2018 Vol. 33, No. 4
Display Method:
2018, 33(4): 337-340.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.04.001
Abstract:
Antigenicity difference among strains of pseudorabies virus (PRV) and potential of developing a vaccine to prevent new PRV from occurring were studied. Four PRV strains (i.e., PRV FB, FA, Bartha-K61 and prevalent PRV-FJ2012) and hyperimmune serums were used for the analysis by a cross neutralization test. The possibility of using PRV-FB to develop a vaccine was evaluated by a challenge test. The neutralization titers of hyperimmune serum for rabbit anti-FB, anti-FA, anti-Bartha-K61 and anti-FJ2012 were 1:54, 1:91, 1:91, and 1:215, respectively. The correlation coefficients between FB and FA, FB and FJ2012, and FA and FJ2012 were all greater than 0.8. However, those between Bartha-K61 and FA, Bartha-K61 and FB, and Bartha-K61 and FJ2012 were lower than 0.4. The results indicated that the relationship between the antigens of FB and FJ2012 was closer than that of Bartha-K61 and FJ2012. The viral challenge test showed that FB could prevent PRV-FJ2012 at a rate of 100%.These conclusion indicated FB strain was a vaccine candidate strain to prevent the new PRV strain(FJ2012 strain).
Antigenicity difference among strains of pseudorabies virus (PRV) and potential of developing a vaccine to prevent new PRV from occurring were studied. Four PRV strains (i.e., PRV FB, FA, Bartha-K61 and prevalent PRV-FJ2012) and hyperimmune serums were used for the analysis by a cross neutralization test. The possibility of using PRV-FB to develop a vaccine was evaluated by a challenge test. The neutralization titers of hyperimmune serum for rabbit anti-FB, anti-FA, anti-Bartha-K61 and anti-FJ2012 were 1:54, 1:91, 1:91, and 1:215, respectively. The correlation coefficients between FB and FA, FB and FJ2012, and FA and FJ2012 were all greater than 0.8. However, those between Bartha-K61 and FA, Bartha-K61 and FB, and Bartha-K61 and FJ2012 were lower than 0.4. The results indicated that the relationship between the antigens of FB and FJ2012 was closer than that of Bartha-K61 and FJ2012. The viral challenge test showed that FB could prevent PRV-FJ2012 at a rate of 100%.These conclusion indicated FB strain was a vaccine candidate strain to prevent the new PRV strain(FJ2012 strain).
2018, 33(4): 341-345.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.04.002
Abstract:
The study established a SYBR Green I real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR assay for detecting orf virus. Using Beacon Designer 7.9 software to design a pair of specific primers based on the VIR gene of the orf virus in the Genbank (accession number.KF666563.1). The result showed that it would specifically detect orf virus, but wouldn't detect other sheep and goat bacteria and viruses. The detection limit of the method was 100 copies·μL-1 and the detected Ct values of intra-and inter-variation were all less than 2%. Using the assay to detect 39 clinical samples, the positive rate was 94.9% (37/39). The above results indicated that the assay had a high specificity, sensitivity and repeatability, which could be used to detect orf virus and conduct epidemiological investigation.
The study established a SYBR Green I real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR assay for detecting orf virus. Using Beacon Designer 7.9 software to design a pair of specific primers based on the VIR gene of the orf virus in the Genbank (accession number.KF666563.1). The result showed that it would specifically detect orf virus, but wouldn't detect other sheep and goat bacteria and viruses. The detection limit of the method was 100 copies·μL-1 and the detected Ct values of intra-and inter-variation were all less than 2%. Using the assay to detect 39 clinical samples, the positive rate was 94.9% (37/39). The above results indicated that the assay had a high specificity, sensitivity and repeatability, which could be used to detect orf virus and conduct epidemiological investigation.
