2020 Vol. 35, No. 9
Display Method:
2020, 35(9): 919-928.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2020.09.001
Abstract:
Objective Characteristics and expressions of Expansins, the widely existing gene family associated with plant cell wall, were studied during the fruit ripening stage to decipher the genetic functions relating to ripening of the plum fruits. Method Transcriptomes of fruits of Sanyueli ( Prunus salicina Lindl.) and its red-flesh mutant were used to identify Expansin genes as well as for a bioinformatic and expression comparison of identified genes. Result Thirty-three Expansins, with individual protein containing 176 to 460 amino acids, a molecular weight ranging from 19.21kD to 51.33kD, and an isoelectric point varying from 4.62 to 9.83, were identified from the fruit transcriptome data. Most of them were stable hydrophilic proteins located in the extracellular space. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that plum Expansin family included 22 EXPAs, 6 EXPBs, 1 EXPLA, and 4 EXPLBs. All of the proteins had DPBB_1 and Pollen_allerg_1 domains, and, within a same classification, they shared same conserved motif composition. Nine Expansins were differentially expressed in Sanyueli and the mutant during fruit ripening. The expressions of EVM0015785, EVM0016777, EVM0010710, EVM0022202, EVM0002390, and EVM0024996 significantly differed between Sanyueli and the red-flesh mutant. Conclusion The information obtained was to be used for further study on the functions of the Expansin family during ripening of plum fruits.
2020, 35(9): 929-936.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2020.09.002
Abstract:
Objective MYB14 in Longan was cloned, its bioinformatics studied, and expression vector constructed. Method Full-length sequence of MYB14 was obtained by transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. Accordingly, specific primers for the cloning were designed, bioinformatics on the open reading frame sequence established, and overexpression vector constructed. Result In the TBP-like subfamily of MYB-related family of genes, MYB14 had an 831 bp ORF encoding 276 amino acids with one MYB binding site. It was a non-transmembrane hydrophilic protein with 57 amino acid phosphorylation sites in the cytoplasm. Its secondary structure was irregular crimp and α-helix. The predicted secondary and tertiary structures were highly consistent. The phylogenetic tree on the gene of longan showed a homology with that of cannabis. Conclusion MYB14 of Longan was successfully cloned with the constructed expression vector, PBI121-MYB14, which provided reference for the further study on the function of MYB14.
2020, 35(9): 937-942.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2020.09.003
Abstract:
Objective A highly adaptable and stress-resistant variety of Freesia bearing flowers of a unique color was bred. Method A variety of Freesia from the Netherlands, Red Lion, was crossed with the purple Royal Blue in March 2006. A year later, the target purplish red hybrid F1 plant, R1B1-1, was selected. After screening and expanding through generations of cloning from 2008 to 2012, Freesia hybrida Red Jade stabilized characteristics was finally obtained. Subsequently, it was subjected to a comparison test with its parents from 2013 till 2015, a SRAP molecular identification for species confirmation in 2016, and the multi-point tests from 2017 to 2019. Result Red Jade was planted from late September to early October in Fuzhou, Fuqing, Zhenghe, and other localities to bloom for 30-40d from late February to early March in the following year. Its upper perianth was purplish red (RHS:N74A), and the throat yellow (RHS:14A), in color. The average length of leaf was 41.8cm, that of flower stem 41.3cm, that of flower stem girth 4.9mm with a branch count of 3.9, that of main inflorescence 7.2cm with a main inflorescence floret count of 8.9, and that of flower diameter 3.9cm with a reproduction coefficient of 6.7. Conclusion The new variety, Freesia hybrida Red Jade, was highly adaptable, stress resistant, and suitable for cultivation in Fujian and area of similar frost-free climate. Combining sexual hybridization and asexual propagation could be a promising approach to breed novel varieties of Freesia.
2020, 35(9): 943-949.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2020.09.004
Abstract:
Objective Occurrence, distribution, anatomical structure, and morphological characteristics of floral organs of red pitaya (Hylocereus monacanthus) were microscopically observed to study the differentiation and regulation of the organogenesis. Method Flower buds on red pitaya plants at different developmental stages were examined under a VHX-5000 digital microscope. Result The flower buds were formed mainly below the spines on the branches. The sepal and petal primordia were initiated spirally. The multi-round stamen primordia originated at the base of perianth on proximal before distal axis. Anthers, including 4 pollen sacs lined symmetrically and split longitudinally, grew at the bottom. There were as many as 30 carpels primordia appeared simultaneously. Multiple carpel primordia might form ovaries that contained a single locule. Two rows of circinotropous ovules were inserted on the abdominal suture. The mature stigma showed 24-30 shallow clefts with numerous papilla cells on the surface. The style had a hollow canal with an inner surface densely covered with passage cells. Conclusion The sequence of the floral organogenesis of red pitaya started from sepal primordia, developed into petal primordia, then stamen primordia, and finally, carpel primordia. However, there were overlaps in time of appearance on some of the organs.
