2017 Vol. 32, No. 7
Display Method:
2017, 32(7): 691-696.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.07.001
Abstract:
Acute toxicities of disinfectants and metal ions in varied concentrations on juvenile Murray cod, Maccullochella peelii peelii, was studied. The juvenile fish were tested for acute toxicity by the chemicals to provide crucial information for the aquaculture and diseases control. Solutions with a concentration gradient of copper sulfate, zinc sulfate, cadmium chloride, lead nitrate, chlorine dioxide, povidone-iodine, potassium permanganate, formaldehyde, and salt were prepared for the experiment. Using a hydrostatic method, the 24 h half lethal (LC50), absolute lethal (LC100) and safe (SC) concentrations of the disinfectants or metal ions on Murray cods were determined. The results showed SC for the fish on copper sulfate, zinc sulfate, chloride cadmium, lead nitrate, chlorine dioxide, povidone-iodine, potassium permanganate, formaldehyde, sodium chloride to be 0.122 3 mg·L-1, 0.571 3 mg·L-1, 0.020 0 mg·L-1, 0.461 2 mg·L-1, 5.030 0 mg·L-1, 0.532 4 mg·L-1, 0.958 9 mg·L-1, 6.960 0 mg·L-1, and 1.584 0 mg·L-1. respectively. The severities of toxicity of the 4 metal ions and 5 disinfectants on the juvenile Murray cods ranked as:chloride cadmium > copper sulfate > zinc sulfate > povidone-iodine > potassium permanganate > chloride cadmium > sodium chloride > chlorine dioxide > formaldehyde.
Acute toxicities of disinfectants and metal ions in varied concentrations on juvenile Murray cod, Maccullochella peelii peelii, was studied. The juvenile fish were tested for acute toxicity by the chemicals to provide crucial information for the aquaculture and diseases control. Solutions with a concentration gradient of copper sulfate, zinc sulfate, cadmium chloride, lead nitrate, chlorine dioxide, povidone-iodine, potassium permanganate, formaldehyde, and salt were prepared for the experiment. Using a hydrostatic method, the 24 h half lethal (LC50), absolute lethal (LC100) and safe (SC) concentrations of the disinfectants or metal ions on Murray cods were determined. The results showed SC for the fish on copper sulfate, zinc sulfate, chloride cadmium, lead nitrate, chlorine dioxide, povidone-iodine, potassium permanganate, formaldehyde, sodium chloride to be 0.122 3 mg·L-1, 0.571 3 mg·L-1, 0.020 0 mg·L-1, 0.461 2 mg·L-1, 5.030 0 mg·L-1, 0.532 4 mg·L-1, 0.958 9 mg·L-1, 6.960 0 mg·L-1, and 1.584 0 mg·L-1. respectively. The severities of toxicity of the 4 metal ions and 5 disinfectants on the juvenile Murray cods ranked as:chloride cadmium > copper sulfate > zinc sulfate > povidone-iodine > potassium permanganate > chloride cadmium > sodium chloride > chlorine dioxide > formaldehyde.
2017, 32(7): 697-702.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.07.002
Abstract:
Remote fermentation beds are usually built not in but nearby the piggeries to serve as centralized waste treatment facility. A newly designed and built fermentation bed utilized plant wastes to receive and mechanically mix with pig excrement for microbial fermentation to result in an organic fertilizer. The facility consisted of a steel framed structure, a pool and a fermentation tank with accessories such as aerator, sprayer and others. The economical, ecological and social advantages with superior effluent control of the new design over the conventional settings for pig farm operations were illustrated.
Remote fermentation beds are usually built not in but nearby the piggeries to serve as centralized waste treatment facility. A newly designed and built fermentation bed utilized plant wastes to receive and mechanically mix with pig excrement for microbial fermentation to result in an organic fertilizer. The facility consisted of a steel framed structure, a pool and a fermentation tank with accessories such as aerator, sprayer and others. The economical, ecological and social advantages with superior effluent control of the new design over the conventional settings for pig farm operations were illustrated.
2017, 32(7): 703-709.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.07.003
Abstract:
Principal agronomic components of the plants and fruits of 60 varieties of luffa were analyzed. A cluster analysis was conducted on the composition and morphological traits of the vegetables. The results showed coefficient of variations among them ranged from 0% to 111%; and, Shannon's information, from 0 to 2.037. Overall, their variation coefficients and diversity indices were high and distinctively different from one another. The principal component analysis showed 5 indices to largely cover all agronomic traits that could distinguish between Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb and L. cylindrica (L.) M.J. Roem. They included the flesh, shape, maturity, and appearance of the fruits. Morphologically, the germplasms were clustered into two groups, with Luffa acutangula in one and L. cylindrica in the other.