2018, 33(4): 346-350.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.04.003
Abstract:
Effect of povidone-iodine, potassium permanganate or saline in varied concentrations on hatching of fertilized eggs of Siniperca scherzeri was studied. The eggs were submerged in a water bath containing one of the 3 substances in different concentrations at(23±1)℃ and pH(6.8±0.5)with a dissolved oxygen of (6.81±0.35)mg·L-1. After soaking for 10 min, the egg-hatching rate and time were recorded for each treatment. The time and cycle in the povidone-iodine treatment group decreased gradually as the disinfectant concentration increased, and were significantly higher than those of control. Within the concentration of 30-50 mg·L-1, the survival rate of hatched eggs was significantly higher than, but not significantly different on the deformity rate and hatching rate from, those of control. In the treatments using potassium permanganate with an increasing concentration, the hatching time was gradually shortened but longer than control, while the lower-than-control hatching rate increased initially but followed by a downward trend. There was no significant difference in deformity rate, but a significantly higher survival rate, as compared to control. For the saline treatments, 10 mg·L-1 and 20 mg·L-1 showed a significant higher hatching rate than either 40 mg·L-1 treatment or control. No significant differences were observed on the hatching time, survival rate and deformity rate between the treatments and control. Thus, in Scherzeri breeding it was recommended the application of either 10% povidone-iodine solution in the concentration of 30-50 mg·L-1 or saline in 10-20 mg·L-1 to sanitize the eggs for 10 min be implemented to improve the hatchability. Since potassium permanganate is a strong oxidant, caution must be exercised in its application.
Effect of povidone-iodine, potassium permanganate or saline in varied concentrations on hatching of fertilized eggs of Siniperca scherzeri was studied. The eggs were submerged in a water bath containing one of the 3 substances in different concentrations at(23±1)℃ and pH(6.8±0.5)with a dissolved oxygen of (6.81±0.35)mg·L-1. After soaking for 10 min, the egg-hatching rate and time were recorded for each treatment. The time and cycle in the povidone-iodine treatment group decreased gradually as the disinfectant concentration increased, and were significantly higher than those of control. Within the concentration of 30-50 mg·L-1, the survival rate of hatched eggs was significantly higher than, but not significantly different on the deformity rate and hatching rate from, those of control. In the treatments using potassium permanganate with an increasing concentration, the hatching time was gradually shortened but longer than control, while the lower-than-control hatching rate increased initially but followed by a downward trend. There was no significant difference in deformity rate, but a significantly higher survival rate, as compared to control. For the saline treatments, 10 mg·L-1 and 20 mg·L-1 showed a significant higher hatching rate than either 40 mg·L-1 treatment or control. No significant differences were observed on the hatching time, survival rate and deformity rate between the treatments and control. Thus, in Scherzeri breeding it was recommended the application of either 10% povidone-iodine solution in the concentration of 30-50 mg·L-1 or saline in 10-20 mg·L-1 to sanitize the eggs for 10 min be implemented to improve the hatchability. Since potassium permanganate is a strong oxidant, caution must be exercised in its application.
2018, 33(4): 351-356.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.04.004
Abstract:
The immunological efficacy of Streptococcus agalactiae surface immunogenic protein (SIP) oral vaccine on tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was studied. Randomly grouped fish were injected with the inactivated vaccine as the positive control (Group Inactivated Vaccine), or orally administered with SIP vaccine (Group SIP Vaccine) for treatment or PBS as the negative control (Group Negative Control). Spleen samples from the tilapias were collected at 0, 7, 14 and 28 d after the immunization. The gene expressions of the cluster determinant 4 (CD4), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α) and nuclear transcription factors κB(NF-κB) were determined by the quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Four weeks after the treatments, the groups were challenged by the artificial infection of S. agalactiae to observe the relative percent survivals (RPS) on the fish. The results show that the expressions on CD4, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α and NF-κB genes of Group SIP Vaccine and Group Inactivated Vaccine increased in varying degrees, and were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of Group Negative Control. The death rates of fish in Group SIP Vaccine and Group Inactivated Vaccine were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that of Group Negative Control. The RPS of Group Inactivated Vaccine was higher than that of Group SIP Vaccine, but not significantly different (P>0.05). It appeared that the SIP oral vaccine could be used with satisfaction in protecting tilapias from S. agalactiae infection.
The immunological efficacy of Streptococcus agalactiae surface immunogenic protein (SIP) oral vaccine on tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was studied. Randomly grouped fish were injected with the inactivated vaccine as the positive control (Group Inactivated Vaccine), or orally administered with SIP vaccine (Group SIP Vaccine) for treatment or PBS as the negative control (Group Negative Control). Spleen samples from the tilapias were collected at 0, 7, 14 and 28 d after the immunization. The gene expressions of the cluster determinant 4 (CD4), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α) and nuclear transcription factors κB(NF-κB) were determined by the quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Four weeks after the treatments, the groups were challenged by the artificial infection of S. agalactiae to observe the relative percent survivals (RPS) on the fish. The results show that the expressions on CD4, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α and NF-κB genes of Group SIP Vaccine and Group Inactivated Vaccine increased in varying degrees, and were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of Group Negative Control. The death rates of fish in Group SIP Vaccine and Group Inactivated Vaccine were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that of Group Negative Control. The RPS of Group Inactivated Vaccine was higher than that of Group SIP Vaccine, but not significantly different (P>0.05). It appeared that the SIP oral vaccine could be used with satisfaction in protecting tilapias from S. agalactiae infection.
