2022 Vol. 37, No. 1
Display Method:
2022, 37(1): 1-6.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.01.001
Abstract:
Objective A PCR method for simultaneous detection of new-type duck reovirus (NDRV), novel goose parvovirus (NGPV), and duck tembusu virus (DTMUV) was developed and tested for clinic applications. Method Separate sets of specific primers were designed based on the conserved regions of NDRV, NGPV, and DTMUV genomes. The target specific amplifications of NDRV, NGPV, and DTMUV were in the regions of 594 bp, 467 bp, and 328 bp, respectively. The specificity, sensitivity, and repeatability of the assay method were determined prior to a trial determination on clinic specimens. Result The newly developed multiplex PCR methodology delivered highly repeatable results and showed a high specificity on the 3 viruses with negative results on other commonly found duck pathogens. The detection sensitivity on NDRV was 8.80×104 copies·μL−1, 4.03×104 copies·μL−1 on NGPV, and 2.15×104 copies·μL−1 on DTMUV. On 167 clinical samples a perfect 100% total coincidence rate between the new and conventional PCR methods were achieved in detecting the 3 viruses. Conclusion The newly established multiplex PCR assay was specific, sensitive, and repeatable in simultaneously detecting NDRV, NGPV, and DTMUV. It was considered adequate for clinic applications.
2022, 37(1): 7-16.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.01.002
Abstract:
Objective Effects of planting density and K and N applications on the yield and quality of hybrid rice, T-Liangyoumingzhan, were studied for cultivation optimization. Method The “311-A” experimental design was applied for a regression analysis on the rice yield and quality as affected by planting density and K and N application rates. The value of each evaluation factor was set to be within the range of [− 2, 2]. Results (1) By increasing the planting density in the range of 19.47-23.43 million clumps·hm−2, the rates of brown and milled head rice were increased but the grain chalkiness reduced. Little effect was observed on the alkali dissipation and gel consistency of the rice. Hence, appropriate planting density would be conducive to desirable transparency and amylose content of rice. (2) Increased K benefitted the brown rice rate but lowered the alkali dissipation value and amylose content. It exerted no significant effect on the gel consistency of the rice harvested. Improved head rice rate, reduced chalkiness, and increased transparency could be achieved with adequate application of K at 71.0-95.5 kg·hm−2. (3) Increasing N decreased the brown and head rice rates at first but increased as more N was applied. The addition of N at 177.0-200.2 kg·hm−2 range could improve alkali dissipation, gel consistency and amylose content, but not significantly on chalkiness or transparency. Conclusion Planting T-Liangyoumingzhan in the range of 19.47-23.43 million clumps·hm−2 with the applications of K2O at 71.0-95.5 kg·hm−2 and N at 177.0-200.2 kg·hm−2 was considered appropriate. Under which, a yield of 8 373.14-8 556.11 kg·hm−2 Grade-3 high quality rice could be anticipated.
2022, 37(1): 17-24.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.01.003
Abstract:
Objective A high-quality, disease-and-pest-resistant hybrid rice variety was bred to meet the market demand for green and quality food. Method The disease- and pest-resistant Zhongzu 14 as the female parent and the quality restorer Minghui 863 line as the male parent were used for the hybridization. The time required for the continuous self-crossing process was shortened by conducting part of the experiment in winter in warmer southern province of Hainan, instead of Fujian. To ensure a stable blast resistance, only the progenies confirmed to meet the quality requirement were selected for the proceeding test. A strong on heterosis, uniform in population, and disease-resistant restorer line, Minghui 164, was thus obtained in 2011. It was crossed with Bph68S, a planthoppers-resistant two-line genic male sterile line, to arrive at a new two-line hybrid indica rice named B Liangyou 164 in the summer of 2014. Subsequently, the new hybrid rice was submitted for evaluation at the Provincial Late Variety Comprehensive Trial in 2015-2016, the Regional Test and Production Trial in 2017-2018, and the Regional and Production Trial of Middle and Lower Yangtze River in 2018-2019. Result The average yield of B Liangyou 164 in the regional test in Fujian reached 8 312.18 kg·hm−2, which was 8.94% higher than that of the reference variety, Yiyou 673, and in the Yangtze River 9 867.15 kg·hm−2, which was 5.68% higher than that of the reference variety, Fengliangyou No.4. The newly bred variety was certified by the Fujian Province Crop Variety Approval Committee as well as the National Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2020. Conclusion B Liangyou 164 was a stable high-yield hybrid rice variety with moderate resistance to rice blast and brown planthopper. It met the Grade-3 international standard for high quality rice as stipulated by the Ministry of Agriculture and, consequently, considered appropriate for cultivation as mid-season rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and as late-season variety in Fujian.