Principal agronomic components of the plants and fruits of 60 varieties of luffa were analyzed. A cluster analysis was conducted on the composition and morphological traits of the vegetables. The results showed coefficient of variations among them ranged from 0% to 111%; and, Shannon's information, from 0 to 2.037. Overall, their variation coefficients and diversity indices were high and distinctively different from one another. The principal component analysis showed 5 indices to largely cover all agronomic traits that could distinguish between Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb and L. cylindrica (L.) M.J. Roem. They included the flesh, shape, maturity, and appearance of the fruits. Morphologically, the germplasms were clustered into two groups, with Luffa acutangula in one and L. cylindrica in the other.
2017, 32(7): 710-714.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.07.004
Abstract:
Calluses from Anthurium andraeanum (Alabama) were exposed to 60Co-γ rays to induce mutation on the tissue. Based on the color changes on the leaves and flowers, resulting mutants were selected among the regenerated plants. Subsequently, the morphological, cellular and molecular properties of the selected mutants and their parents were analyzed. The half-lethal dose of 60Co γ-ray on the callus was found to be close to 30 Gy. Treated by the dosage, the mutated M1 and M2 generations showed similar traits. They had a chromosome number same as that of the parents. But, they differed from the parents in RAPD on the D-751 primer that had a sequence of CCCACCACAC. Since the mutants could consistently pass on the inherited genes to the regenerated protoplasts, theoretically, successful breeding of mutated plants from A. andraeanum by irradiation treatment could be expected in practice.
Calluses from Anthurium andraeanum (Alabama) were exposed to 60Co-γ rays to induce mutation on the tissue. Based on the color changes on the leaves and flowers, resulting mutants were selected among the regenerated plants. Subsequently, the morphological, cellular and molecular properties of the selected mutants and their parents were analyzed. The half-lethal dose of 60Co γ-ray on the callus was found to be close to 30 Gy. Treated by the dosage, the mutated M1 and M2 generations showed similar traits. They had a chromosome number same as that of the parents. But, they differed from the parents in RAPD on the D-751 primer that had a sequence of CCCACCACAC. Since the mutants could consistently pass on the inherited genes to the regenerated protoplasts, theoretically, successful breeding of mutated plants from A. andraeanum by irradiation treatment could be expected in practice.
2017, 32(7): 715-718.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.07.005
Abstract:
A newly bred strain of Strelitzia reginae showed superior resistance to the cold weather in Fuzhou as compared to its parent. To quantifiably verify the observation, relative electric conductivities of the leaves and semi-lethal temperatures (LT50) of the two cultivars were determined. LT50 was calculated using a logistic equation at a temperature gradient from 0, -2, -3, -4, -5 to -6. The results showed that the conductivities significantly increased with decreasing temperature in an S-shape function. And, the LT50 of the new strain was -4.8, which was considerably lower than that of its counterpart, at -3.6.
A newly bred strain of Strelitzia reginae showed superior resistance to the cold weather in Fuzhou as compared to its parent. To quantifiably verify the observation, relative electric conductivities of the leaves and semi-lethal temperatures (LT50) of the two cultivars were determined. LT50 was calculated using a logistic equation at a temperature gradient from 0, -2, -3, -4, -5 to -6. The results showed that the conductivities significantly increased with decreasing temperature in an S-shape function. And, the LT50 of the new strain was -4.8, which was considerably lower than that of its counterpart, at -3.6.
2017, 32(7): 719-723.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.07.006
Abstract:
Changes on the physiological indices including chlorophyll, relative conductivity, soluble sugars, reducing sugars, starch, proline and POD on the top-leaves and pseudo-bulbs of 3-year-old Jinhui orchid, Oncidium, at different growth stages were monitored. It was found that the chlorophyll content in the top-leaves was the lowest, while the relative conductivity highest, at the expanding stage of the plants. They stabilized subsequently. The contents of soluble sugars, reducing sugars and starch in the pseudo-bulbs were higher than those in the top-leaves. Soluble sugars in both tissue parts increased initially, then decreased, and reached a peak at maturation. The reducing sugars in the top-leaves decreased in the beginning followed with an upward trend. Whereas, in the pseudo-bulbs, the content increased at first, then decreased, and followed by an increase, with two separate peaks occurred at the expanding and maturation stages. Starch in the top-leaves and the pseudo-bulbs increased at first, maximized at the lateral bud stage, then declined. In the beginning of the plant growth, both proline content and POD activity decreased, but increased afterward. The POD activity was low at maturation and lateral bud stages, while high at expanding and pseudo-bulb off-shooting stages.
