Principal Component Analysis and Comprehensive Evaluation on Ornamental Value of Varieties of Camellia
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摘要:目的 为山茶花科学引种和育种目标性状的选择提供参考。方法 运用相关性分析和主成分分析法提取影响山茶花观赏性的关键因子，对28个山茶花品种进行观赏价值的综合评价与观赏品种的筛选，构建观赏价值综合评价模型。结果 山茶花各观赏性状之间存在显著相关性，花量、瓣数与花期呈极显著正相关，花色与新叶色呈极显著正相关；13个性状可综合为花量因子、花期因子、花径因子、色彩因子和叶形因子等5个主成分，累积贡献率达85.48%，具有生物学意义；28个品种评为3个等级，筛选出金碧辉煌、花宝珠、花鹤翎、花芙蓉、正黄旗、黄的旋律、小桃红、红叶贝拉、杰作等9个观赏价值Ⅰ级的品种，评价结果与实地观测效果基本一致。结论 山茶花观赏价值主要受花量、花期、花径、色彩和叶形等因子的综合影响，花量和花期是最关键的影响因子，要重点选择花大色艳、花量丰富、花期长，或具彩叶特征，整体观赏性强的品种作为推广栽培或育种的优良亲本材料。Abstract:Objective For introducing and breeding new varieties.Method Ornamental value of 28 Camellia cultivars was evaluated, key appealing factors of Camellia were selected using the correlation and principal component analysis to construct a comprehensive evaluation model.Result Significant correlations among the various traits were observed. For instance, the flower count and petal number correlated significantly with florescence, and flower color with new leaf color. Those 13 characteristic traits were grouped into 5 principal components:flower count, florescence, flower diameter, leaf color, and leaf shape with a total cumulative contribution of 85.48% for the differentiation. Flower count and florescence were critical with biological significance as well. Based on their ornamental values, the 28 varieties were classified into 3 grades. The 9 varieties judged to be excellent were Jinbihuihuang, Variegated Precious Pearl, Variegated Crane's Feather, Variegated Hibiscus, Kigirohi, Senritsu-Ko, Otome, Red Leaf Bella, and Masterpiece. The results were basically in agreement with field observation.Conclusion The ornamental value of Camellia was governed by the flower count, florescence, flower diameter, leaf color and leaf shape with the flower count and florescence as the determinant factors. Thus, varieties with large and abundant flowers, long florescence period, and attractive leaves should be the choice for cultivation and breeding.
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图 1 观赏价值Ⅰ级的山茶花品种
注：A~I依次为金碧辉煌、花宝珠、花鹤翎、花芙蓉、正黄旗、黄的旋律、小桃红、红叶贝拉、杰作。
Figure 1. Camellia varieties with Grade Ⅰ ornamental value
Note: A-I is as follows: Jin Bi Hui Huang, Variegated Precious Pearl, Variegated Crane′s Feather, Variegated Hibiscus, Kigirohi, Senritsu-Ko, Otome, Red Leaf Bella, Masterpiece.
