2019 Vol. 34, No. 4
Display Method:
2019, 34(4): 381-386.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.04.001
Abstract:
Objective TALEN technology was employed to alter the original mutant region in pms3 gene of rice for creating different genotypes of small RNA osa-smR5864 mutants in studying the photoperiod-temperature-sensitive male sterility (PTGMS) phenotypes of pms3 mutants to provide information for breeding two-line sterile rice by means of targeted editing of PMS3. Method The TALEN-PMS3 vector was constructed and transformed into Nipponbare and Minghui 86 with the pms3 mutants identified by sequencing. The T2 generation of the mutants were planted under the natural long-day-high-temperature conditions in Fuzhou. The male fertility and seed setting rates of the mutants were determined. Result Among the 25 transgenic plants regenerated, 4 clones of Nipponbare and 5 of Minghui 86 contained the target mutation with the mutation rates of 40% and 33.3%, respectively. The non-transgenic mutant plants were obtained in T1 generations. The sequencing showed 3 homozygous mutation genotypes in Nipponbare and 5 in Minghui 86 background. Under the natural long-day-high-temperature, the T2 pms3 mutants developed normal fertile pollens with a normal seed setting rate. But the pms3 mutants did not show a PTGMS similar to P64S. Conclusion The multiple genotypes of pms3 mutants were successfully obtained. However, no PTGMS phenotype could be generated. It suggested that the molecular mechanism of pms3 locus regulating the rice PTGMS was highly complex.
2019, 34(4): 387-392.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.04.002
Abstract:
Objective To breed a new variety of sugarcane that had high yield and sucrose content, strong ratooning ability and lodging-resistance, and were adaptable for mechanized production in preparation for the development of a sustainable cane sugar industry in China. Method Mintang 061405, selected from the cross combinations between Mintang 92-649 and ROC10, was bred following the procedures of the Five-nursery Breeding System. Result The new variety successfully passed the production tests at different sites for several years in Fujian as well as a national regional test. Mintang 061405 exhibited a mean cane yield of 130.055 t·hm-2 with a November-to-February sucrose content (absolute value) of 15.35% and a sugar yield of 20.475 t·hm-2, representing 19.84% increase on cane yield, 11.83% increase on sugar yield, and 0.23% less on sucrose content over those of the currently leading variety ROC16 in Fujian. The genetic composition of the new variety richly inherited from 14 different basic germplasms. Conclusion Mintang 061405 was a new sugarcane variety exhibiting the desirable properties of high yield, high sucrose content, strong ratooning ability, wide adaptability, high resistance to lodging, and adaptable to the mechanized planting and harvesting in the major sugarcane producing areas in China, such as Guangxi, Guangdong, Hainan, Fujian, and Yunnan lincang. However, a deficiency was found on its susceptibility to smut infection.
2019, 34(4): 393-399.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.04.003
Abstract:
Objective To reliably identify strains of Grifola frondosa and precisely determine the genetic relationship among them. Method The identification and genetic diversity analysis on 11 strains of G. frondosa were carried out by the combined use of the antagonistic challenging test and ISSR. Result The antagonistic test on the strains demonstrated apparent differences on their responses. Presence or absence of antagonism allowed the classification of the strains into 4 distinct groups. Meanwhile, from the ISSR analysis, when the similarity coefficient reached 0.87, the strains were clustered into 5 groups. They were Group 1 that included Strain #1 (Shijiazhuang ash tree flower), Strain #2 (stage ash), Strain #10 (XG-W), Strain #5 (Gr0001+2), Strain #6 (CN), and Strain #7 (snow circle); Group 2, Strain #11 (CN-9); Group 3, Strain #4 (Gr0003); Group 4, Strain #8 (H) and Strain #9 (Hokto); and, Group 5, Strain #3 (Gr20). Conclusion It appeared that Strain #1 and Strain #2 belonged to a same species; so were Strains #5, Strain #6 and Strain #7, and Strains #8 and Strain #9. At the similarity coefficient of 0.8, Strain #4 could be clustered with Strain #8 and Strain #9 with slight differences indicating a distance on genetic relationship among them. Strain #3 had a lowest coefficient of 0.34, therefore, it was most remotely related to all.