2018, 33(4): 357-362.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.04.005
Abstract:
Effects of varied fertilizations on agronomic characteristics, dry matter accumulation, nutritional content, productivity and yield traits of coix in Xingren county, Guizhou was studied using a "3414" regression design. The results showed that the yield of coix were improved by the formulated N-P-K fertilizations as compared with CK (Treatment 1). The agronomic properties of the coix under the 20-5-15 and 20-10-7.5 formulations were better than the other 12 treatments. Among all treatments, the 20-5-7.5 formulation rendered the greatest yield, while the 20-5-15 exhibited the most significant effect on the accumulations of dry matters and nutrients. Based on a quadratic regression analysis, the fertilization with 16.45 kg N/667 m2, 9.53 kg P2O5/667 m2 and 14.49 kg K2O/667 m2 was recommended for coix cultivation in Xingren county.
Effects of varied fertilizations on agronomic characteristics, dry matter accumulation, nutritional content, productivity and yield traits of coix in Xingren county, Guizhou was studied using a "3414" regression design. The results showed that the yield of coix were improved by the formulated N-P-K fertilizations as compared with CK (Treatment 1). The agronomic properties of the coix under the 20-5-15 and 20-10-7.5 formulations were better than the other 12 treatments. Among all treatments, the 20-5-7.5 formulation rendered the greatest yield, while the 20-5-15 exhibited the most significant effect on the accumulations of dry matters and nutrients. Based on a quadratic regression analysis, the fertilization with 16.45 kg N/667 m2, 9.53 kg P2O5/667 m2 and 14.49 kg K2O/667 m2 was recommended for coix cultivation in Xingren county.
2018, 33(4): 363-367.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.04.006
Abstract:
To broaden the varieties of winter crops available for cultivation in Fujian, a search was targeted on four barley cultivars. The selected materials included Hua 22(Barley Hordeum vulgare L. cultivar 'Hua 22'), SP-1 (Barley Hordeum vulgare L.Line 'SP-1'), SP-2 (Barley Hordeum vulgare L.Line 'SP-2') and HH-1 (Barley Hordeum vulgare L.Line 'HH-1'). The adaptability or suitability for local cultivation in winter season, as well as the potential of utilizing the entire plant for animal feeding, was evaluated. The results showed that the tested barley varieties could indeed complete an annual phenological period in northern Fujian with acceptable adaptability. Insofar as the use as forage is concerned, the entire plant had a higher nutritional value than maize. Among the cultivars, Hua 22 and HH-1 had the greatest hay yield of 8 226.51 kg·hm-1 and 7 888.82 kg·hm-1, respectively, with a recommended harvest in late filling stage. These barley cultivars also showed a strong resistance to scab, and therefore, were considered a choice access for the development of local livestock industry.
To broaden the varieties of winter crops available for cultivation in Fujian, a search was targeted on four barley cultivars. The selected materials included Hua 22(Barley Hordeum vulgare L. cultivar 'Hua 22'), SP-1 (Barley Hordeum vulgare L.Line 'SP-1'), SP-2 (Barley Hordeum vulgare L.Line 'SP-2') and HH-1 (Barley Hordeum vulgare L.Line 'HH-1'). The adaptability or suitability for local cultivation in winter season, as well as the potential of utilizing the entire plant for animal feeding, was evaluated. The results showed that the tested barley varieties could indeed complete an annual phenological period in northern Fujian with acceptable adaptability. Insofar as the use as forage is concerned, the entire plant had a higher nutritional value than maize. Among the cultivars, Hua 22 and HH-1 had the greatest hay yield of 8 226.51 kg·hm-1 and 7 888.82 kg·hm-1, respectively, with a recommended harvest in late filling stage. These barley cultivars also showed a strong resistance to scab, and therefore, were considered a choice access for the development of local livestock industry.
