2016 Vol. 31, No. 8
Display Method:
2016, 31(8): 791-796.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.08.001
Abstract:
In a mechanized farming experimentation, effects of stubble height of ratoon rice on the tiller growth and development of the subsequent generation of the crop were investigated. The following results were observed. (1) The ratoon tillers grew from germinated cauline axillary buds on the stubbles of the original rice plants. Therefore, the machine-cut, 12 cm-high stubbles lost the axillary buds in the 2nd and 3rd nodes from top. The effective ratooning tiller panicles in the new crop had to derive from the tillers of germinated axillary buds in the 4th and 5th nodes from top and their filial tillers. This resulted in a more effective formation of panicles and larger spikelet with late development and delayed maturity. (2) The machine-cutting that produced tall stubbles with a height of 35 cm caused the rice to grow into two distinctively different types. One of them had 70% of plant-to-row, whose stubbles retained the entire cauline axillary buds while the ratooning tillers had to depend mostly on the germinated axillary buds in the 2nd and 3rd nodes from top with few filial tillers.Thus, the new plants had less effective panicles, smaller spikelet, as well as earlier development and maturity than control. The other type had 30% of plant-to-row, whose stubbles suffered from mechanical damages in harvesting showing fractures on the slender parts about 15 cm above the ground. The devitalization of axillary buds in the 2nd and 3rd nodes from top appeared to drive the ratooning tiller panicles from tillers of the germinated axillary buds in the 4th and 5th nodes from top and their filial tillers. As a result, the new plants grew similarly to those of low stubbles with large spikelets, late development, and delayed maturity. The ripening of these two types of rice differed in 15 days that hindered synchronized harvesting. And, (3) the new ratoon rice shoots had 6 internodes each.Two basal internodes developed from axillary buds in the 4th and 5th nodes from top exhibiting the characteristics of being short, thick, sturdy, and(5±2)cm from ground up in height. On the other hand, the middle internodes from the axillary buds in the 2nd and 3rd nodes from top were slender and fragile with large bending moments, which made the plant susceptible to damages in harvest or by storm. It appeared that too shorta stubble would impair the axillary buds in the 4th and 5th nodes from top, while too tall would end up with plants with separate ripening stages.The optimal height of stubbles for mechanized farming was, consequently, determined to be 12-15 cm that allowed the retention of two basal internodes with a 5-8 cm protection section on each stubble.
In a mechanized farming experimentation, effects of stubble height of ratoon rice on the tiller growth and development of the subsequent generation of the crop were investigated. The following results were observed. (1) The ratoon tillers grew from germinated cauline axillary buds on the stubbles of the original rice plants. Therefore, the machine-cut, 12 cm-high stubbles lost the axillary buds in the 2nd and 3rd nodes from top. The effective ratooning tiller panicles in the new crop had to derive from the tillers of germinated axillary buds in the 4th and 5th nodes from top and their filial tillers. This resulted in a more effective formation of panicles and larger spikelet with late development and delayed maturity. (2) The machine-cutting that produced tall stubbles with a height of 35 cm caused the rice to grow into two distinctively different types. One of them had 70% of plant-to-row, whose stubbles retained the entire cauline axillary buds while the ratooning tillers had to depend mostly on the germinated axillary buds in the 2nd and 3rd nodes from top with few filial tillers.Thus, the new plants had less effective panicles, smaller spikelet, as well as earlier development and maturity than control. The other type had 30% of plant-to-row, whose stubbles suffered from mechanical damages in harvesting showing fractures on the slender parts about 15 cm above the ground. The devitalization of axillary buds in the 2nd and 3rd nodes from top appeared to drive the ratooning tiller panicles from tillers of the germinated axillary buds in the 4th and 5th nodes from top and their filial tillers. As a result, the new plants grew similarly to those of low stubbles with large spikelets, late development, and delayed maturity. The ripening of these two types of rice differed in 15 days that hindered synchronized harvesting. And, (3) the new ratoon rice shoots had 6 internodes each.Two basal internodes developed from axillary buds in the 4th and 5th nodes from top exhibiting the characteristics of being short, thick, sturdy, and(5±2)cm from ground up in height. On the other hand, the middle internodes from the axillary buds in the 2nd and 3rd nodes from top were slender and fragile with large bending moments, which made the plant susceptible to damages in harvest or by storm. It appeared that too shorta stubble would impair the axillary buds in the 4th and 5th nodes from top, while too tall would end up with plants with separate ripening stages.The optimal height of stubbles for mechanized farming was, consequently, determined to be 12-15 cm that allowed the retention of two basal internodes with a 5-8 cm protection section on each stubble.
2016, 31(8): 797-802.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.08.002
Abstract:
In order to enrich the potato germplasm resources in Fujian province and provide guidance for color potato breeding, agronomic characters and nutritional quality of 18 introduced color potato resources were evaluated and analyzed. The results showed the 18 germplasms were well-growing, with strong adaptability, good tuber shape and various color, which could meet the needs of new color potato variety breeding in Fujian.From the 18 resources, 4 varieties, Xinyihongpi, A2, H-8 and Red Roses, were among the best with better comprehensive evaluation results.