Changes on the physiological indices including chlorophyll, relative conductivity, soluble sugars, reducing sugars, starch, proline and POD on the top-leaves and pseudo-bulbs of 3-year-old Jinhui orchid, Oncidium, at different growth stages were monitored. It was found that the chlorophyll content in the top-leaves was the lowest, while the relative conductivity highest, at the expanding stage of the plants. They stabilized subsequently. The contents of soluble sugars, reducing sugars and starch in the pseudo-bulbs were higher than those in the top-leaves. Soluble sugars in both tissue parts increased initially, then decreased, and reached a peak at maturation. The reducing sugars in the top-leaves decreased in the beginning followed with an upward trend. Whereas, in the pseudo-bulbs, the content increased at first, then decreased, and followed by an increase, with two separate peaks occurred at the expanding and maturation stages. Starch in the top-leaves and the pseudo-bulbs increased at first, maximized at the lateral bud stage, then declined. In the beginning of the plant growth, both proline content and POD activity decreased, but increased afterward. The POD activity was low at maturation and lateral bud stages, while high at expanding and pseudo-bulb off-shooting stages.
2017, 32(7): 724-729.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.07.007
Abstract:
The applicability of the EST-SSRs marker identified on Capsicum annuum L for uses on other solanaceae vegetables was investigated. A total of 118, 900 ESTs in C. annuum L were downloaded from NCBI. Two hundred pairs of EST-SSR primers were developed. Approximately 98%, 94.5% and 90.5% of them were successfully amplified in C. annuum L., Solanum lycopersicum and S. melongena L., respectively, with the polymorphism proportions of 35.5%, 29.5% and 26.5%, respectively. The polymorphic primers specific to the parents and their F1 of C. annuum L., S. lycopersicum and S. melongena L. were tested with the anticipated results. It appeared that the SSR primers developed from the EST database related to C. annuum L. could be applied on solanaceae plants with satisfaction.
The applicability of the EST-SSRs marker identified on Capsicum annuum L for uses on other solanaceae vegetables was investigated. A total of 118, 900 ESTs in C. annuum L were downloaded from NCBI. Two hundred pairs of EST-SSR primers were developed. Approximately 98%, 94.5% and 90.5% of them were successfully amplified in C. annuum L., Solanum lycopersicum and S. melongena L., respectively, with the polymorphism proportions of 35.5%, 29.5% and 26.5%, respectively. The polymorphic primers specific to the parents and their F1 of C. annuum L., S. lycopersicum and S. melongena L. were tested with the anticipated results. It appeared that the SSR primers developed from the EST database related to C. annuum L. could be applied on solanaceae plants with satisfaction.
2017, 32(7): 730-733.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.07.008
Abstract:
Molecular identifications of Lobelia chinensis and Mazus pumilus, as well as a specific PCR rapid method based on the SNP in rbcL sequence to differentiate between the two rather similar Chinese medicinal material were establish in this study. Commercial samples of 9 L. chinensis and 7 M. pumilus from different origins were collected to extract total DNA for rbcL gene sequencing. SNPs in the rbcL sequences of the samples were isolated using the ClustulX 2.1 program. The primers for identifying the two material were designed based on the SNP site. A specific PCR method was subsequently developed to rapidly and effectively detect the markers by the addition of SYBR Green I dye.
Molecular identifications of Lobelia chinensis and Mazus pumilus, as well as a specific PCR rapid method based on the SNP in rbcL sequence to differentiate between the two rather similar Chinese medicinal material were establish in this study. Commercial samples of 9 L. chinensis and 7 M. pumilus from different origins were collected to extract total DNA for rbcL gene sequencing. SNPs in the rbcL sequences of the samples were isolated using the ClustulX 2.1 program. The primers for identifying the two material were designed based on the SNP site. A specific PCR method was subsequently developed to rapidly and effectively detect the markers by the addition of SYBR Green I dye.
2017, 32(7): 734-738.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.07.009
Abstract:
Leaf-production of a high-essential-oil variety of Melaleuca alternifolia was studied to improve the cultivation based on tissue-culture of the plant. Planting density, plant height and time at harvest, as well as mortality rates of the seedlings started with tissues and cuttings were determined on a field experimentation. Content of essential oils in the leaves on the seedlings in different seasons and low-temperature tolerance of the seedlings grown from tissue-culture and cuttings were monitored. The results showed that the highest leaf yield up to 37.8 tons per hectare was achieved when a planting density was 22, 500 seedlings per hectare. The yield increased continuously year after year, and became stabilized at approximately 43.95 tons per hectare in the 4th year. The plant height at time of leaf-harvesting significantly affected mortality rate of the plants. For best results, the optimum harvest was to be carried out when a plant was 50 cm high and in mid-November. The low-temperature tolerance of the seedlings started with tissue-culture was found superior to those began with plant cuttings.