2018, 33(4): 368-372.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.04.007
Abstract:
Using Huangdan as reference (CK), six new germplasms generated by crossing Tieguanyin varieties were compared according to the chemical composition, characteristics, phenological phases, growth potential and fresh leaf yield of the new breeds as well as the quality of the oolong tea made. The bushes were shrubs or small trees that had an erect or semi-open posture with elliptical or long elliptic leaves, which were soft in texture, yellowish green or purple in color and medium to small in size with few or medium amount of hair. As compared to CK, the hybrids, TGY-2 and TGY-3, were earlier on phenological development, while others, later; the one-bud-3-leaves of TGY-2, TGY-4 and TGY-6, longer, and the weight, heavier; the shoot densities of TGY-2, TGY-3 and TGY-4, greater; the fresh leaf yields of TGY-2, TGY-3 and TGY-4, higher; the oolong teas made from the leaves of TGY-2, TGY-4 and TGY-5, superior in quality; but, not significantly different in contents of moisture, water extracts, amino acids, caffeine, tea polyphenols, or phenol/ammonia ratio.
Using Huangdan as reference (CK), six new germplasms generated by crossing Tieguanyin varieties were compared according to the chemical composition, characteristics, phenological phases, growth potential and fresh leaf yield of the new breeds as well as the quality of the oolong tea made. The bushes were shrubs or small trees that had an erect or semi-open posture with elliptical or long elliptic leaves, which were soft in texture, yellowish green or purple in color and medium to small in size with few or medium amount of hair. As compared to CK, the hybrids, TGY-2 and TGY-3, were earlier on phenological development, while others, later; the one-bud-3-leaves of TGY-2, TGY-4 and TGY-6, longer, and the weight, heavier; the shoot densities of TGY-2, TGY-3 and TGY-4, greater; the fresh leaf yields of TGY-2, TGY-3 and TGY-4, higher; the oolong teas made from the leaves of TGY-2, TGY-4 and TGY-5, superior in quality; but, not significantly different in contents of moisture, water extracts, amino acids, caffeine, tea polyphenols, or phenol/ammonia ratio.
2018, 33(4): 373-380.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.04.008
Abstract:
The quantitative variations on floral organs from 3 varieties of Oriental Lily planted in a greenhouse were observed for comparison. There was a total of 58 variations found, but few was common among the 3 varieties of the flowering plants. The tepals normally numbered between 2 and 8, and Sorbonne tended to have the highest count. On Sorbonne and Fastrada, the gradual changes on the number of stamen-petaloid were mainly observed on the reduction of anthers, which could be seen from the variation on the floret count. The variation on Fastrada mainly showed in the increased number of tepals. On tepal and stamen, Siberia had the highest frequencies of a same count, and more than half of them were on an increasing trend. The large variations meant an inconsistency on the floral quality. But, at the same time, they also provided abundant choices for breeding and studies on the lilies.
The quantitative variations on floral organs from 3 varieties of Oriental Lily planted in a greenhouse were observed for comparison. There was a total of 58 variations found, but few was common among the 3 varieties of the flowering plants. The tepals normally numbered between 2 and 8, and Sorbonne tended to have the highest count. On Sorbonne and Fastrada, the gradual changes on the number of stamen-petaloid were mainly observed on the reduction of anthers, which could be seen from the variation on the floret count. The variation on Fastrada mainly showed in the increased number of tepals. On tepal and stamen, Siberia had the highest frequencies of a same count, and more than half of them were on an increasing trend. The large variations meant an inconsistency on the floral quality. But, at the same time, they also provided abundant choices for breeding and studies on the lilies.
2018, 33(4): 381-385.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.04.009
Abstract:
Effects of Ca(NO3)2 in varied concentrations on the rooting and activities of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in leaves of Passiflora edulis P. edulis f. flavicarpa cuttings for the plant propagation were studied. The results showed that the application of 50 mg Ca(NO3)2/L significantly increased the count, fresh mass, and vitality of the roots per plant as compared to control. The activities of POD, SOD, CAT and APX in the leaves were also enhanced significantly, while MDA significantly reduced. It suggested that Ca(NO3)2 treatment at a proper dosage could promote rooting of the cuttings as a result from the increased antioxidant enzyme activities and decreased membrane lipid peroxidation in the leaves of the seedlings.
