2017 Vol. 32, No. 6
Display Method:
2017, 32(6): 573-576.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.06.001
Abstract:
A new early-maturing restores line, Fuhui 1093, was developed by crossing the widely cultivated early-maturing restorer line, Minghui 82, with the late-maturing japonica/indica restorer hybrid, Zhi 8. Subsequently, it was crossed with the 3-line male sterile, Quanfeng A, to obtain Qunanyou 1093. The final hybrid exhibited many desirable characteristics including large stem-girth, strong tillering, large panicles with numerous spikelets, desirable color change during mycelium ripening, and high grain yield. The average grain yield in two year-long, production trials on the new variety was 5.53% higher than that of CK. It has been certified by Fujian Crop Variety Evaluation Committees in 2014.
A new early-maturing restores line, Fuhui 1093, was developed by crossing the widely cultivated early-maturing restorer line, Minghui 82, with the late-maturing japonica/indica restorer hybrid, Zhi 8. Subsequently, it was crossed with the 3-line male sterile, Quanfeng A, to obtain Qunanyou 1093. The final hybrid exhibited many desirable characteristics including large stem-girth, strong tillering, large panicles with numerous spikelets, desirable color change during mycelium ripening, and high grain yield. The average grain yield in two year-long, production trials on the new variety was 5.53% higher than that of CK. It has been certified by Fujian Crop Variety Evaluation Committees in 2014.
2017, 32(6): 577-582.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.06.002
Abstract:
Time-release fertilizers were applied on rice fields to evaluate their effects on the yield, agronomic characteristics, and over-all benefits of single-and double-planting, late rice. The results showed that, for the single-planting variety, the percentage of productive tillers on an individual plant was significantly improved, and the number of filled grains per panicle and seed setting rate increased when the lignin time-release fertilizer (F1) was used. Comparing to the conventional fertilization(F4), F1 reduced N fertilizer usage by 56.0% with merely 0.89% decrease on yield, which was still greater than either Kingenta Controlled-release Fertilizer (F2) or Rice Formulated Fertilizer(F3). In addition, the N agronomic efficiency of the F1 application was also higher than that of F4 or F3. Despite the slightly lower economic return resulted from using F1 than F3, the fertilization efficiency was significantly improved. For the double-planting variety, the N agronomic efficiency was increased as high as 23.95% as well for F1 application, resulting in 5.61% and 3.49% reduction on grain yield and economic efficiency as compared to F4, respectively. F1 was also lower than Kingenta controlled-release fertilizer(F2) on grain yield and economic efficiency.It was concluded, with the experimental results, that F1 could be applied in single-planting, late-season rice cultivation to realize optimal grain yield and N utilization, as well as improvements on the economic and environmental considerations.
Time-release fertilizers were applied on rice fields to evaluate their effects on the yield, agronomic characteristics, and over-all benefits of single-and double-planting, late rice. The results showed that, for the single-planting variety, the percentage of productive tillers on an individual plant was significantly improved, and the number of filled grains per panicle and seed setting rate increased when the lignin time-release fertilizer (F1) was used. Comparing to the conventional fertilization(F4), F1 reduced N fertilizer usage by 56.0% with merely 0.89% decrease on yield, which was still greater than either Kingenta Controlled-release Fertilizer (F2) or Rice Formulated Fertilizer(F3). In addition, the N agronomic efficiency of the F1 application was also higher than that of F4 or F3. Despite the slightly lower economic return resulted from using F1 than F3, the fertilization efficiency was significantly improved. For the double-planting variety, the N agronomic efficiency was increased as high as 23.95% as well for F1 application, resulting in 5.61% and 3.49% reduction on grain yield and economic efficiency as compared to F4, respectively. F1 was also lower than Kingenta controlled-release fertilizer(F2) on grain yield and economic efficiency.It was concluded, with the experimental results, that F1 could be applied in single-planting, late-season rice cultivation to realize optimal grain yield and N utilization, as well as improvements on the economic and environmental considerations.
2017, 32(6): 583-586.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.06.003
Abstract:
By pre-soaking corn seeds in varied concentrations of salicylic acid solutions (i.e., 0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 1.0, and 2.0 mmol·L-1), the effects on the seed germination and seedling growth under a simulated drought stress using 10% PEG-6000 were studied. The results showed that, without the pre-soaking treatment, the germination and growth were significantly inhibited by the stress. In addition, the soluble protein content decreased significantly and MDA increased, while POD, CAT and SOD activities decreased in the sprouted seedlings. By pre-soaking the seeds in a salicylic acid solution of concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.05 mmol·L-1, significant improvements on the seed germination and seedling growth were observed. Meanwhile, the soluble protein in the corn plants increased, the MDA contents decreased, and the POD, CAT and SOD activities increased.
By pre-soaking corn seeds in varied concentrations of salicylic acid solutions (i.e., 0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 1.0, and 2.0 mmol·L-1), the effects on the seed germination and seedling growth under a simulated drought stress using 10% PEG-6000 were studied. The results showed that, without the pre-soaking treatment, the germination and growth were significantly inhibited by the stress. In addition, the soluble protein content decreased significantly and MDA increased, while POD, CAT and SOD activities decreased in the sprouted seedlings. By pre-soaking the seeds in a salicylic acid solution of concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.05 mmol·L-1, significant improvements on the seed germination and seedling growth were observed. Meanwhile, the soluble protein in the corn plants increased, the MDA contents decreased, and the POD, CAT and SOD activities increased.
