2018 Vol. 33, No. 11
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2018, 33(11): 1125-1129.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.11.001
Abstract:
Three unigenes of GAPDH (GenBank accession number:MH899010), Actin (GenBank accession number:MH899011) and α-tubulin (GenBank accession number:MH899012) were selected from Anoectochilus roxburghii transcriptome data. Their expression stabilities under various temperatures at different plant growth stages were studied. The results indicated that the expressions of GAPDH and α-tubulin genes varied under the test conditions, but that of Actin in the A. roxburghii stems and leaves was stable and consistent. It appeared that the gene of Actin would be a plausible candidate to be used as a reference in analyzing the expression of functional genes under varied temperatures during different growth stages.
Three unigenes of GAPDH (GenBank accession number:MH899010), Actin (GenBank accession number:MH899011) and α-tubulin (GenBank accession number:MH899012) were selected from Anoectochilus roxburghii transcriptome data. Their expression stabilities under various temperatures at different plant growth stages were studied. The results indicated that the expressions of GAPDH and α-tubulin genes varied under the test conditions, but that of Actin in the A. roxburghii stems and leaves was stable and consistent. It appeared that the gene of Actin would be a plausible candidate to be used as a reference in analyzing the expression of functional genes under varied temperatures during different growth stages.
2018, 33(11): 1130-1135.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.11.002
Abstract:
To search for a new, efficient chemical hybridizing agent (CHA), 5 sulfonylurea herbicides (i.e., nicosulfuron, bensulfuron, amidosulfuron, tribenuron and ethametsulfuron) were evaluated. The effects of the agents on inducing male sterility as well as agronomic properties and yield traits of Brassica napus were determined for the analysis. The results showed that, aside from ethametsulfuron, these agents indeed turned the fertile rapeseeds sterile. The induction by nicosulfuron or bensulfuron was less effective, with an average complete male sterility rate merely 30.8% for nicosulfuron and 21.0% for bensulfuron. But their incomplete male sterility and the phytotoxicity rates reached 56.4% and 63.4%, respectively, for nicosulfuron, and 18.4% and 20.0%, respectively, for bensulfuron, which exerted a significant negative effect on agronomic traits and seed yield on B. napus. On the other hand, amidosulfuron and tribenuron were most effective with their average male sterility rates that reached 96.55% and 97.9%, respectively, and the average complete male sterility rate 88.55% and 92.51%, respectively, according to the results obtained by the stem-smearing and spraying methods. In addition, the latter two agents did not carry any significant differences from CK1 on the agronomic traits or seed yield. Therefore, amidosulfuron and tribenuron were expected to be applied in the heterosis utilization of chemical hybridizing of B. napus after further optimization on the preparation, additives and application of the agents.
To search for a new, efficient chemical hybridizing agent (CHA), 5 sulfonylurea herbicides (i.e., nicosulfuron, bensulfuron, amidosulfuron, tribenuron and ethametsulfuron) were evaluated. The effects of the agents on inducing male sterility as well as agronomic properties and yield traits of Brassica napus were determined for the analysis. The results showed that, aside from ethametsulfuron, these agents indeed turned the fertile rapeseeds sterile. The induction by nicosulfuron or bensulfuron was less effective, with an average complete male sterility rate merely 30.8% for nicosulfuron and 21.0% for bensulfuron. But their incomplete male sterility and the phytotoxicity rates reached 56.4% and 63.4%, respectively, for nicosulfuron, and 18.4% and 20.0%, respectively, for bensulfuron, which exerted a significant negative effect on agronomic traits and seed yield on B. napus. On the other hand, amidosulfuron and tribenuron were most effective with their average male sterility rates that reached 96.55% and 97.9%, respectively, and the average complete male sterility rate 88.55% and 92.51%, respectively, according to the results obtained by the stem-smearing and spraying methods. In addition, the latter two agents did not carry any significant differences from CK1 on the agronomic traits or seed yield. Therefore, amidosulfuron and tribenuron were expected to be applied in the heterosis utilization of chemical hybridizing of B. napus after further optimization on the preparation, additives and application of the agents.
