2018 Vol. 33, No. 1
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2018, 33(1): 1-6.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.01.001
Abstract:
Groups of zebra fish were injected with either PBS as controlor synthetic CpG-ODN 2006 for treatment, and 48 hours later, challenged by Vibrio vulnificus FJ03-X2 infection in this study. The immune protection of the treatment group reached a rate of 70.0% in 24 hours.RNA was extracted from the intestinal and kidney tissues and then reverse transcribed into cDNA. The mRNAs of lysozyme, Myd88, tlrs and tnf in the guts of the treated fish were significantly downregulated, while those of il1b and il10, significantly upregulated, as detected by Real-time RT-PCR.The differences on gene expression in kidney were even more apparent as the expression of lysozyme significantly upregulated, and those of il1b, myd88, tnf, ifng1-2, il10 and il22 significantly downregulated. It appeared that the CpG-ODN 2006 injection afforded the zebra fish to vitalize its immune system through regulating the expressions of non-specific immunity-related genes in the kidney and intestinesto ward off the viral attack.
Groups of zebra fish were injected with either PBS as controlor synthetic CpG-ODN 2006 for treatment, and 48 hours later, challenged by Vibrio vulnificus FJ03-X2 infection in this study. The immune protection of the treatment group reached a rate of 70.0% in 24 hours.RNA was extracted from the intestinal and kidney tissues and then reverse transcribed into cDNA. The mRNAs of lysozyme, Myd88, tlrs and tnf in the guts of the treated fish were significantly downregulated, while those of il1b and il10, significantly upregulated, as detected by Real-time RT-PCR.The differences on gene expression in kidney were even more apparent as the expression of lysozyme significantly upregulated, and those of il1b, myd88, tnf, ifng1-2, il10 and il22 significantly downregulated. It appeared that the CpG-ODN 2006 injection afforded the zebra fish to vitalize its immune system through regulating the expressions of non-specific immunity-related genes in the kidney and intestinesto ward off the viral attack.
2018, 33(1): 7-11.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.01.002
Abstract:
Genetic characteristics and variation of the epidemic strain of duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) found in Jiangxi Province were investigated. A DTMUV strain, designated as YF, was isolated from a clinical case in 2013. A sequence analysis showed the viral genome of YF to be 10, 990 nt in length with no Ins/Del or genetic recombination. It shared no less than 98.5% homology with the viral strains isolated from ducks since 2010. Phylogenetically, YF had a close relationship with currently circulating dominant virus lineage. It appeared that the DTMUV in local ducks had been genetically stable throughout these years.
Genetic characteristics and variation of the epidemic strain of duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) found in Jiangxi Province were investigated. A DTMUV strain, designated as YF, was isolated from a clinical case in 2013. A sequence analysis showed the viral genome of YF to be 10, 990 nt in length with no Ins/Del or genetic recombination. It shared no less than 98.5% homology with the viral strains isolated from ducks since 2010. Phylogenetically, YF had a close relationship with currently circulating dominant virus lineage. It appeared that the DTMUV in local ducks had been genetically stable throughout these years.
2018, 33(1): 12-16.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.01.003
Abstract:
Eel circovirus (EeCV) is one of the pathogens that cause virosis on eels.Based on the gene sequence of EeCV in GenBank, a pair of primers was selected for the development of the detection method using PCR.The optimized reaction conditions, as well as the specificity, sensitivity and repeatability of the methodology were determined to establish the preliminary testing protocol. Subsequently, 160 epidemic specimens with the suspected viral infection were collected from are as in Fujian for the determination. Out of all samples, 65 were shown to be positive, at a rate of 40.6%. It appeared that the current PCR method could be employed to detect EeCV for early disease diagnosis on eels.
Eel circovirus (EeCV) is one of the pathogens that cause virosis on eels.Based on the gene sequence of EeCV in GenBank, a pair of primers was selected for the development of the detection method using PCR.The optimized reaction conditions, as well as the specificity, sensitivity and repeatability of the methodology were determined to establish the preliminary testing protocol. Subsequently, 160 epidemic specimens with the suspected viral infection were collected from are as in Fujian for the determination. Out of all samples, 65 were shown to be positive, at a rate of 40.6%. It appeared that the current PCR method could be employed to detect EeCV for early disease diagnosis on eels.