Leaf-production of a high-essential-oil variety of Melaleuca alternifolia was studied to improve the cultivation based on tissue-culture of the plant. Planting density, plant height and time at harvest, as well as mortality rates of the seedlings started with tissues and cuttings were determined on a field experimentation. Content of essential oils in the leaves on the seedlings in different seasons and low-temperature tolerance of the seedlings grown from tissue-culture and cuttings were monitored. The results showed that the highest leaf yield up to 37.8 tons per hectare was achieved when a planting density was 22, 500 seedlings per hectare. The yield increased continuously year after year, and became stabilized at approximately 43.95 tons per hectare in the 4th year. The plant height at time of leaf-harvesting significantly affected mortality rate of the plants. For best results, the optimum harvest was to be carried out when a plant was 50 cm high and in mid-November. The low-temperature tolerance of the seedlings started with tissue-culture was found superior to those began with plant cuttings.
2017, 32(7): 739-745.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.07.010
Abstract:
A pot experiment was conducted to study the photosynthesis and the transpiration of 5 landscape trees commonly found in Beijing, Pinus bungeana, Fraxinus chinensis, Ginkgo biloba, Prunus davidiana, and Lycium chincnse. The results showed that, with ample supply of water, the rates of photosynthesis (Pn), transpiration (Tr), and stomatal conductance (Gs) on leaves of the nursery stocks in a day consistently changed in an M-shape curve with a "lunch break" at noon time. The changes on vapor pressure deficit (VPD) exhibited a single peak curve. Tr linearly correlated with Gs as well as VPD. The correlation coefficient (R2) between Tr and Gs of P. bungeana was 0.9795; and, that between Tr and VPD, 0.9884. Tr of the 5 species ranked L. chincnse (3.33 mmol·m-2·s-1) > F. chinensis (3.22 mmol·m-2·s-1) > P. davidiana (3.22 mmol·m-2·s-1)=G. biloba (3.21 mmol·m-2·s-1) > P. bungeana (2.21 mmol·m-2·s-1). The water consumptions for the trees were L. chincnse (0.090 g·cm-2·d-1) > F.chinensis (0.080 g·cm-2·d-1) > Prunus davidiana (0.076 g·cm-2·d-1)=G. biloba (0.076 g·cm-2·d-1)>P. bungeana (0.032 g·cm-2·d-1). The monthly water consumptions of F. chinensis and G. biloba exhibited in a V-shape curve; while, P. bungeana, P. davidiana and L. chincnse, an M-shape curve with twin peaks. Seasonally, the water consumptions of the trees decrease in the order of July (0.083 g·cm-2·d-1) > September (0.078 g·cm-2·d-1) > August (0.075 g·cm-2·d-1) > June (0.071 g·cm-2·d-1) > October (0.060 g·cm-2·d-1) > May (0.057 g·cm-2·d-1). And, P. bungeana consumed the greatest amount of water in autumn, while others in summer. On draught resistance, P. davidiana and G. biloba were more tolerant to the stress than L. chincnse, F. chinensis or P. bungeana.
A pot experiment was conducted to study the photosynthesis and the transpiration of 5 landscape trees commonly found in Beijing, Pinus bungeana, Fraxinus chinensis, Ginkgo biloba, Prunus davidiana, and Lycium chincnse. The results showed that, with ample supply of water, the rates of photosynthesis (Pn), transpiration (Tr), and stomatal conductance (Gs) on leaves of the nursery stocks in a day consistently changed in an M-shape curve with a "lunch break" at noon time. The changes on vapor pressure deficit (VPD) exhibited a single peak curve. Tr linearly correlated with Gs as well as VPD. The correlation coefficient (R2) between Tr and Gs of P. bungeana was 0.9795; and, that between Tr and VPD, 0.9884. Tr of the 5 species ranked L. chincnse (3.33 mmol·m-2·s-1) > F. chinensis (3.22 mmol·m-2·s-1) > P. davidiana (3.22 mmol·m-2·s-1)=G. biloba (3.21 mmol·m-2·s-1) > P. bungeana (2.21 mmol·m-2·s-1). The water consumptions for the trees were L. chincnse (0.090 g·cm-2·d-1) > F.chinensis (0.080 g·cm-2·d-1) > Prunus davidiana (0.076 g·cm-2·d-1)=G. biloba (0.076 g·cm-2·d-1)>P. bungeana (0.032 g·cm-2·d-1). The monthly water consumptions of F. chinensis and G. biloba exhibited in a V-shape curve; while, P. bungeana, P. davidiana and L. chincnse, an M-shape curve with twin peaks. Seasonally, the water consumptions of the trees decrease in the order of July (0.083 g·cm-2·d-1) > September (0.078 g·cm-2·d-1) > August (0.075 g·cm-2·d-1) > June (0.071 g·cm-2·d-1) > October (0.060 g·cm-2·d-1) > May (0.057 g·cm-2·d-1). And, P. bungeana consumed the greatest amount of water in autumn, while others in summer. On draught resistance, P. davidiana and G. biloba were more tolerant to the stress than L. chincnse, F. chinensis or P. bungeana.