2018, 33(11): 1136-1144.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.11.003
Abstract:
Physiological responses and low temperature tolerance of 3 varieties of Anthurium andraeanum, Pink Champion, Sierra and Vito, were studied. Under low temperature stress, the cell membrane permeability (CMP), the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), chlorophyll a (Chla), chlorophyll b (Chlb) and chlorophyll (Chl), and the activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in leaves of the plants were determined and analyzed by the membership function method and the principal component analysis.The results showed that the CMP increased with prolonged stress, the relative electrolytic leakage (REC) increased by 128.20%-160.60%, and the MDA was 1.39-2.05 times of pre-treatment.Chla, Chlb and Chl increased initially, then decreased and followed by an increase. The CAT and SOD of Sierra was stable with low CMP and a slight decline on chlorophyll. Whereas, the CMP and MDA of Pink Champion and Vito increased significantly but unstable on the antioxidant activities. It appeared that Sierra was most cold resistant, and followed by Pink Champion, and Vito.
Physiological responses and low temperature tolerance of 3 varieties of Anthurium andraeanum, Pink Champion, Sierra and Vito, were studied. Under low temperature stress, the cell membrane permeability (CMP), the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), chlorophyll a (Chla), chlorophyll b (Chlb) and chlorophyll (Chl), and the activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in leaves of the plants were determined and analyzed by the membership function method and the principal component analysis.The results showed that the CMP increased with prolonged stress, the relative electrolytic leakage (REC) increased by 128.20%-160.60%, and the MDA was 1.39-2.05 times of pre-treatment.Chla, Chlb and Chl increased initially, then decreased and followed by an increase. The CAT and SOD of Sierra was stable with low CMP and a slight decline on chlorophyll. Whereas, the CMP and MDA of Pink Champion and Vito increased significantly but unstable on the antioxidant activities. It appeared that Sierra was most cold resistant, and followed by Pink Champion, and Vito.
2018, 33(11): 1145-1150.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.11.004
Abstract:
An experiment was conducted using young scapes of Haworthia Tsukikage to study the disinfection of explants for tissue culture and propagation. The choice treatment was determined to immerse the scape cuts in 75% ethanol for 30 s followed by 0.1% HgCl2 for 5-7 min. The orthogonal experiment rendered the optimized medium for the callus induction to be MS+ 6-BA 2.0 mg·L-1+NAA 0.3 mg·L-1+KT 1.0 mg·L-1; that for the callus differentiation, 6-BA 1.0 mg·L-1+NAA 0.1 mg·L-1+KT 1.5 mg·L-1; and that for the rooting, 1/2MS+NAA 0.1 mg·L-1+ activated carbon 5 g·L-1. The survival rate of the transplanted seedlings was approximately 85%. A preliminary method of the tissue culture and rapid propagation for H. Tsukikage was thus established. Further refinement for scaleup operation is in order.
An experiment was conducted using young scapes of Haworthia Tsukikage to study the disinfection of explants for tissue culture and propagation. The choice treatment was determined to immerse the scape cuts in 75% ethanol for 30 s followed by 0.1% HgCl2 for 5-7 min. The orthogonal experiment rendered the optimized medium for the callus induction to be MS+ 6-BA 2.0 mg·L-1+NAA 0.3 mg·L-1+KT 1.0 mg·L-1; that for the callus differentiation, 6-BA 1.0 mg·L-1+NAA 0.1 mg·L-1+KT 1.5 mg·L-1; and that for the rooting, 1/2MS+NAA 0.1 mg·L-1+ activated carbon 5 g·L-1. The survival rate of the transplanted seedlings was approximately 85%. A preliminary method of the tissue culture and rapid propagation for H. Tsukikage was thus established. Further refinement for scaleup operation is in order.
2018, 33(11): 1151-1157.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.11.005
Abstract:
In order to explore the effect of overturning Astragalus sinicus L. on soil nutrient, microbial characteristics, grape yield and quality, a 4-year experiment of overturning different amount of milk vetch green manure in vineyards was conducted. Meanwhile, fruit quality, soil organic carbon, acid phosphatase, urease, invertase and catalase were measured. The results showed that the activities of these vineyards' acid phosphatase, urease, invertase, catalase were increased with incrasing levels of green manure under the treatments received different amount of green manure (6 000-30 000 kg·m-2). Additionally, in comparison with NPK treatment, soil enzymatic activities under the treatments received different amount of green manure (6 000-30 000 kg·m-2) increased by 11.7%~39.5%, the amount of microbial communities increased by 12.0%-147.8%, grape yield increased by 15.3%, soluble sugar, Vitamin C and flavonoid content in grape fruits increased by 13.5%, 8.8%, 11.9%, respectively. Moreover, the maximal tea yields of 16 530 kg·hm-2 was obtained under the treatment at an application dose of 22 500 kg·hm-2. Therefore, the amounts of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in the vineyard soils were increased, soil nutrient transformations were promoted, and grape productivity and quality were improved, especially for the treatment at an application dose of 22 500 kg·hm-2.