2019, 34(4): 400-408.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.04.004
Abstract:
Objective The diversity of Choerospondias axillaris germplasms was studied for breed selection as the increasing market demand on the fruits making it a promising economic crop to help alleviate the poverty in the mountainous areas in Fujian. Methods The fruit morphology of 49 varieties of C. axillaris were compared and statistically classified. Results The variation coefficients on 17 morphological characteristics of the fruits ranged from 7.07% to 29.91% in the order of:individual fruit weight > stone weight > pericarp weight > stone length > fruit diameter > fruit length > edible proportion > stone shape index > stone diameter > fruit shape index. The edible proportion significantly correlated to the weight or diameter of an individual fruit, but not to the weight of pericarp or stone. The principal component analysis indicated that the 7 top-ranking indicators contributed to 81.61% of the variation, and the individual fruit weight alone 32.98%. The eigenvectors were found to be fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, stone weight, pericarp weight, and stone length. The cluster analysis divided the 49 germplasms at the Euclidean distance of 11.60 into 5 different groups. Conclusion Each morphological characteristic of C. axillaris fruits appeared to affect the total phenotype. Current C. axillaris germplasm collection was richly diversified genetically and morphologically.
2019, 34(4): 409-415.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.04.005
Abstract:
Objective Cryopreservation and regeneration of pollens of Sorbus pohuashanensis were investigatied. Method An in vitro method was developed with experiments on medium formulation, light exposure, and pollen collection for the pollen germination rate determination.The germination rates of S.pohuashanensis pollens treated by various freezing and thawing procedures and different moisture contents before and after the treatments were compared. Result (1) The medium for optimum pollen germination was found to consist of sucrose 100 g·L-1 and boric acid 100 mg·L-1 that delivered a rate of 72.42%. (2) Incubation in darkness yielded a germination rate of 77.24%, which was 8.96 percentage point higher than that under light exposure. (3) The vitality of pollens collected at 10 a.m. or 2 p.m. was significantly higher than other time in a day. (4) Among all cryopreservation methods tested, pre-freezing pollens at -20℃ for 30 min prior to submerging in liquid nitrogen for 24 h provided the greatest germination rate of 43.15% after thawing. (5) For thawing, soaking the frozen pollens in a 40℃ water bath for 5 min rendered the highest germination rate of 35.70%. (6) Moisture content of the pollens for the cryopreservation was determined to be 7.72% to result in the best germination rate of 31.53% after thawing. Conclusion The cryopreservation conditions for S. pohuashanensis pollens as established would result in high viability and germination rate after storage.
2019, 34(4): 416-421.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.04.006
Abstract:
Objective To develop a rapid detecting method for Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae (Mo). Method Based on the P80 gene sequence, specific primers were designed using Oligo 7 software. Conditions of the recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) method were optimized for the application. Result The new assay detected P80 gene in Mo specifically, not any other common pathogens of sheep and goats. The detection sensitivity was 70 fg·μL-1, which was the same as provided by conventional PCR. The inter-and intra-batch tests showed that the modified method could amplify the bands on Mo-positive samples, not on Mo-negative specimens, indicating an acceptable repeatability of the methodology. Furthermore, the RPA assay and conventional PCR methods were simultaneously used on 186 clinic samples, as well as the Mycoplasma isolation and identification on 40 lung samples, to show that the RPA assay positively identified all 13 Mo-positive samples detected by Mycoplasma isolation and identification and 95 positive samples detected by the conventional PCR. Conclusion The newly developed RPA method had desirable specificity and repeatability on Mo detection. It could be applied for rapid detecting and epidemiological studies on Mo.
