2016 Vol. 31, No. 6
Display Method:
2016, 31(6): 553-559.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.06.001
Abstract:
The rice Pik locus that contains multiple blast resistance genes, such as Pi-k, Pi-km, Pi-kp, Pi1 and Pi-kh, has great utilization value in rice breeding for blast resistance in China. In the present study, we investigated the genotypes at the Pik locus in 229 rice cultivars and important breeding materials. Based on PCR amplification using K- and N-type specific primer sets, 80 accessions were identified harboring the K1K2 haplotypes. The 80 K1K2 accessions were further accessed for the presence of Pi-k, Pi-kp and Pi1 using allele-specific markers in combination with sequencing identification of allele-specific SNPs. Heidao and Jinghu B were identified harboring the Pi-k resistance allele, and Ruanmigu and Enhui 99-64 were identified harboring Pi-kp and Pi1, respectively. In addition, an elite indica restorer line Minhui 3301 was identified harboring the K1K2 haplotypes. Allele-specific marker analysis and sequencing data revealed that the sequence of Minhui 3301 at Pik locus differs from the sequences of Pi-k, Pi-km, Pi-kp, Pi1 and Pi-kh, suggesting that Minhui 3301 might possess a new allelic gene at the Pik locus. In summary, we validated the distribution of the K1K2 haplotypes at the Pik loucs in 229 rice accessions. Our results provide a wealthy of information for developing and deploying resistant cultivars to control rice blast disease.
The rice Pik locus that contains multiple blast resistance genes, such as Pi-k, Pi-km, Pi-kp, Pi1 and Pi-kh, has great utilization value in rice breeding for blast resistance in China. In the present study, we investigated the genotypes at the Pik locus in 229 rice cultivars and important breeding materials. Based on PCR amplification using K- and N-type specific primer sets, 80 accessions were identified harboring the K1K2 haplotypes. The 80 K1K2 accessions were further accessed for the presence of Pi-k, Pi-kp and Pi1 using allele-specific markers in combination with sequencing identification of allele-specific SNPs. Heidao and Jinghu B were identified harboring the Pi-k resistance allele, and Ruanmigu and Enhui 99-64 were identified harboring Pi-kp and Pi1, respectively. In addition, an elite indica restorer line Minhui 3301 was identified harboring the K1K2 haplotypes. Allele-specific marker analysis and sequencing data revealed that the sequence of Minhui 3301 at Pik locus differs from the sequences of Pi-k, Pi-km, Pi-kp, Pi1 and Pi-kh, suggesting that Minhui 3301 might possess a new allelic gene at the Pik locus. In summary, we validated the distribution of the K1K2 haplotypes at the Pik loucs in 229 rice accessions. Our results provide a wealthy of information for developing and deploying resistant cultivars to control rice blast disease.
Effect of the Antioxidant Dfense Sstem of Perinereis aibuhitensis Exposed toTetrabromodiphenyl Ether
2016, 31(6): 560-565.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.06.002
Abstract:
Perinereis aibuhitensis is used as biological subject in acute toxicity test, for determining the 96 h-LC50 of tetrabromodiphenyl ether(BDE-47).On this basis, the activities of SOD,CAT,GST,GPx and the contents of GSH, MDA of the antioxidant defense system of Perinereis aibuhitensis exposed to 0,2,4,8 mgL-1 of BDE-47 pollutants were determined. The results were as follows:the 96h-LC50 of BDE-47 to Perinereis aibuhitensis was 31.24 mgL-1.Compared with the control group, the content of GSH and activities of GST and CAT had basically no significant change, only the GST activity of 8 mgL-1 group was significantly higher (P0.01) on 14 th day.The GPx activity of 4 mgL-1 group was significantly higher (P0.05) on 1 th day, and 2 mgL-1 group showed the increasing trend during the 7 th to 14 th day.On 1 th day, the SOD activity of the 4 mgL-1and 8 mgL-1 groups significantly decreased (P0.05).Overall, during the period of 1-7 d, SOD activity of the 2 mgL-1, 4 mgL-1groups were induced to rise. On 14 th day, SOD activity in 4 mgL-1, 8 mgL-1 groups were significant (P0.05) and significantly (P0.01) inhibited respectively. The MDA content of all the treatment groups were induced to increase (P0.05), and 4 mgL-1 group significantly increased (P0.01) on 1 th day. There was no significant change in the content of MDA of the treatment groups during the exposure period of 4-14 th day, only 8 mgL-1 group was significantly higher (P0.05) on 7 th day.In conclusion:the content of MDA and activity of SOD of the antioxidant defense system of Perinereis aibuhitensis had significant changes at the early exposure stage (P0.05), which could be used as potential biomarkers.