In order to explore the effect of overturning Astragalus sinicus L. on soil nutrient, microbial characteristics, grape yield and quality, a 4-year experiment of overturning different amount of milk vetch green manure in vineyards was conducted. Meanwhile, fruit quality, soil organic carbon, acid phosphatase, urease, invertase and catalase were measured. The results showed that the activities of these vineyards' acid phosphatase, urease, invertase, catalase were increased with incrasing levels of green manure under the treatments received different amount of green manure (6 000-30 000 kg·m-2). Additionally, in comparison with NPK treatment, soil enzymatic activities under the treatments received different amount of green manure (6 000-30 000 kg·m-2) increased by 11.7%~39.5%, the amount of microbial communities increased by 12.0%-147.8%, grape yield increased by 15.3%, soluble sugar, Vitamin C and flavonoid content in grape fruits increased by 13.5%, 8.8%, 11.9%, respectively. Moreover, the maximal tea yields of 16 530 kg·hm-2 was obtained under the treatment at an application dose of 22 500 kg·hm-2. Therefore, the amounts of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in the vineyard soils were increased, soil nutrient transformations were promoted, and grape productivity and quality were improved, especially for the treatment at an application dose of 22 500 kg·hm-2.
2018, 33(11): 1158-1162.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.11.006
Abstract:
The effects of addition of two formulated herbal traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) in feed on serum NO and activities of NOS and iNOS of weaned piglets were investigated. TCM I was formulated to contain 10% Houttuynia cordata Thunb., 20% Astragalus membranaceus, 15% Poria cocos, 10% Acanthopanax senticosus, 15% Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge, 10% Angelica sinensis, 10% Magnolia officinalis and 10% Dianthus superbus, whereas TCM Ⅱ, 10% Lonicera japonica Thunb., 20% Astragalus membranaceus, 15% P. cocos, 10% A. senticosus, 15% C. pinnatifida Bunge, 10% A. sinensis, 10% M. officinalis and 10% D. superbus. From 16 litters (about 9 heads per litter) of similar parity and age, the breastfeeding piglets were randomly divided into four groups, namely the TCM Group Ⅰ, TCM Group Ⅱ, Antibiotics Group and Control. TCM I at 4 kg·t-1, TCM Ⅱ at 4 kg·t-1, chlortetracycline at 70 kg·t-1 or bacitracin zinc at 30 kg·t-1 was added to a same basal diet for the treatment groups. Blood samples of the piglets were taken at 1, 4, 7, 14 and 28 days after weaning to determine the serum NO and activities of NOS and iNOS. The contents of NO in TCM Group Ⅰ and Ⅱ piglets increased by 65.75% and 56.05%, respectively, as compared to Control (P < 0.05). After weaning for 28 days, the activity of NOS of piglets in TCM Group Ⅰ was 17% and that of TCM Group Ⅱ, 16.89%, higher than Control (P < 0.05). One day after weaning, the activity of iNOS in piglets in TCM Group Ⅰ decreased 6.4% in comparison to Antibiotics Group (P > 0.05) and declined 10% over Control (P > 0.05), while that of TCM Group Ⅱ decreased 6.5% over Control (P > 0.05). The results indicated that the TCMs could increase serum NO and NOS activity and reduce iNOS activity protecting the gastrointestinal mucosa in weaned piglets. The addition effectively alleviated weaning stress on the piglets suggesting a potential for the TCMs to replace antibiotics administration for the purpose.