In order to enrich the potato germplasm resources in Fujian province and provide guidance for color potato breeding, agronomic characters and nutritional quality of 18 introduced color potato resources were evaluated and analyzed. The results showed the 18 germplasms were well-growing, with strong adaptability, good tuber shape and various color, which could meet the needs of new color potato variety breeding in Fujian.From the 18 resources, 4 varieties, Xinyihongpi, A2, H-8 and Red Roses, were among the best with better comprehensive evaluation results.
2016, 31(8): 803-809.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.08.003
Abstract:
Aimed to reduce high loss associated with the mechanized peanut harvesting, an L9 (34) orthogonal experiment was conducted. The design included the effects of(A) planting row spacing, (B) cropping pattern, (C) fertilization, and (D) top fertizer application on peanut output. Losses in the field due to the mechanical harvesting by using a Lianhe Harvesterwere recorded for comparison. The yields of peanut kernels in various treatmentsranked in the order of: A > C > B > D. The greatest average yield came from the combination of A2B3C1D2. However, based on the mean k values, A2B3C1D3 was the optimal combinationthat called forthe planting of Fuhua 8 on a sandy soil with the following conditions: a planting density of 270 000 plants·hm-2, 90 cm widecultivation strips (including a 30 cm gully), 55 cm widestrip surface, 33 cm spacing between rows, 7-19 cm combined alternating planting, pure N 52.5 kg·hm-2 fertilization for the entiregrowth stages (with a ratio of fertilizer of N:P2O5:K2O=1:1.2:0.8, P 100% basis fertilizer, N, K base fertilizer:top fertilizer=1:1), a top fertilization on strip edge 13 days after plant emergence, and alime-coating of 450 kg·hm-2 on leaf surfaces at blooming stage. The kernel loss in mechanized harvesting the peanut plants cultivated under the choice combination was 1/6 of the traditional equipotential isometric cultivation and 2/5 of the isometric staggered cultivation.
Aimed to reduce high loss associated with the mechanized peanut harvesting, an L9 (34) orthogonal experiment was conducted. The design included the effects of(A) planting row spacing, (B) cropping pattern, (C) fertilization, and (D) top fertizer application on peanut output. Losses in the field due to the mechanical harvesting by using a Lianhe Harvesterwere recorded for comparison. The yields of peanut kernels in various treatmentsranked in the order of: A > C > B > D. The greatest average yield came from the combination of A2B3C1D2. However, based on the mean k values, A2B3C1D3 was the optimal combinationthat called forthe planting of Fuhua 8 on a sandy soil with the following conditions: a planting density of 270 000 plants·hm-2, 90 cm widecultivation strips (including a 30 cm gully), 55 cm widestrip surface, 33 cm spacing between rows, 7-19 cm combined alternating planting, pure N 52.5 kg·hm-2 fertilization for the entiregrowth stages (with a ratio of fertilizer of N:P2O5:K2O=1:1.2:0.8, P 100% basis fertilizer, N, K base fertilizer:top fertilizer=1:1), a top fertilization on strip edge 13 days after plant emergence, and alime-coating of 450 kg·hm-2 on leaf surfaces at blooming stage. The kernel loss in mechanized harvesting the peanut plants cultivated under the choice combination was 1/6 of the traditional equipotential isometric cultivation and 2/5 of the isometric staggered cultivation.
2016, 31(8): 810-815.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.08.004
Abstract:
Eighteen potato cultivars and forty-seven strains were tested for their abilites to tolerate frost and freezing temperatures. Leaves freshly detached from the potato plants were exposed to low temperatures for electric conductivity measurement to derive the medium lethal temperatures, LT50, on each sample. As temperature was lowered, the relative electric conductivity of the potato leaves responded in a typical S function in a logistic equation. The LT50 obtained from the regression equation varied from -3.8℃ to -1℃. They significantly differed among different cultivars and stains. Based on LT50, cold resistances of the various potato cultivars and strains were predicted and clustered into 3 categories, sensitive, medium, and tolerant to freezing. Among them, the two cultivars and 4 strains most tolerant to freezing were preserved for breeding low-temperature resistant varieties in the future.
Eighteen potato cultivars and forty-seven strains were tested for their abilites to tolerate frost and freezing temperatures. Leaves freshly detached from the potato plants were exposed to low temperatures for electric conductivity measurement to derive the medium lethal temperatures, LT50, on each sample. As temperature was lowered, the relative electric conductivity of the potato leaves responded in a typical S function in a logistic equation. The LT50 obtained from the regression equation varied from -3.8℃ to -1℃. They significantly differed among different cultivars and stains. Based on LT50, cold resistances of the various potato cultivars and strains were predicted and clustered into 3 categories, sensitive, medium, and tolerant to freezing. Among them, the two cultivars and 4 strains most tolerant to freezing were preserved for breeding low-temperature resistant varieties in the future.