2017, 32(6): 587-592.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.06.004
Abstract:
Effects of low temperature on the physiology and cold stress resistance of potato plants were studied for breeding and cultivation of winter-planting varieties in Guangxi. The physiological and biochemical characteristics of the leaves on 3 selected cultivars in response to low-temperature stress during seedling stage were monitored. Favorita, Xingjia No. 2, and Lishu No. 6 were selected for the study, and the contents of chlorophyll, moisture, soluble protein, and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as the activities of superoxidedismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) in the 5th leaf on a plant were determined after the plant was grown at 4℃ for 0, 3, 6, 12, 24 or 48 h. The results showed that, the leaf relative water and chlorophyll contents of the 3 varieties declined continuously under the stress; and, at 48 h, those of Favorita became significantly lower than those of Xingjia No. 2 or Lishu No. 6. The soluble protein content and the activities of SOD and CAT in the leaves of the 3 varieties decreased initially but increased afterward. In contrast, POD activity rose at first and followed with a downward trend. Under the stress for 48 h, the soluble protein content and activities of SOD and POD in the leaves of Xingjia No. 2 and Lishu No. 6 were significantly higher than those of Favorita, while MDA increased constantly during this period. MDA in Favorita was significantly higher than the other varieties. The cold resistance of the cultivars ranked in the order of Lishu No. 6, Xingjia No.2, and Favorita. Compared to Favorita, which is the major potato variety cultivated in Guangxi, Lishu No. 6 and Xingjia No. 2 appeared to be more suitable for winter-planting to extended the growing season in the region.
Effects of low temperature on the physiology and cold stress resistance of potato plants were studied for breeding and cultivation of winter-planting varieties in Guangxi. The physiological and biochemical characteristics of the leaves on 3 selected cultivars in response to low-temperature stress during seedling stage were monitored. Favorita, Xingjia No. 2, and Lishu No. 6 were selected for the study, and the contents of chlorophyll, moisture, soluble protein, and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as the activities of superoxidedismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) in the 5th leaf on a plant were determined after the plant was grown at 4℃ for 0, 3, 6, 12, 24 or 48 h. The results showed that, the leaf relative water and chlorophyll contents of the 3 varieties declined continuously under the stress; and, at 48 h, those of Favorita became significantly lower than those of Xingjia No. 2 or Lishu No. 6. The soluble protein content and the activities of SOD and CAT in the leaves of the 3 varieties decreased initially but increased afterward. In contrast, POD activity rose at first and followed with a downward trend. Under the stress for 48 h, the soluble protein content and activities of SOD and POD in the leaves of Xingjia No. 2 and Lishu No. 6 were significantly higher than those of Favorita, while MDA increased constantly during this period. MDA in Favorita was significantly higher than the other varieties. The cold resistance of the cultivars ranked in the order of Lishu No. 6, Xingjia No.2, and Favorita. Compared to Favorita, which is the major potato variety cultivated in Guangxi, Lishu No. 6 and Xingjia No. 2 appeared to be more suitable for winter-planting to extended the growing season in the region.
2017, 32(6): 630-633.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.06.011
Abstract:
Variously formulated substrates using the discards from mushroom cultivation (MCD) and peat were tested on plug trays to grow seedlings of 3 varieties of Cajanus cajan for the selection of an optimal mixing ratio for the combination medium. It was found that a mixture containing no more than 50% of MCD would promote the increases on the height and girth of the stems, as well as the accumulated dry matters of the seedlings. In the recommended substrate of 1 part of MCD and 3 parts of peat, the Cajanus cajan seedlings sustained significantly higher length and diameter of the stems, as well as dry matter and chlorophyll contents than control, which contained peat and perlite in 3 to 1 ratio.
Variously formulated substrates using the discards from mushroom cultivation (MCD) and peat were tested on plug trays to grow seedlings of 3 varieties of Cajanus cajan for the selection of an optimal mixing ratio for the combination medium. It was found that a mixture containing no more than 50% of MCD would promote the increases on the height and girth of the stems, as well as the accumulated dry matters of the seedlings. In the recommended substrate of 1 part of MCD and 3 parts of peat, the Cajanus cajan seedlings sustained significantly higher length and diameter of the stems, as well as dry matter and chlorophyll contents than control, which contained peat and perlite in 3 to 1 ratio.
2017, 32(6): 602-606.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.06.006
Abstract:
Effects of fruit-bud pruning on the mineral content of the autumn leaves during flower-bud differentiation stage, the growth of fruit-bearing branches, and the quality and yield of fruits of longan variety Lidongben were studied. The results showed that the N, P and K contents in the autumn leaves were higher when 1/3 of the fruit-buds was retained on a tree branch or no pruning (CK) was applied than if 1/2 of the buds was removed. The contents of Ca and Mg were in a decreasing order upon 1/2 pruning > 2/3 pruning > CK. There were no significant differences observed in 4 years on the length, diameter, and leaf count on the fruit-bearing branches on the trees that had 2/3 of the fruit-buds removed. Furthermore, these fruit-bearing branches tended to produce large individual fruits (above 13.0 g), big panicles (more than 800.0 g), excellent quality, and relatively consistent fruit-bearing performance (with 14.67% differentiation between the high and low production years). Furthermore, the average annual fruit yield increased 24.20% with an improved profitability of 44.68%, as compared to 1/2 pruning. Consequently, it was concluded that retention of 1/3 of the fruit-buds on a single fruit-bearing branch was recommended for longan pruning.