Perinereis aibuhitensis is used as biological subject in acute toxicity test, for determining the 96 h-LC50 of tetrabromodiphenyl ether(BDE-47).On this basis, the activities of SOD,CAT,GST,GPx and the contents of GSH, MDA of the antioxidant defense system of Perinereis aibuhitensis exposed to 0,2,4,8 mgL-1 of BDE-47 pollutants were determined. The results were as follows:the 96h-LC50 of BDE-47 to Perinereis aibuhitensis was 31.24 mgL-1.Compared with the control group, the content of GSH and activities of GST and CAT had basically no significant change, only the GST activity of 8 mgL-1 group was significantly higher (P0.01) on 14 th day.The GPx activity of 4 mgL-1 group was significantly higher (P0.05) on 1 th day, and 2 mgL-1 group showed the increasing trend during the 7 th to 14 th day.On 1 th day, the SOD activity of the 4 mgL-1and 8 mgL-1 groups significantly decreased (P0.05).Overall, during the period of 1-7 d, SOD activity of the 2 mgL-1, 4 mgL-1groups were induced to rise. On 14 th day, SOD activity in 4 mgL-1, 8 mgL-1 groups were significant (P0.05) and significantly (P0.01) inhibited respectively. The MDA content of all the treatment groups were induced to increase (P0.05), and 4 mgL-1 group significantly increased (P0.01) on 1 th day. There was no significant change in the content of MDA of the treatment groups during the exposure period of 4-14 th day, only 8 mgL-1 group was significantly higher (P0.05) on 7 th day.In conclusion:the content of MDA and activity of SOD of the antioxidant defense system of Perinereis aibuhitensis had significant changes at the early exposure stage (P0.05), which could be used as potential biomarkers.
2016, 31(6): 566-574.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.06.003
Abstract:
Correlations among the habitat conditions, diversity of fish species, and human activities were studied using the data collected from 6 locations on the mid- and upper-streams of Tingjiang River in February, May, July, and October from 2012 to 2013. The results showed that the 71 fishes caught belonged to 4 orders, 15 families, and 54 genera. They included the provincial protected species, such as Mastacembelus armatus, the endemic species,Pseudogastromyzon fasciatus, Pseudogastromyzon cheni, Crossostoma stigmata and Crossostoma fascicauda, and the dominant species,Zacco platypus, Pseudobagrus fulvidraco, and Gnathopogon argentatus, along with 12 commonly found species.Based onthe one-way ANOVA, the Shannon-Wiener indices on samples collected from the 6 locations varied significantly.The indices for fish caught at Xinqiao were higher than other localities, with significant seasonal variations. The canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated that the determining factors on the composition and distribution of the fishes in the two sections of the river were water temperature and human activities, while the substrates on the river bed, changes of river channel, stability of bankment, vegetation,as well as the total nitrogen content and permanganate index of the water,also contributed significantly to the diversity and distribution. The human activities along the river not only altered the composition of fish, such as the reduction on the migrotory and endemically specialized species and the increase on the invasive and tolerant species, but also decreased the diversity in the mid- and upper-streams of the Tingjiang River.
Correlations among the habitat conditions, diversity of fish species, and human activities were studied using the data collected from 6 locations on the mid- and upper-streams of Tingjiang River in February, May, July, and October from 2012 to 2013. The results showed that the 71 fishes caught belonged to 4 orders, 15 families, and 54 genera. They included the provincial protected species, such as Mastacembelus armatus, the endemic species,Pseudogastromyzon fasciatus, Pseudogastromyzon cheni, Crossostoma stigmata and Crossostoma fascicauda, and the dominant species,Zacco platypus, Pseudobagrus fulvidraco, and Gnathopogon argentatus, along with 12 commonly found species.Based onthe one-way ANOVA, the Shannon-Wiener indices on samples collected from the 6 locations varied significantly.The indices for fish caught at Xinqiao were higher than other localities, with significant seasonal variations. The canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated that the determining factors on the composition and distribution of the fishes in the two sections of the river were water temperature and human activities, while the substrates on the river bed, changes of river channel, stability of bankment, vegetation,as well as the total nitrogen content and permanganate index of the water,also contributed significantly to the diversity and distribution. The human activities along the river not only altered the composition of fish, such as the reduction on the migrotory and endemically specialized species and the increase on the invasive and tolerant species, but also decreased the diversity in the mid- and upper-streams of the Tingjiang River.
2016, 31(6): 575-579.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.06.004
Abstract:
This investigation aimed to determine the source and status on the helminthic infection on the goats of different ages in Fujian. Autopsies on 221 infection cases submitted by agents in various regions were performed. Complete anatomics in helminthology were used to obtain the morphological identification for the helminths, and statistics conducted on different age groups of the diseased goats for classification. The results indicated that, 194 out of the 221 cases were tested positive with the infection, at a rate of 87.78%. The percentages of infecting parasites were 28.05% of trematode, 33.48% of cestode, and 76.92% of nematode. Infections by two or more of helminths were detected in some cases. The major trematodes,Paramphistomum, Fasciola, Eurytrem, and Ogmocotyle, were found in 17.65%, 9.50%, 6.79%, and 5.43%, respectively, of the cases. The major cestodes,Moniezia in 28.05% and Cysticercus tenuicollis in 6.33% cases. The major nematodes, Haemonchus contortus, Oesophagostomum asperum,and Trichostrongylus, were detected in 65.61%, 27.60%, and 5.88%, respectively, of the cases. The species as well as the detection rates of the infecting parasites varied among the age groups of the goasts. It appeared that a sizable variety of goat helminths existed in Fujian. Consequently, information on the region where the diseased goats are raised and the age of them would be necessary in order for an effective control measure witha specific treatment.