2019, 34(4): 422-426.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.04.007
Abstract:
Objective Effects of exposure to artificial lights on estrus synchronization and hormone secretion in female rabbits were investigated in order to improve the reproductive performance of Minxinan black rabbit. Method Non-breeding Minxinan black female rabbits at the age of 150 d were raised under LED and energy-saving lamps or natural light for one week. A daily exposure cycle of L:D=16:8 h on the treatment animals or of the natural light conditions for the control group was applied. Estrus occurrence rates of the rabbits on both groups were recorded 1 d before as well as 3 d and 7 d after the beginning of the treatment. At the same time, blood samples were collected from the ear vein of the rabbits for serum melatonin, follicle stimulating hormone, and estradiol determinations by ELISA. Result (1) The artificial light exposure significantly increased estrus in the rabbits. (2) After 3 d and 7 d of the treatment, the serum melatonin in the rabbits decreased significantly, while the follicle stimulating hormone and estradiol increased slightly, whereas, no significant differences on those were detected in the control group. Conclusion The artificial light exposure appeared to significantly affect the estrus of 150-d-old non-parous Minxinan black female rabbits. It also exerted a significant effect on the serum melatonin, but not on the follicle stimulating hormone or estradiol in the rabbits.
2019, 34(4): 427-432.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.04.008
Abstract:
Objective Effects of varied dietary energy compositions in feed on the growth, apparent nutrient digestibility (AND), serum metabolites, and hormone concentration in gilts were studied. Method Ninety Landrace×Large white gilts with an initial body weight of 61.97±4.37 kg in a similar bodily appearance were randomly divided into 3 groups of 5 gilts each for the study. The gilts were fed with specially formulated forage that represented varied dietary iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous energy structures. Diet 1 contained 49.70% starch, 2.81% lipids (EE) and 8.95% neutral dietary fiber (NDF); Diet 2, 43.52% starch, 5.68% EE and 12.53% NDF; and Diet 3, 37.13% starch, 8.73% EE and 16.02% NDF. Result As the starch content decreased and EE and NDF increased in the diet, the average daily weight gain (ADG) decreased, and the feed/weight gain ratio (F/G) of the gilts increased. Compared to the groups fed with Diet 1 and Diet 2, which were similar, the gilts fed with Diet 3 showed significantly lower ANDs on dry matters, crude protein, crude fiber, NDF, EE, and ash from feed (P < 0.05). The concentrations of circulating triglyceride and total cholesterol increased, and insulin decreased with a decrease on starch and increases on EE and NDF in diet, while no significant differences found on serum glucose (P>0.05). The concentrations of serum IGF-I and leptin in the group fed with Diet 1 were higher than that in the group fed with Diet 3 (P < 0.05). Conclusion Excessive reduction on starch and increase on EE and NDF in feed lowered the AND of the gilts reducing the forage utilization rate and altered the serum hormone secretion in gilts negatively affecting their growth performance.
2019, 34(4): 433-437.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.04.009
Abstract:
Objective Growth and biochemistry of white rabbits from Fujian and New Zealand were compared to facilitate the breeding and utilization of the local resource. Method The growth and development of Fujian white rabbit (FWR) and New Zealand white rabbit (NWR) was monitored, and the biochemistry of 90-d-old rabbits determined. Result The average weight of individual male FWRs was generally higher but not significantly (P < 0.05) than that of female rabbits in a same growth period, except in 35-to 90-d-old. At 90-d-old, FWR had significantly lower body weight, body length, chest girth, ear length, ear width, immunoglobulin IgM, IgG, globulin, glutamoacyl transferase, and total cholesterol than NWR at P < 0.01, but at P < 0.05 on low-density lipoprotein (LDL). On the other hand, FWR had significantly higher albumin, lactate dehydrogenase and total bilirubin than NWR (P < 0.01). Conclusion Compared to NWR, the FWR was with characteristics of small body size, slow growth rate, low total cholesterol, low LDL, and high albumin.