2020, 35(9): 950-956.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2020.09.005
Abstract:
Objective Genetic relationship and diversity of Agaricus bisporus germplasms recently introduced to southern Fujian were studied to facilitate the identification, preservation, and breeding of the mushroom resource. Method Both somatic incompatibility test and SSR molecular marker technology were used to determine the genetic diversity of 9 varieties of A. bisporus. Result Somatic incompatibilities of the germplasms allowed the separation of 5 distinct groups by the presence or absence of antagonistic effect among them. Utilizing a similarity coefficient of 0.77, SSR analysis clustered the germplasms into Group 1 that consisted of HK, Group 2 that included 901 and A15, Group 3 that had Fumo 52, and Group 4 that comprised of As2796, W192, W2000, Fumo 58, and Fumo 38. Conclusion From the results obtained by the somatic incompatibility test and SSR molecular marker technology, HK appeared to be remotely related to the other 8 germplasms, especially the domestic varieties. Hence, it could be a potential candidate for breeding purpose.
2020, 35(9): 957-963.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2020.09.006
Abstract:
Objective Essential oils in various tissues of Melaleuca alternifolia were analyzed for data organization and utilization of the plants. Method GC-MS was employed to determine the essential oil compositions in the young shoots, old leaves, branches, and stems of the terpinen-4-ol-type M. alternifolia plants for a principal component analysis. Result The essential oils in different parts of the plant differed significantly. In particular, the contents of terpinen-4-ol and1,8-cineole in the stems were significantly different from those in the other parts. The principal component analysis showed that β-phellanderene, viridiflorene, viridiflorol, aromadendrene, p-cymene, γ-terpinene, terpinen-4-ol, α-thujene, α-pinene, globulol, α-terpineol, 1,8-cineole, and limonene basically characterized the essential oils in M. alternifolia. Conclusion To maximize the yield and quality of the essential oil extraction, stems ought not to be used as the raw material for the production. To determine the essential oil content of M. alternifolia, only the 13 abovementioned compounds were necessary to simplify the analysis.
2020, 35(9): 964-973.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2020.09.007
Abstract:
Objective Effects of endogenous hormones and expressions of genes related to the hormone syntheses on the morphology and physiology of bikequ yam (Dioscorea Opposita) tubers during expanding stage were investigated. Correlation between the indicators was established to provide guidelines for upgrading the yield and quality of the yam farming. Method During expansion stage of the tubers, contents of starch, reducing sugar, and soluble total sugar were determined by chemical analysis, those of endogenous ABA, GA3, IAA, JA, ZR, and IPA by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and that of salicylic acid (SA) by HPLC. Correlations between these indicators were tested by regression analysis. The gene expression levels of endogenous hormone related genes were obtained by transcriptome sequencing. Result The contents of IAA, ZR, ABA, JA, and SA correlated positively with the morphological indices on the tuber, while those of GA3 and IPA correlated negatively. IAA correlated with the tuber perimeter and diameter. GA3 correlated inversely with the length of tuber. The IAA-related gene was found to negatively correlate with IAA in the tubers. Conclusion Among the endogenous hormones, IAA, ZR, ABA, JA, and SA promoted the tuber enlargement; GA3 and IPA inhibited the growth; IAA enhanced the girth increase; and, GA3 retarded the elongation. The downregulation of IAA-related gene increased the hormone synthesis. In other words, the gene could regulate the IAA production in the yams, and in turn, affected the tuber growth.