The effects of addition of two formulated herbal traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) in feed on serum NO and activities of NOS and iNOS of weaned piglets were investigated. TCM I was formulated to contain 10% Houttuynia cordata Thunb., 20% Astragalus membranaceus, 15% Poria cocos, 10% Acanthopanax senticosus, 15% Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge, 10% Angelica sinensis, 10% Magnolia officinalis and 10% Dianthus superbus, whereas TCM Ⅱ, 10% Lonicera japonica Thunb., 20% Astragalus membranaceus, 15% P. cocos, 10% A. senticosus, 15% C. pinnatifida Bunge, 10% A. sinensis, 10% M. officinalis and 10% D. superbus. From 16 litters (about 9 heads per litter) of similar parity and age, the breastfeeding piglets were randomly divided into four groups, namely the TCM Group Ⅰ, TCM Group Ⅱ, Antibiotics Group and Control. TCM I at 4 kg·t-1, TCM Ⅱ at 4 kg·t-1, chlortetracycline at 70 kg·t-1 or bacitracin zinc at 30 kg·t-1 was added to a same basal diet for the treatment groups. Blood samples of the piglets were taken at 1, 4, 7, 14 and 28 days after weaning to determine the serum NO and activities of NOS and iNOS. The contents of NO in TCM Group Ⅰ and Ⅱ piglets increased by 65.75% and 56.05%, respectively, as compared to Control (P < 0.05). After weaning for 28 days, the activity of NOS of piglets in TCM Group Ⅰ was 17% and that of TCM Group Ⅱ, 16.89%, higher than Control (P < 0.05). One day after weaning, the activity of iNOS in piglets in TCM Group Ⅰ decreased 6.4% in comparison to Antibiotics Group (P > 0.05) and declined 10% over Control (P > 0.05), while that of TCM Group Ⅱ decreased 6.5% over Control (P > 0.05). The results indicated that the TCMs could increase serum NO and NOS activity and reduce iNOS activity protecting the gastrointestinal mucosa in weaned piglets. The addition effectively alleviated weaning stress on the piglets suggesting a potential for the TCMs to replace antibiotics administration for the purpose.
2018, 33(11): 1163-1166.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.11.007
Abstract:
An experiment was conducted in an indoor barn to determine the effect of early weaning on the growth performance of Fuqing goats from birth to 150-day-old and the serum indices when they were 35-day-old. The results showed that the average daily gain (ADG) in 15 to 30 days of the early weaned goats was lower than that of the naturally weaned counterparts (P < 0.01). The ADG became higher as these early weaned goats grew to 60 to 150-day-old and was extremely significantly higher in 120 days and 150 days (2.3 kg heavier) (P < 0.01) than the naturally weaned ones. The serum urea nitrogen, total protein, albumin, total cholesterol, calcium and phosphorus were not significantly different between the groups of young goats. However, the early weaned goats had a lower serum glucose level than their counterparts (P < 0.01). The results suggested that early weaning might accelerate the growth of newborn Fuqing goats.
An experiment was conducted in an indoor barn to determine the effect of early weaning on the growth performance of Fuqing goats from birth to 150-day-old and the serum indices when they were 35-day-old. The results showed that the average daily gain (ADG) in 15 to 30 days of the early weaned goats was lower than that of the naturally weaned counterparts (P < 0.01). The ADG became higher as these early weaned goats grew to 60 to 150-day-old and was extremely significantly higher in 120 days and 150 days (2.3 kg heavier) (P < 0.01) than the naturally weaned ones. The serum urea nitrogen, total protein, albumin, total cholesterol, calcium and phosphorus were not significantly different between the groups of young goats. However, the early weaned goats had a lower serum glucose level than their counterparts (P < 0.01). The results suggested that early weaning might accelerate the growth of newborn Fuqing goats.
2018, 33(11): 1167-1171.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.11.008
Abstract:
Bamboo fungus is a popular pharmaceutical and food material. In recent years, its antimicrobial effects were frequently reported. The present study compared the growth of FocTR4 on a PDA medium containing 66.7 g·L-1, 50.0 g·L-1L or 40.0 g·L-1 of the crude extracts (CEs) from pilei, volva and stipes of the fungi to determine the fungal inhibition effect of CEs. The results showed that all CEs inhibited FocTR4 growth with the efficacy declined as the concentration of CE decreased. The inhibition of pileus CE was the strongest and very significantly higher than those of volva and stipe CEs. The volva CE was only slightly better than the stipe CE in that regard. At 66.7 g·L-1, the pileus CE exhibited a higher than 30% inhibition rate in 6 days. The rate peaked on the second day to 41.18%. The CEs of bamboo fungus, especially from the pilei, demonstrated an effective inhibitory effect on FocTR4, suggesting a promising potential of it being used for controlling banana Fusarium wilt.