Effects of fruit-bud pruning on the mineral content of the autumn leaves during flower-bud differentiation stage, the growth of fruit-bearing branches, and the quality and yield of fruits of longan variety Lidongben were studied. The results showed that the N, P and K contents in the autumn leaves were higher when 1/3 of the fruit-buds was retained on a tree branch or no pruning (CK) was applied than if 1/2 of the buds was removed. The contents of Ca and Mg were in a decreasing order upon 1/2 pruning > 2/3 pruning > CK. There were no significant differences observed in 4 years on the length, diameter, and leaf count on the fruit-bearing branches on the trees that had 2/3 of the fruit-buds removed. Furthermore, these fruit-bearing branches tended to produce large individual fruits (above 13.0 g), big panicles (more than 800.0 g), excellent quality, and relatively consistent fruit-bearing performance (with 14.67% differentiation between the high and low production years). Furthermore, the average annual fruit yield increased 24.20% with an improved profitability of 44.68%, as compared to 1/2 pruning. Consequently, it was concluded that retention of 1/3 of the fruit-buds on a single fruit-bearing branch was recommended for longan pruning.
2017, 32(6): 607-612.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.06.007
Abstract:
The biomass, contents of polyphenols and ascorbic acid as well as the antioxidant capacity in the flower head (inflorescence meristem) of 4 varieties of cauliflowers with different maturation characteristics were determined, including Xueying 2(early-mature), Xueying 1(late-mature), Xuehuang(early-mature), and Chaojixuehuang(late-mature). The results showed that The contents of total glucosinolates (GS) in the cauliflowers with different maturation characteristic did not vary significantly. But, 3C-GS (e.g., 3-methyl butyl glucosinolates) were found to be in greater proportion than 4C-GS (e.g., allyl glucosinolates) in the early-mature varieties, while the reverse to be the case in the late-mature cauliflowers. The biomass, polyphenols content and antioxidant activity of the late-mature varieties (i.e., Xueying1 and Chaojixuehuang) were higher than those of the early-mature counterparts (i.e., Xuehuang and Xueying 2), but not the ascorbic acid content.
The biomass, contents of polyphenols and ascorbic acid as well as the antioxidant capacity in the flower head (inflorescence meristem) of 4 varieties of cauliflowers with different maturation characteristics were determined, including Xueying 2(early-mature), Xueying 1(late-mature), Xuehuang(early-mature), and Chaojixuehuang(late-mature). The results showed that The contents of total glucosinolates (GS) in the cauliflowers with different maturation characteristic did not vary significantly. But, 3C-GS (e.g., 3-methyl butyl glucosinolates) were found to be in greater proportion than 4C-GS (e.g., allyl glucosinolates) in the early-mature varieties, while the reverse to be the case in the late-mature cauliflowers. The biomass, polyphenols content and antioxidant activity of the late-mature varieties (i.e., Xueying1 and Chaojixuehuang) were higher than those of the early-mature counterparts (i.e., Xuehuang and Xueying 2), but not the ascorbic acid content.
2017, 32(6): 613-618.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.06.008
Abstract:
This study aimed to find ways to mitigate nutrient loss in soil, improve fertilizer utilization, and increase economic return at Camellia oleifera tea plantations. An experimentation with a total of 13, including 9 orthogonal designed and 4 deficiency controlled, treatments was conducted. The results showed that Treatment 7 (i.e., annual application of 180 g urea/plant, 75 g CaMgP/plant, and 60 g KCl/plant) rendered the best results in promoting seedling growth and accumulating chlorophyll in leaves and available K in soil; Treatment 9 (i.e., annual application of 180 g urea/plant, 225 g CaMgP/plant, and 40 g KCl/plant), performed the greatest in increasing alkali-hydro N and effective P in soil; and, Treatment 8 (i.e., annual application of 180 g urea/plant, 150 g CaMgP/plant, and 20 g KCl/plant), yielded the most in elevating content of organic matters in soil. The growth of the tea seedlings closely related to the nutrient content of the soil they grew in. It appeared that the recommended annual fertilization per plant for the cultivation would be 180 g urea, along with CaMgP in the range of 75 g to 225 g and KCl, 20 g to 40 g.
This study aimed to find ways to mitigate nutrient loss in soil, improve fertilizer utilization, and increase economic return at Camellia oleifera tea plantations. An experimentation with a total of 13, including 9 orthogonal designed and 4 deficiency controlled, treatments was conducted. The results showed that Treatment 7 (i.e., annual application of 180 g urea/plant, 75 g CaMgP/plant, and 60 g KCl/plant) rendered the best results in promoting seedling growth and accumulating chlorophyll in leaves and available K in soil; Treatment 9 (i.e., annual application of 180 g urea/plant, 225 g CaMgP/plant, and 40 g KCl/plant), performed the greatest in increasing alkali-hydro N and effective P in soil; and, Treatment 8 (i.e., annual application of 180 g urea/plant, 150 g CaMgP/plant, and 20 g KCl/plant), yielded the most in elevating content of organic matters in soil. The growth of the tea seedlings closely related to the nutrient content of the soil they grew in. It appeared that the recommended annual fertilization per plant for the cultivation would be 180 g urea, along with CaMgP in the range of 75 g to 225 g and KCl, 20 g to 40 g.