2018, 33(1): 17-20.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.01.004
Abstract:
To meet the increasing market demand on salted crisp peanut snack products popular in western Fujian and southern Jiangxi, a high-yield, high-protein, medium-size peanut cultivar, Fuhua 9, was developed. The new variety was certified by Jiangxi Provincial Crop Variety Identification in 2016 with the code name of Jiangxi 2016002. It was the result of the sexual hybridization by crossing Yueyou 99 as the female parent and the intermediate breeding material, 9817-36-2, as male parent. The growth period for the new variety was 123 days. The plant height was approximately 55.1 cm in an erect and moderate stature. On average, there were 4.65 fruiting branches on each plant with stout, green stems and continually blooming yellow flowers. The leaves were ovoid in shape, medium in size, dark green in color, thick and waxy in appearance. With pale yellowish shell, the pod shaped like cocoon with a narrow waist and medium reticulate.The 100-pod weight was 178 g, and the pod count per kg, 618. The elliptic seeds were full and covered by pink and smooth, wrinkleless skin. The 100-kernel weight was 66.2 g; the kernel rate, 64.4%; the oil content, 51.41%; the protein content, 30.86%; and, the O/L ratio, 1.22. Fuhua 9 exhibited excellent comprehensive properties, such as strong lodging resistance, moderate drought resistance, and resistances to rust and leaf spot. The average pod yield of the plants was 359.5 kg per 666.7 m2, which was 6.58% higher than that of the reference variety, Shanyou 523. The average kernel yield of the plants was 230.7 kg per 667 m2, which was 0.86% lower than that of the reference. This newly developed variety was considered suitable for processing the popular snacks. For differentiating Fuhua 9 from its parent lines at the molecular level, four pairs of SSR primers could be applied.
To meet the increasing market demand on salted crisp peanut snack products popular in western Fujian and southern Jiangxi, a high-yield, high-protein, medium-size peanut cultivar, Fuhua 9, was developed. The new variety was certified by Jiangxi Provincial Crop Variety Identification in 2016 with the code name of Jiangxi 2016002. It was the result of the sexual hybridization by crossing Yueyou 99 as the female parent and the intermediate breeding material, 9817-36-2, as male parent. The growth period for the new variety was 123 days. The plant height was approximately 55.1 cm in an erect and moderate stature. On average, there were 4.65 fruiting branches on each plant with stout, green stems and continually blooming yellow flowers. The leaves were ovoid in shape, medium in size, dark green in color, thick and waxy in appearance. With pale yellowish shell, the pod shaped like cocoon with a narrow waist and medium reticulate.The 100-pod weight was 178 g, and the pod count per kg, 618. The elliptic seeds were full and covered by pink and smooth, wrinkleless skin. The 100-kernel weight was 66.2 g; the kernel rate, 64.4%; the oil content, 51.41%; the protein content, 30.86%; and, the O/L ratio, 1.22. Fuhua 9 exhibited excellent comprehensive properties, such as strong lodging resistance, moderate drought resistance, and resistances to rust and leaf spot. The average pod yield of the plants was 359.5 kg per 666.7 m2, which was 6.58% higher than that of the reference variety, Shanyou 523. The average kernel yield of the plants was 230.7 kg per 667 m2, which was 0.86% lower than that of the reference. This newly developed variety was considered suitable for processing the popular snacks. For differentiating Fuhua 9 from its parent lines at the molecular level, four pairs of SSR primers could be applied.
2018, 33(1): 21-28.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.01.005
Abstract:
The contents of catechins and purine alkaloids in two or three leaves with a bud from the spring and autumn shoots of 10 oolong and 10 green tea cultivars (Camellia sinensis) were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. A visual pattern recognition was performed with the aid of the principal components analysis, orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis and other statistical methods. There were distinctive differences on the profiles between the two categories of cultivars. The catechin and purine alkaloid fingerprints of oolong teas appeared more abundant and diverse than those of green teas. They also differed significantly by the season the leaves were plucked. Among the chemical constituents, caffeine, theobromine, epicatechin gallate, catechin, epigallocatechin, and an unknown component were particularly prominent. They could be used as the major markers for differentiating the two teas. In addition, 7 unknown components and epigallocatechin appeared suitable for distinguishing the spring shoots from the autumn shoots of oolong teas.
The contents of catechins and purine alkaloids in two or three leaves with a bud from the spring and autumn shoots of 10 oolong and 10 green tea cultivars (Camellia sinensis) were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. A visual pattern recognition was performed with the aid of the principal components analysis, orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis and other statistical methods. There were distinctive differences on the profiles between the two categories of cultivars. The catechin and purine alkaloid fingerprints of oolong teas appeared more abundant and diverse than those of green teas. They also differed significantly by the season the leaves were plucked. Among the chemical constituents, caffeine, theobromine, epicatechin gallate, catechin, epigallocatechin, and an unknown component were particularly prominent. They could be used as the major markers for differentiating the two teas. In addition, 7 unknown components and epigallocatechin appeared suitable for distinguishing the spring shoots from the autumn shoots of oolong teas.
