2019 Vol. 34, No. 8
Display Method:
2019, 34(8): 867-872.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.08.001
Abstract:
Objective The site-directed mutagenesis on grain-yield-related IPA1 to modifying the morphological characteristics of a rice plant for breeding purpose was studied. Method Minghui 86, a rice elite restorer, was used in the study. The primary gene that governs the gain yield of the rice plant, IPA1, was edited using the transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) to generate mutated plants for subsequent identification by gene sequencing and cultivation on standard plots to verify results of the mutagenesis. Eight transgenic rice plants that differed in ipa1 sequences had the TALENs boxes cleaved for self-crossing followed by screening with PCR analysis to arrive at 4 mutants with 2bp, 4bp, 16bp or 23bp segment deleted in their IPA1 genes. Result A phenotypic analysis on the 4 mutants free of exogenous transgenic elements confirmed that the site-directed mutagenesis on IPA1 had significantly altered the plant height, effective panicle number, panicle length, and grain number per panicle of the mutated rice plants. Compared with the wild-type Minghui 86, the plant height of the mutants was decreased by 7.9% to 11.4%, the effective panicle number increased by 46.9% to 68.4%, the panicle length shortened by 24.2% to 29.3%, the number of grains per panicle reduced by 31% to 34%, but the seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight were not changed significantly. Conclusion The site-directed mutagenesis applying TALENs on IPA1 could significantly modify the plant height, effective panicle number, panicle length, and grain number per panicle on the new rice plant. The technique could be applied for the breeding program on rice to increase grain yield.
Indexing and Recommended Combinations of Rice Varieties for New Breeds with Strong Ratooning Ability
2019, 34(8): 873-882.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.08.002
Abstract:
Objective To establish an indexing system on rice ratooning ability for studies and breeding of hybrids. Methods Twenty-three varieties including 3 representing different developing ages were cultivated under same conditions in Youxi county, Sanming, Fujian from 2015 to 2017. Correlation, regression and path analyses were conducted on the traits, yield and yield factors on the cultivars. Results The 1st-season rice yield of the cultivars significantly correlated with the grain number per panicle (r=0.83) with a 54.61% contribution to the yield indicating a critical role of heavy panicles to high yield. In ratooning season, the yield significantly related to the effective panicle number (r=0.70) with a 38.98% contribution rate suggesting a shift of storage capacity in the plants between the two seasons. The effective panicle count and the effective panicle/stem number ratio of the rice plants in the 1st season significantly correlated with the yield in the following season at r=-0.86 and 0.82, respectively. A prediction model derived from the regression analysis base on the panicle count for the ratooning rice yield was 70.6%-99.6% accurate and, based on the effective panicle/stem number ratio, 76.5%-99.5%. Conclusions As a measure of the ratooning ability of a rice variety, the panicle count and/or the effective panicle/stem number ratio of the plants could be used to appropriately estimate the yield. Accordingly, Nei-6-you 7206, Chuan-you 7185, Chuan-you 7206, and Quan-you 7028 were identified as superior varieties for breeding hybrids with a strong ratooning ability.
2019, 34(8): 883-888.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.08.003
Abstract:
Objective Improvement for grouting of the commonly poorly filled grains of tetraploid tartary buckwheat by potassium fertilization was studied. Method Buckwheat TB195 was treated with varying potassium fertilization at 0 kg·hm-2 (CK), 12 kg·hm-2 (LK), 24 kg·hm-2 (MK), and 48 kg·hm-2 (HK) in a randomized block experiment. Effect of the fertilizations on grain-grouting, root morphology, grain plumpness and yield of the buckwheat plants were determined. Result Among all treatments, the initial grouting potential (R0), days to reach maximum growth rate (Tmax·G), weight at maximum grouting rate (Wmax·G), plumpness, and yield of the grains, as well as the length, surface area, and volume of the plant roots were maximized when MK was applied. The 31.63% grain-filling under MK was 45.22%, 38.12%, and 23.79% higher than those under CK, LK, and HK, respectively. The 2-year average yield of 1, 159.3 kg·hm-2 by MK was 54.60%, 50.19%, and 31.58% higher than CK, LK, and HK, respectively. The contribution rate of the various fertilizations in different grouting stages to the grain weight gain was the highest when potassium was applied during the middle period followed by the late stage, and the lowest in the beginning of grouting. The shape indicator (N) was the highest under CK, and lowest with MK treatment. Conclusion At the rate of 24 kg·hm-2, the application of potassium fertilizer not only promoted the growth and development of tetraploid tartary buckwheat plants, but also significantly increased the grouting and yield, as well as the market appeal, of the grains.