2017, 32(6): 619-624.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.06.009
Abstract:
Identification and genetic diversity analysis based on ISSR marker for 19 germplasms of Polygonatum were conducted. The results were as follows. (1) Based upon the morphological characteristics of the plants, germplasms No. 1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, and 19 were determined to be P. cyrtonema Hua; and No. 2, 3, 4, 5, 14, and 17, P. filipes Merr. (2) From the 100 primers isolated, 11 were amplified to render 170 distinctive and polymorphic bands with sizes ranging from 250 bp to 200 0 bp. (3) Using Popgen 32 software, an abundant genetic diversity was found to exist among these germplasms with similarity coefficients ranging from 0.604 9 to 0.824 4, and genetic distances from 0.193 1 to 0.502 7; and, No. 6 and 7 were closely related, while the No. 10 and 17 differed the most. (4) The UPGMA cluster analysis classified the germplasms into 2 groups and 4 subgroups with all P. cyrtonema Hua in Group Ⅰ and all P. filipes Merr. in Group Ⅱ. And, (5) as analyzed by Popgen 32, the genetic diversity of the 4 subclasses showed an effective number of alleles (Ne) to be 1.484 5, Nei's genetic diversity index (h), 0.292 3, Shannon diversity index (Ⅰ), 0.423 9, and total gene diversity (Ht), 0.413 2. It appeared that the current method based upon ISSR marker could be used to identify the individual species as well as show the genetic diversity and relationship among the species in the genus providing valuable molecular information for the introduction, acclimation, protection and utilization of the Polygonatum resources in the wild.
Identification and genetic diversity analysis based on ISSR marker for 19 germplasms of Polygonatum were conducted. The results were as follows. (1) Based upon the morphological characteristics of the plants, germplasms No. 1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, and 19 were determined to be P. cyrtonema Hua; and No. 2, 3, 4, 5, 14, and 17, P. filipes Merr. (2) From the 100 primers isolated, 11 were amplified to render 170 distinctive and polymorphic bands with sizes ranging from 250 bp to 200 0 bp. (3) Using Popgen 32 software, an abundant genetic diversity was found to exist among these germplasms with similarity coefficients ranging from 0.604 9 to 0.824 4, and genetic distances from 0.193 1 to 0.502 7; and, No. 6 and 7 were closely related, while the No. 10 and 17 differed the most. (4) The UPGMA cluster analysis classified the germplasms into 2 groups and 4 subgroups with all P. cyrtonema Hua in Group Ⅰ and all P. filipes Merr. in Group Ⅱ. And, (5) as analyzed by Popgen 32, the genetic diversity of the 4 subclasses showed an effective number of alleles (Ne) to be 1.484 5, Nei's genetic diversity index (h), 0.292 3, Shannon diversity index (Ⅰ), 0.423 9, and total gene diversity (Ht), 0.413 2. It appeared that the current method based upon ISSR marker could be used to identify the individual species as well as show the genetic diversity and relationship among the species in the genus providing valuable molecular information for the introduction, acclimation, protection and utilization of the Polygonatum resources in the wild.
2017, 32(6): 625-629.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.06.010
Abstract:
Heat is detrimental to the growth and flowering of Oncidium. Thus, a simulated high temperature stress in an incubator with light bulbs was imposed on Oncidium plants to examine the changes on the physiology of apical leaves. The physiological indices, including the contents of chlorophyll, soluble sugar, reducing sugar and proline (Pro) as well as the relative conductivity and peroxidase (POD) activity, were monitored. The results showed that, under the stress, (a) the relative conductivity and Pro content in the leaves significantly increased, while chlorophyll decreased; (b) the soluble sugar content became significantly higher than that of control in 21 d, but significantly lower in 42 d; (c) in comparison with control, the reducing sugar content was significantly higher in 7 d, but significantly lower after 35 d; and, (d) the POD activity increased with prolonged heat stress, it was lower during 7-21 d but significantly higher than that of control after 35 d. It appeared that the relative conductivity and the contents of Pro and chlorophyll in the apical leaves could be satisfactorily used as key indicators in evaluating the tolerance of an Oncidium plant to high temperatures.
Heat is detrimental to the growth and flowering of Oncidium. Thus, a simulated high temperature stress in an incubator with light bulbs was imposed on Oncidium plants to examine the changes on the physiology of apical leaves. The physiological indices, including the contents of chlorophyll, soluble sugar, reducing sugar and proline (Pro) as well as the relative conductivity and peroxidase (POD) activity, were monitored. The results showed that, under the stress, (a) the relative conductivity and Pro content in the leaves significantly increased, while chlorophyll decreased; (b) the soluble sugar content became significantly higher than that of control in 21 d, but significantly lower in 42 d; (c) in comparison with control, the reducing sugar content was significantly higher in 7 d, but significantly lower after 35 d; and, (d) the POD activity increased with prolonged heat stress, it was lower during 7-21 d but significantly higher than that of control after 35 d. It appeared that the relative conductivity and the contents of Pro and chlorophyll in the apical leaves could be satisfactorily used as key indicators in evaluating the tolerance of an Oncidium plant to high temperatures.