2018, 33(1): 29-34.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.01.006
Abstract:
To establish a systematic classification for the tea varieties in Fujian, Zhejiang and Guangdong, 20 pairs of SSR primers were selected in analyzing the genetic diversity and population structure of 64 tea cultivars commonly found in the regions. A total of 147 polymorphic loci were amplified with an average of 7.35 alleles per primer (ranging 3-15) and an average polymorphism information contentof 0.588 (ranged 0.267-0.851). The expected heterozygosity varied from 0.247 to 0.838 averaging 0.559; while, the observed heterozygosity, from 0.308 to 0.870 averaging 0.636. The Shannon index of the 64 teas was 1.271. The maximum ad hoc quantity, ΔK, was observed when K=4 in the population structure analysis, indicating that the entire collection could be divided into four subpopulations. Using a membership probability threshold of ≥ 0.50, 60 genotypes (accounting for 93.8% of the tested genotypes) were assigned to the four subpopulations, and 4(accounting for 6.2% of the tested breeding parents) retained in the admixed group.
To establish a systematic classification for the tea varieties in Fujian, Zhejiang and Guangdong, 20 pairs of SSR primers were selected in analyzing the genetic diversity and population structure of 64 tea cultivars commonly found in the regions. A total of 147 polymorphic loci were amplified with an average of 7.35 alleles per primer (ranging 3-15) and an average polymorphism information contentof 0.588 (ranged 0.267-0.851). The expected heterozygosity varied from 0.247 to 0.838 averaging 0.559; while, the observed heterozygosity, from 0.308 to 0.870 averaging 0.636. The Shannon index of the 64 teas was 1.271. The maximum ad hoc quantity, ΔK, was observed when K=4 in the population structure analysis, indicating that the entire collection could be divided into four subpopulations. Using a membership probability threshold of ≥ 0.50, 60 genotypes (accounting for 93.8% of the tested genotypes) were assigned to the four subpopulations, and 4(accounting for 6.2% of the tested breeding parents) retained in the admixed group.
2018, 33(1): 35-40.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.01.007
Abstract:
Pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs) are crucial in the induced systemic disease resistance for plants. Using real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR, this study isolated a gene, designated as BoPR1, frombroccoli to examine its expression patterns after inoculated by pathogens, Plasmodiophora brassicae and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. A sequence analysis indicated that the full genome DNA of BoPR1 was 489 bp in length encoding 162 amino acids and containing no intron. The deduced protein consisted of a signal peptide and a SCP domain. The results from aphylogenetic analysis showed thatBoPR1 had a minimum genetic distance, clustering on a same clade, with the PR1 proteins from Brassica napus and B. rapa, indicating a close relationship among them. On the other hand, it was remotely related to Tarenaya hassleriana, as the genetic distance between the two PR1swas the greatest among the tested samples. Theq RT-PCR results suggested that the expression of BoPR1 was induced by P. brassicae, with the highest level observed 5 d after inoculationwhich was 11.84-fold of control. But, BoPR1 expression was not affected by S. sclerotiorum. Theobtained isolation and expression information on BoPR1 would be useful for futureresearch on thedisease resistance mechanism as well as the molecular breeding programs on B. oleracea.
Pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs) are crucial in the induced systemic disease resistance for plants. Using real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR, this study isolated a gene, designated as BoPR1, frombroccoli to examine its expression patterns after inoculated by pathogens, Plasmodiophora brassicae and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. A sequence analysis indicated that the full genome DNA of BoPR1 was 489 bp in length encoding 162 amino acids and containing no intron. The deduced protein consisted of a signal peptide and a SCP domain. The results from aphylogenetic analysis showed thatBoPR1 had a minimum genetic distance, clustering on a same clade, with the PR1 proteins from Brassica napus and B. rapa, indicating a close relationship among them. On the other hand, it was remotely related to Tarenaya hassleriana, as the genetic distance between the two PR1swas the greatest among the tested samples. Theq RT-PCR results suggested that the expression of BoPR1 was induced by P. brassicae, with the highest level observed 5 d after inoculationwhich was 11.84-fold of control. But, BoPR1 expression was not affected by S. sclerotiorum. Theobtained isolation and expression information on BoPR1 would be useful for futureresearch on thedisease resistance mechanism as well as the molecular breeding programs on B. oleracea.