表 1 山茶花部分观赏性状评分标准
Table 1 Evaluation criteria on ornamental value of Camellia varieties
评分Score 花色Flower color 花型Flower pattern 新叶色New leaf color 叶形Leaf shape 1 白色White 单瓣型Single-lobe 绿色Green 椭圆形Ellipse 2 白色带杂色、浅粉色White with variegation, light pink 半重瓣型Semi-double 黄绿色Yellow green 卵形、倒卵形Ovate, obovate 3 粉色、桃红色Pink, peach red 托桂型、牡丹型Anemone, full peony 浅绿色、嫩绿色Pale green 长椭圆形、长倒椭圆形Long ellipse, long inverted ellipse 4 红色、橙红色Red, orange red 玫瑰重瓣型Rose 淡赭色Light ochre 阔椭圆形、近圆形Broad ellipse, near circle 5 黄色、紫红色、黑红色Yellow, purple red, black red 完全重瓣型Formal imbricated 赭色、赭红色Ochre, red ochre 叶形较为奇特、少见More peculiar and rare 
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表 2 供试的28个山茶花品种的观赏性状表现
Table 2 Ornamental traits of 28 Camellia varieties under study
品种名Variety name 花径Flower diameter/cm 瓣数Petal number/枚 花色Flower color 花型Flower pattern 花量Flower number/朵 花期Florescence/d 开花指数Flowering index 小桃红Otome 8.12±0.42 82.22±3.58 3.00 5.00 26.37±1.89 65.08±2.25 0.43±0.01 正黄旗Kigirohi 8.53±0.36 105.41±3.33 5.00 5.00 20.45±1.32 70.32±3.31 0.59±0.02 杰作Masterpiece 9.65±0.45 63.30±2.58 1.00 5.00 11.19±0.88 52.98±2.96 0.18±0.01 黄的旋律Senritsu-ko 9.21±0.29 35.08±2.36 5.00 3.00 21.18±1.56 48.06±2.21 0.15±0.03 美人茶Camellia uraku 5.00±0.27 5.00±0.21 3.00 1.00 6.30±0.62 41.20±2.50 0.06±0.01 荷尔Roger hall 10.93±0.48 48.16±3.22 4.00 5.00 12.58±0.34 55.42±2.77 0.37±0.01 花宝珠Variegated precious pearl 9.55±0.45 130.05±3.39 3.00 3.00 33.10±1.88 70.26±3.22 0.91±0.02 心愿Desire 9.48±0.48 52.83±2.68 2.00 5.00 7.80±1.24 35.21±1.97 0.86±0.02 红叶贝拉Red leaf bella 13.12±0.38 80.39±3.57 5.00 5.00 13.91±1.35 72.25±2.03 1.57±0.03 贝拉大玫瑰Nuccio′s bella rossa 9.08±0.55 64.56±2.34 4.00 5.00 14.97±1.01 54.88±2.15 0.41±0.02 金碧辉煌Jinbihuihuang 10.15±0.32 105.24±2.84 4.00 5.00 23.34±1.98 74.96±2.37 0.31±0.02 花鹤翎Variegated crane′s feather 10.11±0.37 83.21±2.91 3.00 5.00 25.29±1.67 76.10±2.67 0.21±0.01 松子Matsukasa 5.06±0.22 27.81±2.50 4.00 2.00 24.81±2.01 57.74±3.04 0.11±0.01 狂想曲Extravaganza 11.95±0.34 47.62±2.88 2.00 3.00 9.63±1.03 41.03±3.20 1.32±0.02 西利米切尔Cile Mitchell 9.83±0.53 77.72±3.22 3.00 5.00 11.77±1.62 48.05±2.55 1.28±0.01 情人大卡特Carter′s sunburst sweetheart 12.87±0.51 49.52±3.45 3.00 3.00 7.85±0.85 55.14±2.40 1.20±0.02 牛西奥美玉Nuccio′s gem 9.88±0.33 