Effects of the density of the flea beetle Agasicles hygrophila on the clonal integration of alligator weed Alternanthera philoxeroides
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摘要:
目的 许多外来入侵植物都具有克隆生长习性，克隆整合被认为是其缓解天敌取食压力的有效手段，然而,入侵植物的克隆整合能力与天敌取食密度间的关系尚不清楚。 方法 本研究以入侵植物空心莲子草为研究对象，通过同质园试验，比较在不同莲草直胸跳甲取食密度下，有无克隆整合对空心莲子草先端分株、基端分株及整个克隆片段地上部分生长特性、根系生长及生物量分配的影响差异。 结果 与无跳甲取食相比，有跳甲取食的空心莲子草先端分株的叶片数、地上生物量、地下生物量、总生物量、粗根数以及整个克隆片段的地下生物量均显著降低。有克隆整合的空心莲子草先端分株的叶片数、粗根数、总根数、地上生物量、地下生物量、总生物量和基端分株的地径，以及整个克隆片段的地径、地上生物量、地下生物量、总生物量与无克隆整合相比均显著增加。在1头莲草直胸跳甲取食下，有克隆整合的空心莲子草先端分株的粗根数和基端分株的地径及整个克隆片段的地径、粗根数、地上生物量与无克隆整合相比均显著增加；然而，在2头莲草直胸跳甲取食下,有克隆整合的空心莲子草先端分株和基端分株的地径、粗根数、地上生物量与无克隆整合的相比无显著差异，整个克隆整合片段的叶片数、茎长、地径与无克隆整合的相比显著增加。 结论 莲草直胸跳甲取食密度对空心莲子草的克隆整合能力产生显著影响：在无天敌取食或较低密度（1头/株）的天敌取食下，空心莲子草能通过克隆整合显著获益；但高密度（2头/株）下的莲草直胸跳甲能极大减弱空心莲子草的克隆整合能力，从而实现莲草直胸跳甲对空心莲子草有效的生物防治。 Abstract:Objective Many invasive plants have clonal growth habits, and clonal integration is considered as an effective way for clonal invaders to alleviate the feeding pressure of natural enemies. However, the effects of the density of natural enemies on the clonal integration ability of invasive clonal plants are largely unclear. Methods In this study, the invasive alligator weed Alternanthera philoxeroides was used as the study object. A common garden experiment was carried out to compare the effects of clonal integration on the growth traits, root growth and biomass allocation of the apical and basal ramets as well as the entire clonal fragment of alligator weed under different feeding densities of the flea beetle Agasicles hygrophila. Results The number of leaves, aboveground biomass, belowground biomass, total biomass and coarse roots of apical ramets as well as belowground biomass of the entire clonal fragment of alligator weed were significantly lower under herbivory by flea beetles compared to without herbivory. The number of leaves, coarse roots, total roots, aboveground biomass, belowground biomass and total biomass of the apical ramets, the diameter of the basal ramets as well as the ground diameter, aboveground biomass, belowground biomass and total biomass of the entire clonal fragment of alligator weed were significantly higher with clonal integration compared to without clonal integration. Under herbivory by one flea beetle, the number of coarse roots of the apical ramets, the ground diameter of the basal ramets and the ground diameter, the number of coarse roots and aboveground biomass of the entire clonal fragment of alligator weed were significantly higher with clonal integration compared to without clonal integration. However, when under herbivory by two flea beetles, although there were no significant differences in the ground diameter, number of coarse roots and aboveground biomass of the apical and basal ramets, the number of leaves, stem length and ground diameter of the entire clonal fragment were significantly higher, with clonal integration compared to without clonal integration. Conclusion The flea beetle density significantly affected the clonal integration ability of alligator weed: this plant can benefit significantly from clone integration without herbivory or under relatively lower flea beetle density (one beetle per plants); however, relatively higher density of flea beetles (two beetles per plant) can conversely reduce the clonal integration ability of alligator weed, thus achieving effective biological control of the flea beetle on alligator weed. -
Key words:
- Invasive plants /
- Clonal integration /
- Alligator weed /
- Agasicles hygrophila /
- Herbivore density
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图 1 莲草直胸跳甲取食密度及克隆整合对空心莲子草先端分株和基端分株地上部分生长特性的影响
不同小写字母表示不同处理下的先端分株或基端分株生长指标差异显著（P ＜ 0.05）,下同。
Figure 1. Effects of feeding density of leaf beetle and clonal integration on the aboveground growth traits of the apical and basal ramets of alligator weed
Different lowercase letters indicated significant differences in growth traits of the apical or basal ramets under different treatments (P ＜ 0.05), same for below.