2018, 33(1): 41-45.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.01.008
Abstract:
An orthogonal experiment was conducted to explore the effects of addition of mushroom discards in soil at varied rates, spraying of SODm (a foliar fertilizer) on leaves, and fertilization time on the growth indices (i.e., plant height, leaf count, aerial root number, plant fresh weight, and product yield) and kinsenoside content in Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl. The results indicated that timely application of mushroom discards in soil and SODm spraying on leaves promoted the growth of A. roxburghii and increased the harvest by 12.38%on average. The factors that significantly increased the kinsenoside content in the plants were in the order of mushroom discards > application time > SODm dilution rate. The optimal fertilization under a cultivation test with simulated wilderness conditions was determined to consist of the addition of 2.0 kg mushroom discards per m2, foliar feeding with 150x dilution of SODm, and harvesting the plants 150 days after the treatments.
An orthogonal experiment was conducted to explore the effects of addition of mushroom discards in soil at varied rates, spraying of SODm (a foliar fertilizer) on leaves, and fertilization time on the growth indices (i.e., plant height, leaf count, aerial root number, plant fresh weight, and product yield) and kinsenoside content in Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl. The results indicated that timely application of mushroom discards in soil and SODm spraying on leaves promoted the growth of A. roxburghii and increased the harvest by 12.38%on average. The factors that significantly increased the kinsenoside content in the plants were in the order of mushroom discards > application time > SODm dilution rate. The optimal fertilization under a cultivation test with simulated wilderness conditions was determined to consist of the addition of 2.0 kg mushroom discards per m2, foliar feeding with 150x dilution of SODm, and harvesting the plants 150 days after the treatments.
2018, 33(1): 46-50.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.01.009
Abstract:
Allelopathic effect of the aqueous extract from Cymbopogon citratus 1eaves on the germination and seedling growth of Hibiscus esculentus wasstudied in petri dish with laboratory bioassay. The chemical composition of the extract wasdetermined using GC-MS.Depending upon the concentration, the extractexhibited varied effects on the germination of H. esculentus seeds. At the concentration of 5 g·L-1, the extract stimulated the seed germination. In contrast, at 30 g·L-1 to 40 g·L-1 it displayed significant inhibitory effects on the germination, root growth as well asweight of individual seedlings.The seedlings were most sensitive to the extract during growth stage. There were 16 compounds identified by the analysis that represented 82.76% of the total content. Among them, geranial, nerol and geranic acid were the major constituents, which included phenolic acids (8.27%), fatty acids (2.12%) and terpenoids (52.19%)constituting 62.58% of the entirechemical composition in the extract.
Allelopathic effect of the aqueous extract from Cymbopogon citratus 1eaves on the germination and seedling growth of Hibiscus esculentus wasstudied in petri dish with laboratory bioassay. The chemical composition of the extract wasdetermined using GC-MS.Depending upon the concentration, the extractexhibited varied effects on the germination of H. esculentus seeds. At the concentration of 5 g·L-1, the extract stimulated the seed germination. In contrast, at 30 g·L-1 to 40 g·L-1 it displayed significant inhibitory effects on the germination, root growth as well asweight of individual seedlings.The seedlings were most sensitive to the extract during growth stage. There were 16 compounds identified by the analysis that represented 82.76% of the total content. Among them, geranial, nerol and geranic acid were the major constituents, which included phenolic acids (8.27%), fatty acids (2.12%) and terpenoids (52.19%)constituting 62.58% of the entirechemical composition in the extract.
2018, 33(1): 51-53.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.01.010
Abstract:
Phenology and floral differentiation morphology of the seedless honey pummelo were studied. It was found that the plant growth could be divided into germinating, budding, early flowering, blooming, withering, first physiological fruit dropping, second physiological fruit dropping, fruit ripening, and new shoot growing phenophases. The differentiation of flower buds started from mid-to-late December to mid-to-late January in a year with seven distinct periods of undifferentiation, initial differentiation, calyx differentiation, petal formation, stamen differentiation, pistil differentiation, and ovary formation.
Phenology and floral differentiation morphology of the seedless honey pummelo were studied. It was found that the plant growth could be divided into germinating, budding, early flowering, blooming, withering, first physiological fruit dropping, second physiological fruit dropping, fruit ripening, and new shoot growing phenophases. The differentiation of flower buds started from mid-to-late December to mid-to-late January in a year with seven distinct periods of undifferentiation, initial differentiation, calyx differentiation, petal formation, stamen differentiation, pistil differentiation, and ovary formation.