2019, 34(4): 438-442.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.04.010
Abstract:
Objective Utilization of mushroom biomass waste to prepare carbon dots (CDs) for the prevention and control of diseases on plants was studied. Method CDs were obtained by hydrothermal oxidation of pilei of Dictyophora echinovolvata and characterized by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrophoto-metry (FT-IR), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and fluorescene spectrophotometry. Antibacterial properties of the CDs were determined by measurements of diameter of the bacteriostatic circle on Ralstonia solanacearum and Xanthomonas axonopodis. Result The CDs obtained displayed an appropriate spherical morphology and uniform size with good dispersion. They emitted bright blue photoluminescence under UV excitation, exhibited an excitation-dependent PL behavior, and demonstrated excellent antibacterial activities against R. solanacearum and X. axonopodis. Conclusion The CDs with a potential of preventing and controlling plant diseases by bacterial infection were successful prepared in laboratory.
2019, 34(4): 443-450.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.04.011
Abstract:
Objective Larval development, fecundity and feeding of Diaphania angustalis (Snellen), a major pest that infests blackboard trees by larva feeding on leaves and leaf-rolls causing serious damage on the ornamental and medicinal plants, were studied to determine the effective controlling period. Method The development, fecundity, feeding habit and survival rate of D. angustalis larvae were deciphered with the constructed two-sex life table of the pest from an experimental population. Results At the temperature of (28±1)℃, relative humidity of (70±5)% and photoperiod of L:D=12:12, the mean generation time of the moth was found to be (45.42±0.55)d; the intrinsic rate of increase, (0.099±0.006)d; the finite rate of increase, (1.104±0.007)d; and, the net reproduction rate, (92.28±22.50) offspring. The fecundity of a female adult was(369.20±65.44)eggs, 1 267 at the highest. The number and reproduction of the population increased with time. At larva stage, the development time and feed consumption increased with age. It took significantly longer for the older larvae than the younger larvae to develop, and a larva consumed significantly more in the 4th to 6th than 1st to 3rd instar stage. Conclusion The most effective period for controlling D. angustalis appeared to fall on the 1st to 3rd instar larvae.
2019, 34(4): 451-457.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.04.012
Abstract:
Objective Ethanol extracts of 5 species of plants were analyzed for possible antibacterial and/or insecticidal applications in disease control. Method Aconitum Pendulum, nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt), Butea monosperma (Lan.) Kuntze, Pterocephalus hookeri, and Rhododendron molle were selected for the extraction. The inhibitory activities of the extracts against plant pathogenic fungi as well as the virulence to aphids and locusts were determined. Subsequently, the greatest locust-killing capacity demonstrated by the R. molle extract was subjected to a step-wise fractional extraction and column separations to isolate active substances. Result The nutmeg extract applied at 1 000 mg·L-1 level inhibited the growth of Pythium aphanidermatum, Physalospora berengeriana and Rhizoctonia solani at 75.23%, 77.78% and 88.85%, respectively. The R. molle extract showed the lethality on aphids at a rate of 55.38% with the dosage of 2 000 mg·L-1 and 100% with 10 000 mg·L-1in 48h; while that on locusts, 44.83% in 24h and 86.96% in 96h with 10 000 mg·L-1. At 1 000 mg·L-1 dosage, the active fraction, Ⅲ-2-2, isolated from the extract rendered the lethal rates on locusts of 53.57% in 24h and 90.48% in 120h. Conclusion The antibacterial activity of nutmeg extract was the highest among all extracts; the R. molle extract displayed the highest toxicity on aphids and locusts; most of the active substances in the extracts were petroleum ether and dichloromethane soluble; and, Ⅲ-2-2 obtained from the dichloromethane fraction had the highest potency toward locusts.