39.88±2.14 1.00 5.00 9.62±1.21 34.55±1.92 0.60±0.01 赛牡丹Elegans splendor 14.03±0.56 30.68±2.09 2.00 3.00 5.20±0.72 35.11±1.45 0.88±0.02 美国大红Coquettii 10.07±0.30 77.91±3.10 4.00 5.00 11.23±1.11 55.29±2.50 0.75±0.02 黄莲华Ki-renge 10.85±0.44 34.78±2.49 5.00 2.00 6.31±1.09 32.18±1.41 1.33±0.01 午夜魔幻Midnight magic 9.03±0.35 57.81±2.89 5.00 3.00 4.70±0.21 35.13±1.66 0.72±0.01 飘柔Softly 8.48±0.23 39.94±2.11 2.00 5.00 7.58±0.34 40.12±2.43 0.93±0.02 花芙蓉Variegated hibiscus 10.15±0.32 115.28±3.45 2.00 3.00 22.95±1.45 65.00±3.03 0.29±0.02 春秋战国Chunqiuzhanguo 9.18±0.45 58.07±2.66 4.00 5.00 6.11±0.23 49.63±2.19 0.44±0.03 雪牡丹Snow peony 9.69±0.38 18.95±1.98 1.00 3.00 17.97±1.55 19.56±1.80 1.01±0.01 迷茫的春天Spring daze 9.38±0.53 60.81±3.46 3.00 4.00 11.75±1.21 50.58±2.70 0.74±0.01 娃丽娜深Valley knudsen 13.03±0.46 40.19±2.22 5.00 3.00 14.88±1.70 39.66±2.21 1.74±0.03 佛娜礼Kathryn funari 12.26±0.45 60.35±2.19 3.00 5.00 11.39±0.92 59.62±2.88 2.74±0.04 综合平均Mean±SD 9.95±2.03 60.46±29.10 3.25±1.27 3.96±1.21 14.29±7.49 51.25±14.34 0.79±0.59 最大值Maximum 14.03 130.05 5.00 5.00 33.10 76.10 2.74 最小值Minimum 5.00 5.00 1.00 1.00 4.70 19.56 0.06 变异系数CV/% 20.41 48.13 39.12 30.51 52.43 27.98 74.24 品种名Name 新叶色New leaf color 叶长Leaf length/cm 叶宽Leaf width/cm 叶形Leaf shape 株高Plant height/m 冠幅Plant width/m 小桃红Otome 3.00 9.50±0.39 4.50±0.31 1.00 1.20±0.19 0.62±0.02 正黄旗Kigirohi 4.00 9.30±0.25 3.80±0.22 1.00 1.05±0.15 0.43±0.01 杰作Masterpiece 3.00 10.30±0.43 7.00±0.15 4.00 0.94±0.19 0.64±0.03 黄的旋律Senritsu-ko 4.00 11.50±0.20 4.00±0.19 3.00 1.50±0.20 0.96±0.01 美人茶Camellia uraku 3.00 8.60±0.19 3.20±0.20 3.00 1.25±0.21 0.56±0.01 荷尔Roger hall 4.00 9.00±0.30 4.00±0.13 1.00 0.75±0.14 0.57±0.02 花宝珠Variegated precious pearl 2.00 9.90±0.11 4.70±0.35 1.00 1.20±0.20 0.53±0.02 心愿Desire 3.00 9.40±0.23 4.20±0.28 1.00 0.53±0.09 0.25±0.02 红叶贝拉Red leaf bella 5.00 9.00±0.35 4.50±0.21 1.00 0.53±0.17 0.33±0.03 贝拉大玫瑰Nuccio′s bella rossa 5.00 9.40±0.22 5.00±0.18 4.00 0.93±0.13 0.55±0.04 金碧辉煌Jinbihuihuang 3.00 9.90±0.31 4.20±0.29 1.00 1.50±0.06 0.77±0.01 花鹤翎Variegated crane′s feather 2.00 10.00±0.40 3.50±0.33 3.00 1.55±0.28 0.85±0.01 松子Matsukasa 5.00 9.10±0.45 4.70±0.26 4.00 1.15±0.16 0.75±0.02 狂想曲Extravaganza 1.00 9.00±0.37 4.80±0.14 4.00 0.50±0.18 0.33±0.02 西利米切尔Cile mitchell 2.00 