2018, 33(1): 54-60.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.01.011
Abstract:
Glucosinolate sulfatase (GSS) and sulfatase modifying factor 1 (SUMF1) are crucial for the catabolism of Plutella xylostella on the defensive glucosinolates in the cruciferous host plants. However, little information is available on their roles in the adaptation of the strain of P. xylostella raised from an artificial diet when changed to be fed on its natural host plant. The expression patterns of GSSs and SUMF1s at different developmental stages of two artificial diet strains of P. xylostella (i.e., AD and G88) were determined. It was found that the expressions of GSSs were similar between the two strains, with abundant GSS1 and GSS2 expressions at the 3rd and 4th-instar stages, but no apparent patterns observed for SUMF1s. After the newly hatched larvae of AD and G88 were transferred onto the cotyledons of radish plants, the larval survival rates became lower, with longer larval developmental time and lower pupal weight, than their counterparts fed on the original artificial diet. The expression levels of GSS1 and GSS2 in the larval midguts grown on the radish cotyledons decreased significantly; but, that of SUMF1a, only in the midguts of AD strain. It suggested that the expressions of glucosinolate catabolism-related genes in P. xylostella were possibly regulated by the factor(s) in the host plant and closely associated with the adaptability of the insects upon a shifted feeding from a formulated diet to a natural host plant.
Glucosinolate sulfatase (GSS) and sulfatase modifying factor 1 (SUMF1) are crucial for the catabolism of Plutella xylostella on the defensive glucosinolates in the cruciferous host plants. However, little information is available on their roles in the adaptation of the strain of P. xylostella raised from an artificial diet when changed to be fed on its natural host plant. The expression patterns of GSSs and SUMF1s at different developmental stages of two artificial diet strains of P. xylostella (i.e., AD and G88) were determined. It was found that the expressions of GSSs were similar between the two strains, with abundant GSS1 and GSS2 expressions at the 3rd and 4th-instar stages, but no apparent patterns observed for SUMF1s. After the newly hatched larvae of AD and G88 were transferred onto the cotyledons of radish plants, the larval survival rates became lower, with longer larval developmental time and lower pupal weight, than their counterparts fed on the original artificial diet. The expression levels of GSS1 and GSS2 in the larval midguts grown on the radish cotyledons decreased significantly; but, that of SUMF1a, only in the midguts of AD strain. It suggested that the expressions of glucosinolate catabolism-related genes in P. xylostella were possibly regulated by the factor(s) in the host plant and closely associated with the adaptability of the insects upon a shifted feeding from a formulated diet to a natural host plant.
2018, 33(1): 61-65.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.01.012
Abstract:
A new, long-lasting insect-attracting agent, APF-Ⅰ, for controlling Monochamus alternatus in the forest was studied.A field experiment was conducted at Fengshan National Forest Park, Ganzhou, Jiangxi during 2015-2016 to optimize its application. Subsequently, demonstrations were given in the areas infested by the pine wilt disease or severely damaged by the pine sawyer beetle at Ganzhou and Ji'an in the province. The height, density and spatial location of the trap placement significantly affected the insect attraction. The APF-Ⅰ containing traps were most effective by placing them at periphery of a forest on summit with ample ventilation and hanging at a height greater than 4 m above-ground with a 50-150 m spacing between two neighboring traps and a triangular trap setting in the woods. As a result, the pine mortality due to the wilt disease was significantly reduced. A relative rate of the decline reached 81.47% in two years of the application. As an additional benefit, a 56.14% efficacy was observed in the adjacent areas as well. It appeared that significant economic and ecological benefits could be realized with the APF-Ⅰ trapping.
A new, long-lasting insect-attracting agent, APF-Ⅰ, for controlling Monochamus alternatus in the forest was studied.A field experiment was conducted at Fengshan National Forest Park, Ganzhou, Jiangxi during 2015-2016 to optimize its application. Subsequently, demonstrations were given in the areas infested by the pine wilt disease or severely damaged by the pine sawyer beetle at Ganzhou and Ji'an in the province. The height, density and spatial location of the trap placement significantly affected the insect attraction. The APF-Ⅰ containing traps were most effective by placing them at periphery of a forest on summit with ample ventilation and hanging at a height greater than 4 m above-ground with a 50-150 m spacing between two neighboring traps and a triangular trap setting in the woods. As a result, the pine mortality due to the wilt disease was significantly reduced. A relative rate of the decline reached 81.47% in two years of the application. As an additional benefit, a 56.14% efficacy was observed in the adjacent areas as well. It appeared that significant economic and ecological benefits could be realized with the APF-Ⅰ trapping.