2019, 34(8): 889-893.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.08.004
Abstract:
Objective Based on the information in the SSH Library on Narcissus tazetta var.chinensis, the zinc finger gene was cloned and prokaryotic expressed for future studies. Method Total RNA of N.tazetta var. chinensis from the paclobutrazol-treated leaves was extracted using the Trizol method. After reverse transcription into cDNA, gene cloning and homology analysis were carried out on it with primers designed according to the known sequence of CCHC. A prokaryotic expression vector was constructed to induce expression. Result The 810 bp sequence encoding 269 amino acids was cloned. The cloned gene showed high homologies with the CCHC genes of many species and was named NtCCHC, which could be successfully induced and expressed in pGEX-4T-3. The phylogenetic tree constructed by MEGA 6.0 indicated that the closest genetic distance of NtCCHC lied with Nelunbo nucifera. Conclusion This study successfully cloned and expressed the NtCCHC gene sequence of N. chinensis.
2019, 34(8): 912-919.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.08.007
Abstract:
Objective Effects of atmospheric dust particle size and landscape tree type on urban air quality improvement through dust retention of the plants were investigated. Methods Dust retention of 8 varieties of landscape trees in Chengyang District of Qingdao City was studied according to the particle sizes determined by eluting the retained dust on leaves with water followed by microporous filtration membrane filtration. The leaf surface morphology was examined under a JEOL7500F electron microscope. The average total leaf area and dust retention rates on varied particle sizes per plant of each variety were obtained for analysis. Results Among the tested species, Sophora japonica and Prunus cerasifera collected the highest, while Populus tomentosa and Platanus orientalis the lowest, amounts of PM10 particles. The overall dust retention rates of the 8 varieties ranked as:S. japonica > P. cerasifera > Ligustrum lucidum > Fraxinus pennsylvanica > Koelreuteria paniculata > Salix matsudana > P. tomentosa > P. orientalis. PM5 adhered more to the leaves of P. cerasifera but less to those of K. paniculata. The dust retention per unit leaf area of P. cerasifera was approximately 2.4 times higher than that of K. paniculata. The greatest retention on PM2.5 was found with S. japonica followed by K. paniculata, and lowest with S. matsudana. On dust retention of all particle sizes, P. orientalis was the highest, whereas, K. paniculata and P. cerasifera the lowest. It appeared that the rougher the surface, the denser the villi, the larger the stomatal openings, and the more apparent the gully of the leaves were, the greater ability of the plants to retain dust fallen from the atmosphere. Conclusion S. japonica and P. cerasifera demonstrated a superior capacity to adsorb PM10 on their leaves, but not P. tomentosa or P. orientalis; P. cerasifera to PM5, but not K. paniculata; and, S. japonica to PM2.5 followed by K. paniculata, but not S. matsudana. Including all varied particle sizes, the overall dust retention amount per plant of P. orientalis was the highest, while K. paniculata and P. cerasifera the lowest of the 8 tree varieties tested. And, trees of leaves with rough surface, dense villi, large stomatal openings, and obvious gully tended to collect more atmospheric dust that benefits air quality improvement for the vicinity. The information would aid the tree selection in urban landscape planning.