2016, 31(8): 816-819.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.08.005
Abstract:
Flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase(Nt3GT) gene of Narcissus tazetta var. Chinensis was cloned into the vector, pET29a, to construct prokaryotic expression recombinant plasmid, pET29a-NT3GT.The recombinant plasmid was transferred to E.coli BL21(DE3) to be induced by IPTG. Subsequently, the expression of the target protein was verified by SDS-PAGE. Then, pET29a-Nt3GT was successfully constructed, which induced the 55 kDa recombinant protein of Nt3GT in the prokaryotic expression system. Nt3GT was cloned, and its vector was constructed and induced to be expressed successfully by IPTG in BL21 providing a basis for theantiserum preparation and functional analysis in the future.
Flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase(Nt3GT) gene of Narcissus tazetta var. Chinensis was cloned into the vector, pET29a, to construct prokaryotic expression recombinant plasmid, pET29a-NT3GT.The recombinant plasmid was transferred to E.coli BL21(DE3) to be induced by IPTG. Subsequently, the expression of the target protein was verified by SDS-PAGE. Then, pET29a-Nt3GT was successfully constructed, which induced the 55 kDa recombinant protein of Nt3GT in the prokaryotic expression system. Nt3GT was cloned, and its vector was constructed and induced to be expressed successfully by IPTG in BL21 providing a basis for theantiserum preparation and functional analysis in the future.
2016, 31(8): 820-825.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.08.006
Abstract:
In this experiment, HOS1 promoter was cloned successfully from the 'Tianbao' banana, and was further bioinformatically predicted. The analysis results showed that the sequence similarity of HOS1 promoter was 92.43% between the Tianbao banana and the wild banana in Malaysia, and the Tianbao banana promoter contained 35 kinds of cis-elements, including a variety of types of phytohormone response cis-elements and cis-elements concerning abiotic stress, which suggested that there be a close relationship with cold stress response in Tianbao banana. Tianbao banana HOS1 promoter contained two CpG islands, which suggested it should also have a close relationship between cold stress response and methylation in Tianbao banana.
In this experiment, HOS1 promoter was cloned successfully from the 'Tianbao' banana, and was further bioinformatically predicted. The analysis results showed that the sequence similarity of HOS1 promoter was 92.43% between the Tianbao banana and the wild banana in Malaysia, and the Tianbao banana promoter contained 35 kinds of cis-elements, including a variety of types of phytohormone response cis-elements and cis-elements concerning abiotic stress, which suggested that there be a close relationship with cold stress response in Tianbao banana. Tianbao banana HOS1 promoter contained two CpG islands, which suggested it should also have a close relationship between cold stress response and methylation in Tianbao banana.
2016, 31(8): 826-832.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.08.007
Abstract:
The E3 ubiquitin ligase gene from Camellia sinensis cv.Tieguanyin tea plants were cloned and subjected to a bioinformatics analysis. Under varied drought conditions on the plants, the quantitative expressions of the gene was determined using qPCR. The gene sequence (GenBank accession number, KR819177) was found to be 1 138 bp long containing an open reading frame (ORF) of 810 bp and encoding 269 amino acids. The bioinformatics revealed that the ligase gene did not have a transmembrane or signal peptide but multiple phosphorylation sites, and that its subcellular cells located in the chloroplasts. Its nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences showed 51%, 50%, 50%, 50%, and 49% homology with the E3 ubiquitin ligase genes from Nicotiana sylvestris, Camelina sativa, Vitis vinifera, Tarenaya hassleriana, and Brassica rapa, respectively; while its conserved functional domains related to the translated protein sequences had a RING-finger structure. Consequently, it was preliminarily identified as the E3 ubiquitin ligase gene of C. sinensis cv. Tieguanyin. Subsequently, the qPCR analysis indicated that the transcript of this gene, when the tea plant was under varied drought stresses, was significantly more up-regulated than control. Hence, it was concluded that the previously identified RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase gene found in C.sinensis cv. Tieguanyin indeed involved in the drought response mechanism of the plant.
The E3 ubiquitin ligase gene from Camellia sinensis cv.Tieguanyin tea plants were cloned and subjected to a bioinformatics analysis. Under varied drought conditions on the plants, the quantitative expressions of the gene was determined using qPCR. The gene sequence (GenBank accession number, KR819177) was found to be 1 138 bp long containing an open reading frame (ORF) of 810 bp and encoding 269 amino acids. The bioinformatics revealed that the ligase gene did not have a transmembrane or signal peptide but multiple phosphorylation sites, and that its subcellular cells located in the chloroplasts. Its nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences showed 51%, 50%, 50%, 50%, and 49% homology with the E3 ubiquitin ligase genes from Nicotiana sylvestris, Camelina sativa, Vitis vinifera, Tarenaya hassleriana, and Brassica rapa, respectively; while its conserved functional domains related to the translated protein sequences had a RING-finger structure. Consequently, it was preliminarily identified as the E3 ubiquitin ligase gene of C. sinensis cv. Tieguanyin. Subsequently, the qPCR analysis indicated that the transcript of this gene, when the tea plant was under varied drought stresses, was significantly more up-regulated than control. Hence, it was concluded that the previously identified RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase gene found in C.sinensis cv. Tieguanyin indeed involved in the drought response mechanism of the plant.