This investigation aimed to determine the source and status on the helminthic infection on the goats of different ages in Fujian. Autopsies on 221 infection cases submitted by agents in various regions were performed. Complete anatomics in helminthology were used to obtain the morphological identification for the helminths, and statistics conducted on different age groups of the diseased goats for classification. The results indicated that, 194 out of the 221 cases were tested positive with the infection, at a rate of 87.78%. The percentages of infecting parasites were 28.05% of trematode, 33.48% of cestode, and 76.92% of nematode. Infections by two or more of helminths were detected in some cases. The major trematodes,Paramphistomum, Fasciola, Eurytrem, and Ogmocotyle, were found in 17.65%, 9.50%, 6.79%, and 5.43%, respectively, of the cases. The major cestodes,Moniezia in 28.05% and Cysticercus tenuicollis in 6.33% cases. The major nematodes, Haemonchus contortus, Oesophagostomum asperum,and Trichostrongylus, were detected in 65.61%, 27.60%, and 5.88%, respectively, of the cases. The species as well as the detection rates of the infecting parasites varied among the age groups of the goasts. It appeared that a sizable variety of goat helminths existed in Fujian. Consequently, information on the region where the diseased goats are raised and the age of them would be necessary in order for an effective control measure witha specific treatment.
2016, 31(6): 580-585.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.06.005
Abstract:
Effects of peptide meal made from feathers in the feed on the growth, body composition, and digestive enzymes of the darkbarbel catfish, Pelteobagrus vachelli, were studied. Triplicate groups of 30 fish with an averaging weight of 25(2 gin each group were randomly selected to be fed ondiets formulated with the addition of 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20% of the peptide meal for 60 days. The results showed that(1) the peptide meal significantly affected the weight gain rate(WGR), specific growth rate(SGR), and total feed intake(TFI) on the fish (P0.05); (2) a 10% addition of the meal in the feed was determined to be appropriatefora diet that produced a WGR of 117.48% on the fish; (3) the WGR and SGR of the fish decreased significantly when the meal addition increased to 15% or 20%; (4) with increasing amount of the peptide meal, the feed conversation ratio increased gradually; (5)no significant differences were found among all groups on the muscle moisture, lipid, protein,or ash content on the fish fed on diet with 20% peptide meal addition (P0.05); (6)the trypsinactivity in thehepatopancreas of the fishsignificantly increased with increasing meal addition (P0.05), but no significant differences were found between 5% meal addition and control; (7) the trypsin activities in the intestine and hepatopancreas showed a similar trend, however, the ratio of intestinal trypsin/hepatopancreatic trypsinsignificantly decreased at 15% meal addition; (8) no significant differences was observedon the amylase activities among all groups (P0.05); (9) at 5% meal addition, the lipase activity in the intestine or hepatopancreas of the fish was lowest among all groups (P0.05); (10)with a 10% meal addition, there was no significant differenceobserved in the intestinal lipase activity, and the hepatopancreatic lipase activityremain same as control up to 15% of the meal addition; (11)the pepsin activities in the stomach of the fishfed with different diets were significant higher than control, and the 15% and 20% meal addition were higher than 5%, while 10% addition was higher than control (P0.05); (12)no significant differences were evidenton the stomach pepsin activities in the hepatopancreas of the fish from all groups. It appeared that a 10% addition of the feather peptide meal to the basal diet could be satisfactorily applied for feeding juvenile darkbarbel catfish.
Effects of peptide meal made from feathers in the feed on the growth, body composition, and digestive enzymes of the darkbarbel catfish, Pelteobagrus vachelli, were studied. Triplicate groups of 30 fish with an averaging weight of 25(2 gin each group were randomly selected to be fed ondiets formulated with the addition of 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20% of the peptide meal for 60 days. The results showed that(1) the peptide meal significantly affected the weight gain rate(WGR), specific growth rate(SGR), and total feed intake(TFI) on the fish (P0.05); (2) a 10% addition of the meal in the feed was determined to be appropriatefora diet that produced a WGR of 117.48% on the fish; (3) the WGR and SGR of the fish decreased significantly when the meal addition increased to 15% or 20%; (4) with increasing amount of the peptide meal, the feed conversation ratio increased gradually; (5)no significant differences were found among all groups on the muscle moisture, lipid, protein,or ash content on the fish fed on diet with 20% peptide meal addition (P0.05); (6)the trypsinactivity in thehepatopancreas of the fishsignificantly increased with increasing meal addition (P0.05), but no significant differences were found between 5% meal addition and control; (7) the trypsin activities in the intestine and hepatopancreas showed a similar trend, however, the ratio of intestinal trypsin/hepatopancreatic trypsinsignificantly decreased at 15% meal addition; (8) no significant differences was observedon the amylase activities among all groups (P0.05); (9) at 5% meal addition, the lipase activity in the intestine or hepatopancreas of the fish was lowest among all groups (P0.05); (10)with a 10% meal addition, there was no significant differenceobserved in the intestinal lipase activity, and the hepatopancreatic lipase activityremain same as control up to 15% of the meal addition; (11)the pepsin activities in the stomach of the fishfed with different diets were significant higher than control, and the 15% and 20% meal addition were higher than 5%, while 10% addition was higher than control (P0.05); (12)no significant differences were evidenton the stomach pepsin activities in the hepatopancreas of the fish from all groups. It appeared that a 10% addition of the feather peptide meal to the basal diet could be satisfactorily applied for feeding juvenile darkbarbel catfish.