Bamboo fungus is a popular pharmaceutical and food material. In recent years, its antimicrobial effects were frequently reported. The present study compared the growth of FocTR4 on a PDA medium containing 66.7 g·L-1, 50.0 g·L-1L or 40.0 g·L-1 of the crude extracts (CEs) from pilei, volva and stipes of the fungi to determine the fungal inhibition effect of CEs. The results showed that all CEs inhibited FocTR4 growth with the efficacy declined as the concentration of CE decreased. The inhibition of pileus CE was the strongest and very significantly higher than those of volva and stipe CEs. The volva CE was only slightly better than the stipe CE in that regard. At 66.7 g·L-1, the pileus CE exhibited a higher than 30% inhibition rate in 6 days. The rate peaked on the second day to 41.18%. The CEs of bamboo fungus, especially from the pilei, demonstrated an effective inhibitory effect on FocTR4, suggesting a promising potential of it being used for controlling banana Fusarium wilt.
2018, 33(11): 1172-1175.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.11.009
Abstract:
Chili peppers cultivated in open-fields in Hainan province are commonly infested by root-knot nematodes (RKN). This study focused on the effect of disinfection by using solar energy to control the pepper RKN disease. Transparent plastic mulch film was used to cover the soil for evaluation. The highest temperatures of the solarized soil layers at 5 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm and 20 cm were found to be 73℃, 57.8℃, 45.1℃ and 43.9℃, respectively. After 30-60d mulching, the population of the second-stage RKN juveniles was reduced by 54.8%-57.5%. Two months after the plants were transplanted, the control efficacy was 65.9%-70.3% and remained at 55.9%-59.1% level 5 months after the transplantation. Duration of mulching did not show any significant difference on the efficacy. The abundant sunshine in Hainan would render the solarization a method feasible and cost effective for controlling RKN while minimizing the dependency on chemical nematicides.
Chili peppers cultivated in open-fields in Hainan province are commonly infested by root-knot nematodes (RKN). This study focused on the effect of disinfection by using solar energy to control the pepper RKN disease. Transparent plastic mulch film was used to cover the soil for evaluation. The highest temperatures of the solarized soil layers at 5 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm and 20 cm were found to be 73℃, 57.8℃, 45.1℃ and 43.9℃, respectively. After 30-60d mulching, the population of the second-stage RKN juveniles was reduced by 54.8%-57.5%. Two months after the plants were transplanted, the control efficacy was 65.9%-70.3% and remained at 55.9%-59.1% level 5 months after the transplantation. Duration of mulching did not show any significant difference on the efficacy. The abundant sunshine in Hainan would render the solarization a method feasible and cost effective for controlling RKN while minimizing the dependency on chemical nematicides.
2018, 33(11): 1176-1180.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.11.010
Abstract:
The safety of 5 pesticides, abamectin, imidacloprid, spinetoram, carbendazim and tebuconazole, applied on cowpea was evaluated. At the maximum recommended dosage, each of these pesticides was sprayed on the plants 1, 2 or 3 times prior to sampling. Samples of the treated cowpeas were analyzed using the ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS) with the positive ion multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The residues of abamectin, imidacloprid and tebuconazole were found to be lower than their maximum residue limits (MRLs). The residue of spinetoram was below the MRL 2 days after a final application. However, carbendazim required more than 10 days to be considered safe for consumption and was, therefore, not recommended for the application on cowpeas at mature stage.
The safety of 5 pesticides, abamectin, imidacloprid, spinetoram, carbendazim and tebuconazole, applied on cowpea was evaluated. At the maximum recommended dosage, each of these pesticides was sprayed on the plants 1, 2 or 3 times prior to sampling. Samples of the treated cowpeas were analyzed using the ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS) with the positive ion multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The residues of abamectin, imidacloprid and tebuconazole were found to be lower than their maximum residue limits (MRLs). The residue of spinetoram was below the MRL 2 days after a final application. However, carbendazim required more than 10 days to be considered safe for consumption and was, therefore, not recommended for the application on cowpeas at mature stage.
2018, 33(11): 1181-1189.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.11.011
Abstract:
Two biological agents, EM and TRI, were applied in soil on a continuous cropping field of Panax notoginseng to study the remediating effect on the soil and the mechanism associated with the application. Treatments with the agents were found significantly increased the seedling emergence rate and survival rate as well as the root yield. All nutrients in the soil treated with EM were increased, while the available potassium in the soil treated with TRI significantly improved. The HPLC analysis showed no accumulation of phenolic acids in the rhizosphere soil by these treatments indicating that allelochemicals were not directly, but might indirectly, involved in the detrimental effect on P. notoginseng caused by continuous cropping. The DGGE and qRT-PCR test results showed that both EM and TRI, especially TRI, could increase the population of beneficial, while depressed the harmful, bacteria in the soil. Thereby, the rhizosphere soil was effectively repaired by alleviating the deficiency brought about by the continuous cropping practice, and consequently, the growth and yield of P. notoginseng was significantly recovered or improved.