2016, 31(8): 833-838.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.08.008
Abstract:
A diversity analysis based upon the rps16 sequence of chloroplast DNA for the wild Dendrobium officinale found in Taining, Fujian and other areas was conducted. The results indicated an average genetic distance among 75 species of Dendrobium to be 0.006 6, and 0.000 6 for those from Taining. There were 5 polymorphic sites (i.e., 25% of the total) detected in the 38 wild D. officinale from Taining. The maximal genetic distance calculated by K-2P was 0.003 4, indicating significant sequence variations and high diversities among the Taining species.In addition, among the 5 different types of rps16 sequence, T2, T65, and D5 were found only in D. officinale collected from Taining.
A diversity analysis based upon the rps16 sequence of chloroplast DNA for the wild Dendrobium officinale found in Taining, Fujian and other areas was conducted. The results indicated an average genetic distance among 75 species of Dendrobium to be 0.006 6, and 0.000 6 for those from Taining. There were 5 polymorphic sites (i.e., 25% of the total) detected in the 38 wild D. officinale from Taining. The maximal genetic distance calculated by K-2P was 0.003 4, indicating significant sequence variations and high diversities among the Taining species.In addition, among the 5 different types of rps16 sequence, T2, T65, and D5 were found only in D. officinale collected from Taining.
2016, 31(8): 839-843.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.08.009
Abstract:
Embryos of the orchidhdyridcrossed between Beallara Marfitch Howards Dream and Oncidium Sweet Sugar Million Dollar were usedas explants in a cultivation experimentation to study the effects of various growth regulators and organic additives on its germination, protocorm differentiation, and rooting, from the formations of embryos and protocorms to the development and transplantation of the plants. Aculture medium consisting of Hyponex, 6-BA 0.5 mg·L-1, NAA 0.1 mg·L-1, CM 150 g·L-1, AC 1.0 g·L-1, and sugar 20 g·L-1 provided an optimal relative embryo germination rate of 155.6% for the hybrid after 90-100 d of cultivation. In addition, the medium inhibited the protocorm proliferation, and thus, encouraged its differentiation subsequently. For the protocorm differentiation, a medium containing Hyponex, 6-BA 0.1 mg·L-1, NAA 0.1 mg·L-1, mashed potato 150 g·L-1, AC 1.0 g·L-1, and sugar 25 g·L-1 rendered asignificantly higher rate of 87.8% thanother media tested. The addition of mashed potatoes in the medium significantly increased the differentiation ratepromoting the seedling growth. Vigorously growing plantlets were, then, transferred to a medium containing Hyponex, NAA 0.2 mg·L-1, mashed potato 150 g·L-1, AC 1.5 g·L-1, and sugar 25 g·L-1 for a complete and well-developed rooting on the healthy and well-developed plantlets with 40 d of cultivation.After an initial adaptation period, the survival rate of the transplanted seedling sreached 91.7% on peat moss.
Embryos of the orchidhdyridcrossed between Beallara Marfitch Howards Dream and Oncidium Sweet Sugar Million Dollar were usedas explants in a cultivation experimentation to study the effects of various growth regulators and organic additives on its germination, protocorm differentiation, and rooting, from the formations of embryos and protocorms to the development and transplantation of the plants. Aculture medium consisting of Hyponex, 6-BA 0.5 mg·L-1, NAA 0.1 mg·L-1, CM 150 g·L-1, AC 1.0 g·L-1, and sugar 20 g·L-1 provided an optimal relative embryo germination rate of 155.6% for the hybrid after 90-100 d of cultivation. In addition, the medium inhibited the protocorm proliferation, and thus, encouraged its differentiation subsequently. For the protocorm differentiation, a medium containing Hyponex, 6-BA 0.1 mg·L-1, NAA 0.1 mg·L-1, mashed potato 150 g·L-1, AC 1.0 g·L-1, and sugar 25 g·L-1 rendered asignificantly higher rate of 87.8% thanother media tested. The addition of mashed potatoes in the medium significantly increased the differentiation ratepromoting the seedling growth. Vigorously growing plantlets were, then, transferred to a medium containing Hyponex, NAA 0.2 mg·L-1, mashed potato 150 g·L-1, AC 1.5 g·L-1, and sugar 25 g·L-1 for a complete and well-developed rooting on the healthy and well-developed plantlets with 40 d of cultivation.After an initial adaptation period, the survival rate of the transplanted seedling sreached 91.7% on peat moss.
2016, 31(8): 844-848.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.08.010
Abstract:
Eight Alysicarpus vaginalis germplasms exhibiting varied degrees of resistance to drought stress under natural conditions were collected from southern China for the study. Six indices, including the contents of moisture, chlorophyll, free proline, water soluble carbohydrates, and malondialdehyde, as well as the relative electric conductivity of the plant leaves, were used for a comprehensive evaluation on the drought-resistance of the germplasms based on their subordinate function values (SFVs). At the same time, the reliability of each index was determined by the ratio of individual average tototal SFV. The results ranked the abilitiesof the germplasms to resist drought stress in the order of: Changjiang Round > Zhanjiang Round > Haikou Pointed > Danzhou Pointed > Danzhou High > Danzhou Round > Haikou Round > Changjiang High. The reliabilities of the measurements on relative moisture content and electric conductivity were higher than those of the other indices used in the evaluation.