2017, 32(7): 746-750.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.07.011
Abstract:
Polyphenols were extracted from the leaves of Juglans mandshurica Maxim using an ultrasound-assisted process. Polyphenol content was determined by UV spectrophotometry. The extraction was optimized by a response surface experiment to arrive at the conditions including 70% by volume of ethanol as solvent, a solvent:solid ratio of 15:1, and an ultrasonic treatment of 30 min at 60℃. The polyphenol extract showed an excellent capacity in scavenging free radicals and ions in the order of DPPH radical > superoxide anion > hydroxyl radical > nitrite ion. It was more powerful than what the chemical preservative, such as benzoic acid, can provide. Thus, the polyphenols extracted from leaves of J. mandshurica by the current method could be a new natural antioxidant for potential applications.
Polyphenols were extracted from the leaves of Juglans mandshurica Maxim using an ultrasound-assisted process. Polyphenol content was determined by UV spectrophotometry. The extraction was optimized by a response surface experiment to arrive at the conditions including 70% by volume of ethanol as solvent, a solvent:solid ratio of 15:1, and an ultrasonic treatment of 30 min at 60℃. The polyphenol extract showed an excellent capacity in scavenging free radicals and ions in the order of DPPH radical > superoxide anion > hydroxyl radical > nitrite ion. It was more powerful than what the chemical preservative, such as benzoic acid, can provide. Thus, the polyphenols extracted from leaves of J. mandshurica by the current method could be a new natural antioxidant for potential applications.
2017, 32(7): 751-755.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.07.012
Abstract:
This study was designed to use essental oil of Blumea balsamifera (L.) DCby microwave-assisted extraction. Effects of microwave power, extraction time and solid-liquid ratio were studied via the single factor methodologies, and then the extraction parameters was determined by Box-Behnken response surface methodology. In addition, Agar diffusion method and agar dilution method were used to see whether the extracted oil has antibacterial effect. Study results showed that optimized extraction parameters wasmicrowave power 450 W, extraction time 23 min and solid-liquid ratio 10 mL/g. An oil yield of 3.45% was obtained under such conditions.Essential oil had antimicrobial activity to five kinds of microorganism.The order of antibacterial activity was aspergillus flavus > aspergillus niger > staphylococcus aureus > escherichia coli > pseudomonas aeruginosa.
This study was designed to use essental oil of Blumea balsamifera (L.) DCby microwave-assisted extraction. Effects of microwave power, extraction time and solid-liquid ratio were studied via the single factor methodologies, and then the extraction parameters was determined by Box-Behnken response surface methodology. In addition, Agar diffusion method and agar dilution method were used to see whether the extracted oil has antibacterial effect. Study results showed that optimized extraction parameters wasmicrowave power 450 W, extraction time 23 min and solid-liquid ratio 10 mL/g. An oil yield of 3.45% was obtained under such conditions.Essential oil had antimicrobial activity to five kinds of microorganism.The order of antibacterial activity was aspergillus flavus > aspergillus niger > staphylococcus aureus > escherichia coli > pseudomonas aeruginosa.
2017, 32(7): 756-761.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.07.013
Abstract:
Key elements involving in the non-enzymatic browning of fruit juice of Physalis pubescens L. during fermentation were analyzed to understand the underlying mechanism. A symbiotic fermentation on the juice using yeast and lactic acid bacteria simultaneously at 25℃ or 37℃ was conducted. Color changes, △E, along with the contents of vitamin C, total phenols, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), reducing sugar, and amino acid nitrogen of the juice during the entire process at various temperatures were monitored for a path coefficient analysis. The results indicated that 5-HMF had the strongest effect on △E, and that its interaction with the amino acids was the main cause of the non-enzymatic browning at 25℃. At 37℃, the interaction between 5-HMF and reducing sugars appeared to be the prime source for the browning of the juice. It was, thus, concluded that 5-HMF, reducing sugars and amino acids were among the key elements that led to the color change of the fruit juice during fermentation.