Risk Assessment Based on TCLP Extrated Heavy Metals in Soil at Farmlands Near Molybdenum Mining Area
2019, 34(4): 458-464.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.04.013
Abstract:
Objective Heavy metals and molybdenum (Mo) in the soil at farmlands around a Mo-mining area in Fujian were determined to assess the environmental pollution and health risk. Method Soil samples at depth of 0-20 cm were collected for analysis at the farms close to a Mo-mine in August 2018.The total, as well as the TCLP (Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure) extracted, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cu and Mo were determined for the assessment. Result All of the Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn and Mo contents in the soil samples exceeded the provincial environmental limits. The total Cd, Zn and Cu contents in soil at 10 of the sampling lots exceeded the thresholds for agricultural land use, according to the Environmental Quality Standard for Soil. The Mo contents at all sites were higher than the safety limit. Data on the TCLP-extracted Cd, Pb and Mo indicated that these elements were of major risk concerns. The Nemerow comprehensive pollution index on soil showed that 60% of the sites were moderately polluted and that the farther away from the mine, the lower the degree of contamination of the land. Conclusion Pollution by heavy metals in the soil was evident at the surveyed areas. Relatively, Cd, Pb and Mo posed a greater health risk than other heavy metals for the farmlands nearby the Mo-mine. The soil pollution tended to be more severe at the farms closer to the mine.
2019, 34(4): 465-470.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.04.014
Abstract:
Objective Reduction on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at large pig farms by treatment converting fecal waste to biogas for an environmentally friendly hog industry in Fujian was reviewed. Method Based on the internationally accepted method for calculating GHG emission reduction and the 2010 and 2015 data, the amounts of manure and biogas production at large pig farms in the province were obtained for the analysis. The estimated benefits brought about by the emission reduction through the practice were discussed. Result The total amount of excreta dry matters from the pig farms was 1.699 3 million tons in 2010 and 1.632 9 million tons in 2015 representing the production potentials of 714 million m3 and 686 million m3 biogas, respectively. If the biogas produced were to be used to replace firewood, it would have been 2.454 2 million t and 2.358 4 million t of firewood saved for the two years, respectively. And the resulting CO2 emissions reduced would have amounted to 2.687 4 million t in 2010 and 2.582 5 million t in 2015. The same presumed biogas productions would translate to be 1 308 500 t and 1 257 400 t of coal, or 1 108 900 t and 1 065 600 t of CO2 emissions for the years of 2010 and 2015, respectively. By converting pig manure to biogas, the CH4 emissions could have been reduced by 35 900 t in 2010 and 34 500 t in 2015. Conclusion Using biogas produced from livestock waste could conceivably generate a high quality fuel to replace the traditional energy sources and effectively reduce CO2 emissions. Anaerobic digestion of the waste material also mitigated CH4 emissions resulting in significant social, economic and environmental benefits.
2019, 34(4): 471-478.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.04.015
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Objective Varieties of grass were evaluated for soil and water conservation in Fujian area. Method In Changting, the area where soil erosion and water conservation have become a serious concern, 11 varieties of grass for forage were screened according to their characteristics on the rates of germination, survival, coverage, and litter water-holding capacity as well as the weight of root mass. Analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy mathematics method were applied for the selection of best adaptable grass in the area. Result Paspalum notatum Flugge, Chamaecrista rotundifolia cv. Minyin, Pennisetum americanum×P.purpureum Mincao 1, Penniseturn americanum×P.purpureum cv. Minmu 6, Pueraria lobata, and Macroptilium atropurpureum, were considered superior or desirable varieties. Pennisetun purpureum cv. red, Cassia obtusifolia, Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet, Mimosa pudica exhibited good performance, whereas, Chamaecrista rotundifolia cv. Fuyin 1 did not perform well. Conclusion The gramineous grass, Paspalum notatum Flugge, Pennisetum americanum×P.purpureum Mincao 1, Penniseturn americanum×P.purpureum cv. Minmu 6, and leguminous grass, Chamaecrista rotundifolia cv. Minyin, Pueraria lobate, Macroptilium atropurpureum, appeared to be suitable for cultivation in the areas around Changting.