Effects of Ca(NO3)2 in varied concentrations on the rooting and activities of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in leaves of Passiflora edulis P. edulis f. flavicarpa cuttings for the plant propagation were studied. The results showed that the application of 50 mg Ca(NO3)2/L significantly increased the count, fresh mass, and vitality of the roots per plant as compared to control. The activities of POD, SOD, CAT and APX in the leaves were also enhanced significantly, while MDA significantly reduced. It suggested that Ca(NO3)2 treatment at a proper dosage could promote rooting of the cuttings as a result from the increased antioxidant enzyme activities and decreased membrane lipid peroxidation in the leaves of the seedlings.
2018, 33(4): 386-390.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.04.010
Abstract:
A regeneration protocol was established using the stems and leaves of fast-growing Taiwan Poplar 3 as explants. The selected disinfection time for the stems was 10 min in a 0.15% HgCl2 solution to result in an infection rate of 23.3% and a budding rate of 75.3%. The optimized medium for generating adventitious buds was MS+BA 0.3 mg·L-1+NAA 0.1 mg·L-1 to reach an average differentiation rate of 77.88%; that for the leaf differentiation, MS+BA 0.5 mg·L-1+NAA 0.2 mg·L-1+KT 0.2 mg·L-1+adenine 40 mg·L-1 with a differentiation rate of 87.7%; that for the proliferation, MS+BA 0.5 mg·L-1+KT 0.3 mg·L-1+NAA 0.2 mg·L-1; and that for rooting, 1/2MS+NAA 0.2 mg·L-1+CCC 0.5 mg·L-1 with a 100% rooting rate.
A regeneration protocol was established using the stems and leaves of fast-growing Taiwan Poplar 3 as explants. The selected disinfection time for the stems was 10 min in a 0.15% HgCl2 solution to result in an infection rate of 23.3% and a budding rate of 75.3%. The optimized medium for generating adventitious buds was MS+BA 0.3 mg·L-1+NAA 0.1 mg·L-1 to reach an average differentiation rate of 77.88%; that for the leaf differentiation, MS+BA 0.5 mg·L-1+NAA 0.2 mg·L-1+KT 0.2 mg·L-1+adenine 40 mg·L-1 with a differentiation rate of 87.7%; that for the proliferation, MS+BA 0.5 mg·L-1+KT 0.3 mg·L-1+NAA 0.2 mg·L-1; and that for rooting, 1/2MS+NAA 0.2 mg·L-1+CCC 0.5 mg·L-1 with a 100% rooting rate.
2018, 33(4): 391-395.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.04.011
Abstract:
Qingliu County in Fujian is one of the most important gerbera producing areas in China. Recently, the root rot disease is becoming epidemic and serious in the county. The present study sampled and isolated pathogenic fungi from the plant roots that were infected by the disease. The morphology and molecular identification analyses on the samples indicated that the pathogens, Phytophthora cryptogea, Fusarium oxysporum, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and F. solani were likely the culprits, with P. cryptogea and F. oxysporum being most numerous. After a Koch's theorem verification, P. cryptogea was further identified as the fungus that caused the root rot disease on gerbera in Qingliu County. The information is to be used for selecting control method and in further studies on the pathogen as well as its antagonistic microorganisms for bio-control on the disease.
Qingliu County in Fujian is one of the most important gerbera producing areas in China. Recently, the root rot disease is becoming epidemic and serious in the county. The present study sampled and isolated pathogenic fungi from the plant roots that were infected by the disease. The morphology and molecular identification analyses on the samples indicated that the pathogens, Phytophthora cryptogea, Fusarium oxysporum, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and F. solani were likely the culprits, with P. cryptogea and F. oxysporum being most numerous. After a Koch's theorem verification, P. cryptogea was further identified as the fungus that caused the root rot disease on gerbera in Qingliu County. The information is to be used for selecting control method and in further studies on the pathogen as well as its antagonistic microorganisms for bio-control on the disease.
2018, 33(4): 396-400.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.04.012
Abstract:
To select appropriate agents for effective controlling the stem rot disease on Cymbidium ensifolium, toxicities of 6 fungicides, either individually or in combination, were tested in laboratory. All 6 fungicides showed varying degrees of inhibition on Fusarium oxysporum, with EC50 that ranked in the order of prochloraz>difenoconazole>carbendazim or trifloxystrobin>hymexazol or mancozeb. In combination, a synergism between difenoconazole and carbendazim, as well as between trifloxystrobin and carbendazim, was observed. The optimum ratio for the difenoconazole/carbendazim combination was 5/5 with a co-toxicity coefficient of 378.63, while that for trifloxystrobin/carbendazim, 8/2 with a coefficient of 247.80.