2016, 31(6): 586-590.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.06.006
Abstract:
Effects of soil type on the physiological characteristics, yield, and quality of cucumbers were studied. Saline-alkali, black, and meadow chernozem soils were used for the comparison. The results showed that the contents of nitrate, chlorophyll, and sucrose in the cucumber leaves, the activity of nitrate reductase, CAT, and SOD, as well as the yield and quality of cucumbers increased when they were gorwn on the black or meadow chernozem soil, as compared to the saline-alkali soil. Thus, the black and meadow chernozem soils would be more desirable than the saline-alkali counterpart for the cultivation of cucumbers with high yields.
Effects of soil type on the physiological characteristics, yield, and quality of cucumbers were studied. Saline-alkali, black, and meadow chernozem soils were used for the comparison. The results showed that the contents of nitrate, chlorophyll, and sucrose in the cucumber leaves, the activity of nitrate reductase, CAT, and SOD, as well as the yield and quality of cucumbers increased when they were gorwn on the black or meadow chernozem soil, as compared to the saline-alkali soil. Thus, the black and meadow chernozem soils would be more desirable than the saline-alkali counterpart for the cultivation of cucumbers with high yields.
2016, 31(6): 591-595.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.06.007
Abstract:
Effect of varied concentrations(i.e.,0, 0.5, 2, 4, 8, and 25 mgL-1) of cadmium (Cd) on the membrane lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), non-protein sulfydryl (NPT), and glutathione (GSH)in the roots of daffodil, Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis, were studied with a hydroponic culture. The study aimed to gain information for the cultivation, as well as selection of appropriate phytoremediation on the heavy metal stresses for the plants.It was found that (a) the content of root malondialdehyde (MDA) increased as Cd concentration increased; (b) at 4-25 mgL-1, Cd induced a significant increase on hydrogen peroxidein the roots; (c) as Cd concentration increased, SOD activity decreased initially and followed by an increase,while POD decreased continuously with a significantly lower level than that of control when Cd concentration reached 4-25 mgL-1; (d) GSH greatly increased with 8-25 mgL-1 Cd, while NPT drastically decreased with the presence of 0.5 mgL-1 or 25 mgL-1 Cd. It appeared that, even at low level, Cd already imposed oxidative stress on daffodil. As Cd concentration increased, the stress worsened. Underprolonged Cd stress, the anti-oxidation enzymatic activity was suppressed resulting in a lowered capacity of the plants to resist the stress. On the other hand,when encountered high Cd stress, the daffodil plant would synthesize GSH to improve its resistance to the adverse condition.
Effect of varied concentrations(i.e.,0, 0.5, 2, 4, 8, and 25 mgL-1) of cadmium (Cd) on the membrane lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), non-protein sulfydryl (NPT), and glutathione (GSH)in the roots of daffodil, Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis, were studied with a hydroponic culture. The study aimed to gain information for the cultivation, as well as selection of appropriate phytoremediation on the heavy metal stresses for the plants.It was found that (a) the content of root malondialdehyde (MDA) increased as Cd concentration increased; (b) at 4-25 mgL-1, Cd induced a significant increase on hydrogen peroxidein the roots; (c) as Cd concentration increased, SOD activity decreased initially and followed by an increase,while POD decreased continuously with a significantly lower level than that of control when Cd concentration reached 4-25 mgL-1; (d) GSH greatly increased with 8-25 mgL-1 Cd, while NPT drastically decreased with the presence of 0.5 mgL-1 or 25 mgL-1 Cd. It appeared that, even at low level, Cd already imposed oxidative stress on daffodil. As Cd concentration increased, the stress worsened. Underprolonged Cd stress, the anti-oxidation enzymatic activity was suppressed resulting in a lowered capacity of the plants to resist the stress. On the other hand,when encountered high Cd stress, the daffodil plant would synthesize GSH to improve its resistance to the adverse condition.
2016, 31(6): 596-598.
Abstract:
The current-year new branches on 3-year-old Cuiguan peartrees grownon plane trellis in a non-skirt-film-coveragegreenhouse were trained to become erect, oblique or horizontal on the plants. The branch angling effects on the floral budformation of the trees were monitored. It was found that, on the horizontal branches, the rate of floral bud formation was 1.60 times higher than that of the oblique and 3.53 times of the erect branches;and, on the oblique branches,the rate was 2.20 times higher than the erect branches. From the 2nd to the 3rdyear, the fruit setting rate of inflorescences and flowers, fruit count ona single branch, and individual fruitweightof the pear trees with branches angled horizontally were significant or extremely significantly higher than those of the trees with branches bented at lesserdegrees. The coefficient of variance on fruit weight of the trees with horizontal branches was extremely significantlylower than those of the other two counterparts. However, there was no significant difference found between the trees with oblique and erect branches. The nutrient contents of the fruits from the 3 treatment groups were similar. Thus, aside from the chemical composition, training the tree branches to spread horizontally, or close to that, could result in desirable improvements on the bearing, development, yield, and uniformlylarge size of the pears.