2018, 33(1): 66-72.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.01.013
Abstract:
Characteristics of the migration of 5 heavy metals (i.e., Cd, Pb, Cr, As, and Hg) in a soil-rice system were investigated. Field samples of soil and the rice grown on it were collected from typical rice production areas in western Fujian for the study. Contents and enrichment/migration capabilities of the heavy metals in the system were determined for a correlation analysis. To varying extents, the metal contents in rice grain samples exceeded the national food safety limits. The severities of the heavy metal pollution in rice were in the order of Pb > Cd > As > Cr > Hg; whereas, in soil, Hg > Cd > Pb > Cr > As. The enrichment capabilities of rice on heavy metals from the soil were in the order of Cd > As > Cr > Hg > Pb.The heavy metal migrations from soil to organs of a rice plant decreased in the order of root > stem leaf > grain. Among the 5 heavy metals, Cd had the highest migration rate, while Pb the lowest. The physiochemical properties of soil also affected the metal transfer. For instance, pH contributed more to the movement of heavy metals in a soil-rice system than others. At low pHs, the heavy metal transfer to and absorption by the plant tended to increase.
Characteristics of the migration of 5 heavy metals (i.e., Cd, Pb, Cr, As, and Hg) in a soil-rice system were investigated. Field samples of soil and the rice grown on it were collected from typical rice production areas in western Fujian for the study. Contents and enrichment/migration capabilities of the heavy metals in the system were determined for a correlation analysis. To varying extents, the metal contents in rice grain samples exceeded the national food safety limits. The severities of the heavy metal pollution in rice were in the order of Pb > Cd > As > Cr > Hg; whereas, in soil, Hg > Cd > Pb > Cr > As. The enrichment capabilities of rice on heavy metals from the soil were in the order of Cd > As > Cr > Hg > Pb.The heavy metal migrations from soil to organs of a rice plant decreased in the order of root > stem leaf > grain. Among the 5 heavy metals, Cd had the highest migration rate, while Pb the lowest. The physiochemical properties of soil also affected the metal transfer. For instance, pH contributed more to the movement of heavy metals in a soil-rice system than others. At low pHs, the heavy metal transfer to and absorption by the plant tended to increase.
2018, 33(1): 73-80.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.01.014
Abstract:
Samples of sediment as well as seeds and leaves of the lotus grown in the pond at Wufu, downtown of Wuyishan city, were collected for this study. Contents of 7 heavy metals, including Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Cd, As and Hg, were determined. The ecological risk by the metals was evaluated based on the single pollution index, the comprehensive pollution index, and the enrichment coefficient of the lotus parts. The results showed that the Cd and Hg contents in the sediment exceeded the national standard limits set forth by the Environmental Conditions for Non-Pollution Agricultural Products Production Area. The heavy metals in the lotus seeds and leaves were within the Maximum Allowable Levels of Pollutants in Food, Green Food-Tea, and the Maximum Allowable Levels of Cr, Cd, Hg, As, and F in Tea.Significant differences existed in the enrichment coefficients on the two metals, especially Hg, in the lotus leaves. The average comprehensive pollution indices of the sediment, lotus seeds and leaves from ponds of different types exhibited a similar trend, that is, in an increasing order of:natural growing pond < managed pond < tourism-oriented pond. Thus, reinforced pollutant monitoring and control on pond sediment to mitigate the potential harms to the environment and consumer health by Cd and Hg at the locations was strongly recommended.
Samples of sediment as well as seeds and leaves of the lotus grown in the pond at Wufu, downtown of Wuyishan city, were collected for this study. Contents of 7 heavy metals, including Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Cd, As and Hg, were determined. The ecological risk by the metals was evaluated based on the single pollution index, the comprehensive pollution index, and the enrichment coefficient of the lotus parts. The results showed that the Cd and Hg contents in the sediment exceeded the national standard limits set forth by the Environmental Conditions for Non-Pollution Agricultural Products Production Area. The heavy metals in the lotus seeds and leaves were within the Maximum Allowable Levels of Pollutants in Food, Green Food-Tea, and the Maximum Allowable Levels of Cr, Cd, Hg, As, and F in Tea.Significant differences existed in the enrichment coefficients on the two metals, especially Hg, in the lotus leaves. The average comprehensive pollution indices of the sediment, lotus seeds and leaves from ponds of different types exhibited a similar trend, that is, in an increasing order of:natural growing pond < managed pond < tourism-oriented pond. Thus, reinforced pollutant monitoring and control on pond sediment to mitigate the potential harms to the environment and consumer health by Cd and Hg at the locations was strongly recommended.