2022, 37(1): 25-32.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.01.004
Abstract:
Objective Effects of rotation or continuous cropping potatoes on the plant growth and soil chemical and biochemical properties were studied. Method A 5-year fix-point experiment was conducted to compare the effects of a potato-maize rotation cultivation, the commonly practiced continuous annual planting of potatoes in spring, and an intensified continuous spring and autumn cropping in a same year on the morphological indices of the potato plants as well as the enzyme activities and total effective and available nutrients in the soil. Result Both common and the intensified continuous cropping caused reductions on the plant height, stem girth, and leaf area but an increase on the root length in comparison with control. On the other hand, the rotation cultivation of potatoes and maize raised those first 3 indicators in increasing differentiations from the other cropping practices along with growth of the plants. Meanwhile, the enzyme activities in the soil were higher than the continuous cropping fields, especially the intensified continuous cropping one. In addition, the available nutrients were also significantly affected by the cultivation practices. For instance, at time of crop maturation, the total nitrogen, total potassium, and total phosphorus in the soil, where the cultivation was conducted by rotating potato and maize crops, were 4.98%, 6.79%, and 16.38%, respectively, higher than those in the soil under the common continuous cropping, and 13.02%, 15.21%, and 16.12%, respectively, higher than those under the intensified continuous cropping. Conclusion Rotation cultivation of potatoes and maize significantly promoted the potato plant growth and development, enhanced the soil enzyme activity, and accelerated the transformation of available nutrients in soil to materially reduce the stress on the plants incurred by long-term continuous cropping.
2022, 37(1): 33-41.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.01.005
Abstract:
Objective Application of magnesium to alleviate the physiological damage that seriously ill-affects the yield and quality of a tobacco plant by high temperature and strong light was studied. Method Flue-cured tobacco, Cuibi No. 1 (Nicotiana tabacum), plants were supplied with magnesium at 0, 12.0, 48.0, and 120.0 mg·L−1 under 33 ℃ with light exposures of 600 or 1 200 µmol·m−2·s−1. Effects of the nutrient supplement on the physiology of tobacco plants were monitored. Result A magnesium deficiency on the plants with the symptoms of sun-burn, H2O2 and malondialdehyde accumulations, and a heightened leaf membrane permeability was observed under the stress of 33 ℃ and the light exposure at 1 200 µmol·m−2·s−1. Through supplementing 48 mg·L−1 magnesium the tobacco plants significantly rose on the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase, which eliminated ROS, as well as the chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate. The adverse effects caused by the stress were significantly relieved. Conclusion Appropriate application of magnesium fertilization could alleviate the physiological damages on tobacco plants caused by high temperature and strong light exposure.
