of 140.4 d, which was 2.8 d shorter than the reference, II You 3301. The effective panicle number of the cultivar averaged 2.085 million panicles·hm−2, the plant height 135.4 cm, the seed setting rate 86.89%, and the 1000-grain weight 26.3 g. The average crop yield was 9 404.3 kg·hm−2, which was 1.50% higher than that of control. The hybrid inherited 7 blast-resistance and two virus-resistance genes from the parents rendering it blast-free in the field and laboratory for 2 years. Conclusion The rates of brown and milled rice of Yexiangyou 699 (now officially identified as Min Approved Rice No. 20200012) were 80.1% and 68.5%, respectively. The grain quality indicators of the hybrid included 0.8% on chalkiness, Grade 1 on transparency, 5.5 on alkali elimination, 86 mm on gelatinized consistency index, 14.0% on amylopectin content, 3rd grade on the high-quality edible rice set by the Ministry, and high yield and strong disease-resistance in the field. Yexiangyou 699 was recommended as a new breed for cultivation.
2023, 38(12): 1414-1419.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.12.004
Abstract:
Objective Mechanism of aquaporins relating to the plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs) of Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. sinensis in response to salt stress was studied. Methods Bioinformatics of HrPIP was analyzed. Physiological indexes and expressions of the gene in tissues of H. rhamnoides under normal and imposed salt stresses of 200, 400, 600, 800, or 1,000 mmol ·L−1 NaCl were determined. Results Located in the cell membrane, HrPIP encoded 110 amino acids. The hydrophobic protein had no signal peptide or transmembrane helix region. As salt stress intensified, the RWC decreased gradually, and the chlorophyll content declined initially followed by an incline. The permeability of the plasma membrane and the content of MDA changed slightly when the salt concentration was low but increased significantly when the concentration was high. The 1000 mmol·L−1 salt stress induced declined MDA but continuously rising membrane permeability. The expressions of HrPIP in different organs varied by the increasing salt stress. In roots, it rose at lower salt concentrations then declined but rose again at high salt levels. In the leaves, the opposite trend was observed, whereas it was in an “M” pattern in the stems. Conclusion H.rhamnoides subsp. sinensis was salt resistant to a certain degree. Under the stress, by altering the HrPIP expression to increase water absorption in roots, transport in stems, and retention in leaves the plant manipulated the cellular salt concentration to achieve an improved stress tolerance.
2023, 38(12): 1420-1427.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.12.005
Abstract:
Objective Expressions and functions of Flowering Locus T (FT), the genes widely involved in plant growth, flowering regulation, root development, and seed germination, in Chinese narcissus were studied. Method Four FTs were identified from the transcriptome data on Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis Roem by bioinformatics analysis. Expressions of the genes in various tissues and flower buds at differentiation stages were determined by fluorescence quantitative PCR and further confirmed by overexpressing it in Arabidopsis thaliana. Result The 4 homologous FTs, i.e., NtFT1, NtFT2, NtFT3, and NtFT4, were cloned using RT-PCR. All of them, except NtFT3, had conserved motifs. Phylogenetically; NtFT1 belonged to the FT-like I branch, while NtFT2, NtFT3, and NtFT4, to the FT-like II branch. In tissues, organs, and flower buds at differentiation stages, they expressed differently. The highest expressions of NtFT1 and NtFT3 were in the flowers, those of NtFT2 in the leaves, and NtFT4 in the scales. At different flower bud differentiation stages, the expressions differed significantly as well, as NtFT1 decreased followed as an increase during differentiation, but NtFT2 changed little throughout. The expressions of NtFT3 and NtFT4 were relatively low in the entire flower bud differentiation period. The ectopic transformation of A. thaliana showed the overexpressed NtFT1 and NtFT2 led to early flowering in comparison to the wild type. But no effect was associated with NtFT3, but delayed flowering was found on the transgenic NtFT4 Arabidopsis plants. In addition, the expressions of SOC1, LFY, and AP1 in the Arabidopsis plants rose with NtFT1 overexpression. Conclusion There were multiple FTs in Chinese narcissus that differed in regulating the flowering—NtFT1 promoted, while NtFT4 inhibited, the process.