Two biological agents, EM and TRI, were applied in soil on a continuous cropping field of Panax notoginseng to study the remediating effect on the soil and the mechanism associated with the application. Treatments with the agents were found significantly increased the seedling emergence rate and survival rate as well as the root yield. All nutrients in the soil treated with EM were increased, while the available potassium in the soil treated with TRI significantly improved. The HPLC analysis showed no accumulation of phenolic acids in the rhizosphere soil by these treatments indicating that allelochemicals were not directly, but might indirectly, involved in the detrimental effect on P. notoginseng caused by continuous cropping. The DGGE and qRT-PCR test results showed that both EM and TRI, especially TRI, could increase the population of beneficial, while depressed the harmful, bacteria in the soil. Thereby, the rhizosphere soil was effectively repaired by alleviating the deficiency brought about by the continuous cropping practice, and consequently, the growth and yield of P. notoginseng was significantly recovered or improved.
2018, 33(11): 1190-1194.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.11.012
Abstract:
This indoor incubation study aimed to evaluate the ameliorating effects of four biomass materials, including rice straw, wheat straw, biochar and sheep manure, on acidic soil at a tea plantation. The results showed that the pH of the soil incorporated with rice straw, wheat straw, biochar, and sheep manure increased by 0.72, 0.53, 0.77, and 0.72 units, respectively, at 2% addition level, and 0.89, 0.76, 1.16, and 1.32 units, respectively, at 4% addition level over control. In addition, the applications significantly decreased the contents of exchangeable acidity and exchangeable aluminum, while increased the exchangeable and saturation on cations in the soil. The amelioration of the soil was enhanced with increasing biomass addition. Different from the other materials, sheep manure significantly increased the cation exchange capacity (CEC) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3 -N) content in soil, biochar exerted no significant effect on NO3 -N, and rice or wheat straws significantly decreased NO3 -N. Consequently, sheep manure followed by biochar were considered the choice materials for acid alleviation on tea plantation soil.
This indoor incubation study aimed to evaluate the ameliorating effects of four biomass materials, including rice straw, wheat straw, biochar and sheep manure, on acidic soil at a tea plantation. The results showed that the pH of the soil incorporated with rice straw, wheat straw, biochar, and sheep manure increased by 0.72, 0.53, 0.77, and 0.72 units, respectively, at 2% addition level, and 0.89, 0.76, 1.16, and 1.32 units, respectively, at 4% addition level over control. In addition, the applications significantly decreased the contents of exchangeable acidity and exchangeable aluminum, while increased the exchangeable and saturation on cations in the soil. The amelioration of the soil was enhanced with increasing biomass addition. Different from the other materials, sheep manure significantly increased the cation exchange capacity (CEC) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3 -N) content in soil, biochar exerted no significant effect on NO3 -N, and rice or wheat straws significantly decreased NO3 -N. Consequently, sheep manure followed by biochar were considered the choice materials for acid alleviation on tea plantation soil.
2018, 33(11): 1195-1200.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.11.013
Abstract:
The ability of Myriophyllum spicatum to absorb and accumulate Cu and Zn from pig farm biogas slurry was studied. Hydraulic residence time (HRT) of 20, 40 and 60 d were applied for the plants in the study. It was found that the maximum biomass of the plants in 40 d of HRT reached 1 475.00 g, which was 7.40 times higher than that of control. More importantly, the Cu and Zn accumulations in the plants were 7.66 mg·kg-1 and 64.18 mg·kg-1, respectively, which were significantly greater than those in control. The metal removal from the slurry by the plants was at the highest levels when 40 d HRT was applied as well. The reductions on COD, ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus on the slurry were 92.40%, 92.03% and 74.39%, respectively. After the HRT test the plants had increases of 7.62%-12.57% on organic matters, 30.62%-69.38% on N, 5.88%-12.94% on P, and 3.85%-21.15% on K, as well as contents of 6.76-10.78 mg·kg-1 of Cu and 77.63-130.60 mg·kg-1 of Zn. The increases of metal contents met the levels set forth by the national GB26419-2010 and the Agricultural Industry Standard of NY929-2005. Furthermore, the harvested M. spicatum could be used for fodder to effectively avoid the concern of secondary pollution after the biogas slurry purification.