2019, 34(4): 479-487.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.04.016
Abstract:
Objective Effects of method and duration of storage on the quality of Camellia nitidissima flowers were studied to provide reference for the pgoduct development of Camellia nitidissima flowers. Method Freeze-dried camellias were stored in the dark at low temperature (DLT), under light exposure at room temperature (LRT), or in the dark at room temperature (DRT). The changes on 4 functional ingredients (i.e., flavonoids, polysaccharides, saponins, and polyphenols), 3 nutrients (i.e., amino acids, protein, and crude fat), and exterior color of the flowers were determined every 3 months for a principal component analysis. Result Under same storage conditions, the contents of saponin, tea polyphenol, and protein of the flowers decreased with time, but those of fat and polysaccharide increased. In a same sampling period, flavonoids and saponins were higher in the flowers under DLT than the other two treatments, but less on fat, and no significant changes on color. Under LRT, flavonoids and saponins in the stored flowers were lower than prior to the storage, whereas, fats higher, and the color intensified and darkened. Conclusion The principal component analysis showed that total flavonoids, saponins, polysaccharides, and amino acids could be used as indicators for comprehensive quality evaluation on C. nitidissima flowers. Storage under DRT within 6 months or DLT at 5℃ for less than a year was considered adequate insofar as the stability, exterior color, flower grading, and market value of the freeze-dried camellias are concerned.
2019, 34(4): 488-494.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.04.017
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Objective Intensity of LED light for optimal growth of free-living conchocelis of Pyropia haitanensis (FCP) was studied. Method The effects of varied light intensities (i.e., 10, 20, 40, 80 or 100 μmol·photons m-2·s-1) using LED on the growth, maximal quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm) on PS Ⅱ, content of photosynthetic pigments as well as the photosynthesis and antioxidant enzymes of Shenfu No.2, a new cultivar of P. haitanensis, were determined. Result After 25 d of culturing, the weight of algae increased with increasing intensity of illumination and peaked when 80 μmol·photons m-2·s-1 was applied. As the weight reached the maximum, the Fv/Fm on PS Ⅱ was also at its highest level. On the other hand, the contents of chlorophyll a, carotenoids, and phycoerythrin decreased gradually as the light intensity increased. No significant differences on phycocyanin among the groups were observed. The greatest activities of CA and RubisCO in the algae were observed under 40 μmol·photons m-2·s-1 followed by 80 μmol·photons m-2·s-1 treatment before a decline. Upon an increase on light intensity, the activities of superoxide anion radicals and SOD decreased to the lowest level under 80 μmol·photons m-2·s-1 and then raised again. Conclusion The vegetative filaments of FCP cultured under 80 μmol·photons m-2·s-1 light appeared to render the highest algae growth rate and Fv/Fm, lowest activities of superoxide anions and SOD, and strongest activities of RubisCO and CA.
2019, 34(4): 495-501.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.04.018
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Objective Essential oil was extracted from peels of passion fruits, and its aromatic compounds determined for potential applications. Method The essential oil was obtained using a steam extraction, and the volatiles collected by the solid phase micro extraction and analyzed by GC-MS with the aid of NIST/WILEY followed by verification with reference database. Result A total of 263 chemicals were detected that consisted of alkanes (31.05%), esters (30.46%), acids (20.88%), alcohols (7.46%), aldehydes (3.76%), and ketones (1.54%). The aromatics were hexyl caproate, hexanol hexanoate, octyl butyrate, geranyl butyrate, dodecanoic acid-ethyl ester, citronellol, menthol, etc. Conclusion In addition to the aromas of apple, pear, orange, melon, lemon, peach, cherry, citrus, and coconut, a variety of flavoring elements in grass, flower, nut, wine, and medicine were also existed in the essential oil. It appeared that the passion fruit peels could be utilized as raw material for making spices, food ingredients, health food, and/or cosmetics.