9.10±0.22 4.40±0.21 1.00 0.61±0.17 0.29±0.02 情人大卡特Carter′s sunburst sweetheart 1.00 9.40±0.15 4.40±0.17 3.00 0.55±0.15 0.34±0.03 牛西奥美玉Nuccio′s gem 2.00 9.40±0.26 5.00±0.33 4.00 0.60±0.14 0.41±0.01 赛牡丹Elegans splendor 1.00 8.70±0.13 5.00±0.16 4.00 0.53±0.10 0.33±0.03 美国大红Coquettii 2.00 8.80±0.26 3.70±0.24 1.00 0.52±0.16 0.36±0.01 黄莲华Ki-renge 4.00 11.50±0.47 3.80±0.23 5.00 0.52±0.25 0.29±0.01 午夜魔幻Midnight magic 5.00 9.00±0.43 4.40±0.28 1.00 0.58±0.22 0.35±0.01 飘柔Softly 3.00 7.90±0.37 3.80±0.32 1.00 0.47±0.16 0.25±0.02 花芙蓉Variegated hibiscus 1.00 10.20±0.48 4.00±0.34 3.00 1.60±0.10 0.78±0.01 春秋战国Chunqiuzhanguo 1.00 8.80±0.29 4.10±0.30 1.00 0.49±0.11 0.33±0.02 雪牡丹Snow peony 1.00 9.10±0.33 4.60±0.25 4.00 0.88±0.13 0.31±0.02 迷茫的春天Spring daze 1.00 7.60±0.10 3.10±0.22 1.00 0.58±0.05 0.38±0.01 娃丽娜深Valley knudsen 1.00 10.70±0.20 3.90±0.21 3.00 1.20±0.26 0.72±0.02 佛娜礼Kathryn funari 1.00 9.50±0.36 3.70±0.19 3.00 0.52±0.07 0.37±0.01 综合平均Mean±SD 2.61±1.42 9.41±0.87 4.29±0.73 2.39±1.37 0.87±0.38 0.49±0.20 最大值Maximum 5.00 11.50 7.00 5.00 1.60 0.96 最小值Minimum 1.00 7.60 3.10 1.00 0.47 0.25 变异系数CV/% 54.57 9.22 16.95 57.32 43.45 40.93
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表 3 主要观赏性状的相关性分析
Table 3 Correlation of main ornamental traits
性状Traits X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 X10 X11 X12 X13 花径Flower diameter(X1) 1 瓣数Petal number(X2) 0.082 1 花色Flower color(X3) -0.022 0.130 1 花型Flower pattern(X4) 0.171 0.439* -0.087 1 花量Flower number(X5) -0.255 0.582** 0.087 0.037 1 花期Florescence(X6) -0.055 0.767** 0.296 0.377* 0.641** 1 开花指数Flowering index(X7) 0.660** -0.046 0.058 0.058 -0.283 -0.164 1 新叶色New leaf color(X8) -0.422 -0.020 0.528** 0.033 0.095 0.159 -0.330 1 叶长Leaf length(X9) 0.157 0.123 0.269 -0.197 0.322 0.091 0.001 0.135 1 叶宽Leaf width(X10) 0.109 0.022 -0.406 0.134 0.013 -0.084 -0.133 0.119 0.171 1 叶形Leaf shape(X11) 0.121 -0.503 -0.282 -0.487 -0.116 -0.381* 0.036 -0.104 0.409* 0.350* 1 株高Plant height(X12) -0.368 0.318 0.116 -0.203 0.762** 0.474* -0.521 0.102 0.489** -0.077 0.087 1 冠幅Plant width(X13) -0.281 0.191 0.198 -0.134 0.659** 0.473* -0.521** 0.165 0.534** 0.011 0.164 0.909** 1 注：**和*分别表示0.01和0.05水平差异显著。
Note：** and * mean significant difference at 0.01 and 0.05 levels, respectively.