Key elements involving in the non-enzymatic browning of fruit juice of Physalis pubescens L. during fermentation were analyzed to understand the underlying mechanism. A symbiotic fermentation on the juice using yeast and lactic acid bacteria simultaneously at 25℃ or 37℃ was conducted. Color changes, △E, along with the contents of vitamin C, total phenols, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), reducing sugar, and amino acid nitrogen of the juice during the entire process at various temperatures were monitored for a path coefficient analysis. The results indicated that 5-HMF had the strongest effect on △E, and that its interaction with the amino acids was the main cause of the non-enzymatic browning at 25℃. At 37℃, the interaction between 5-HMF and reducing sugars appeared to be the prime source for the browning of the juice. It was, thus, concluded that 5-HMF, reducing sugars and amino acids were among the key elements that led to the color change of the fruit juice during fermentation.
2017, 32(7): 762-767.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.07.014
Abstract:
Conditions of fermentation to produce extracellular xanthan gum by using Xanthomonas axonopodis FJAT-10151 were optimized to maximize quality of the gum. Single factor and orthogonal experiments on medium composition (including sources of carbon, nitrogen and inorganic ions) and fermentation conditions (including pH, time duration, fill volume and inoculum ratio) were conducted. It was found that using a medium consisting of glucose 30 g·L-1, soybean cake powder 30 g·L-1, and KH2PO4 2 g·L-1 at pH 9.0 with a filled culture of 50 mL containing 8% of inoculum per 250 mL flask, a yield of 21.0 g·L-1 of xanthan gum could be obtained after fermentation for 72 h. The production capacity was 243% higher than that prior to the optimization. More importantly, a higher quality of xanthan gum with the content of pyruvic acid increased from 8.9% to 16.3% and the content of protein decreased from 15.27% to 4.8% was realized.
Conditions of fermentation to produce extracellular xanthan gum by using Xanthomonas axonopodis FJAT-10151 were optimized to maximize quality of the gum. Single factor and orthogonal experiments on medium composition (including sources of carbon, nitrogen and inorganic ions) and fermentation conditions (including pH, time duration, fill volume and inoculum ratio) were conducted. It was found that using a medium consisting of glucose 30 g·L-1, soybean cake powder 30 g·L-1, and KH2PO4 2 g·L-1 at pH 9.0 with a filled culture of 50 mL containing 8% of inoculum per 250 mL flask, a yield of 21.0 g·L-1 of xanthan gum could be obtained after fermentation for 72 h. The production capacity was 243% higher than that prior to the optimization. More importantly, a higher quality of xanthan gum with the content of pyruvic acid increased from 8.9% to 16.3% and the content of protein decreased from 15.27% to 4.8% was realized.
2017, 32(7): 768-773.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.07.015
Abstract:
Soil conditioners are frequently applied to remedy acidified soils. The silicon-calcium-potassium-magnesium (Si-Ca-K-Mg) fertilizer is a new product in the category. Effects of continuous application of the fertilizer on the quality of the eggplants grown on the soil as well as the properties of the soil were studied. The results showed that the application increased the yield and Vc content of the vegetable, but no significant effect on Ca or Mg with the increased amounts of the fertilization. On the other hand, the application of increasing Si-Ca-K-Mg fertilizer increased the pH, available P, available K, exchangeable Ca and exchangeable Mg in the soil, and peaked when fertilizer 1 500 kg·hm-2 was used. Meanwhile, the organic matters and alkali soluble N did not differ from those in control. Taking both yield and quality of eggplants as well as cost of fertilization into consideration, an Si-Ca-K-Mg fertilizer application rate ranging from 750 kg·hm-2 to 1 125 kg·hm-2 was recommended.
Soil conditioners are frequently applied to remedy acidified soils. The silicon-calcium-potassium-magnesium (Si-Ca-K-Mg) fertilizer is a new product in the category. Effects of continuous application of the fertilizer on the quality of the eggplants grown on the soil as well as the properties of the soil were studied. The results showed that the application increased the yield and Vc content of the vegetable, but no significant effect on Ca or Mg with the increased amounts of the fertilization. On the other hand, the application of increasing Si-Ca-K-Mg fertilizer increased the pH, available P, available K, exchangeable Ca and exchangeable Mg in the soil, and peaked when fertilizer 1 500 kg·hm-2 was used. Meanwhile, the organic matters and alkali soluble N did not differ from those in control. Taking both yield and quality of eggplants as well as cost of fertilization into consideration, an Si-Ca-K-Mg fertilizer application rate ranging from 750 kg·hm-2 to 1 125 kg·hm-2 was recommended.