The current-year new branches on 3-year-old Cuiguan peartrees grownon plane trellis in a non-skirt-film-coveragegreenhouse were trained to become erect, oblique or horizontal on the plants. The branch angling effects on the floral budformation of the trees were monitored. It was found that, on the horizontal branches, the rate of floral bud formation was 1.60 times higher than that of the oblique and 3.53 times of the erect branches;and, on the oblique branches,the rate was 2.20 times higher than the erect branches. From the 2nd to the 3rdyear, the fruit setting rate of inflorescences and flowers, fruit count ona single branch, and individual fruitweightof the pear trees with branches angled horizontally were significant or extremely significantly higher than those of the trees with branches bented at lesserdegrees. The coefficient of variance on fruit weight of the trees with horizontal branches was extremely significantlylower than those of the other two counterparts. However, there was no significant difference found between the trees with oblique and erect branches. The nutrient contents of the fruits from the 3 treatment groups were similar. Thus, aside from the chemical composition, training the tree branches to spread horizontally, or close to that, could result in desirable improvements on the bearing, development, yield, and uniformlylarge size of the pears.
2016, 31(6): 599-603.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.06.009
Abstract:
For reference on breeding and utilization,the saponin contents in the fruits, roots, and stems of 29 different varieties of bitter gourds (Momordica charantia) were analyzed. Significant differences were found among the various bitter gourds. Germplasms with high saponin contents were identified. On average, the saponin contents in the roots and stems were either close to or higher than that in the fruits. Therefore, the roots and stems would be preferred for saponin extraction.Among the tested varieties, the highest saponin contents in roots and stems were found in Small Bitter Gourd No. 2, and that in fruits of Ruyu No. 45. Since the saponin content in fruits of bitter gourd is heterotic, desired varieties could be bred from selected parents with high saponin contents. Based on the dynamic change of the saponin contents in fruits during growth period, it was also recommended that the fruits be harvested approximately 13 d after pollination for saponin extraction or other processing purposes.
For reference on breeding and utilization,the saponin contents in the fruits, roots, and stems of 29 different varieties of bitter gourds (Momordica charantia) were analyzed. Significant differences were found among the various bitter gourds. Germplasms with high saponin contents were identified. On average, the saponin contents in the roots and stems were either close to or higher than that in the fruits. Therefore, the roots and stems would be preferred for saponin extraction.Among the tested varieties, the highest saponin contents in roots and stems were found in Small Bitter Gourd No. 2, and that in fruits of Ruyu No. 45. Since the saponin content in fruits of bitter gourd is heterotic, desired varieties could be bred from selected parents with high saponin contents. Based on the dynamic change of the saponin contents in fruits during growth period, it was also recommended that the fruits be harvested approximately 13 d after pollination for saponin extraction or other processing purposes.
2016, 31(6): 604-610.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.06.010
Abstract:
Major agronomical characteristics and contents of polysaccharides and flavonoids in Anoectochilus roxburghii and related species from different areas cultivated in a greenhouse for 6 months prior to the chemical analyses were compared. There were distinctive agronomical differences among the sampled species. For instance, the highest yield was shown CK from Fujian, with a per hundred plants fresh weight(FW) of 284.75 g and dry weight (DW) of 45.885 g; the highest polysaccharide content,in the variety from Baise, Guanxi, at 169.61 mgg-1DW, which was 36.56% higher than CK; and, the highest total flavonoids, in the cultivars from Zhushan Village, Nanyang Township, Shaxian, Fujian (No.7), at 9.18 mgg-1DW, which was 34.74% higher than CK.By comparison, the polysaccharide content of A. formosanus was lower than that of A.roxburghii and A. lanceolatus; the total flavonoids of A. formosanus, higher than that of A.lanceolatus, but not significantly different from those of the cultivars from Fujian; and, both polysaccharides and total flavonoid significantly higher in No. 7. Consequently, the cultivars from Zhushan was considered to have a potential for further study and promotion.
Major agronomical characteristics and contents of polysaccharides and flavonoids in Anoectochilus roxburghii and related species from different areas cultivated in a greenhouse for 6 months prior to the chemical analyses were compared. There were distinctive agronomical differences among the sampled species. For instance, the highest yield was shown CK from Fujian, with a per hundred plants fresh weight(FW) of 284.75 g and dry weight (DW) of 45.885 g; the highest polysaccharide content,in the variety from Baise, Guanxi, at 169.61 mgg-1DW, which was 36.56% higher than CK; and, the highest total flavonoids, in the cultivars from Zhushan Village, Nanyang Township, Shaxian, Fujian (No.7), at 9.18 mgg-1DW, which was 34.74% higher than CK.By comparison, the polysaccharide content of A. formosanus was lower than that of A.roxburghii and A. lanceolatus; the total flavonoids of A. formosanus, higher than that of A.lanceolatus, but not significantly different from those of the cultivars from Fujian; and, both polysaccharides and total flavonoid significantly higher in No. 7. Consequently, the cultivars from Zhushan was considered to have a potential for further study and promotion.
2016, 31(6): 611-615.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.06.011
Abstract:
Molecular identification,variation, and phylogeneticity of the yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) on tomato plants in Fujian were investigated. For the study, specific primers were designed according to the known genome sequence of TYLCV for PCR detection. Then, the generated specific segments were collected, cloned and sequenced. A 541 bp fragment was obtained and its nucleotide sequence showed a high homogeneity, i.e., 97%-99%, with that of the tomato yellow curl leaf virus isolated from the domestic as well as international origins. It confirmed the presence of TYLCV infection on tomato plants in 5 cities in the province, and disease prevention and control measure should soon be implemented.