Eight Alysicarpus vaginalis germplasms exhibiting varied degrees of resistance to drought stress under natural conditions were collected from southern China for the study. Six indices, including the contents of moisture, chlorophyll, free proline, water soluble carbohydrates, and malondialdehyde, as well as the relative electric conductivity of the plant leaves, were used for a comprehensive evaluation on the drought-resistance of the germplasms based on their subordinate function values (SFVs). At the same time, the reliability of each index was determined by the ratio of individual average tototal SFV. The results ranked the abilitiesof the germplasms to resist drought stress in the order of: Changjiang Round > Zhanjiang Round > Haikou Pointed > Danzhou Pointed > Danzhou High > Danzhou Round > Haikou Round > Changjiang High. The reliabilities of the measurements on relative moisture content and electric conductivity were higher than those of the other indices used in the evaluation.
2016, 31(8): 849-852.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.08.011
Abstract:
The tolerances of 3 F1tilapia hybrids of Oreochromis niloticus(♀)×Oreochromis aureus(♂) to cold temperatures were studied.By artificially lowering the tank water temperature, the death rate, semi-lethal low temperature (LT50), and cumulative survival rate of the fish were monitored to determine the abilities of the F1 tilapia hybridsto survive in cold temperatures. There were significant differences in their cold tolerances among the 3 F1 hybrids. Aiao began to die soon after the water temperature was reduced to 9.6℃, ranging from 9.6℃ to 7.5℃. For Xiang'ao, the lethal temperature ranged from 9.4℃ to 6.7℃; and, it was 8.9℃ to 6.3℃ for Jiao tilapia. LT50 of Aiaowas 8.63℃; that of Xiang'ao, 8.23℃; and, that of Jiao, 7.60℃. It appeared that Jiao was a significantly more hardy tilapiathan either Aiao or Xiang'ao (P < 0.05).
The tolerances of 3 F1tilapia hybrids of Oreochromis niloticus(♀)×Oreochromis aureus(♂) to cold temperatures were studied.By artificially lowering the tank water temperature, the death rate, semi-lethal low temperature (LT50), and cumulative survival rate of the fish were monitored to determine the abilities of the F1 tilapia hybridsto survive in cold temperatures. There were significant differences in their cold tolerances among the 3 F1 hybrids. Aiao began to die soon after the water temperature was reduced to 9.6℃, ranging from 9.6℃ to 7.5℃. For Xiang'ao, the lethal temperature ranged from 9.4℃ to 6.7℃; and, it was 8.9℃ to 6.3℃ for Jiao tilapia. LT50 of Aiaowas 8.63℃; that of Xiang'ao, 8.23℃; and, that of Jiao, 7.60℃. It appeared that Jiao was a significantly more hardy tilapiathan either Aiao or Xiang'ao (P < 0.05).
2016, 31(8): 853-857.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.08.012
Abstract:
An HPLC methodology was developed for determining mequindox residues in the organs of eels.The analysis was conducted under the following conditions: SunFireTM C18 column (4.6 mm×150 mm, 3.5 μm) at 35℃, methanol:deionized water (v/v 40:60) for themobile phase with a flow rate of 0.8 mL·min-1, and 239 nm wavelength seton PDA detector for optical density measurements. With in the mequindox concentration range of 0.05-2.5 μg·mL-1, an excellent linear regression between the drug concentration and the peak area under curve was obtained with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.999.LODs of mequindox in the muscle, liver, kidney, and plasma from the eelswere 3 μg·kg-1, 15μg·kg-1, 15 μg·kg-1, and 15 μg·L-1, respectively. The average mequindox recovery rate of the method ranged from 76% to 90% with RSD (n=6) below 10%. It was, thus, concluded that the newly developed simple, rapidmethodology was highly sensitive and repeatable in detecting mequindox residuein the tissues of the eels.
An HPLC methodology was developed for determining mequindox residues in the organs of eels.The analysis was conducted under the following conditions: SunFireTM C18 column (4.6 mm×150 mm, 3.5 μm) at 35℃, methanol:deionized water (v/v 40:60) for themobile phase with a flow rate of 0.8 mL·min-1, and 239 nm wavelength seton PDA detector for optical density measurements. With in the mequindox concentration range of 0.05-2.5 μg·mL-1, an excellent linear regression between the drug concentration and the peak area under curve was obtained with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.999.LODs of mequindox in the muscle, liver, kidney, and plasma from the eelswere 3 μg·kg-1, 15μg·kg-1, 15 μg·kg-1, and 15 μg·L-1, respectively. The average mequindox recovery rate of the method ranged from 76% to 90% with RSD (n=6) below 10%. It was, thus, concluded that the newly developed simple, rapidmethodology was highly sensitive and repeatable in detecting mequindox residuein the tissues of the eels.