2020, 35(9): 974-979.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2020.09.008
Abstract:
Objective The very complex genetic characteristics at heading stage that dictate the adaptability of a rice variety to ecological zones were studied. Method Using Huazhan as male parent, populations of 6 generations (i.e., P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1-1, and BC1-2) of combination rice hybrids, Tianyou Huazhan (TH), Hengfengyou Huazhan (HH), and Wufengyou Huazhan (WH), were constructed. Genetic analysis on the heredity of plant height was performed using the "main gene+polygene hybrid genetic model" on the populations. Result MX1-AD-ADI was found to be the best fit genetic model for the heading of all 3 hybrids. On F2, the main genetic heritability of TH was 10.13%, that of HH 12.64%, and that of WH 13.65%; and, the polygenic heritability of TH was 88.45%, that of HH 85.94%, and that of WH 83.66%. For the BC1-1 population, the main gene heritability ranged from 15.16% to 23.66%, and the polygene from 65.33% to 69.75%. For the two populations, the genetic patterns at the heading stage were mainly controlled by the polygenes. But the heading of the 3 backcrossing BC1-2 populations with the maintainer as recurrent parent were affected by both the main genes and polygenes with the former exerting a heritability between 42.03% and 47.78 %, and the latter between 45.17% and 50.77%. Conclusion Rice heading was highly complicatedly controlled by multiple genes. In breeding, selection of heading period would, therefore, require a thorough analysis beforehand on the genetic characteristics of the specific target population.
2020, 35(9): 980-986.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2020.09.009
Abstract:
Objective Growth and meat productivity of a hybrid duck crossed between Ji'an red-feather duck and Taiwan white Kaiya duck were studied for future breeding. Method Ji'an red-feather duck (♀) and white Kaiya duck (♂) were crossed by means of progressive hybridization followed by horizontal fixation on the new breed. The growth and meat production of the hybrid progenies were monitored. Result The F1 hybrid ducks were separated by plumage color into red- and white-feather groups to arrive at a 2:1 ratio on their counts, while the F2 ducks into mixed-color, red- and white-feather groups at a ratio of 1:1.2:1. The F2 red-feather ducks and white-feather ducks were cross-bred among themselves to be horizontally fixed eliminating the plumage color differentiation in their respective offspring (F2×F2 generation). At the early growth stage, i.e., 21-d-old, the body weight of the red-feather ducks was extremely significantly higher than that of F1 generation (P＜0.01) with an improved slaughter yield. The percentages of carcass, breast muscle, and lean meat of all F2 red-feather ducks, as well as the live weight, carcass weight, eviscerating percentage of the female F2 red-feather ducks, were either significantly or extremely significantly higher than those of F1 generation (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01). The carcass and eviscerated percentages of the red-feather ducks, the half-eviscerated percentage of the female red-feather ducks, and the abdominal fat rate of the male red-feather ducks in the F2×F2 generation were significantly or extremely significantly higher than those of F1 generation (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01). The half-eviscerated percentage of all red-feather ducks and the percentages of carcass, eviscerated carcass, and abdominal fat of the male F2×F2 red-feather ducks were significantly or extremely significantly higher than those of F2 generation (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01). The breast muscle percentage and lean meat rate of all white-feather ducks and the body and carcass weights of the female F2 white-feather ducks were significantly or extremely significantly higher than those of F1 counterparts (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01). The carcass, eviscerated carcass, and breast muscle percentages of the F2×F2 white-feather ducks were significantly or extremely significantly higher than those of F1 generation (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01). The carcass and eviscerated percentages of all white-feather ducks and the half-eviscerated percentage of the female F2×F2 white-feather ducks were extremely significantly higher than those of F2 generation (P＜0.01). Conclusion The growth rate at early stage as well as the slaughter performance of Ji'an red-feather ducks was significantly improved by introducing the genes of the white Kaiya duck.
2020, 35(9): 987-996.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2020.09.010
Abstract:
Objective Regulating functions of goose liver were studied by genetic analyses before and after the birds started egg-laying. Method RNA-Seq technology was employed to obtain the transcriptome of the liver tissue of Taizhou goose before and after egg-laying. The results were verified using a qRT-PCR method and followed by the Go annotation and KEGG analysis to determine the functions of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Result After an initial quality control screening on the raw RNA-Seq data, 73 596 894 to 79 837 756 clean reads were secured from 6 liver specimens. Based on the estimated quantitative FPKM value, 100 upregulated and 102 downregulated genes were identified. By GO annotation, all DEGs were enriched into 42 categories of biological functions. The KEGG analysis found 63 pathways including 5 significant ones that associated with the drug metabolism-cytochrome P450, nitrogen metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, retinol metabolism, and steroid hormone biosynthesis. These pathways are known to closely relate to lipid metabolism and reproduction regulation. Conclusion The RNA-Seq transcriptomes on the Taizhou goose livers sampled before and after the start of egg-laying indicated that the enriched DEGs mostly involved the lipid metabolism and reproduction process. The information would support further studies on and breeding of Taizhou geese.