Molecular identification,variation, and phylogeneticity of the yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) on tomato plants in Fujian were investigated. For the study, specific primers were designed according to the known genome sequence of TYLCV for PCR detection. Then, the generated specific segments were collected, cloned and sequenced. A 541 bp fragment was obtained and its nucleotide sequence showed a high homogeneity, i.e., 97%-99%, with that of the tomato yellow curl leaf virus isolated from the domestic as well as international origins. It confirmed the presence of TYLCV infection on tomato plants in 5 cities in the province, and disease prevention and control measure should soon be implemented.
2016, 31(6): 616-620.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.06.012
Abstract:
A method to detect the turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) ondiseased Pseudostellaria heterophylla was established and applied. Specific genetic fragments at different locations in TuMV was amplified by RT-PCR, sequenced, and aligned. The sequence alignment indicated that the fragment was the coat protein (CP) gene of TuMV. Hence, a simple, reliable detection method based on the CP gene sequence of TuMV for the diagnosis on diseased P. heterophylla was established. Using the method, the target sequence was detected in the root, stem, leaf, and flower of P. heterophylla.
A method to detect the turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) ondiseased Pseudostellaria heterophylla was established and applied. Specific genetic fragments at different locations in TuMV was amplified by RT-PCR, sequenced, and aligned. The sequence alignment indicated that the fragment was the coat protein (CP) gene of TuMV. Hence, a simple, reliable detection method based on the CP gene sequence of TuMV for the diagnosis on diseased P. heterophylla was established. Using the method, the target sequence was detected in the root, stem, leaf, and flower of P. heterophylla.
2016, 31(6): 620-625.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.06.013
Abstract:
Activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), and catalase (CAT) in sugarcane leaves were determined to evaluate the efficiency of a biocontrol bacterium, TB2, in inducing these disease-resisting enzymes, as well as the correlation between the enzymes and the disease resistance of sugarcane toward red rot pathogens. Treatments, including pathogen inoculation,TB2 spraying, and TB2 sprayings before and after pathogen inoculation, were applied to examine the variations on the enzymatic activities in the leaves of the treated sugarcane plants.It was found that the enzymatic activities in the treated plants were significantly higher than those in control, indicating an induction effect byeither TB2 or the red rot pathogens. The effect was greater when TB2 was applied along with the pathogenic inoculation, especiallyif the leaves were pre-sprayed with TB2.Although the biocontrol bacterium showed a stronger induction ability than the pathogens, a synergism seemed evidentwhen both were present on sugarcane.
Activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), and catalase (CAT) in sugarcane leaves were determined to evaluate the efficiency of a biocontrol bacterium, TB2, in inducing these disease-resisting enzymes, as well as the correlation between the enzymes and the disease resistance of sugarcane toward red rot pathogens. Treatments, including pathogen inoculation,TB2 spraying, and TB2 sprayings before and after pathogen inoculation, were applied to examine the variations on the enzymatic activities in the leaves of the treated sugarcane plants.It was found that the enzymatic activities in the treated plants were significantly higher than those in control, indicating an induction effect byeither TB2 or the red rot pathogens. The effect was greater when TB2 was applied along with the pathogenic inoculation, especiallyif the leaves were pre-sprayed with TB2.Although the biocontrol bacterium showed a stronger induction ability than the pathogens, a synergism seemed evidentwhen both were present on sugarcane.
2016, 31(6): 626-629.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.06.014
Abstract:
Spatial distribution and occurrence of Anophia leucomelas Linnaeus larvae in sweet potato fields was studied in 2015. A mathematic model for proper sampling was established using 6 gathering intensity indices,Taylor's power law, and Iwao'sm*-m regression methodolgy. The larvae appeared to have the pattern of assembling distribution in the fields. Their aggregating intensity increased with population density, and was due mainly to the environmental factors. Base on the data collected, a theoretical sampling number could be derived from the equation:N=1.962/D2(1.3102/m+0.6255), and the Kuno's model for sequential sampling:Tn=1.3102/(D2-0.6255/n).
Spatial distribution and occurrence of Anophia leucomelas Linnaeus larvae in sweet potato fields was studied in 2015. A mathematic model for proper sampling was established using 6 gathering intensity indices,Taylor's power law, and Iwao'sm*-m regression methodolgy. The larvae appeared to have the pattern of assembling distribution in the fields. Their aggregating intensity increased with population density, and was due mainly to the environmental factors. Base on the data collected, a theoretical sampling number could be derived from the equation:N=1.962/D2(1.3102/m+0.6255), and the Kuno's model for sequential sampling:Tn=1.3102/(D2-0.6255/n).
2016, 31(6): 630-648.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.06.015
Abstract:
The microbial community can decompose pig feces and eliminate funk odor in the microbial fermentation-bed for pig raising. Thus, the pig raising technology in the microbial fermentation-bed can not only achieve zero release of the pig raising pollutants, but also carry out resourceful utilization of the pig feces resources. Moreover, some key techniques in the microbial fermentation-bed for pig raising are directly or indirectly related to microorganisms. However, very few researches have been done on the microbial species, quantity, structure, and other aspects of the microbial fermentation-bed. Our group had comprehensively and systematically performed the microbiomics analysis of the microbial fermentation-bed to reveal its microbial community and the ecological succession in different space and depth with different fermenting degrees and litter composition in different seasons. In this paper, we summarized the analytical methods and procedures for sample collection, sample processing, and data analysis of the microbial fermentation-bed metagenomic analysis, of which included bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) identification; species accumulation curve; core microbiome; principal component analysis of bacterial abundance; rank-abundance curve; histogram, heatmap, star analyses of bacterial species composition and abundance; - and -diversity analyses of bacterial species complexity; linear discriminative analysis (LDA) coupled with effect size measurement for significant difference, and bacterial species redundancy analysis (RDA). Our work could provide the complete analytical methods and ideas for more deep and broad researches on the microbial community in microbial fermentation-bed.