2016, 31(8): 858-862.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.08.013
Abstract:
Conditions to culture FJAT-1458, a bacterium that produces plant vaccine against the tomato bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, were optimized by asingle factor experiment. They were determined to be the use of an SPA medium containing peptone 5 g·L-1, sugar 20 g·L-1, KH2PO40.5 g·L-1, and MgSO40.25 g·L-1 at 30℃ with 35 mL of broth in a 250 mL shaking flask. Subsequently, in a 50 L fermentation tank, the fermentation was carried out and the process monitored. During the fermentation, the cell count on FJAT-1458 increased initially and followed by a gradual decline with a 4-stage growth period that included the adaptive (0-6 h), logarithmic (6-36 h), stationary (36-60 h), and decline phases (after 72 h). In addition, it was observed that(a) the pathogenicity indicator, attenuation index, of FJAT-1458 ranged from 0.832 to 0.855 showing no significant difference (P>0.05) throughout the entire process; (b) the pH of the fermentation broth increased from 7.23 to 8.78; (c) morphologically, the bacteria appeared to be(1.0-1.5)μm×(0.5-0.8)μm rods with a darkening color as the process proceeded; (d) the cellular secretion from the bacteria increased with time; and, (e) some of the bacterial cells deformed and lysed near the end of fermentation.
Conditions to culture FJAT-1458, a bacterium that produces plant vaccine against the tomato bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, were optimized by asingle factor experiment. They were determined to be the use of an SPA medium containing peptone 5 g·L-1, sugar 20 g·L-1, KH2PO40.5 g·L-1, and MgSO40.25 g·L-1 at 30℃ with 35 mL of broth in a 250 mL shaking flask. Subsequently, in a 50 L fermentation tank, the fermentation was carried out and the process monitored. During the fermentation, the cell count on FJAT-1458 increased initially and followed by a gradual decline with a 4-stage growth period that included the adaptive (0-6 h), logarithmic (6-36 h), stationary (36-60 h), and decline phases (after 72 h). In addition, it was observed that(a) the pathogenicity indicator, attenuation index, of FJAT-1458 ranged from 0.832 to 0.855 showing no significant difference (P>0.05) throughout the entire process; (b) the pH of the fermentation broth increased from 7.23 to 8.78; (c) morphologically, the bacteria appeared to be(1.0-1.5)μm×(0.5-0.8)μm rods with a darkening color as the process proceeded; (d) the cellular secretion from the bacteria increased with time; and, (e) some of the bacterial cells deformed and lysed near the end of fermentation.
2016, 31(8): 863-868.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.08.014
Abstract:
Bensulfuron-methyl (BSM) is a kind of herbicide of low toxicity, high efficiency and safety, but the residue of herbicide still can cause hazardous to succeeding crops in the field due to the intensive utilization. It was analyzed in this research that the effects brought by some kinds of plant growth regulators on the tobaccos affected by the residue of BSM, and the time of symptom-emergency, the growth vigor as well as the growth-recovering were compared between different treated and control groups. Symptoms caused by BSM on tobaccos cannot prevented by variety kinds of plant regulators and inhibitors i.e. jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM), diethyldithiocarbamic acid (DIECA). However, SA can improve the growth of affected plants, and the ratio of recovered herbicide-treated plants sprayed with SA was the highest. To the contrast, the growth of the herbicide-treated group couldn't gain any improvement sprayed with SHAM and DIECA, which was even weaker than the herbicide-treated tobaccos sprayed with solutions, and the recovered ratio was zero. Thus we found that SA can improve the growth of the plants suffered from the residue problem brought by BSM significantly. But the method of SA-application should be improved to gain a better results.
Bensulfuron-methyl (BSM) is a kind of herbicide of low toxicity, high efficiency and safety, but the residue of herbicide still can cause hazardous to succeeding crops in the field due to the intensive utilization. It was analyzed in this research that the effects brought by some kinds of plant growth regulators on the tobaccos affected by the residue of BSM, and the time of symptom-emergency, the growth vigor as well as the growth-recovering were compared between different treated and control groups. Symptoms caused by BSM on tobaccos cannot prevented by variety kinds of plant regulators and inhibitors i.e. jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM), diethyldithiocarbamic acid (DIECA). However, SA can improve the growth of affected plants, and the ratio of recovered herbicide-treated plants sprayed with SA was the highest. To the contrast, the growth of the herbicide-treated group couldn't gain any improvement sprayed with SHAM and DIECA, which was even weaker than the herbicide-treated tobaccos sprayed with solutions, and the recovered ratio was zero. Thus we found that SA can improve the growth of the plants suffered from the residue problem brought by BSM significantly. But the method of SA-application should be improved to gain a better results.