2022, 37(1): 42-48.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.01.006
Abstract:
Objective Composition and value of the broad bean branches pruned at flower-pod stage to be used for forage or fertilizer were evaluated. Method Pruned branches from 11 varieties of Vicia faba L. were collected in the field to determine the biomass, nutrients content, and NPK uptake of the waste material. Result It was found that the broad bean plants could be pruned 2 to 3 times at the flower-pod stage to yield 1.22-2.54 t·hm−2 on dry matters. As forage, the branches had a relative feeding value ranging from 96.79 to 120.23 that ranked by the various varieties as Tongcan (fresh) No.6＞Lingxiyicun＞I3＞Tongcan (fresh) No.8＞Tongcan (fresh) No.10＞Tongcan (fresh) No.7＞Tong 09-110-1＞Ribendabaipi＞I2＞I1＞I4. Thus, I3, Tongcan (fresh) No. 6, Tongcan (fresh) No. 8, Tongcan (fresh) No. 10, and Lingxiyicun were classified as upper Grade-2 and Tongcan (fresh) No. 7 as the lower level of the same grade, whereas I1, I2, I4, Tong 09-110-1, and Ribendabaipi as upper Grade-4. To be used as green manure, the pruned branches could be buried in soil to provide nutrient uptake on N at 43.79–75.20 kg·hm−2, 6.52–13.95 kg·hm−2on P, and 61.91–120.69 kg·hm−2on K, which represented effective equivalents of 34.09–98.82 kg of N, 8.50–14.21 kg of P, and 80.73–128.63 kg of K on a per hm2 basis. Conclusion The biomass yield, quality, and nutritional value of the pruned branches of the broad bean variety I3, Tongcan (fresh) No. 6, Tongcan (fresh) No. 8, Tongcan (fresh) No. 10, and Lingxiyicun in the province had high values as forage, and I2, I4, Tongcan (fresh) No. 8, and Tong 09-110-1 high as fertilizer.
2022, 37(1): 49-58.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.01.007
Abstract:
Objective Morphological and physiological changes and waterlogging tolerance of three major peach cultivars in Zhejiang Province in response to flooding stress were studied. Method One-year-old seedlings of early (Chunhong), mid (Shinkawa Nakajima), and late (Jinxiu) varieties of peaches grafted on Maotao rootstocks planted in pots were treated with or without simulated waterlogging. Phenotype, waterlogging index, and root cell anatomical structure of the plants were compared, and photosynthetic parameters, osmotic adjustment substances content, and antioxidant enzyme activities determined. Waterlogging tolerance of the cultivars was evaluated using the membership function and principal component analyses. Result Prolonged waterlogging progressively damaged the tips of the peach plant roots showing lysed cortical cells with irregular air cavities, and the roots eventually rotted. As the waterlogging index continued rising the leaves also wilted, yellowed, and even shed. The index on Chunhong was significantly lower than those of Shinkawa Nakajima and Jinxiu. The leaf photosynthetic capacity was hindered by the waterlogging with significantly declined net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), and stomatal conductance (Gs), and raised intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci). The Chunhong variety maintained a higher photosynthetic capacity than did either Shinkawa Nakajima or Jinxiu. Meanwhile, under the stress, the leaf cell membrane permeability continued to rise, while the contents of MDA and SS and the activities of SOD and POD increased initially and then decreased. The membership function and principal component analyses ranked the waterlogging tolerance of these cultivars as Chunhong＞Shinkawa Nakajima＞Jinxiu. Conclusion Prolonged waterlogging could cause severe damages to the roots and photosynthetic function of the peach plants. The degree of tolerance to such stress varied significantly among the 3 cultivars, and Chunhong was seen most tolerant to waterlogging as shown in the pot experiment.