图 2 莲草直胸跳甲取食密度及克隆整合对空心莲子草先端分株和基端分株根数的影响
Figure 2. Effects of feeding density of leaf beetle and clonal integration on the root numbers of the apical and basal ramets of alligator weed
图 3 莲草直胸跳甲取食密度及克隆整合对空心莲子草先端分株和基端分株生物量的影响
Figure 3. Effects of feeding density of leaf beetle and clonal integration on the biomass of the apical and basal ramets of alligator weed
图 6 莲草直胸跳甲取食密度及克隆整合对空心莲子草整个克隆片段生物量的影响
Figure 6. Effects of feeding density of leaf beetle and clonal integration on the biomass of the entire clonal fragment of alligator weed
图 4 莲草直胸跳甲取食密度及克隆整合对空心莲子草整个克隆片段的生长特性的影响
Figure 4. Effects of feeding density of leaf beetle and clonal integration on the growth traits of the entire clonal fragment of alligator weed
图 5 莲草直胸跳甲取食密度及克隆整合对空心莲子草整个克隆片段根数的影响
Figure 5. Effects of feeding density of leaf beetle and clonal integration on the root numbers of the entire clonal fragment of alligator weed
表 1 莲草直胸跳甲取食密度与克隆整合对空心莲子草先端分株生长特性的影响
Table 1. Effects of feeding density of leaf beetle and clonal integration on the growth traits of the apical ramets in alligator weed
生长特性
Growth traits跳甲取食密度
Flea beetle density（F2,30）克隆整合
Clonal integration（F1,30）跳甲取食密度×克隆整合
Flea beetle density × clonal integration（F2,30）叶片数 Leaf number 5.26* 4.28* 4.43* 分株数 Ramet number 1.10 5.64* 0.02 茎长 Stolon length 1.93 1.51 0.73 地径 Ground diameter 1.07 10.50** 0.74 粗根数 Coarse root number 7.57** 18.77** 4.99* 细根数 Fine root number 0.23 7.13* 0.85 总根数 Total root number 0.16 7.75** 0.75 地上生物量 Aboveground biomass 3.84* 8.86** 0.57 地下生物量 Belowground biomass 7.42** 6.80* 0.93 总生物量 Total biomass 5.28* 9.36** 0.75 “*”和“**”分别表示在P＜0.05和P＜0.01水平下差异显著，下同。
* and * * indicate significant differences at P＜0.05 and P＜0.01 levels, respectively, and the same applied below.
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表 2 莲草直胸跳甲取食密度与克隆整合对空心莲子草基端分株生长特性的影响
Table 2. Effects of feeding density of leaf beetle and clonal integration on the growth traits of the basal ramets in alligator weed
生长特性
Growth traits跳甲取食密度
Flea beetle density（F2,30）克隆整合
Clonal integration（F1,30）跳甲取食密度×克隆整合
Flea beetle density × clonal integration（F2,30）叶片数 Leaf number 1.17 8.38** 0.70 分株数 Ramet number 2.57 9.04** 1.02 茎长 Stolon length 1.26 0.93 4.34* 地径 Ground diameter 0.97 11.69** 0.42 粗根数 Coarse root number 0.01 0.09 1.67 细根数 Fine root number 1.50 0.16 3.37* 总根数 Total root number 1.40 0.16 3.37* 地上生物量 Aboveground biomass 2.54 0.00 4.18* 地下生物量 Belowground biomass 4.03* 0.88 6.31** 总生物量 Total biomass 3.55* 0.07 5.71**
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表 3 莲草直胸跳甲取食密度与克隆整合对空心莲子草整个克隆片段生长特性的影响
Table 3. Effects of feeding density of leaf beetle and clonal integration on the growth traits of the entire clonal fragment of alligator weed
生长特性
Growth traits跳甲取食密度
Flea beetle density（F2,30）克隆整合
Clonal integration（F1,30）跳甲取食密度×克隆整合
Flea beetle density × clonal integration（F2,30）叶片数 Leaf number 3.69* 0.32 2.73 分株数 Ramet number 2.73 0.07 0.28 茎长 Stolon length 3.35* 0.07 4.67* 地径 Ground diameter 0.67 20.27** 0.94 粗根数 Coarse root number 1.76 3.87 4.43* 细根数 Fine root number 0.45 2.89 0.60 总根数 Total root number 0.48 3.09 0.64 地上生物量 Aboveground biomass 6.05** 6.79* 1.04 地下生物量 Belowground biomass 4.28* 5.78* 1.04 总生物量 Total biomass 5.53** 7.36* 1.23
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