To select appropriate agents for effective controlling the stem rot disease on Cymbidium ensifolium, toxicities of 6 fungicides, either individually or in combination, were tested in laboratory. All 6 fungicides showed varying degrees of inhibition on Fusarium oxysporum, with EC50 that ranked in the order of prochloraz>difenoconazole>carbendazim or trifloxystrobin>hymexazol or mancozeb. In combination, a synergism between difenoconazole and carbendazim, as well as between trifloxystrobin and carbendazim, was observed. The optimum ratio for the difenoconazole/carbendazim combination was 5/5 with a co-toxicity coefficient of 378.63, while that for trifloxystrobin/carbendazim, 8/2 with a coefficient of 247.80.
2018, 33(4): 401-406.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.04.013
Abstract:
The conditions, symptoms, regularity and inducement of wizened bud incidents on the peach trees in southern China were investigated. The disease was tracked by field survey, and the infected tissues dissected for microscopic observations. The disease was characterized by the appearance of withered, shriveled and dead buds. It seriously impaired the yield, quality and vigor of the peach plants. As a result, the fruit production declined in recent years in the region. The disease occurred primarily at the sprouting phase of floral buds. But severity of the outbreak varied considerably by peach variety. Plants at the orchards at low altitude, in middle and lower sections of a sloping land, under open-field cultivation, or near a pear plantation were significantly more vulnerable than other localities. The major infecting pathogen was identified to be Phomopsis fukushii. By spraying bactericides during the time when the floral buds sprout, the incidence of wizened buds could be significantly reduced.
The conditions, symptoms, regularity and inducement of wizened bud incidents on the peach trees in southern China were investigated. The disease was tracked by field survey, and the infected tissues dissected for microscopic observations. The disease was characterized by the appearance of withered, shriveled and dead buds. It seriously impaired the yield, quality and vigor of the peach plants. As a result, the fruit production declined in recent years in the region. The disease occurred primarily at the sprouting phase of floral buds. But severity of the outbreak varied considerably by peach variety. Plants at the orchards at low altitude, in middle and lower sections of a sloping land, under open-field cultivation, or near a pear plantation were significantly more vulnerable than other localities. The major infecting pathogen was identified to be Phomopsis fukushii. By spraying bactericides during the time when the floral buds sprout, the incidence of wizened buds could be significantly reduced.
2018, 33(4): 407-412.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.04.014
Abstract:
The renowned Shengzhou plums (Prunus salicina Lindl. var. taoxingli) ripen in the summer, and are high on nutritional value and appealing on eating quality. However, they turn soft rapidly and are prone to deterioration after harvesting in the summer heat. This study attempted to identify the source of microbial infection and determine an effective antibacterial measure to extend the shelf life for the prized fruits. Using the rDNA-ITS molecular identification and morphology methods, a pathogen was isolated from the samples of diseased fruits. In the lab, the isolate was treated with Sporgon and difenoconazole+azoxystrobin to confirm it to be Penicillium citrinum (TXL-03). The fungus had numerous branches and conidiophores. It could infect a wide variety of fruits, such as pear, apple, nectarine, cherry, tomato, grape, mango, plum, and banana. Either Sporgon or difenoconazole+azoxystrobin could retard the fungal growth. However, Sporgon appeared more effective, and thus, was recommended for treatment of the disease.
The renowned Shengzhou plums (Prunus salicina Lindl. var. taoxingli) ripen in the summer, and are high on nutritional value and appealing on eating quality. However, they turn soft rapidly and are prone to deterioration after harvesting in the summer heat. This study attempted to identify the source of microbial infection and determine an effective antibacterial measure to extend the shelf life for the prized fruits. Using the rDNA-ITS molecular identification and morphology methods, a pathogen was isolated from the samples of diseased fruits. In the lab, the isolate was treated with Sporgon and difenoconazole+azoxystrobin to confirm it to be Penicillium citrinum (TXL-03). The fungus had numerous branches and conidiophores. It could infect a wide variety of fruits, such as pear, apple, nectarine, cherry, tomato, grape, mango, plum, and banana. Either Sporgon or difenoconazole+azoxystrobin could retard the fungal growth. However, Sporgon appeared more effective, and thus, was recommended for treatment of the disease.