2017, 32(6): 593-601.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.06.005
Abstract:
Chungui[Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze]was a new, highly aromatic tea variety cultivated after a systematic selective breeding from Huangdan. In numerous comparative and nationwide regional tests during 2002-2014, Chungui plants was characterized as a late-budding, small lamina, shrub-type tea variety. Comparing to Huangdan, it showed a higher transplanting survival rate, stronger growth vigor, greater yield, better shoot tenderness-keeping, and higher disease-resistance. The spring leaves of Chungui contained 41.4% water extracts, 4.2% amino acids, and 3.8% caffeines. At 17.8%, the polyphenol content of Chungui was lower than that of Huandan (i.e., 21.6%). On the other hand, the quality index on catechins was higher than that of Huangdan, Tieguanyin, Rougui or Maoxie. And, Chungui had higher contents of amino acids, such as theanine, phenylalanine, arginine, and total amino acids, than those of Huangdan. The overall quality evaluation suggested that Chungui was suitable for making a wide varieties of high quality teas. For instance, the oolong tea made from Chungui rendered a rich and full taste, as well as lasting fragrance, and the green tea was strongly aromatic, and sweet tasting. It was considered most suitable for cultivation in Fu'an and/or regions of similar climate.
Chungui[Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze]was a new, highly aromatic tea variety cultivated after a systematic selective breeding from Huangdan. In numerous comparative and nationwide regional tests during 2002-2014, Chungui plants was characterized as a late-budding, small lamina, shrub-type tea variety. Comparing to Huangdan, it showed a higher transplanting survival rate, stronger growth vigor, greater yield, better shoot tenderness-keeping, and higher disease-resistance. The spring leaves of Chungui contained 41.4% water extracts, 4.2% amino acids, and 3.8% caffeines. At 17.8%, the polyphenol content of Chungui was lower than that of Huandan (i.e., 21.6%). On the other hand, the quality index on catechins was higher than that of Huangdan, Tieguanyin, Rougui or Maoxie. And, Chungui had higher contents of amino acids, such as theanine, phenylalanine, arginine, and total amino acids, than those of Huangdan. The overall quality evaluation suggested that Chungui was suitable for making a wide varieties of high quality teas. For instance, the oolong tea made from Chungui rendered a rich and full taste, as well as lasting fragrance, and the green tea was strongly aromatic, and sweet tasting. It was considered most suitable for cultivation in Fu'an and/or regions of similar climate.
2017, 32(6): 634-638.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.06.012
Abstract:
Two methods for isolating HP-7 (Ustilaginoidea virens) and 7 fungicides for controlling the false smut disease on rice caused by the pathogen were compared. Fungal spores at different maturation stages were separated by means of shaking or flame burning. HP-7 was verified by its morphology, pathogenicity, and rDNA-ITS sequences. The sensitivity of HP-7 toward and toxicity on the fungi by the fungicides were determined based on the fungal mycelium growth under treatment. It was found that the successful rate in separating the fresh yellow chiamydospores by shaking was up to 98.33%, which was better than the flaming method. The rDNA-ITS sequences of HP-7 were submitted to NCBI for a BLAST analysis that showed a 99% homogeny with U. virens. Combining that result with the morphological observations, HP-7 was verified to be the pathogen that caused the rice false smut. Among the fungicides tested, tebuconazole and azoxystrobin exhibited the highest inhibition rates on HP-7, with EC50 at 0.109 1 and 0.158 5 mg·L-1, respectively. It appeared that an effective spore separation method was identified, and the positive identification and appropriate selection on fungicide for effective control of the false smut disease on rice crops were obtained.
Two methods for isolating HP-7 (Ustilaginoidea virens) and 7 fungicides for controlling the false smut disease on rice caused by the pathogen were compared. Fungal spores at different maturation stages were separated by means of shaking or flame burning. HP-7 was verified by its morphology, pathogenicity, and rDNA-ITS sequences. The sensitivity of HP-7 toward and toxicity on the fungi by the fungicides were determined based on the fungal mycelium growth under treatment. It was found that the successful rate in separating the fresh yellow chiamydospores by shaking was up to 98.33%, which was better than the flaming method. The rDNA-ITS sequences of HP-7 were submitted to NCBI for a BLAST analysis that showed a 99% homogeny with U. virens. Combining that result with the morphological observations, HP-7 was verified to be the pathogen that caused the rice false smut. Among the fungicides tested, tebuconazole and azoxystrobin exhibited the highest inhibition rates on HP-7, with EC50 at 0.109 1 and 0.158 5 mg·L-1, respectively. It appeared that an effective spore separation method was identified, and the positive identification and appropriate selection on fungicide for effective control of the false smut disease on rice crops were obtained.