2023, 38(12): 1428-1436.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.12.006
Abstract:
Objective Reflecting environmental conditions, the functional properties of plant leaves were analyzed to understand the regulation mechanisms to improve forestation. Method Length, width, area, fresh and dry weights, and SPAD of leaves on Cinnamomum camphora, Cinnamomum japonicum, Phoebe sheareri, Lindera aggregata, Lindera glauca, Sassafras tzumu, and Phoebe chekiangensis at the campus of Huangshan University were measured to derive the indexes, specific area, mass per area, and dry matter content of them. Properties of the soils on which the plants grew were tested to correlate with the leaf functional traits using the single factor analysis of variance and multiple comparisons. Result ① P. sheareri was morphologically like P. chekiangensis but generally scored higher on the functional indicators with a coefficient of variation in the range of 0≤CV≤10%. ② L. aggregata had significantly higher leaf SPAD and dry matters content but lower specific area and area than L. glauca. ③ Deciduous S. tzumu was generally higher than evergreens on the coefficient of variation. ④ Soil conductivity was extremely significantly correlated with the leaf mass per area of the trees grown on the land with an R2 = 0.646 3. Conclusion Various Lauraceae plants grown on similar habitats differed in response to environmental conditions. Deciduous trees responded to the changes "effectively and transiently", while evergreens "stably and persistently". The functional properties of the leaves on a plant could be used to distinguish species with a similar outward appearance. Showing a low coefficient of variation on the leaf functional traits and consistent flowering and fruiting in the years of observation, P. chekiangensis was considered a choice candidate for forestation. In a forest, the electrical conductivity of the soil could be monitored to effectively predict the changes in leaf mass per area of the trees.
2023, 38(12): 1437-1444.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.12.007
Abstract:
Objective Sequence and annotation of Colletotrichum fructicola N425 genome Method Whole genome of N425 was sequenced and assembled using the Illumina HiSeq2500 PE150 platform. Predicted protein structure and functional annotation of the genes were obtained using the NR, KEGG, and KOG databases. Results The genome was approximately 56.3 Mbp in length with 53.2% of G+C, 10 157 protein-coding genes, and several types of non-protein coding sequences. Of the genes, 1 356 were annotated in the PHI database that included 140 as the loss of pathogenicity, 720 in the CAZy database, and 302 related to the secondary metabolites. Some of these genes were involved in the cAMP-PKA and MAPK cascade signaling pathways as well as other pathogenic processes, such as host cell wall degradation, which could be responsible for the virulence on tea plants. Conclusion The sequence and annotation of whole C. fructicola N425 genome were successfully obtained, and probable virulence-related genes identified.
2023, 38(12): 1445-1452.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.12.008
Abstract:
Objective Control on maize stalk rot and effects on soil microbial communities by the addition ofPaenibacillus polymyxa in soil were studied. Method On a peanut rotational cultivation field, composition and structure of the microbial communities in the soil were determined using the illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technique to compare with those on the land incorporated with P. polymyxa NPDY05-8. Result The disease control on the maize stalk rot by addition of NPDY05-8 in soil reached 90.92% in 2021 and 96.58% in 2022 as shown by the experiment. Those were significantly more effective than what was achieved by using chemical treatments. NPDY05-8 continued to present in soil after the colonization in a year (Y1) with an OTU of 1 096 and in 30-d (Y2) of 1 149, which were significantly higher than control (Y3) of 941. Meanwhile, the population of Gibberella at 4.15% in Y1 and 8.76% in Y2 were significantly lower than that in Y3 at 17.18%; and that of Fusarium at 0.80% in Y1 and 1.12% in Y2, significantly lower than that in Y3 at 2.17%. Conclusion Addition of NPDY05-8 in maize field altered the microbial community in the soil that significantly provided a lasting control effect on the pathogenic fungi for maize farming.