The ability of Myriophyllum spicatum to absorb and accumulate Cu and Zn from pig farm biogas slurry was studied. Hydraulic residence time (HRT) of 20, 40 and 60 d were applied for the plants in the study. It was found that the maximum biomass of the plants in 40 d of HRT reached 1 475.00 g, which was 7.40 times higher than that of control. More importantly, the Cu and Zn accumulations in the plants were 7.66 mg·kg-1 and 64.18 mg·kg-1, respectively, which were significantly greater than those in control. The metal removal from the slurry by the plants was at the highest levels when 40 d HRT was applied as well. The reductions on COD, ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus on the slurry were 92.40%, 92.03% and 74.39%, respectively. After the HRT test the plants had increases of 7.62%-12.57% on organic matters, 30.62%-69.38% on N, 5.88%-12.94% on P, and 3.85%-21.15% on K, as well as contents of 6.76-10.78 mg·kg-1 of Cu and 77.63-130.60 mg·kg-1 of Zn. The increases of metal contents met the levels set forth by the national GB26419-2010 and the Agricultural Industry Standard of NY929-2005. Furthermore, the harvested M. spicatum could be used for fodder to effectively avoid the concern of secondary pollution after the biogas slurry purification.
2018, 33(11): 1201-1205.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.11.014
Abstract:
Appropriate planning of the spatial layout for permanent essential farmlands in a municipality not only contributes to the sustainable economic development but also warrants adequate ecological protection for the community. This article presents a proposal for the areas around Fuzhou. The multi-factor comprehensive evaluation method and the nuclear density model were applied to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of the essential farmlands with respect to land quality, spatial form, ecology and spatial planning. Under the proposal, the overall evaluation indicator ranges between 70.48 and 98.20. The Grade I to Grade IV in the region account for 60.18%, 8.72%, 7.14%, 20.54% and 3.43%, respectively, of the total farmland. The proposed spatial arrangement for the farmlands makes the distribution sparse in the central and the northern, while dense in the outskirt and the southern, areas around the city.
Appropriate planning of the spatial layout for permanent essential farmlands in a municipality not only contributes to the sustainable economic development but also warrants adequate ecological protection for the community. This article presents a proposal for the areas around Fuzhou. The multi-factor comprehensive evaluation method and the nuclear density model were applied to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of the essential farmlands with respect to land quality, spatial form, ecology and spatial planning. Under the proposal, the overall evaluation indicator ranges between 70.48 and 98.20. The Grade I to Grade IV in the region account for 60.18%, 8.72%, 7.14%, 20.54% and 3.43%, respectively, of the total farmland. The proposed spatial arrangement for the farmlands makes the distribution sparse in the central and the northern, while dense in the outskirt and the southern, areas around the city.
2018, 33(11): 1206-1211.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.11.015
Abstract:
The development of low-sugar and antioxidant beverage of purslane with red color was explored in this study. Taking the color of the extract, the antioxidant activity of the extract and the preference of the beverage as the indicators, three key steps in the beverage preparation process was studied respectively, including the microwave treatment to purslane before drying, dry purslane extraction and beverage blending. The results show that:microwave treatment was the key process for color protection of purslane beverages. The optimized parameters were loading capacity 30 g, time 2.5 min, power 700 W. Orthogonal optimization of the optimal process parameters of purslane extraction were the ratio of material to liquid 1:50 (g·mL-1), extraction time 2.5h, extraction temperature 80℃.The formula with the highest preference was citric acid 1.0 g·kg-1, sucrose 30 g·kg-1 and stevia 0.3 g·kg-1. A low-sugar purslane functional drink with excellent color and flavor was made.
The development of low-sugar and antioxidant beverage of purslane with red color was explored in this study. Taking the color of the extract, the antioxidant activity of the extract and the preference of the beverage as the indicators, three key steps in the beverage preparation process was studied respectively, including the microwave treatment to purslane before drying, dry purslane extraction and beverage blending. The results show that:microwave treatment was the key process for color protection of purslane beverages. The optimized parameters were loading capacity 30 g, time 2.5 min, power 700 W. Orthogonal optimization of the optimal process parameters of purslane extraction were the ratio of material to liquid 1:50 (g·mL-1), extraction time 2.5h, extraction temperature 80℃.The formula with the highest preference was citric acid 1.0 g·kg-1, sucrose 30 g·kg-1 and stevia 0.3 g·kg-1. A low-sugar purslane functional drink with excellent color and flavor was made.