2018, 33(1): 81-86.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.01.015
Abstract:
Chemical speciation and concentrations of Cu in different layers of soil samples collected from 13 typical pomelo orchards in Pinghe, Zhangzhou, Fujian were determined based on the BCR sequential chemical extractions for an assessment on Cu pollution. The results showed that the mean Cu contents in three soil layers were 35.28, 15.60, and 13.85 mg·kg-1. Besides being most variable, the surface layer also contained the highest amount of Cu which exceeded the provincial reference value. Of all samples, 23.1% showed Cu content higher than the standard Ⅱ for soil quality. Most of the soils contained Cu mainly in the form of residues.The proportion of residual phase in the surface layer was lower than in the deeper layers in the samples with high Cu content. Total Cu in soil affected the chemical speciation the greatest among all factors considered; and, the greater the content, the more acid extractable Cu in the sample. Soil Cu also affected Cu accumulation in the pomelo plants that grew on the lot. There was a significant correlation between the Cu content in pomel oleaves and stems and that in the orchard soil, as well as between that and the acid extractable Cu in various soil layers. Thus, the issues of high Cu in the surface soil and the severe pollution at certain pomelo orchards found in the areas should be adequately addressed.
Chemical speciation and concentrations of Cu in different layers of soil samples collected from 13 typical pomelo orchards in Pinghe, Zhangzhou, Fujian were determined based on the BCR sequential chemical extractions for an assessment on Cu pollution. The results showed that the mean Cu contents in three soil layers were 35.28, 15.60, and 13.85 mg·kg-1. Besides being most variable, the surface layer also contained the highest amount of Cu which exceeded the provincial reference value. Of all samples, 23.1% showed Cu content higher than the standard Ⅱ for soil quality. Most of the soils contained Cu mainly in the form of residues.The proportion of residual phase in the surface layer was lower than in the deeper layers in the samples with high Cu content. Total Cu in soil affected the chemical speciation the greatest among all factors considered; and, the greater the content, the more acid extractable Cu in the sample. Soil Cu also affected Cu accumulation in the pomelo plants that grew on the lot. There was a significant correlation between the Cu content in pomel oleaves and stems and that in the orchard soil, as well as between that and the acid extractable Cu in various soil layers. Thus, the issues of high Cu in the surface soil and the severe pollution at certain pomelo orchards found in the areas should be adequately addressed.
2018, 33(1): 93-97.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.01.017
Abstract:
Geographical distribution, habitat conditions, as well as quantitative and comprehensive characteristics of the nanmu population at Houhe Nature Reserve were surveyed. The community composition, population structure, life-form spectrum and areal-types of the forest were analyzed using ecological approaches through field investigation and statistical analysis. Three nanmu varieties, Machilus pingii Cheng ex Yang, Phoebe chinensis Chun and P. zhennan S. Lee, were found for the first time in Wufeng county. The community composition at Sample Lot No. 1 was rich in species that included 28 families, 32 geniuses, and 38 vascular plants. The population structure of nanmu was generally in a growing trend, but not for all varieties. For plant height, the greatest proportion was in the dominant forest, which was classified into 6 distributions and 3 variant floristic types mostly of pantropic, north temperate and south temperate life-form spectra. Among them, the phaenerophyte plants were most prevalent in the region, followed by chamaephyte and therophyte. Abundant varieties of nanmu were found in thereserve, but limited in quantity. It was recommended that an effective protection program be implemented timely to ensure an appropriate growing population of nanmu.
Geographical distribution, habitat conditions, as well as quantitative and comprehensive characteristics of the nanmu population at Houhe Nature Reserve were surveyed. The community composition, population structure, life-form spectrum and areal-types of the forest were analyzed using ecological approaches through field investigation and statistical analysis. Three nanmu varieties, Machilus pingii Cheng ex Yang, Phoebe chinensis Chun and P. zhennan S. Lee, were found for the first time in Wufeng county. The community composition at Sample Lot No. 1 was rich in species that included 28 families, 32 geniuses, and 38 vascular plants. The population structure of nanmu was generally in a growing trend, but not for all varieties. For plant height, the greatest proportion was in the dominant forest, which was classified into 6 distributions and 3 variant floristic types mostly of pantropic, north temperate and south temperate life-form spectra. Among them, the phaenerophyte plants were most prevalent in the region, followed by chamaephyte and therophyte. Abundant varieties of nanmu were found in thereserve, but limited in quantity. It was recommended that an effective protection program be implemented timely to ensure an appropriate growing population of nanmu.