2022, 37(1): 59-66.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.01.008
Abstract:
Objective Effects of duration of the seedling tray bagging on the growth and quality of in-forest cultivated Anoectochilus roxburghi were analyzed. Method Under tree shade in the forest, Nanjing large leaf A. roxburghii seedlings were cultivated with the conventional ground planting (CK) or utilization of the seedling tray bagging method for 7 different lengths of time at an experimental site in Geshan Village, Nanjing County. Effects of the bagging and bagging duration on the growth and quality of the plants were evaluated. Result (1) The seedling tray bagging significantly increased the survival rate, plant height, leaf number, leaf length, leaf width, stem node number, node length, root number, and root length of the A. roxburghii plants. Compared with CK, 150 d bagging afforded the plants 26.42% higher on survival rate, 26.47% taller on height, 36.36% more on number of leaves, 18.41% longer on node, and 8.32% on average plant fresh weight. (2) The bagging significantly raised the soluble sugar content in A. roxburghii over direct ground planting. However, too long a bagging duration was detrimental to chlorophyll synthesis of the plant, even though no significant effect on protein content. (3) The bagging facilitated the plant accumulation and synthesis of polysaccharides, flavonoids, alkaloids, and amino acids, as shown by 11.85%, 5.67%, 3.70%, and 17.50% increases, respectively, over the conventional ground cultivation. However, being held in the bags for a prolonged period, the plants ceased to rise on the contents of total alkaloids, kinsenoside, and total phenols. The peak contents of flavonoids, alkaloids, amino acids, and polysaccharides did not significantly differ on the plants bagged for 150 d or 0 d either. Conclusion The seedling tray bagging practice benefitted the growth and quality of A. roxburghii. However, prolonged bagging was not conducive to the synthesis of functional ingredients in the plant. It appeared that bagging for 150 d was optimal for the cultivation of high quality A. roxburghii in the woods.
2022, 37(1): 67-73.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.01.009
Abstract:
Objective Effects of CO2 and LED exposure on the photosynthesis and quality of chili peppers in a solar greenhouse were studied. Method In a two-way random zone group experiment, Huamei 105 chili pepper plants were exposed to natural light (L1), natural light supplemented with LED of R ∶ B=5 ∶ 1 (L2) or R ∶ B ∶ W=3 ∶ 2 ∶ 1 (L3), CO2 at the natural 400±50 μL·L−1 (C1) or at 800±50 μL·L−1 (C2) in 6 combination treatments ∶ L1C1 (control), L1C2, L2C1, L2C2, L3C1, and L3C2. The physiological and photosynthetic characteristics of the plants under the treatments were compared. Result The added CO2 in the atmosphere as in C2 and supplementation of LED as in L2 and L3 increased the plant height and stem girth which were shown the significantly higher average height of 88.33cm and 93cm and girth diameter of 12.00mm and 13.34mm under L2C2 and L3C2, respectively, than higher CK treatments. Of all treatments, L2C2 produced the highest contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll as well as the greatest photosynthetic rate (Pn Conclusion Supply of added CO2 and supplementation of LED light effectively improved the photosynthesis and pepper quality of the plants. The combined applications of L2 and C2 appeared particularly attractive for the local solar greenhouse chili pepper cultivation in winter.
2022, 37(1): 74-78.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.01.010
Abstract:
Objective Pathogenicity of the pepper vein yellows virus (PeVYV) of genus Polerovirus that caused epidemic infection on chili peppers, Capsicum annuum L., in China was studied to assess the potential threat to the crop, and the polyclonal antibody against the virus prepared. Methods Polyclonal antibody of PeVYV was prepared using the purified recombinant P4 protein. A detection method based on the antibody was established to determine the functions and characteristics of P4. The 471 bp of P4 gene was amplified by RT-PCR using the total RNA of infected chili peppers and cloned into prokaryotic expressing plasmid pDEST17 expressed in E. coli Rosetta by arabinose induction. The recombinant P4 was purified by Ni-NTA chromatography for the antibody preparation and verified by western blotting. Results The recombinant P4 protein was soluble with a molecular weight of approximately 25 kDa. The prepared polyclonal antibody was confirmed by western blot to specifically recognize the protein. Conclusions The polyclonal antibody prepared in this study specifically recognized P4. It could be used to characterize and determine the functions of the protein.