2017, 32(6): 639-644.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.06.013
Abstract:
Fusarium wilt (F.W) disease-resistant molecular markers can be used to screen disease-resistant lines in early planting stage of sweet potato, which can also greatly improve the efficiency of breeding for sweet potato disease-resistance.The F1 progenies were obtained from the cross of sweet potato c.v. Jinshan57, which is higly resistant to Fusarium wilt (F.W), and c.v. Xinzhonghua, which is highly susceptible to F.W. After disease-resistant identification, 7 highly disease-resistant and 7 highly disease-susceptible lines were selected from F1 progenies and were used to establish the resistant and susceptible DNA pools. The genomic DNA of the resistant and susceptible pools were PCR-amplified respectively with 276 pairs of SRAP primers, and 98 pairs of primer generated polymorphic bands between the disease-resistant and susceptible pools. Through further screening using a group of small population and their parents, we got a SRAP marker named a12b8, which would be linked to the resistance of F.W. in sweet potato. This marker would be used for identifying the resistance to F.W in the early growth stage of sweet potato and also would be utilized for improving the efficiency of F.W disease-resistant breeding by molecular marker assisted selection for sweet potato.
Fusarium wilt (F.W) disease-resistant molecular markers can be used to screen disease-resistant lines in early planting stage of sweet potato, which can also greatly improve the efficiency of breeding for sweet potato disease-resistance.The F1 progenies were obtained from the cross of sweet potato c.v. Jinshan57, which is higly resistant to Fusarium wilt (F.W), and c.v. Xinzhonghua, which is highly susceptible to F.W. After disease-resistant identification, 7 highly disease-resistant and 7 highly disease-susceptible lines were selected from F1 progenies and were used to establish the resistant and susceptible DNA pools. The genomic DNA of the resistant and susceptible pools were PCR-amplified respectively with 276 pairs of SRAP primers, and 98 pairs of primer generated polymorphic bands between the disease-resistant and susceptible pools. Through further screening using a group of small population and their parents, we got a SRAP marker named a12b8, which would be linked to the resistance of F.W. in sweet potato. This marker would be used for identifying the resistance to F.W in the early growth stage of sweet potato and also would be utilized for improving the efficiency of F.W disease-resistant breeding by molecular marker assisted selection for sweet potato.
2017, 32(6): 645-651.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.06.014
Abstract:
The ethanol extraction of antibacterial substances from Dictyophora indusial fisscher was optimized using the yield and efficacy of the antimicrobial extract as indicators. On basis of the single factor experimental result, a quadratic general rotary unitized design was applied to finalize the optimization for the process. A regression analysis on the data obtained indicated that the processing temperature exerted the greatest effected on the amount of the extract to be obtained, and it was followed by time and material/solvent ratio. The conditions rendering a maximized yield included a temperature of 72℃, a duration of 1.5 h, and a material/solvent ratio of 1/25. The resulting mushroom extract showed varying antimicrobial activities on Staphylococus aureus, Bacillus thuringiensi, Escherichia coli, Bacillus magaterium, Salmonella pullorum, Salmonella enteritidis, and Bacillus subrilis, with the strongest inhibition effect against S. enteritidis.The research results provide a reference for ntibaterial substances from D.indusial fisscher being developed national food preservative in the industrialization.
The ethanol extraction of antibacterial substances from Dictyophora indusial fisscher was optimized using the yield and efficacy of the antimicrobial extract as indicators. On basis of the single factor experimental result, a quadratic general rotary unitized design was applied to finalize the optimization for the process. A regression analysis on the data obtained indicated that the processing temperature exerted the greatest effected on the amount of the extract to be obtained, and it was followed by time and material/solvent ratio. The conditions rendering a maximized yield included a temperature of 72℃, a duration of 1.5 h, and a material/solvent ratio of 1/25. The resulting mushroom extract showed varying antimicrobial activities on Staphylococus aureus, Bacillus thuringiensi, Escherichia coli, Bacillus magaterium, Salmonella pullorum, Salmonella enteritidis, and Bacillus subrilis, with the strongest inhibition effect against S. enteritidis.The research results provide a reference for ntibaterial substances from D.indusial fisscher being developed national food preservative in the industrialization.
2017, 32(6): 652-659.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.06.015
Abstract:
Effect of treatment by enzymes on the chemical quality of flue-cured tobacco leaves was studied. Leaves of YN99, the major tobacco variety cultivated in Mt. Qinling area, were used in the experimental treatments with 7 enzymes, including a neutral protease, papain, flavor protease, cellulase, pectinase, glucoamylase, and α-amylase, at 6 concentration levels. The results showed that the treatments effectively increased the sugar content, but decreased the total alkaloid, nitrogen and starch contents in the tobacco leaves. A grey correlation analysis indicated the 10 treatments that produced the greatest improvements on the tobacco chemical quality to be T5A6, T5A5, T1A2, T5A2, T5A3, T6A5, T6A4, T1A3, T6A3, and T5A4, in that order. The tobacco leaves treated by 100 and 120 U·g-1 pectinase showed the most desirable and balanced result; whereas, those were exposed to the flavor protease or α-amylase did not fare well in all regards. A cluster analysis on the 42 treatment samples classified them into 4 categories showing similar chemical qualities when treated by a same enzyme.