2023, 38(12): 1453-1458.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.12.009
Abstract:
Objective Disease resistance to Xamthomonas axonopodis pv. Manihotis (Xam) of cassava related to MeUGT25, a UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGT) gene, was studied for breeding purposes. Method MeUGT25 was cloned from cassava leaves (SC124) by RT-PCR. Subsequently, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) andXam infection challenge experiment were conducted to confirm the disease resistance of the plant. Result The expression of MeUGT25 was significantly induced by the presence of Xam. In 3 transgenic plants, qRT-PCR showed reductions in MeUGT25 expression by 71%, 70%, and 69%. In 6 d after an Xam−inoculation, the bacterial counts on the leaves of MeUGT25V-2 and MeUGT25V-3 plants increased significantly, but not of MeUGT25V-1. On the other hand, apparent plaques appeared on the leaves of the MeUGT25 gene silencing plants indicating the lowered MeUGT25 expression had significantly reduced the resistance of cassava to Xam infection. Conclusion Reduction of MeUGT25 expression in cassava mitigated the ability of the leaves to resist invasion by Xam suggesting a positive regulatory role of the gene played in the disease resistance.
2023, 38(12): 1459-1465.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.12.010
Abstract:
Objective Microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen (MBC and MBN) in soil at the man-made forests on northern China hilly lands were studied. Method Three man-made forests that contained solely Robinia pseudoacacia, Quercus variabilis or Platyclodus orientalis trees at the Xiaolangdi Ecosystem Positioning Station of the Yellow River in Jiyuan, Henan were selected for the study. Soil samples in the layers of undecomposed litter (L), semi-decomposed/humic litter (F/H), and litter-free 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm depths were collected to determine the MBC, MBN, MBC/MBN ratio, and physiochemical properties. Correlations of the soil microbial biomass (SMB) with different tree species and soils were analyzed. Result (1) The highest total carbon (TC) in the soil that contained plant litter at the 3 forests was found in the F/H layer, and the greatest total nitrogen (TN) in the L layer. The TC and TN of the forests ranked in the order of F/H layer＞L layer＞0–10 cm and 10–20 cm soils with no fallen wastes (P＜0.05). DOC was higher in the layers with litter than without, but opposite on DON . The DOC in the littered soil was significantly higher at the Q. variabilis forest than the R. pseudoacacia forest, and no significant difference between the two and the P. orientalis forest (P＞0.05). (2) In the soil layers with tree litter, MBC was higher in the F/H than in the L layer with a ranking of R. pseudoacacia＞Q. variabilis＞P. orientalis among the 3 forests. In the two layers of litter-free mineral soil, MBC was higher in the depth of 0–10 cm than in the deeper layer. It ranked among the different forests as Q. variabilis＞R. pseudoacacia＞P. orientalis with no significant difference between the Q. variabilis and R. pseudoacacia forests (P＞0.05). The MBNs of both the littered and litter-free soil at the forests were Q. variabilis＞R. pseudoacacia＞P. orientalis, while Q. variabilis generated the highest MBN that was significantly different from P. orientalis (P＜0.05). (3) The MBC/MBN ratios of the L and F/H layers did not differ significantly, whereas those of the mineral soils tended to increase with the depth. The 0–10 cm litter-free soil did not differ significantly on the ratio among the forests (P＞0.05). However, that of the 10–20 cm soil at the R. pseudoacacia forests were significantly higher than that at the P. orientalis forest (P＞0.05), but no significant difference between them and that at the Q. variabilis forest (P＜0.05). (4) Significant correlations existed between the MBC and the TC and TN at the 3 forests. The correlation coefficient of 0.959 between MBC and TC of Q. variabilis was the highest among all. The C/N ratios of R. pseudoacacia and Q. variabilis negatively, while the C/N of P. orientalis positively, correlated with TC and TN, with correlation coefficients of 0.512 and 0.524, respectively. Conclusion Conducive to environmental carbon and nitrogen cycling, Q. variabilis appeared to be a prudent choice of plant for the ecological restoration in the low mountainous areas in northern China.