2022, 37(1): 79-83.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.01.011
Abstract:
Objective Expressions of the defense-related genes in tomato plant induced by Ralstonia solanacearum of varied pathogenicity were studied to understand the biocontrol mechanisms of the avirulent FJAT1458. Method Real-time PCR was used to determine the expressions of gluA and PR-1a in the salicylic acid signal pathway, loxA and pin2 in the jasmonic acid signal pathway, and Osm and PR-1a in the ethylene signal pathway in tomato plants inoculated with the virulent strain FJAT91, the avirulent strain FJAT1458, or sterile water (CK) for 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h. Result Both avirulent and virulent strains could induce expressions of gluA, PR-1a, loxA, pin2, Osm, and PR-1a. However, except for PR-1a and Osm, the gene expressions induced by FJAT1458 were significantly higher than those by FJAT91. Both FJAT1458 and FJAT91 inoculations raised the expressions of gluA and PR-1a to a peak followed by a decline in 12 h. The expressions of loxA and pin2 induced by FJAT1458 induction were significantly higher than CK, but FJAT91 did only initially. On the other hand, FJAT91 produced a significantly higher Osm expression than either FJAT1458 or CK, excluding the 72 h inoculation. And in the 3 h inoculation it rendered a PR-1b expression significantly stronger than FJAT1458 at 260.46 times higher than CK. Conclusion Both avirulent and virulent R. solanacearum could induce expressions of the defense-related genes in tomato plants in varied degrees. The transcriptomic method applied in this study could conceivably be used to unveil additional differently expressed genes associated with the pathways in tomato plants in the future.
2022, 37(1): 84-95.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.01.012
Abstract:
Objective Diversity of the symbiotic bacteria on Delia antiqua larvae was studied, and effectiveness of two commonly used culture media in isolating them compared. Methods Diversity of the bacterial population on the surface and in the guts of D. antiqua larvae were determined using the high-throughput amplicon sequencing technique. The effectiveness of the LB and TSB media to culture and isolate the bacteria were compared based on the sequencing results. Results The inhabitation bacteria on the larvae were from 115 genera, 66 families, and 4 phyla according to the sequencing. Most of them could not be annotated to species level. On LB medium, 463 strains were isolated that belonged to 29 species, 18 genera, and 11 families, while on TSB, 391 strains from 44 species, 28 genera, and 19 families. TSB isolated more species than LB, and some of the species could be isolated by either method. However, the high-throughput amplicon sequencing revealed that these culture methods could provide only a minute portion of the bacteria population that coinhabited on the host. Conclusion It was necessary to use both TSB and LB media in order to maximize the isolation of all symbiotic bacteria on D. antiqua larvae.
2022, 37(1): 96-102.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.01.013
Abstract:
Objective Strains of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) with varied ACC metabolic strengths were constructed by promoter replacement technology, and the resulting chemotaxis and effects on the growth of wheat seedlings analyzed. Methods Four gene fragments containing different promoter sequences were cloned and connected to the expression vector pBBR1MCS-2. Using the 3-parent hybridization method, strains of a similar growth rate was constructed. Results Four strains with basically a same growth rate were obtained by the hybridization and transformation method. The AcdS gene expression and ACC deaminase activity were found positively correlated to the strength of the promoter transferred to the strain. The higher the ACC metabolism rate, the greater the chemotactic ability of the strain. In the experiment on wheat seedling root growth and plant biomass with or without the PGPR strains, the colonization number in rhizosphere of UW4△AcdS+Bra20A was the highest, while those of UW4△AcdS and UW4△AcdS+Bra1A lower; the stem and root weight of wheat treated with UW4△AcdS+Bra20A the highest, the stem weight of wheat treated with UW4△AcdS+Bra1A and UW4△AcdS lower, and the root weight of wheat treated with UW4△AcdS lowest. Conclusion The promoter-replaced PGPRs with high enzyme activity displayed high ACC metabolic rate, which enhanced the chemotaxis and the plant-growth promotion ability.