2019, 34(8): 920-924.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.08.008
Abstract:
Objective The reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism of citrus fruits under high temperature and intense light was studied in search for means to mitigate sunburn damage on the fruits. Method Sweet oranges, An-liu (Citrus sinensis Osbeck), grown in pots in an environmentally controlled chamber were exposed to artificial high-temperature-intense-light to create simulated burns on the fruits. Change on the ROS metabolism of the fruits as burn symptoms developed in normality and stages with appearance of dark yellow spots, slight browning, and seriously burnt coloration on the peel were monitored. Result Under the imposed stress, the O2·- and MDA contents and LOX activity in pericarp significantly increased. The activities of SOD, POD, and PPO were significantly raised with the appearance of dark yellow spots on the peels. As the browning intensified, SOD significantly fell below the normal level, POD continued to increase, and PPO significantly decreased but remained to be higher than normal. Under the stress, AsA and GSH in the fruits decreased continuously. Conclusion In the early stages, the high-temperature-intense-light stress began generating dark yellow spots on the orange pericarp. However, the fruit was able to sufficiently remove ROS diminishing or preventing damage on the cell membrane. Hence, it was the crucial time for implementation of measures to avoid sunburns on the fruits.
2019, 34(8): 925-932.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.08.009
Abstract:
Objective To identify the pathogen that caused the death of goats in a farm in Fujian for prevention and treatment of Pseudotuberculosis. Method Aseptically collected specimens of lung tissues from the dead goats were used to isolate the microbes for morphological observation and strain identification. DNA of the isolates were extracted, and the specific and 16S rRNA universal primers selected for PCR. The 16S rRNA amplified fragment was cloned, sequenced and analyzed. Biochemical, drug sensitivity, and animal challenge tests were performed on the isolate for taxonomic identification. Results The isolated strain was cultured on an agar medium containing 10% defibrated sheep blood to grow into a colony with a diameter of about 1 mm, a central bulge, a milky white color, an irregular edge, and a beta hemolysis ring. It did not grow well on a nutrient agar nor a MacConkey agar medium. The 16S rRNA sequencing showed an up to 100% homology with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis on GenBank by the NCBI online software Blast. Like the specific PCR of C.pseudotuberculosis, that of the isolate also had the same amplified targeted bands. In addition, the biochemical test on the isolate duplicated the characteristics of C. pseudotuberculosis shown in the Berger's Bacterial Identification Manual. Hence, the isolated pathogen named as FJ-PN was verified to be C. pseudotuberculosis. A challenge test on mice with an intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection of 0.3 mL of 4×105 CFU·mL-1 of the isolate died within 40 h. Furthermore, two goats injected subcutaneously with 2 mL of 4×105 CFU·mL-1 and intranasal inoculated simultaneously with 1 mL of 4×105 CFU·mL-1 of the isolate died within 72 h. The drug sensitivity test showed that the strain was highly sensitive to clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, penicillin, tetracycline, levofloxacin, ofloxacin, and gentamicin, slightly sensitive to erythromycin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, cefotaxime, cefoxitin, and rifampicin, and resistant to streptomycin or trimethoprim. Conclusion The pathogenic bacteria isolated from the diseased goats was identified as C. pseudotuberculosis. It had a strong pathogenicity with varying degrees of drug resistance to antibiotics.
2019, 34(8): 933-938.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.08.010
Abstract:
Objective Expressions of Cu/Zn-SOD gene and activities of the antioxidant enzyme in various organs of mule ducks were determined. Method The gene expression in the heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, gizzard and chest muscles, antioxidant enzyme activities, and MDA contents of mule duck were determined by the qRT-PCR, xanthine-xanthine oxidase, and thiobarbituric acid methods. Result The greatest mRNA expression of Cu/Zn-SOD gene was found in the chest muscle followed by the tissues in the order of liver > lung > heart > spleen > gizzard/kidney of the ducks. The activities of Cu/Zn-SOD enzyme in the liver and kidney were significantly higher than those in the breasts and gizzard. The higher MDA content in the breasts than in the liver, gizzard or kidney indicated a greater susceptibility of the chest muscle to damage by oxidative stress. There was no significant correlation observed between the antioxidant enzyme activity and the mRNA expression level in different organs. However, the Cu/Zn-SOD enzyme activity was inversely correlated to MDA content in the tissues. Conclusion The Cu/Zn-SOD mRNA expression and enzyme activity were organ-specific. The differences in the enzymatic activities might stem from the diverse physiological functions of the enzymes and/or the tissue metabolism per se.