2018, 33(11): 1212-1218.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.11.016
Abstract:
An ultrasonic extraction of flavonoids from Mucunae sempervirens was optimized using a single factor response surface methodology. The content, hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity and bovine serum albumin (BSA) combining ability of the resulting extract were determined for the evaluation. The results showed the optimized conditions to include a methanol volume fraction of 60% and a solid-liquid ratio of 1:25 (g·mL-1) with 420 W ultrasound applied for 20 min to reach a total extracted flavonoid content of 3.64 mg·g-1. In comparison to the verification content of 3.58 mg·g-1, the difference between the theoretical and experimental values was 1.64% indicating that a reasonable and feasible result had been reached. The hydroxyl radical scavenging rate of the extract was 85.35%, and the fluorescence quenching effect of the extract on the BSA combination test followed the exponential function of Y=-233.9 ln(X) + 25.665 (R2=0.9906).
An ultrasonic extraction of flavonoids from Mucunae sempervirens was optimized using a single factor response surface methodology. The content, hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity and bovine serum albumin (BSA) combining ability of the resulting extract were determined for the evaluation. The results showed the optimized conditions to include a methanol volume fraction of 60% and a solid-liquid ratio of 1:25 (g·mL-1) with 420 W ultrasound applied for 20 min to reach a total extracted flavonoid content of 3.64 mg·g-1. In comparison to the verification content of 3.58 mg·g-1, the difference between the theoretical and experimental values was 1.64% indicating that a reasonable and feasible result had been reached. The hydroxyl radical scavenging rate of the extract was 85.35%, and the fluorescence quenching effect of the extract on the BSA combination test followed the exponential function of Y=-233.9 ln(X) + 25.665 (R2=0.9906).
2018, 33(11): 1219-1223.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.11.017
Abstract:
Extracting flavonoids in the flowers of Cymbidium kanran assisted with ultrasonic treatment was studied and the processing conditions optimized. Solid:liquid ratio, ethanol concentration and ultrasound application for the process were optimized by the single factor and L9(34) orthogonal experiments to arrive at the following conditions:1:20 for the solid:liquid ratio, 90% ethanol as the solvent, and 10 min for the ultrasonic treatment. The resulting flavonoid yield was 2.06%. The method seemed to perform with high reproducibility and stability rendering a flavonoid recovery rate of 98.10%-100.20%.
Extracting flavonoids in the flowers of Cymbidium kanran assisted with ultrasonic treatment was studied and the processing conditions optimized. Solid:liquid ratio, ethanol concentration and ultrasound application for the process were optimized by the single factor and L9(34) orthogonal experiments to arrive at the following conditions:1:20 for the solid:liquid ratio, 90% ethanol as the solvent, and 10 min for the ultrasonic treatment. The resulting flavonoid yield was 2.06%. The method seemed to perform with high reproducibility and stability rendering a flavonoid recovery rate of 98.10%-100.20%.
2018, 33(11): 1224-1230.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.11.018
Abstract:
Based on a survey of 296 peanut farms in Zoucheng, Shandong, the effect of nearby farms and operation scales on grower's pesticide application was studied. It was found that (1) a farmer's use of pesticides was affected by their neighbors' practices-lower dosages of pesticides tended to be adopted for the application when the others did so; (2) technical training and dissemination helped spread a similar practice among all farmers in the area resulting in a reduction on the applied dosage and increase on the use of organic pesticides; and (3) large-scale farm operations effectively showcased their neighbors the green approach for the neighboring growers to emulate. Therefore, by implementing measures, such as establishment of demonstration units and/or enhancement on extension service, government agencies could stimulate the development of a sustainable agriculture for a farming area.
Based on a survey of 296 peanut farms in Zoucheng, Shandong, the effect of nearby farms and operation scales on grower's pesticide application was studied. It was found that (1) a farmer's use of pesticides was affected by their neighbors' practices-lower dosages of pesticides tended to be adopted for the application when the others did so; (2) technical training and dissemination helped spread a similar practice among all farmers in the area resulting in a reduction on the applied dosage and increase on the use of organic pesticides; and (3) large-scale farm operations effectively showcased their neighbors the green approach for the neighboring growers to emulate. Therefore, by implementing measures, such as establishment of demonstration units and/or enhancement on extension service, government agencies could stimulate the development of a sustainable agriculture for a farming area.