2018, 33(1): 87-92.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.01.016
Abstract:
To promote and improve field utilization of spent straws, microbial degradation of stalks of corn, sorghum, and rape plants was studied for pretreatment prior to mixing with soil.Addition of degraded cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin is known to upgrade the fertility on paddy, yellow and sandy loam soils.In this study, when Bio-agent A, Bio-agent B and corn stalks were blended in the ratio of 1:1:1 000 to ferment, the straw degradation was significantly accelerated. After a year of fermentation, the total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and organic matters in the soil increased significantly. Using the pretreated, in comparison to the naturally fermented, straws to mix with soil for growing cabbages, a significant fresh vegetable weight gain was clearly demonstrated in a pot experiment.
To promote and improve field utilization of spent straws, microbial degradation of stalks of corn, sorghum, and rape plants was studied for pretreatment prior to mixing with soil.Addition of degraded cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin is known to upgrade the fertility on paddy, yellow and sandy loam soils.In this study, when Bio-agent A, Bio-agent B and corn stalks were blended in the ratio of 1:1:1 000 to ferment, the straw degradation was significantly accelerated. After a year of fermentation, the total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and organic matters in the soil increased significantly. Using the pretreated, in comparison to the naturally fermented, straws to mix with soil for growing cabbages, a significant fresh vegetable weight gain was clearly demonstrated in a pot experiment.
2018, 33(1): 98-102.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.01.018
Abstract:
The hypoglycemic effect of Wuyi rock tea on Wistar rats was studied. The rats were artificially induced to become diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of STZ. They were subsequently orally fed with the tea extract for 30 days. The fasting blood glucose, AUC, FPG, INS, TG, TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C of the test animals were monitored. The results showed that (a) compared with control, the treatment groups exhibited a significant inhibition on the increase of fasting blood glucose (P < 0.01); (b) no significantly different hypoglycemic effect on the rats was observed between the high-dosage tea feeding group and the metformin-administered rats; (c) the glucose tolerance of the rats fed with the tea extract was significantly improved with a sustained duration (P < 0.01); (d) significant reductions on TC and TG of the hyperglycemic rats were shown in the treatment groups as compared to control (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01); (e) INS of the treated rats was significantly increased (P < 0.01); (f) ISI was enhanced for the treated animals (P < 0.05). It was, thus, concluded that Wuyi rock tea had a significant hypoglycemic effect on the rats.
The hypoglycemic effect of Wuyi rock tea on Wistar rats was studied. The rats were artificially induced to become diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of STZ. They were subsequently orally fed with the tea extract for 30 days. The fasting blood glucose, AUC, FPG, INS, TG, TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C of the test animals were monitored. The results showed that (a) compared with control, the treatment groups exhibited a significant inhibition on the increase of fasting blood glucose (P < 0.01); (b) no significantly different hypoglycemic effect on the rats was observed between the high-dosage tea feeding group and the metformin-administered rats; (c) the glucose tolerance of the rats fed with the tea extract was significantly improved with a sustained duration (P < 0.01); (d) significant reductions on TC and TG of the hyperglycemic rats were shown in the treatment groups as compared to control (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01); (e) INS of the treated rats was significantly increased (P < 0.01); (f) ISI was enhanced for the treated animals (P < 0.05). It was, thus, concluded that Wuyi rock tea had a significant hypoglycemic effect on the rats.
2018, 33(1): 103-108.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.01.019
Abstract:
Accurate prediction on potential damages due to a crisis on agriculture products is crucial in mitigating the consequential effects for the business, industry and government. Taking the unique characteristics of agriculture products into consideration, this article presents a modified Hotelling model for impact analysis on product price and profit. It appeared that whether the non-directly involved parties would benefit or suffer from a crisis depended on the quality of the products that caused the occurrence, as well as the production cost, actual and perceived quality of the products that were not associated in the event. Therefore, in response to such a challenging situation, the non-involved businesses should take timely and appropriate measures with specific and focused analyses to prevent or minimize possible harms from the failure experienced by their colleagues.
Accurate prediction on potential damages due to a crisis on agriculture products is crucial in mitigating the consequential effects for the business, industry and government. Taking the unique characteristics of agriculture products into consideration, this article presents a modified Hotelling model for impact analysis on product price and profit. It appeared that whether the non-directly involved parties would benefit or suffer from a crisis depended on the quality of the products that caused the occurrence, as well as the production cost, actual and perceived quality of the products that were not associated in the event. Therefore, in response to such a challenging situation, the non-involved businesses should take timely and appropriate measures with specific and focused analyses to prevent or minimize possible harms from the failure experienced by their colleagues.