2018, 33(4): 413-417.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.04.015
Abstract:
This study aimed to identify microbes that could, at high temperatures, efficiently degrade waste materials from livestock and poultry slaughterhouses. A stepwise gradient heating was applied to screen microorganisms and isolated HL8103.Through colony morphology, strain morphology, physiological and biochemical characteristics, 16S rDNA sequence, phylogenetic analysis. At the same time, the strain was tested for its suitability for livestock and poultry slaughterhouse waste. The results identified HL8103 as Bacillus thermoamylovorans, a gram-positive with straight or curved rod-shape bacterium that had near spherical spores, proximal birth, and inflated cysts. Meanwhile, HL8103 was tested for its adaptability on the slaughterhouse waste and found that it could grow well between 75℃ and 85℃ and withstand a temperature as high as 95℃. And, for optimal results, the medium was to be adjusted to pH 6.8-7.2 and fermented for 18 h.
This study aimed to identify microbes that could, at high temperatures, efficiently degrade waste materials from livestock and poultry slaughterhouses. A stepwise gradient heating was applied to screen microorganisms and isolated HL8103.Through colony morphology, strain morphology, physiological and biochemical characteristics, 16S rDNA sequence, phylogenetic analysis. At the same time, the strain was tested for its suitability for livestock and poultry slaughterhouse waste. The results identified HL8103 as Bacillus thermoamylovorans, a gram-positive with straight or curved rod-shape bacterium that had near spherical spores, proximal birth, and inflated cysts. Meanwhile, HL8103 was tested for its adaptability on the slaughterhouse waste and found that it could grow well between 75℃ and 85℃ and withstand a temperature as high as 95℃. And, for optimal results, the medium was to be adjusted to pH 6.8-7.2 and fermented for 18 h.
2018, 33(4): 418-423.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.04.016
Abstract:
The soil fertility of Camellia oleifera fields in Yushan County, Jiangxi Province was analyzed using ASI method. Sorghum was applied as the indicator crop to determine and evaluate the nutrient contents and limiting factors of the soil to provide information for improving the tea oil productivity of C. oleifera. The results showed that the soil was low on nutrients and organic matters. The contents of P, K, Ca and Mg were deficient and considerably below the minimum thresholds, while Cu, B and Zn marginally adequate, for the plant growth. On the other hand, S, Fe and Mn were generally abundant. A potting test for two sites showed that, without added P, K, Ca and Mg, the yield of sorghum plants reduced by 30.86%-42.14%, 44.89%-52.51%, 73.91%-84.49%, 13.42%-18.89%, respectively. To properly fertilize the land, a balanced addition of Ca and Mg as well as P and K was recommended.
The soil fertility of Camellia oleifera fields in Yushan County, Jiangxi Province was analyzed using ASI method. Sorghum was applied as the indicator crop to determine and evaluate the nutrient contents and limiting factors of the soil to provide information for improving the tea oil productivity of C. oleifera. The results showed that the soil was low on nutrients and organic matters. The contents of P, K, Ca and Mg were deficient and considerably below the minimum thresholds, while Cu, B and Zn marginally adequate, for the plant growth. On the other hand, S, Fe and Mn were generally abundant. A potting test for two sites showed that, without added P, K, Ca and Mg, the yield of sorghum plants reduced by 30.86%-42.14%, 44.89%-52.51%, 73.91%-84.49%, 13.42%-18.89%, respectively. To properly fertilize the land, a balanced addition of Ca and Mg as well as P and K was recommended.
2018, 33(4): 424-429.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.04.017
Abstract:
Contents of nutrients in soil layers at vineyards in 4 regions of Hunan province were determined for efficient management and fertilization. The sampling of the 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm soil layers took place at 4 typical areas in Xiangbei, Xiangzhong, Xiangnan and Xiangxi. The results showed that (1) the soil pHs ranged from 5.0 to 6.1 with a gradual increase along with the depth of the soil at a same location; (2) significant variations in content of organic matters existed among the regions that decreased with the depth, and the greatest was found in 0-20 cm layer sample from Xiangxi (i.e., 27.4 g·kg-1), while the lowest, from Xiangbei (i.e., 16.7 g·kg-1); (3) the deeper the soil beneath the ground level, the lower the contents of total and alkaline nitrogen, as Xiangxi had the highest total nitrogen at 1.68 g·kg-1 and available nitrogen at 149.2 mg·kg-1 in the 0-20 cm layer; (4) the contents of total and available phosphorus declined with the depth, but no significant difference on total phosphorus among the regions in 0-20 cm layer, however, the available phosphorus was the highest in Xiangnan (i.e., 32 mg·kg-1) and the lowest in Xiangzhong (i.e., 8.8 mg·kg-1); (5) the potassium was found less in the deeper layers in 0-20 cm layer, the highest total potassium content was 19.2 g·kg-1 in Xiangxi, and the available potassium at 639.9 mg·kg-1 in Xiangbei. It appeared that the acidity of the soil could be neutralized by using alkaline fertilizers, and a balanced fertility be achieved by appropriate applications coupled with proper management for the vineyards in the regions.