2017, 32(7): 774-778.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.07.016
Abstract:
Effects of temperature and duration of pyrolysis on the microstructure, physical and chemical properties of biochar made from tobacco straws were studied. Pyrolysis at 300, 450, and 600 for 1 or 3 h to produce biochar were carried out for comparison. It was found that the resulting biochar was highly porous with a considerable specific surface area, and the structure remained largely that of the tobacco straws. As the pyrolytic time and temperature increased, the biochar increased on pH, organic carbon, total potassium and C/N ratio, while declined on output and total nitrogen. Conditions of the pyrolysis also significant affected the physical and chemical properties of the biochar, particularly, the temperature. Biochar for agriculture applications was a new venue to utilize tobacco straws. Nonetheless, the production cost, technology development, and on-site operation were some of the obstacles yet to be overcome before it could be feasibly applied for common practices.
Effects of temperature and duration of pyrolysis on the microstructure, physical and chemical properties of biochar made from tobacco straws were studied. Pyrolysis at 300, 450, and 600 for 1 or 3 h to produce biochar were carried out for comparison. It was found that the resulting biochar was highly porous with a considerable specific surface area, and the structure remained largely that of the tobacco straws. As the pyrolytic time and temperature increased, the biochar increased on pH, organic carbon, total potassium and C/N ratio, while declined on output and total nitrogen. Conditions of the pyrolysis also significant affected the physical and chemical properties of the biochar, particularly, the temperature. Biochar for agriculture applications was a new venue to utilize tobacco straws. Nonetheless, the production cost, technology development, and on-site operation were some of the obstacles yet to be overcome before it could be feasibly applied for common practices.
2017, 32(7): 779-783.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.07.017
Abstract:
Genotoxicities of commercial hair dyes manufactured by two companies (SJ and CY) were determined by the micronucleus assay on the root-tip cells of Vicia faba. Dye solutions in the concentrations of 1.5, 4.5, 6.0, 9.0, 12.0 and 15.0 g/L were applied for the test. The presence of micronuclei was shown increased after immersing the cells in the hair dye solutions. It increased with increasing concentration initially and followed by a decline for both products. With SJ, the peak number of micronuclei was observed at the dye concentration of 9.0 g/L; and with CY, 6.0 g/L. Indicated by the rises of the micronucleus counts, there was apparently genomic damages to the plant cells caused by the hair dyes. It, therefore, implicated a safety concern on the products for consumers.
Genotoxicities of commercial hair dyes manufactured by two companies (SJ and CY) were determined by the micronucleus assay on the root-tip cells of Vicia faba. Dye solutions in the concentrations of 1.5, 4.5, 6.0, 9.0, 12.0 and 15.0 g/L were applied for the test. The presence of micronuclei was shown increased after immersing the cells in the hair dye solutions. It increased with increasing concentration initially and followed by a decline for both products. With SJ, the peak number of micronuclei was observed at the dye concentration of 9.0 g/L; and with CY, 6.0 g/L. Indicated by the rises of the micronucleus counts, there was apparently genomic damages to the plant cells caused by the hair dyes. It, therefore, implicated a safety concern on the products for consumers.
2017, 32(7): 784-800.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.07.018
Abstract:
In the paper authored by Liu et al. that entitled, "List of species names for the Bacillus-like bacteria", the Bacillus-like bacteria were collated up to the end of December 2014. It included 71 genera and 752 species with only those contained a suffix "bacillus". This article updated the taxonomic information on the Bacillus-like bacteria to include (1) the species number, changes in systematic status, and new species reported in 2015-2016 on each genus with the suffix "bacillus"; (2) the progress on taxonomy of the spore-forming genera without the suffix "bacillus" in 7 families, and (3) the classification of the non-Bacillus-like genera with a suffix "bacillus". By year-end 2016, at least 8 families were included in the order of Bacillales. They were Bacillaceae (69 genera and 604 species), Alicyclobacillaceae (6 genera and 46 species), Paenibacillaceae (10 genera and 321 species), Pasteuriaceae (1 genera and 4 species), Planococcaceae (15 genera and 49 species), Sporolactobacillaceae (6 genera and 20 species), Thermoactinomycetaceae (17 genera and 36 species), and an unestablished family (1 genus and 2 species). Among them, the species in 13 genera were not endospore-forming bacteria.Therefore the total number of the spore-forming Bacillus-like bacteria reached up to 1 078 species and 112 genera within 8 families.