2020, 35(9): 997-1003.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2020.09.011
Abstract:
Object Bacteria capable of degrading phoxim were isolated from field soils and identified by 16S rDNA sequencing prior to characterization and evaluation for pollution abatement of the organophosphate insecticide on farmland. Possibility of utilizing the bacterium for disease prevention was also explored. Method Phoxim-degrading bacteria were isolated on the enrichment culture and identified by 16S rDNA sequences analysis combined with morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics. Specific agent in the bacterium responsible for the degradation was located by a plate activity test, and its degrading effect on phoxim-containing wheat bran determined by HPLC. For possible application in disease preventions, the efficacy of the isolated bacteria on fungal phytopathogens was tested with a dual-culture agar plating technique. Result A phoxim-degrading bacterium designated as D39 was isolated from the soil polluted by the pesticide and primarily identified as Delftia sp. The endoenzyme in D39 was determined to be the key agent responsible of the insecticide degradation. The enzyme was, thus, extracted to spray at a concentration of 0.10 g·kg−1 onto wheat bran spiked with 300 mg·kg−1 of phoxim. As measured by HPLC, the treatment produced a 100% phoxim reduction on the bran after 11 h at 25 ℃. Separately, the antagonism study by the dual-culture plating showed that D39 affected 5 tested phytopathogens in varying degrees. The highest average inhibition rate exerted by D39 was 50.00% on Rhizotonia cerealis, and the lowest 21.05% on Curvularia lunata. Conclusion D39 could not only efficiently degrade phoxim residues on wheat bran but also inhibit the growth of a certain phytopathogens. It appeared that the extracted endoenzyme from D39 could be applied on grains to decompose the residual insecticide for food safety improvement and served as a disease prevention bioagent as well.
2020, 35(9): 1004-1011.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2020.09.012
Abstract:
Objective Structure and diversity of rhizosphere bacterial communities at fields of mulberry trees resistant (QZ2K) or susceptible (QZ2G) to wilt disease were studied. Method The V3-V4 regions of 16S rRNA in rhizosphere bacteria were amplified and sequenced using high-throughput sequencing technology on Illumina MiSeq to determine the bacterial community structure, diversity, and functions. Results from the two field samples were compared. Result (1) At phylum and genus levels, the dominant rhizosphere bacteria were similar at QZ2K (Kangqing 283×Kangqing 10 mulberry field) and at QZ2G (Guisangyou 62 mulberry field). The phyla included Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and Bacteroidetes, while the genera consisted of MND1, Gaiella, Nitrospira, Haliangium, and Streptomyces. (2) Although no significant difference in the alpha diversity of the bacteria communities at the two different fields, the NMDS ordination showed significant differences (stress 0.005<0.05). At QZ2K, the bacteria related to significant metabolic functions were Nitrospira, Acidobacteriia, Nitrospirales, Solibacteraies, Acidobacteriales, Nitrospiraceae, and the uncultured Acidobacteria, Solibacteraies Subgroup 3, and Solibacteraies Subgroup 2. At QZ2G, only Ilumatobacteraceae and TRA3-20-other were identified. (3) According to the Wilcoxon signed rank test, the 763 different rhizosphere bacteria orthologs identified were only 17.25% of all COG orthologs on both fields. Conclusion There were no significant differences in the richness and diversity of rhizosphere bacteria community between the two fields. However, the bacteria associated with significant functions differed significantly between them, which could well be the species that made the difference in the occurrence of wilt disease on the mulberry plants. The information obtained in this study was of value for further studies on the microecological characteristics of mulberry rhizosphere as well as selection and application of functional bacteria for wilt control.