The microbial community can decompose pig feces and eliminate funk odor in the microbial fermentation-bed for pig raising. Thus, the pig raising technology in the microbial fermentation-bed can not only achieve zero release of the pig raising pollutants, but also carry out resourceful utilization of the pig feces resources. Moreover, some key techniques in the microbial fermentation-bed for pig raising are directly or indirectly related to microorganisms. However, very few researches have been done on the microbial species, quantity, structure, and other aspects of the microbial fermentation-bed. Our group had comprehensively and systematically performed the microbiomics analysis of the microbial fermentation-bed to reveal its microbial community and the ecological succession in different space and depth with different fermenting degrees and litter composition in different seasons. In this paper, we summarized the analytical methods and procedures for sample collection, sample processing, and data analysis of the microbial fermentation-bed metagenomic analysis, of which included bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) identification; species accumulation curve; core microbiome; principal component analysis of bacterial abundance; rank-abundance curve; histogram, heatmap, star analyses of bacterial species composition and abundance; - and -diversity analyses of bacterial species complexity; linear discriminative analysis (LDA) coupled with effect size measurement for significant difference, and bacterial species redundancy analysis (RDA). Our work could provide the complete analytical methods and ideas for more deep and broad researches on the microbial community in microbial fermentation-bed.
2016, 31(6): 649-656.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.06.016
Abstract:
Spatial distribution of microbes in the fermentation bed was analyzed by sampling and culturing, the results indicated that the amount of bacterium was highest, the second was actinomycete, the amount of fungi was lowest. In all of the samples,amplitude of variation of bacterial content was the biggest with(33.72~197.23)105cfug-1, fungal content changes are relatively small with(7.87~48.64)103cfug-1, and Actinomyces content was stability with(20.14~33.18)104cfug-1. GroupⅠ(more than 70.00105cfug-1)of bacteria content was averaged 9.2 sample points, accounting for 28.67% of the total sample; group Ⅲ(less than 30.00105cfug-1)was averaged 8.6 points, accounting for 30.67% of the total sample. Group Ⅱ (30.00~70.00)105cfug-1 was averaged 12.2 points, accounted for the largest proportion of 40.67%. Fungal group I(more than 70.00103cfug-1)was averaged only 3.8 points, the lowest proportion for 12.67%, Group Ⅱ(30.00~70.00)103cfug-1 was averaged 6.4 points, the proportion was 21.33%, group Ⅲ (less than 30.00103 cfug-1) was averaged 19.8 points, a whopping 66.00%.The proportion of actinomyces was similar to type of fungi, group I (more than 70.00104cfug-1)was averaged just1.4 sample points, the lowest proportion, only 4.67%.Group Ⅱ(30.00~70.00)104cfug-1 was averaged 8.4 points and percentage 28%, Group Ⅲ(less than 30.00104cfug-1)was averaged 20.2 sample points, a whopping 67.33%.
Spatial distribution of microbes in the fermentation bed was analyzed by sampling and culturing, the results indicated that the amount of bacterium was highest, the second was actinomycete, the amount of fungi was lowest. In all of the samples,amplitude of variation of bacterial content was the biggest with(33.72~197.23)105cfug-1, fungal content changes are relatively small with(7.87~48.64)103cfug-1, and Actinomyces content was stability with(20.14~33.18)104cfug-1. GroupⅠ(more than 70.00105cfug-1)of bacteria content was averaged 9.2 sample points, accounting for 28.67% of the total sample; group Ⅲ(less than 30.00105cfug-1)was averaged 8.6 points, accounting for 30.67% of the total sample. Group Ⅱ (30.00~70.00)105cfug-1 was averaged 12.2 points, accounted for the largest proportion of 40.67%. Fungal group I(more than 70.00103cfug-1)was averaged only 3.8 points, the lowest proportion for 12.67%, Group Ⅱ(30.00~70.00)103cfug-1 was averaged 6.4 points, the proportion was 21.33%, group Ⅲ (less than 30.00103 cfug-1) was averaged 19.8 points, a whopping 66.00%.The proportion of actinomyces was similar to type of fungi, group I (more than 70.00104cfug-1)was averaged just1.4 sample points, the lowest proportion, only 4.67%.Group Ⅱ(30.00~70.00)104cfug-1 was averaged 8.4 points and percentage 28%, Group Ⅲ(less than 30.00104cfug-1)was averaged 20.2 sample points, a whopping 67.33%.