In the paper authored by Liu et al. that entitled, "List of species names for the Bacillus-like bacteria", the Bacillus-like bacteria were collated up to the end of December 2014. It included 71 genera and 752 species with only those contained a suffix "bacillus". This article updated the taxonomic information on the Bacillus-like bacteria to include (1) the species number, changes in systematic status, and new species reported in 2015-2016 on each genus with the suffix "bacillus"; (2) the progress on taxonomy of the spore-forming genera without the suffix "bacillus" in 7 families, and (3) the classification of the non-Bacillus-like genera with a suffix "bacillus". By year-end 2016, at least 8 families were included in the order of Bacillales. They were Bacillaceae (69 genera and 604 species), Alicyclobacillaceae (6 genera and 46 species), Paenibacillaceae (10 genera and 321 species), Pasteuriaceae (1 genera and 4 species), Planococcaceae (15 genera and 49 species), Sporolactobacillaceae (6 genera and 20 species), Thermoactinomycetaceae (17 genera and 36 species), and an unestablished family (1 genus and 2 species). Among them, the species in 13 genera were not endospore-forming bacteria.Therefore the total number of the spore-forming Bacillus-like bacteria reached up to 1 078 species and 112 genera within 8 families.
2017, 32(7): 801-806.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.07.019
Abstract:
This article reviews the potential of using nuclear magnetic resonance technology for non-invasive detection of the morphological structure and distribution of phosphorus in soil and plants. It could resolve the bottleneck in the related research and generate new fields of study on phosphorus clean-up in polluted environment. From the published literature, the advantages of using 31P-NMR for phosphorus migration and transformation are discussed in detail. NMR could be applied for studies on water, soil, plant, etc. as well. Furthermore, the existing problems and direction for future research on the applications are presented.
This article reviews the potential of using nuclear magnetic resonance technology for non-invasive detection of the morphological structure and distribution of phosphorus in soil and plants. It could resolve the bottleneck in the related research and generate new fields of study on phosphorus clean-up in polluted environment. From the published literature, the advantages of using 31P-NMR for phosphorus migration and transformation are discussed in detail. NMR could be applied for studies on water, soil, plant, etc. as well. Furthermore, the existing problems and direction for future research on the applications are presented.
2017, 32(7): 807-809.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.07.020
Abstract:
Fresh Anoectochilus roxburghii plants were dehydrated under different temperatures to compare the differences on the drying rate as well as the quality and contents of total flavonoids and polysaccharides of the finished products to optimize the process. The results indicated that the temperature invariably caused variations on the color, appearance and flavor of the products. The drying rate decreased as the temperature increased. The contents of flavonoids and polysaccharides were significantly affected by the temperature applied. They peaked when dehydrated at 60℃, and reached the lowest levels at 100℃. High-temperature blanching followed by cool drying lowered the drying rate as well as the contents of functional ingredients. Consequently, 60℃ was considered the most appropriate temperature for dehydration of A. emroxburghii.
Fresh Anoectochilus roxburghii plants were dehydrated under different temperatures to compare the differences on the drying rate as well as the quality and contents of total flavonoids and polysaccharides of the finished products to optimize the process. The results indicated that the temperature invariably caused variations on the color, appearance and flavor of the products. The drying rate decreased as the temperature increased. The contents of flavonoids and polysaccharides were significantly affected by the temperature applied. They peaked when dehydrated at 60℃, and reached the lowest levels at 100℃. High-temperature blanching followed by cool drying lowered the drying rate as well as the contents of functional ingredients. Consequently, 60℃ was considered the most appropriate temperature for dehydration of A. emroxburghii.
2017, 32(7): 810-812.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.07.021
Abstract:
In order to evaluatee the new variety of Zingiber officinale(Willd.)Rosc. 'Kejiang No.1' selected from the local varieties of northern Fujian, multi-site comparative tests of 'Kejiang No.1' and local variety (CK) were conducted in Jianyang, Fuzhou, Zhangzhou, Shaowu and Guangze. The results showed that the main agronomic traits of 'Kejiang No.1' were significantly better than the control (P < 0.01), including tiller number, and fresh weight of seed ginger, tender ginger, and single plant. And the content of 6-gingerol was higher than the control variety with no significance. Therefore, in consideration of the yielding ability and stability of plots, 'Kejiang No.1' was indicated a nwe Zingiber officinale (Willd.) Rosc. Variety with high yield and excellent adaptability.
In order to evaluatee the new variety of Zingiber officinale(Willd.)Rosc. 'Kejiang No.1' selected from the local varieties of northern Fujian, multi-site comparative tests of 'Kejiang No.1' and local variety (CK) were conducted in Jianyang, Fuzhou, Zhangzhou, Shaowu and Guangze. The results showed that the main agronomic traits of 'Kejiang No.1' were significantly better than the control (P < 0.01), including tiller number, and fresh weight of seed ginger, tender ginger, and single plant. And the content of 6-gingerol was higher than the control variety with no significance. Therefore, in consideration of the yielding ability and stability of plots, 'Kejiang No.1' was indicated a nwe Zingiber officinale (Willd.) Rosc. Variety with high yield and excellent adaptability.