2022, 37(1): 103-113.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.01.014
Abstract:
Objective Fermentation process of Bacillus methylotrophicus Z21, which exhibited antifungal activities on Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma koningii among others in a preliminary study, was optimized, and the stability and antibacterial properties of the broth as a nature preservative examined. Method The fermentation conditions, including temperature, UV, pH, time, enzymes, and metal ions, were optimized based on the antifungal activity of the broth against T. koningii determined by the Oxford cup method. Effects of the ammonium sulfate-precipitated crude extract on the MIC, inhibition rate, spore germination, and hypha growth of T. koningii were also examined. Result The optimized process was conducted in a 500 mL flask to hold 150 mL liquid medium with 3% inoculum for the 60 h fermentation at 30 ℃ under constant 140 r·min−1 stirring. The inhibition rate of the 150 μL sterile fermentation broth on the hypha growth was 72%. The increased UV absorbances of the T. koningii culture liquid at OD260 and OD280 by the treatment of the extract at MIC of 25 mg·mL−1 indicated a leakage of nucleic acids and proteins into the liquid from the mycelia. The Z21 fermentation broth was resistant to heat, acid, and alkali but insensitive to UV, enzymes, and metal ions. The scanning electron microscopic images showed that the hyphae of T. koningii treated by the broth became slender without spore stems. Conclusion The growth and reproduction of T. koningii were significantly inhibited by the presence of B. methylotrophicus Z21 fermentation broth. The antifungal activity of the broth remained stable under elevated temperature and/or acidic or alkali conditions.
2022, 37(1): 114-122.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.01.015
Abstract:
Abiotic stress on plant growth and loss of seed vigor during seed storage are two difficult problems for agricultural production. Raffinose family oligosaccharide (RFOs), a soluble oligosaccharide, widely exsist in plants, the metabolites of which can participate in plant resistance to abiotic stress through various pathways and regulation of seed vigor. However, the regulatory pathways and molecular mechanisms of RFOs under different stresses are still not clear. Thus, analysis of the biological function of RFOs has practical significance and application value for improving crop economic traits and yield by using RFOs pathway. In this review, the synthesis and catabolic pathways of RFOs were expounded, and the recent research progress of RFOs in seed vigor, abiotic stress, especially drought stress and cold stress was summarized; the lack of mechanism study of RFOs metabolism were discussed, and the future research directions for RFOs metabolism were prospected.
Abiotic stress on plant growth and loss of seed vigor during seed storage are two difficult problems for agricultural production. Raffinose family oligosaccharide (RFOs), a soluble oligosaccharide, widely exsist in plants, the metabolites of which can participate in plant resistance to abiotic stress through various pathways and regulation of seed vigor. However, the regulatory pathways and molecular mechanisms of RFOs under different stresses are still not clear. Thus, analysis of the biological function of RFOs has practical significance and application value for improving crop economic traits and yield by using RFOs pathway. In this review, the synthesis and catabolic pathways of RFOs were expounded, and the recent research progress of RFOs in seed vigor, abiotic stress, especially drought stress and cold stress was summarized; the lack of mechanism study of RFOs metabolism were discussed, and the future research directions for RFOs metabolism were prospected.
2022, 37(1): 123-130.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.01.016
Abstract:
Tea green leafhopper, Empoasca onukii Matsuda, is one of the most widely distributed, ubiquitous, and destructive insect pests at tea plantations. This article reviews the research progress on the pest over the past decade in China. It encompasses the publications involving the dominant species identification, genetic relationships among populations, as well as the taxology, biological characteristics, and correlations with tea cultivars, climatic conditions, habitat management, and insecticide application of the insect. The remaining information gap and tasks on the studies of the pest and control are discussed with respect to the green development and the implementation of the policy on the “Regulations on the Control of Crop Pathogens and Pests.”
Tea green leafhopper, Empoasca onukii Matsuda, is one of the most widely distributed, ubiquitous, and destructive insect pests at tea plantations. This article reviews the research progress on the pest over the past decade in China. It encompasses the publications involving the dominant species identification, genetic relationships among populations, as well as the taxology, biological characteristics, and correlations with tea cultivars, climatic conditions, habitat management, and insecticide application of the insect. The remaining information gap and tasks on the studies of the pest and control are discussed with respect to the green development and the implementation of the policy on the “Regulations on the Control of Crop Pathogens and Pests.”