2016, 31(8): 869-875.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.08.015
Abstract:
To search for a high catalase-producing bacteria strain, field samples and lab collections were screened. FZSF02 was initially selected and subjected to morphological examinations and 16S rRNA sequencing.It was identified to be a strain of Serratia marcescens. Subsequently, various carbon and nitrogen sources, mineral salts, and fermentation conditions to maximize the catalase production of the bacteria were experimented and optimized. It was found that a medium consisting of 1% soy peptone, 0.5% lactose, and 0.2% NaCl applied for the fermentation at 31℃ with a constant shaking at 180rpm for 48 h could yield the enzyme at the highest level of 6 380 U·mL-1 among all tested conditions. The yield was 7.4 times of what was without the optimization. The peak activity of the obtained crude catalase was determined to reach at 60℃ and pH 8.0.The enzyme could potentially be applied for treating hydrogen peroxide pollutionin waste water effluent.
To search for a high catalase-producing bacteria strain, field samples and lab collections were screened. FZSF02 was initially selected and subjected to morphological examinations and 16S rRNA sequencing.It was identified to be a strain of Serratia marcescens. Subsequently, various carbon and nitrogen sources, mineral salts, and fermentation conditions to maximize the catalase production of the bacteria were experimented and optimized. It was found that a medium consisting of 1% soy peptone, 0.5% lactose, and 0.2% NaCl applied for the fermentation at 31℃ with a constant shaking at 180rpm for 48 h could yield the enzyme at the highest level of 6 380 U·mL-1 among all tested conditions. The yield was 7.4 times of what was without the optimization. The peak activity of the obtained crude catalase was determined to reach at 60℃ and pH 8.0.The enzyme could potentially be applied for treating hydrogen peroxide pollutionin waste water effluent.
2016, 31(8): 876-880.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.08.016
Abstract:
Pot experiments were conducted to investigate effect of the exudates from roots of ryegrass (Lolium multiforum) on microbial degradation of organochlorine pesticide(OCP) residues in rhizospheric soil. The results showed that, within the tested concentrations of 0-343.61 mg·kg-1, the exudates exhibited a significant enhancement on OCPs degradation in the soil. And, the highest OCPs removal rate at 77.57% was achieved when the root exudates were added in the presence of rhizospheric microbes; whereas, without the exudates, the removal rate was merely 33.49%, and it was 58.16% in the soil spiked with 0.05% NaN3 to suppress the microbial effect.Furthermore, under a same level of the pesticide stress, the microflora population increased with increasing exudates concentration in the soil suggesting that phytoremediation of the ryegrass under stress might also encourage the growth and metabolism of the rhizospheric microbes leading to the improved OCPs degradation.
Pot experiments were conducted to investigate effect of the exudates from roots of ryegrass (Lolium multiforum) on microbial degradation of organochlorine pesticide(OCP) residues in rhizospheric soil. The results showed that, within the tested concentrations of 0-343.61 mg·kg-1, the exudates exhibited a significant enhancement on OCPs degradation in the soil. And, the highest OCPs removal rate at 77.57% was achieved when the root exudates were added in the presence of rhizospheric microbes; whereas, without the exudates, the removal rate was merely 33.49%, and it was 58.16% in the soil spiked with 0.05% NaN3 to suppress the microbial effect.Furthermore, under a same level of the pesticide stress, the microflora population increased with increasing exudates concentration in the soil suggesting that phytoremediation of the ryegrass under stress might also encourage the growth and metabolism of the rhizospheric microbes leading to the improved OCPs degradation.
2016, 31(8): 881-885.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.08.017
Abstract:
Testing conditions for the omethoate determination byHPLC were optimized to be: Inertsil QDS-SP (4.6*250 μm) at 25℃, an injection of 20μL methanol/water (V/V=10/90) as mobile phase ata flow rate of 1.0 mL·min-1, and the wave length of 210 nm for ultraviolet detection. A high recovery rate was achieved by using anextraction column with acetone/acetonitrile (V/V=1/3) as the eluting agent. A linear calibration curve for the omethoate concentrations in the range of 0.1-10μg·mL-1(R2=0.9992) with a minimal detection limit of 0.1 μg·mL-1 was established. Acetone and ethyl acetate were used as the solvents in the oscillation extraction. The recovery rate of omethoate in the soil samples ranged from 70% to 120% with a relative deviation of 2.08%-8.08%, which was within the requirements for pesticide residue analysis. It appeared that the newly developed HPLC methodology was appropriate for detecting omethoate residues in soil.
Testing conditions for the omethoate determination byHPLC were optimized to be: Inertsil QDS-SP (4.6*250 μm) at 25℃, an injection of 20μL methanol/water (V/V=10/90) as mobile phase ata flow rate of 1.0 mL·min-1, and the wave length of 210 nm for ultraviolet detection. A high recovery rate was achieved by using anextraction column with acetone/acetonitrile (V/V=1/3) as the eluting agent. A linear calibration curve for the omethoate concentrations in the range of 0.1-10μg·mL-1(R2=0.9992) with a minimal detection limit of 0.1 μg·mL-1 was established. Acetone and ethyl acetate were used as the solvents in the oscillation extraction. The recovery rate of omethoate in the soil samples ranged from 70% to 120% with a relative deviation of 2.08%-8.08%, which was within the requirements for pesticide residue analysis. It appeared that the newly developed HPLC methodology was appropriate for detecting omethoate residues in soil.