Effect of treatment by enzymes on the chemical quality of flue-cured tobacco leaves was studied. Leaves of YN99, the major tobacco variety cultivated in Mt. Qinling area, were used in the experimental treatments with 7 enzymes, including a neutral protease, papain, flavor protease, cellulase, pectinase, glucoamylase, and α-amylase, at 6 concentration levels. The results showed that the treatments effectively increased the sugar content, but decreased the total alkaloid, nitrogen and starch contents in the tobacco leaves. A grey correlation analysis indicated the 10 treatments that produced the greatest improvements on the tobacco chemical quality to be T5A6, T5A5, T1A2, T5A2, T5A3, T6A5, T6A4, T1A3, T6A3, and T5A4, in that order. The tobacco leaves treated by 100 and 120 U·g-1 pectinase showed the most desirable and balanced result; whereas, those were exposed to the flavor protease or α-amylase did not fare well in all regards. A cluster analysis on the 42 treatment samples classified them into 4 categories showing similar chemical qualities when treated by a same enzyme.
2017, 32(6): 660-664.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.06.016
Abstract:
An ultrasound-assisted process was optimized for the extraction of flavonoids from Lysimachia patungensis. Factors including ethanol concentration, ultrasonic application time and power, as well as material:solvent ratio were investigated. Based upon the single factor tests, the extraction was subsequently optimized by orthogonal experiments. It was found that, when 90% ethanol was used in a 1:30 on the material:solvent ratio for a 30-minute extraction with the assistance of 420 w ultrasound, a maximized extraction rate on total flavonoids of 3.48% could be achieved.
An ultrasound-assisted process was optimized for the extraction of flavonoids from Lysimachia patungensis. Factors including ethanol concentration, ultrasonic application time and power, as well as material:solvent ratio were investigated. Based upon the single factor tests, the extraction was subsequently optimized by orthogonal experiments. It was found that, when 90% ethanol was used in a 1:30 on the material:solvent ratio for a 30-minute extraction with the assistance of 420 w ultrasound, a maximized extraction rate on total flavonoids of 3.48% could be achieved.
2017, 32(6): 665-669.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.06.017
Abstract:
Soil samples from selected locations at tobacco fields in Sanming, Fujian were collected for a study on the effects on the fertility, physical properties, and microbes in the soil after a land consolidation. The results showed that the contents of labile organic matters and available N, P and K, as well as active Pb and Cr, decreased significantly after the consolidation. The contents of labile organic matters and available Cu and Zn in the soil were rejuvenated to their original levels followed by a rice planting. The contents of available N, P and Fe would recover after two years with a rice and a tobacco planting. Available K increased largely after a season of tobacco planting, while active Pb and Cr took one rice planting for a recovery. The microbial population and diversity index of the soil decreased upon a land consolidation. The count on bacteria recuperated in a year; but, for fungi and actinomycetes, their numbers did not recover in 3 years. The percentage of the moisture-holding-aggregates in the soil decreased significantly, particularly for those with a diameter of 1 mm or larger but not for the smaller ones. The bulk density of the soil significantly increased, while the maximum moisture capacity and other physical characteristics decreased. In conclusion, after a land consolidation timely and adequate adjustments on the soil should be implemented to ensure a healthy recovery of the field for future planting.
Soil samples from selected locations at tobacco fields in Sanming, Fujian were collected for a study on the effects on the fertility, physical properties, and microbes in the soil after a land consolidation. The results showed that the contents of labile organic matters and available N, P and K, as well as active Pb and Cr, decreased significantly after the consolidation. The contents of labile organic matters and available Cu and Zn in the soil were rejuvenated to their original levels followed by a rice planting. The contents of available N, P and Fe would recover after two years with a rice and a tobacco planting. Available K increased largely after a season of tobacco planting, while active Pb and Cr took one rice planting for a recovery. The microbial population and diversity index of the soil decreased upon a land consolidation. The count on bacteria recuperated in a year; but, for fungi and actinomycetes, their numbers did not recover in 3 years. The percentage of the moisture-holding-aggregates in the soil decreased significantly, particularly for those with a diameter of 1 mm or larger but not for the smaller ones. The bulk density of the soil significantly increased, while the maximum moisture capacity and other physical characteristics decreased. In conclusion, after a land consolidation timely and adequate adjustments on the soil should be implemented to ensure a healthy recovery of the field for future planting.
2017, 32(6): 670-675.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.06.018
Abstract:
A mathematic model that can reliably simulate the growth of wheat would facilitate the management, production forecast and economic analysis for the farming operation. Thus, field experiments were conducted to generate data for establishing such a model. After winter dormancy and spring reviving, the growth (plant height) of 3 varieties of wheat, i.e., Hengguan 35 (Hg35), Jimai 22 (Jm22) and Heng 4399 (H4399), under varied nitrogen levels in relation to the effective accumulated atmosphere temperature during 2015-2016 was monitored. Subsequently, the logistic equations obtained were validated with data collected from separate experiments to show the plant height prediction by the models to be 0.01-2.72 cm on the absolute error, 0.4-1.26 cm on RMSE, 0.36-1.11cm on da, and 1.32%-3.46% on dap. It appeared that the models were accurate in simulating the growth of the 3 varieties of winter wheat. Based on the models, as well as relevant information gathered previously, virtual visualization of the morphology and dynamic growth process of the winter wheat was now realized.