Contents of nutrients in soil layers at vineyards in 4 regions of Hunan province were determined for efficient management and fertilization. The sampling of the 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm soil layers took place at 4 typical areas in Xiangbei, Xiangzhong, Xiangnan and Xiangxi. The results showed that (1) the soil pHs ranged from 5.0 to 6.1 with a gradual increase along with the depth of the soil at a same location; (2) significant variations in content of organic matters existed among the regions that decreased with the depth, and the greatest was found in 0-20 cm layer sample from Xiangxi (i.e., 27.4 g·kg-1), while the lowest, from Xiangbei (i.e., 16.7 g·kg-1); (3) the deeper the soil beneath the ground level, the lower the contents of total and alkaline nitrogen, as Xiangxi had the highest total nitrogen at 1.68 g·kg-1 and available nitrogen at 149.2 mg·kg-1 in the 0-20 cm layer; (4) the contents of total and available phosphorus declined with the depth, but no significant difference on total phosphorus among the regions in 0-20 cm layer, however, the available phosphorus was the highest in Xiangnan (i.e., 32 mg·kg-1) and the lowest in Xiangzhong (i.e., 8.8 mg·kg-1); (5) the potassium was found less in the deeper layers in 0-20 cm layer, the highest total potassium content was 19.2 g·kg-1 in Xiangxi, and the available potassium at 639.9 mg·kg-1 in Xiangbei. It appeared that the acidity of the soil could be neutralized by using alkaline fertilizers, and a balanced fertility be achieved by appropriate applications coupled with proper management for the vineyards in the regions.
2018, 33(4): 430-437.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.04.018
Abstract:
A PEG600 and (NH4)2SO4 two-phase aqueous filtration system was used in lab for studying the removal of lead ions from waste water. Based on the analytical data obtained from atomic absorption spectrometry, a response surface methodology was applied to optimize the technology. The optimal processing conditions included 40.25% on volume fraction of PEG600, 0.17 g·mL-1 of (NH4)2SO4, pH at 2.55, and temperature at 40.28 to render a lead removal rate of 87.47%.
A PEG600 and (NH4)2SO4 two-phase aqueous filtration system was used in lab for studying the removal of lead ions from waste water. Based on the analytical data obtained from atomic absorption spectrometry, a response surface methodology was applied to optimize the technology. The optimal processing conditions included 40.25% on volume fraction of PEG600, 0.17 g·mL-1 of (NH4)2SO4, pH at 2.55, and temperature at 40.28 to render a lead removal rate of 87.47%.
2018, 33(4): 438-446.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.04.019
Abstract:
With the development of food industry, product safety is becoming an increasingly important public health issue. Among the factors that affect food safety, illnesses caused by pathogenic microorganisms is of paramount concern. To prevent or curtail the undesirable incidence from happening, establishment of rapid detection methodologies on foodborne pathogens is one of the indispensable measures. Conventional bacterial detection methods, such as culture and colony counting, are time consuming, laborious and inadequate to meet the demand of a modern society. In recent years, various rapid detection methods have been developed, which apply the technologies involving immunological, molecular biotechnical and/or bio-sensing approaches. This article reviews the methodologies currently available in China and abroad, and compares the pros and cons of the associated technologies and applications.
With the development of food industry, product safety is becoming an increasingly important public health issue. Among the factors that affect food safety, illnesses caused by pathogenic microorganisms is of paramount concern. To prevent or curtail the undesirable incidence from happening, establishment of rapid detection methodologies on foodborne pathogens is one of the indispensable measures. Conventional bacterial detection methods, such as culture and colony counting, are time consuming, laborious and inadequate to meet the demand of a modern society. In recent years, various rapid detection methods have been developed, which apply the technologies involving immunological, molecular biotechnical and/or bio-sensing approaches. This article reviews the methodologies currently available in China and abroad, and compares the pros and cons of the associated technologies and applications.