2016, 31(6): 657-662.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.06.017
Abstract:
Efficacy of Muerchongcao capsules (MC)that contained the medicinal ingredients from Auricularia auricular(L. ex Hook) Underwood and Cordyceps militaris militaris(Fr.) Linkon the serum lipid reduction in Sprague-Dawley rats with hyperlipidemia induced by a high fat diet was studied. A4-week high fat diet followed by another 4 weeks of MC treatments was the feeding program applied on the lab rats. Three levels of dosage,i.e.,27, 54, and 81 mgkg-1d-1 of MC as low-, medium-, and high-dosegroups, respectively, were administeredby gavage to the rats. A control group without MC treatment along with a blank group fed with the basal diet and physiological saline was used simultaneously during the experiment. The serum lipid, heptic metabolism, and intestinal absorption and metabolism of the hyperlipidemic rats were monitored. The serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C) of the rats in the low-dose MC treatment group, the serum total cholesterol(TC) in the medium-dose group, the serum TC,LDL-C, and total triglycerides (TG) in the high-dose group were found significantly lower than those in control group(P0.01). The high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)in the treatment groups did not significantly differ from that in control group(P0.05). The atherogenic index(AI) of the rats in the medium-dose and high-dose groups decreased significantly as compared to control. The liver index, hepatic lobule structure, and fatty degeneration in therats of MC treatment groups were better than those in control group, whereas, the villus:cryptratio (VCR) was significantly reduced. It appearedthat MC demonstrated a hypolipidemic and anti-atherogenic effect on the hyperlipidemic rats, as well as an ability to partially repair the liver damage induced by the high fat diet and reduce VCR inhibiting the absorption of dietary and biliary cholesterol in the small intestine of the rats.
Efficacy of Muerchongcao capsules (MC)that contained the medicinal ingredients from Auricularia auricular(L. ex Hook) Underwood and Cordyceps militaris militaris(Fr.) Linkon the serum lipid reduction in Sprague-Dawley rats with hyperlipidemia induced by a high fat diet was studied. A4-week high fat diet followed by another 4 weeks of MC treatments was the feeding program applied on the lab rats. Three levels of dosage,i.e.,27, 54, and 81 mgkg-1d-1 of MC as low-, medium-, and high-dosegroups, respectively, were administeredby gavage to the rats. A control group without MC treatment along with a blank group fed with the basal diet and physiological saline was used simultaneously during the experiment. The serum lipid, heptic metabolism, and intestinal absorption and metabolism of the hyperlipidemic rats were monitored. The serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C) of the rats in the low-dose MC treatment group, the serum total cholesterol(TC) in the medium-dose group, the serum TC,LDL-C, and total triglycerides (TG) in the high-dose group were found significantly lower than those in control group(P0.01). The high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)in the treatment groups did not significantly differ from that in control group(P0.05). The atherogenic index(AI) of the rats in the medium-dose and high-dose groups decreased significantly as compared to control. The liver index, hepatic lobule structure, and fatty degeneration in therats of MC treatment groups were better than those in control group, whereas, the villus:cryptratio (VCR) was significantly reduced. It appearedthat MC demonstrated a hypolipidemic and anti-atherogenic effect on the hyperlipidemic rats, as well as an ability to partially repair the liver damage induced by the high fat diet and reduce VCR inhibiting the absorption of dietary and biliary cholesterol in the small intestine of the rats.
2016, 31(6): 663-667.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.06.018
Abstract:
Using the data collected from the field survey on the invasive alien species (IAS) in China, a Web GIS-based geographic distribution system was developed for information management and sharing. The design on the functions, database, and framework for the system was completed. It included the data query, browsing, thematic mapping, and map operation. The origins of the cited data and the established models from the IAS catalog,the system framework and detailed functions, as well as the advantages, shortcomings, and potential applications of this geographic distribution system are presented.
Using the data collected from the field survey on the invasive alien species (IAS) in China, a Web GIS-based geographic distribution system was developed for information management and sharing. The design on the functions, database, and framework for the system was completed. It included the data query, browsing, thematic mapping, and map operation. The origins of the cited data and the established models from the IAS catalog,the system framework and detailed functions, as well as the advantages, shortcomings, and potential applications of this geographic distribution system are presented.
2016, 31(6): 668-670.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.06.019
Abstract:
Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim,CV.MINXUANZHONGKE1 (MXZK-1), was a newly developed cultivars with excellent overall characteristics.Regional tests and quality evaluation on the plant were conducted at Beifeng in Fuzhou, Minqing, and Jianyang during 2008-2010. The results showed that on average the fruits produced by MXZK-1 were 16 cm long, 11 cm in diameter, 1.43 cm in flesh thickness, and 2472.6 kg per 667 m2on yield. It was better than control,T. kirilowii Maxim CV.HUBEIANGUO,insofar as productivity, yield stability,and adaptability are concerned.In addition, the medicinally effective components in the fruits met the standards set by the National Pharmacopoeia.
Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim,CV.MINXUANZHONGKE1 (MXZK-1), was a newly developed cultivars with excellent overall characteristics.Regional tests and quality evaluation on the plant were conducted at Beifeng in Fuzhou, Minqing, and Jianyang during 2008-2010. The results showed that on average the fruits produced by MXZK-1 were 16 cm long, 11 cm in diameter, 1.43 cm in flesh thickness, and 2472.6 kg per 667 m2on yield. It was better than control,T. kirilowii Maxim CV.HUBEIANGUO,insofar as productivity, yield stability,and adaptability are concerned.In addition, the medicinally effective components in the fruits met the standards set by the National Pharmacopoeia.