2016, 31(8): 886-891.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.08.018
Abstract:
To effectively remove the bitter taste (e.g., from substances such as naringin and limonin) while retaining nutrients (e.g., vitamin C) in Guanxi pomelo juice, an enzymatic process was investigated. The enzymeaddition, reaction temperature, treatment time, and juicepH of the process were optimized by a single factor and orthogonal array design experiment. The results indicated that by using 0.8 g·L-1 of naringinase in thepomelo juice at itsnatural pH and 45℃ for 1 h, the removal ratesup to 90.25% on naringin and 87.09% on limonin could be achieved, while the loss on vitamin Cminimized to 11.33%.
To effectively remove the bitter taste (e.g., from substances such as naringin and limonin) while retaining nutrients (e.g., vitamin C) in Guanxi pomelo juice, an enzymatic process was investigated. The enzymeaddition, reaction temperature, treatment time, and juicepH of the process were optimized by a single factor and orthogonal array design experiment. The results indicated that by using 0.8 g·L-1 of naringinase in thepomelo juice at itsnatural pH and 45℃ for 1 h, the removal ratesup to 90.25% on naringin and 87.09% on limonin could be achieved, while the loss on vitamin Cminimized to 11.33%.
2016, 31(8): 892-896.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.08.019
Abstract:
Effects of different solid-to-liquid ratio, extraction temperature and extraction time on the saccharification ability of enzyme extraction of Qu of Fujian rice wine were studied; at the same time, iodometric method, DNS method and Fehling reagent method were compared; and the saccharification ability of Qu of Fujian rice wine were tested and verified. In conclusion, the optimal extraction conditions of saccharifying enzyme: the solid-to-liquid ratio (m/V) of 1 g: 25 mL, the powder of Qu of Fujian rice wine solved in buffer solution and shaked immediately, detected the filtrate. Both methods method could be applied in the determination of saccharification ability in Hongqu glutinous rice wine, and there was no statistical difference. Iodometric method could be selected if it is small sample quantity; DNS method could be selected if it is big sample quantity. During Hongquglutinous rice winetest and verify, the result of detectionpaint a similar picture withthe wine yield.
Effects of different solid-to-liquid ratio, extraction temperature and extraction time on the saccharification ability of enzyme extraction of Qu of Fujian rice wine were studied; at the same time, iodometric method, DNS method and Fehling reagent method were compared; and the saccharification ability of Qu of Fujian rice wine were tested and verified. In conclusion, the optimal extraction conditions of saccharifying enzyme: the solid-to-liquid ratio (m/V) of 1 g: 25 mL, the powder of Qu of Fujian rice wine solved in buffer solution and shaked immediately, detected the filtrate. Both methods method could be applied in the determination of saccharification ability in Hongqu glutinous rice wine, and there was no statistical difference. Iodometric method could be selected if it is small sample quantity; DNS method could be selected if it is big sample quantity. During Hongquglutinous rice winetest and verify, the result of detectionpaint a similar picture withthe wine yield.
2016, 31(8): 897-902.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.08.020
Abstract:
The modern agriculture is the direction of agricultural development in China. It is a dynamic process of change, and its connotation and standards of measurement are different in different periods. According to the requirement at the present stage, the evaluation index system of modern agricultural development is built from 18 indicators in 4 aspects including the agricultural input level, agricultural output level, social development level and sustainable development level, and then the analytic hierarchy processis used to evaluate, by taking Ningde City in Fujian Province as an example. The evaluation results show that the development index (F) of modern agriculture in Ningde City is 0.195 795, which is still in the stage of preparation and the modern agricultural development level is not high. From four level of second indicators, the indicator of agricultural output level has the most advantage and the index value is 0.098 858, then sustainable development level is second and the index value is 0.048 573. The agricultural input level and social economic development is low and their index values are only 0.021 902 and 0.026 463. The results match with the actual level of Ningde City. In the future period of process, Ningde City should strengthen the investment, improve the sustainable development level and economic development level in the basis of resource advantages.
The modern agriculture is the direction of agricultural development in China. It is a dynamic process of change, and its connotation and standards of measurement are different in different periods. According to the requirement at the present stage, the evaluation index system of modern agricultural development is built from 18 indicators in 4 aspects including the agricultural input level, agricultural output level, social development level and sustainable development level, and then the analytic hierarchy processis used to evaluate, by taking Ningde City in Fujian Province as an example. The evaluation results show that the development index (F) of modern agriculture in Ningde City is 0.195 795, which is still in the stage of preparation and the modern agricultural development level is not high. From four level of second indicators, the indicator of agricultural output level has the most advantage and the index value is 0.098 858, then sustainable development level is second and the index value is 0.048 573. The agricultural input level and social economic development is low and their index values are only 0.021 902 and 0.026 463. The results match with the actual level of Ningde City. In the future period of process, Ningde City should strengthen the investment, improve the sustainable development level and economic development level in the basis of resource advantages.