2019, 34(8): 939-946.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.08.011
Abstract:
Objective Changes on the fat content of milk from and rumen microbial flora in dairy cows fed with corn meal and flaxseed oil supplemented forage were studied. Method In a self-control experimentation, 4 Chinese Holstein cows of similar physical conditions and normal lactation were fed on a daily diet added with 1.5 kg of corn meal and 150 mL per animal of flaxseed oil for 7 pre-trial days followed by 15 days for the test. Result In the feed containing approximately 27% starch, the dietary supplements significantly lowered the fat content (P < 0.01) with a significantly higher lactose content (P < 0.05) in the milk produced by the cows. There were 29 microbial phyla found in the rumen. The flora of Tenericutes significantly decreased (P < 0.05), Actinobacteria and Planctomycetes significantly increased (P < 0.01), and Spirochaetae significantly increased (P < 0.05) over control. Among the 389 genera of microbes in the rumen, 110 were significantly different (P < 0.05). Comparing to control, Lactobacillus increased significantly (P < 0.01), Enterococcus decreased significantly (P < 0.01), Christensenellaceae R-7-group decreased significantly (P < 0.05), Prevotellaceae-UCG-001 increased significantly (P < 0.05), Lachnospiraceae-UCG-006 decreased significantly (P < 0.01), Lachnospiraceae-NA increased significantly, Butyrivibrio-2 decreased significantly (P < 0.05), and Ruminococcus-1 increased significantly. Conclusion Under the experimental conditions, the dietary supplementation of corn meal and flaxseed oil significantly reduced the fat content in milk of the dairy cows. It did not significantly alter the diversity but significantly changed the structure and abundance of the microbial flora in the cow rumen. The acidogenic as well as starch-utilizing bacteria significantly increased.
2019, 34(8): 952-957.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.08.013
Abstract:
Objective Moving behavior of brown planthoppers, Nilaparvata lugens, one of the worst pests in rice fields, were studied. Method The moving behavior of adult macropterous as well as brachypterous male and female brown planthoppers were observed with a motion sensor and an automatic counter in an enclosed chamber. Result The 4 categories of brown planthoppers displayed significantly different patterns of motions. The males moved significantly more frequently than the females. The macropterous males were most active at 1290.0±11.93 times totally during the observation, while the brachypterous females at the minimum of 480.7±19.36.The males tended to move more frequently at night than during daytime; whereas, the females, under day light, particularly the brachypterous females which devoted only 36% of the activity at night. Conclusion There appeared repeat patterns for the different categories of brown planthoppers in moving around that could be of value for the pest control.
2019, 34(8): 958-964.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.08.014
Abstract:
Objective To identify the pathogens of the severe defoliation and dieback diseases on Jianyang tangelos. Method Leaf specimens were collected from the diseased tangelo plants in Jianyang city. Microbial strains were isolated for morphological observation, pathogenicity determination, and sequence analysis on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of ribosomal DNA for taxonomic identification. Result Separately, two strains were considered the pathogens for the diseases. The FJAT-32214 strain formed grayish brown colonies on a PSA medium and produced brown septate spores. Its rDNA-ITS sequences showed a 99% similarity with that of Alternaria alternata from NCBI. The other strain, FJAT-32151, formed on PSA gray-white, velvety, dense colonies with brick-red spore piles on the surface in late stage and produced columnar or rod-like, unicellular, colorless spores. The rDNA-ITS sequence of FJAT-32151 was 99% homologous with that of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Each of these isolated strains met Koch requirement with a challenge test by inoculation on healthy plants to show the typical morphological characteristics of the respective fungal disease. Conclusion It was confirmed that A. alternata was the pathogen that caused the brown spots disease, and C. gloeosporioides the anthracnose disease on the tangelos.