2020, 35(9): 1012-1025.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2020.09.013
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Objective Effects of AMF and organic fertilizer on nitrogen (N) transformation and microbial N-cycling gene in rhizosphere soil at sweet corn field were studied to improve the fertilization practice. Method In a field experiment, sweet corn was planted under various fertilization treatments, and the N-transformation between the plants and the soil monitored. The high-throughput sequencing platform, GeoChip 5.0, was used to determine the microbial community structure and N-cycling genes. Upon the base fertilization of P2O5 150 kg·hm-2 and K2O 225 kg·hm-2, 7 modifications were applied with 3 replicates for the soil treatments: (1) no N addition (CK), (2) optimized fertilization (OF), (3) organic N replacing 10% chemical N (ORF10), (4) organic N replacing 20% chemical N (ORF20), (5) ORF10 inoculated with Glomus versiforme (ORF10+AMF), (6) ORF20 inoculated with G. versiforme (ORF20+AMF), and, (7) CK inoculated with G. versiforme (CK+AMF). The physical and chemical analyses were performed on the plant and soil samples, and GeoChip 5.0 analyzed the community structure and N-cycling genes of the microbes in the rhizosphere soil under different treatments. Result The inoculation of G. versiforme in soil significantly increased the N utilization efficiency by the sweet corn plants as well as the activity of N metabolizing enzymes in the rhizosphere microorganisms. When AMF inoculation combined with organic N fertilization, significant effects were observed on increases of the efficiency of N fertilizer (NAE), partial productivity of N fertilizer (PFP), and absorption and utilization efficiency of N fertilizer (NRE) between the plants and the soil, as well as the activities of nitrate reductase (NR), glutamic acid synthetase (GOGAT), and glutamine synthetase (GS) in the microbes. Among all treatments, ORF20+AMF improved the N utilization by the plants the greatest—NAE, PFP, NRE, and NPE rose by 31.15%, 28.08%, 6.95%, and 10.41%, respectively, over those under OF. The relative signal intensities of NiR, narB, nasA, nirA, nirB, napA, nrfA, nifH, and ureC in ORF10+AMF or ORF20+AMF were significantly higher than those in ORF10 or ORF20. That of hzo in ORF 20+AMF Conclusion The presence of AMF in soil enhanced the relative signal intensities of assimilating nitrogen reducing gene NiR, narB, nasA, nirA, and nirB, the N-reducing napA and nrfA , N-fixing nifH , ammonifying ureC, improved the NAE, PFP, and NRE, and increased the microbial N metabolizing enzyme activities. Meanwhile, the declined signal intensities on nitrifying hao, and ammoxidating hzo augmented the N-transformation from soil to plant. The application of AMF and organic fertilizer could, hence, be a promising approach to mitigate the dependency on chemical N fertilizer while promoting the crop yield of sweet corn in the field.
2020, 35(9): 1026-1033.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2020.09.014
Abstract:
Objective Effects of Spanish river carbonatite (SRC) on acidification and metal elements in soil and structure and diversity of microbial community at tea plantations were investigated. Method Changes on pH, heavy metals, and microbial community in the soil under SRC application were monitored for evaluation. Result The field and pot culture experiments showed that SRC addition alleviated acidification and heavy mental pollution in the soil. In the pot culture, low concentration of SRC significantly reduced the contents of Cd and Cu in soil. Whereas, the field experiment showed significant reductions on all tested heavy metals. In comparison to control, SRC addition exerted a significant impact on the microbial community structure in the pot culture, and increased the nutrient contents facilitating the microbial growth in the field test. Conclusion Both field and pot experiments demonstrated the desirable rise on pH, decline on heavy metals content, and improvements on microbial diversity and community structure in the soil by the incorporation of SRC.
2020, 35(9): 1034-1042.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2020.09.015
Abstract:
Objective Effect of long-term biogas slurry application on the diversity of fungal community in rhizosphere soil at areca taro fields was studied. Method The taro planting plots that had been continuously fertilized with biogas slurry in the past 6 years were sampled to compare with areas without such treatment as control. Using the Illumina Miseq high-throughput sequencing platform, relationship between the fungal community and physicochemical characteristics of the soil was analyzed. Result The contents of organic matters, alkaline nitrogen, and available potassium in the soil were significantly increased by the continuous biogas slurry application. The fungal species OUT, community richness, and diversity at the sites also increased significantly. At phylum level, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Mortierellomycota, Glomeromycota, etc. were identified in the soils, with Ascomycota being the most abundant. After 6-year biogas slurry application, the relative abundance of Mortierellomycetes in Mortierellomycota increased significantly, while that of Glomeromycetes in Glomeromycota decreased significantly in the soil. The dominant fungi at genus level were also changed significantly from control. The redundancy analysis indicated that the major factors affecting the change of fungal community diversity in soil included alkaline nitrogen, available potassium, and organic matters. Conclusion Long-term biogas slurry fertilization altered the soil microenvironment leading to changes in the composition and diversity of rhizosphere fungal community.