A mathematic model that can reliably simulate the growth of wheat would facilitate the management, production forecast and economic analysis for the farming operation. Thus, field experiments were conducted to generate data for establishing such a model. After winter dormancy and spring reviving, the growth (plant height) of 3 varieties of wheat, i.e., Hengguan 35 (Hg35), Jimai 22 (Jm22) and Heng 4399 (H4399), under varied nitrogen levels in relation to the effective accumulated atmosphere temperature during 2015-2016 was monitored. Subsequently, the logistic equations obtained were validated with data collected from separate experiments to show the plant height prediction by the models to be 0.01-2.72 cm on the absolute error, 0.4-1.26 cm on RMSE, 0.36-1.11cm on da, and 1.32%-3.46% on dap. It appeared that the models were accurate in simulating the growth of the 3 varieties of winter wheat. Based on the models, as well as relevant information gathered previously, virtual visualization of the morphology and dynamic growth process of the winter wheat was now realized.
2017, 32(6): 676-684.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.06.019
Abstract:
To provide a reference for the government in drawing up the policy of leisure agriculture construction and industrial layout, the space configuration, balanced degree and distribution density were quantitatively calculated using the nearest neighbor index, variation coefficient, the grid dimension model and the nuclear density estimation; and the influence factors of spatial distribution were explored using vector data buffer method and correlation analysis, with 171 Fujian provincial leisure agriculture demonstration spots as samples. The results showed that 171 provincial leisure agriculture demonstration spots in Fujian province tended to be agglomeration and showed an aggregate distribution in the geographical space.The spatial distribution density of the demonstration spots shows obvious differentiation, and decreased from the southeast to the northwest of Fujian by four degrees.The distribution of leisure agriculture demonstration sites was largely affected by tourist, city, transport resources, mainly located near the tourist sites, around cities, and through the roads. Furthermore, correlation analysis results showed that the spatial distribution of Fujian leisure agriculture demonstration sites was positively correlated in medium level, with population structure, total GDP, numbers of private cars, and total output value of the tertiary industry, but not significantly correlated with urban Engel's coefficient and proportion of the primary industry. It indicated that the development of leisure agriculture was obviously correlated with regional comprehensive economic strength, but the characteristics of industry was not emphasized, which could be greatly improved. Consequently, for the development of leisure agriculture in Fujian, the following suggestions were proposed. Firstly, optimize resources allocation, strengthen industry agglomeration, and create core growth point; Secondly, develop according to location conditions, and cultivate brands to promote differentiation of development; Thirdly, enhance policy leading, and promote the coupling and coordinated development of industry; Lastly, improve service quality, and increase industry support to raise regional competition.
To provide a reference for the government in drawing up the policy of leisure agriculture construction and industrial layout, the space configuration, balanced degree and distribution density were quantitatively calculated using the nearest neighbor index, variation coefficient, the grid dimension model and the nuclear density estimation; and the influence factors of spatial distribution were explored using vector data buffer method and correlation analysis, with 171 Fujian provincial leisure agriculture demonstration spots as samples. The results showed that 171 provincial leisure agriculture demonstration spots in Fujian province tended to be agglomeration and showed an aggregate distribution in the geographical space.The spatial distribution density of the demonstration spots shows obvious differentiation, and decreased from the southeast to the northwest of Fujian by four degrees.The distribution of leisure agriculture demonstration sites was largely affected by tourist, city, transport resources, mainly located near the tourist sites, around cities, and through the roads. Furthermore, correlation analysis results showed that the spatial distribution of Fujian leisure agriculture demonstration sites was positively correlated in medium level, with population structure, total GDP, numbers of private cars, and total output value of the tertiary industry, but not significantly correlated with urban Engel's coefficient and proportion of the primary industry. It indicated that the development of leisure agriculture was obviously correlated with regional comprehensive economic strength, but the characteristics of industry was not emphasized, which could be greatly improved. Consequently, for the development of leisure agriculture in Fujian, the following suggestions were proposed. Firstly, optimize resources allocation, strengthen industry agglomeration, and create core growth point; Secondly, develop according to location conditions, and cultivate brands to promote differentiation of development; Thirdly, enhance policy leading, and promote the coupling and coordinated development of industry; Lastly, improve service quality, and increase industry support to raise regional competition.
2017, 32(6): 685-690.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.06.020
Abstract:
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) is rich in nutritive compositions, such as flavones and pectin. It is considered a functional ingredient that can reduce serum sugar and facilitate bowel movement for humans. Extracts of okra obtained by using hot water, acid or alkaline solution, or alcohol are natural, non-toxic and inexpensive for food, medicinal and environmental protection applications. Thus, the industry is developing rapidly in China in recent years. This article summarizes the current status on the processing technology and utilizations of the extracts as starch stabilizer, emulsifier, anti-bacteria nanoparticle, controlled drug release coating, and waste water treatment agent are presented. Proposals for future developments and strategies to overcome existing barriers concerning the extraction and utilization are discussed.
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) is rich in nutritive compositions, such as flavones and pectin. It is considered a functional ingredient that can reduce serum sugar and facilitate bowel movement for humans. Extracts of okra obtained by using hot water, acid or alkaline solution, or alcohol are natural, non-toxic and inexpensive for food, medicinal and environmental protection applications. Thus, the industry is developing rapidly in China in recent years. This article summarizes the current status on the processing technology and utilizations of the extracts as starch stabilizer, emulsifier, anti-bacteria nanoparticle, controlled drug release coating, and waste water treatment agent are presented. Proposals for future developments and strategies to overcome existing barriers concerning the extraction and utilization are discussed.