2019, 34(8): 965-973.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.08.015
Abstract:
Objective The amino acids in white peony teas of various quality grades were compared. Method Free amino acid compositions of 9 white peony tea specimens were determined using AQC pre-column derivatization combined with the ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The analytical results on 35 amino acids were compared for the study by the partial least squares discrimination analysis (PLS-DA) and cluster analysis. Result Aside from β-aminobutyric acid, homocysteine, cysteine, cystine, and tyrosine, the remaining 30 amino acids in the tea samples showed higher contents than the limit of quantitation. The correlation analysis on the data indicated a significant correlation between the amino acid composition and the quality of the teas. For instance, γ-aminobutyric acid, serine, proline, tryptophan, and glycine significantly affected the taste, while γ-aminobutyric acid was crucial on the astringency, of the brewed tea as shown in a taste test. The other amino acids appeared to interactively contribute to the sensory quality. Conclusion Either individually or interactively, free amino acids had a significant effect on the taste, therefore, the grading of the white peony teas.
2019, 34(8): 974-984.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.08.016
Abstract:
Objective Distribution and diversity of Bacillus-like bacteria in soil of Paris polyphylla cultivation fields were studied. Method Using the five-points sampling methodology, soil specimens were collected from the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere on the rice paddy, mountain ridge, and understory fields in Nanping, Fujian where P. polyphylla was cultivated. The bacteria were isolated using smear culture on petri dishes followed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing for identification. Result Of the 87 isolates obtained from 6 soil specimens, 35 belonged to 13 genera of Bacillaceae. They included 16 species of Bacillus, 3 species each of Lysinibacillus, Paenibacillus, and Pseudomonas, and one species each of Bhargavaea, Brevibacterium, Burkholderia, Brevibacillus, Delftia, Paenarthrobacter, Arthrobacter, Pantoea, and Pseudomonas. According to the frequencies of these microbes appeared in the isolation process, the dominant Bacillus spp. in the cultivation soils were B. toyonensis and B. pseudomycoides. Among the different field types, the paddy soil held the greatest quantity of Bacillus spp. as well as the highest Margalef, Shannon-Wiener, Pielou, and Simpson diversity indices. And, the rhizosphere soil was richer in the population than non-rhizosphere soil at all sites. Conclusion Paddy soil was rich and diverse in Bacillus-like bacteria which would benefit the cultivation of P. polyphylla.
2019, 34(8): 985-993.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.08.017
Abstract:
Objective The temporal/spatial evolution and vulnerability to reversal of the remarkably accomplished poverty alleviation program in China were analyzed using the experience in Fujian as a reference to the national goal of total poverty eradication in the country by 2020. Method A multi-dimensional vulnerability evaluation system embracing the aspects of exposure, sensitivity, and adaptability of economically destitute population to poverty was established. And, based on the geographical perspective using the GIS technology, data and visual presentation were made available to analyze the vulnerability of 67 counties and cities in the province from 2012 to 2016 in returning to poverty after successful implementation of the alleviation program. Result (1) Over all, the vulnerability to the reoccurrence of economic destitution in the surveyed areas lessened in those 4 years. A significant decline occurred in the high vulnerability category, from 65.7% to 31.8%, although the moderate vulnerability segment increased from 23.9% to 56.1%, and the low vulnerability rose from 10.4% to 12.1%. (2)There were significant dynamic spatial changes taken place during the same period as well. In terms of space, the high vulnerability category was of "fragmentation-connection" type, the moderate vulnerability, "agglomeration-continuous", and the low vulnerability, "contraction-connection." (3) There were significant correlations between the vulnerability and the value increase of primary industry, investment in fixed assets, per capita land area, electricity consumption in rural regions, number of beds in health facilities, and proportion of farming population living below the minimum standard. Conclusion The vulnerability of the poor in the regions in Fujian to reverse back into destitution after being lifted out of poverty still existed, both temporally and spatially, despite the alleviation efforts. However, it was more commonly observed at the high and moderate categories, and, at the low level, only in some coastal metropolitan cities.The roots and mechanism behind the reversing outcome were multi-dimensional. To achieve a sustainable result, efforts would necessarily be focused on localities of high and moderate vulnerability categories to implement measures specifically designed for the identified deficiencies with an early warning system to prevent the return of poverty.