2023, 38(12): 1466-1477.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.12.011
Abstract:
Objective Effects of different ways to return maize stover onto field after harvest on the nutrients and fungal community in soil were investigated. Method A randomized group experiment was conducted in the maize producing areas in western Heilongjiang from 2015 to 2021 on Nendan 19 . The applied treatments included (1) no straw return (CK), (2) mulching ground with stover (CSR), (3) mixing chopped straws with soil (MSR), (4) deep plowing spent straws into soil (PSR), and (5) rotational return of stover (RSR). The effects on the soil and environmental drivers of fungal community were monitored by the Illumina Miseq sequencing technology. Result Time, method, and their interaction of the treatments exerted significant or extremely significant effects on the diversity and structure of the fungal community as well as the soil chemistry. The dominant fungal phyla in soil at the maize jointing stage were Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, and Mortierellomycota, while the dominant genera were Tausonia, Coprinellus, and Solicoccozyma. Whereas, at the silking stage, the dominant phyla were Ascomycota and Mortierellomycota. The RDA analysis showed that nitrate, fast-acting phosphorus, and ammonium nitrogen were the key environmental factors that altered the fungal community at genera level. Compared to CK, the maize yield under RSR increased by 3.92%, under MSR by 3.76%, and under PSR by 1.97%. Conclusions Under RSR the maize yield increased 3.92% over CK with an improved fungal richness index at jointing stage and a higher ASV than other treatments. At the same time, the abundant Penicillium spp. in soil due to the treatment materially hastened the lignocellulose degradation as the plant material decayed. RSR was, thus, the recommended utilization of the farm waste for maize cultivation in the region.
2023, 38(12): 1478-1484.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.12.012
Abstract:
Objective Nutritional value and amino acids (AAs) in tuna steam-cooking liquid were analyzed. Methods The tuna processing liquid was collected for chemical determinations by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and an amino acid analyzer. Results The solids in the liquid contained 76% protein which was 83.26% acid soluble peptides of less than 1,000 Da in molecular weight. The essential amino acid index of the liquid was 20.64 with a biological value of 10.80. Of the total AAs, 17.86% were free AAs; 19.63%, ACE-inhibiting; 9.71%, anti-xanthine oxidase; 27.27%, bone cell proliferation-promoting; and 7.16 %, hydroxyproline (which was 3.29% of the total protein with 63.83 % in the form of peptides). The bone cell proliferation promotion function was closely related to the protein concentration of the liquid. Conclusion The protein in the tuna steam-cooking liquid was mainly small molecule peptides derived from collagen.
2023, 38(12): 1485-1498.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.12.013
Abstract:
Objective Means to evaluate the progress and strategies to overcome obstacles in modernizing Fujian agriculture were studied. Method The methods of comprehensive indexing, analytical hierarchy process (AHP), and target value were applied to establish an assessment system that could quantify the progress of the agricultural modernization taking place in China. Six first tier and 24 second tier indicators from the perspectives of industry, production, and management with the aims of being efficient, green, and supportive were employed in the evaluation system. Accordingly, the achievement levels realized by the province and the nation during the period of the 13th Five-Year Plan were analyzed. Result The average scores on the modernization in the 5-year period were 66.07 for Fujian and 61.21 for the nation. The levels were in the medium transformation stage for the province and in the primary stage for the country. The province had a lower average annual growth rate of 2.18% than 2.64% of the nation. The sub-index on industry for the province was 78.38%, which was 26.07% higher than that for the nation; and that on realization of quality and benefit, 71.16%, which was 52.90% higher than that for the nation. The indices on production, management, green practices, and supportive roles for Fujian were 70.22%, 46.53%, 67.92%, and 41.02%, respectively, which were 0.73%, 11.33%, 8.77%, and 38.43%, respectively, below the national levels. High production efficiency, functional organization, advanced processing facilities, and intensive resource utilization helped the modernization in Fujian. On the other hand, the province faced shortcomings on the relative insufficiencies in large-scale land management, managerial body, product safety, and financial support. Suggestion To promote the balanced development of modern agriculture in Fujian in the future, following measures were recommended: (1) developing high-standard farmlands and well-managed cultivated lands, (2) promoting cultivation of specialty cash crops, (3) nurturing establishments of new business and social service organizations, (4) enhancing research and applications of green preventive and control technologies, (5) enforcing product safety, (6) increasing financial support with an efficient operating system, and (7) expanding insurance coverages and supplement to agriculture related operations.