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表 4 主成分分析
Table 4 Principal component analysis on traits
主成分1 PC1 主成分2 PC2 主成分3 PC3 主成分4 PC4 主成分5 PC5 特征值Eigenvalue 3.423 2.575 2.020 1.609 1.485 方差贡献率Variance contribution rate/% 26.331 19.811 15.539 12.377 11.419 累积方差贡献率Cumulative variance contribution rate/% 26.331 46.142 61.680 74.057 85.476 花径Flower diameter(X1) -0.068 0.042 0.630 -0.095 0.103 瓣数Petal number(X2) 0.218 0.507 0.091 -0.017 -0.009 花色Flower color(X3) 0.083 0.049 0.099 0.663 -0.343 花型Flower pattern(X4) -0.114 0.493 0.047 -0.009 0.207 花量Flower number(X5) 0.435 0.219 -0.110 -0.036 -0.021 花期Florescence(X6) 0.289 0.445 -0.011 0.107 -0.078 开花指数Flowering index(X7) -0.174 -0.004 0.584 -0.029 -0.127 新叶色New leaf color(X8) -0.001 0.038 -0.278 0.671 0.160 叶长Leaf length(X9) 0.362 -0.166 0.257 0.262 0.214 叶宽Leaf width(X10) -0.001 0.007 -0.011 -0.047 0.778 叶形Leaf shape(X11) 0.116 -0.469 0.120 -0.095 0.352 株高Plant height(X12) 0.499 0.001 -0.208 -0.007 -0.066 冠幅Plant width(X13) 0.482 -0.027 -0.171 0.088 0.025
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表 5 28个山茶花品种观赏价值综合评价
Table 5 Comprehensive evaluation of ornamental value of 28 Camellia varieties
品种名Variety name 主成分1 Y1 主成分2 Y2 主成分3 Y3 主成分4 Y4 主成分5 Y5 综合得分Score 排序Order 等级Grade 小桃红Otome 1.84 1.94 -1.50 0.34 0.01 0.80 7 Ⅰ 正黄旗Kigirohi 1.08 2.48 -0.87 1.76 -1.22 0.84 5 Ⅰ 杰作Masterpiece 0.77 -0.36 -0.70 -0.86 4.40 0.49 9 Ⅰ 黄的旋律Senritsu-ko 3.41 -1.30 -1.33 2.37 -0.07 0.84 5 Ⅰ 美人茶Camellia uraku -0.06 -2.85 -2.89 0.14 -1.62 -1.40 28 Ⅲ 荷尔Roger hall -0.29 0.90 -0.53 1.06 -0.46 0.11 12 Ⅱ 花宝珠Variegated precious pearl 2.63 2.26 -0.23 -0.16 -0.23 1.24 2 Ⅰ 心愿Desire -2.04 0.06 0.14 -0.53 0.20 -0.64 22 Ⅲ 红叶贝拉Red leaf bella -0.87 2.13 1.51 1.86 -0.34 0.72 8 Ⅰ 贝拉大玫瑰Nuccio′s bella rossa 0.58 0.16 -0.98 1.43 1.40 0.43 10 Ⅱ 金碧辉煌Jinbihuihuang 2.96 2.54 -1.00 1.04 -0.44 1.41 1 Ⅰ 花鹤翎Variegated crane′s feather 3.38 1.48 -0.97 0.05 -0.47 1.15 3 Ⅰ 松子Matsukasa 2.09 -1.34 -3.22 1.66 0.33 0.03 13 Ⅱ 狂想曲Extravaganza -1.64 -1.52 1.69 -1.87 0.94 -0.70 23 Ⅲ 西利米切尔Cile mitchell -1.36 1.08 0.81 -0.55 -0.20 -0.13 15 Ⅱ 情人大卡特Carter′s sunburst sweetheart -1.24 -0.81 1.97 -1.07 0.10 -0.35 17 Ⅱ 牛西奥美玉Nuccio′s gem -1.31 -1.17 0.16 -1.71 2.04 -0.62 21 Ⅲ 赛牡丹Elegans splendor -2.18 -2.04 1.77 -2.05 1.32 -0.95 25 Ⅲ 美国大红Coquettii -1.13 1.34 0.30 0.03 -1.17 -0.14 16 Ⅱ 黄莲华Ki-renge -0.79 -3.18 1.88 1.79 0.12 -0.36 18 Ⅱ 午夜魔幻Midnight magic -1.61 -0.52 -0.54 1.89 -0.58 -0.52 19 Ⅱ 飘柔Softly -2.72 0.25 -0.53 -0.87 -0.66 -1.09 26 Ⅲ 花芙蓉Variegated hibiscus 3.36 0.75 -0.63 -1.00 -0.06 0.94 4 Ⅰ 春秋战国Chunqiuzhanguo -1.65 0.66 -0.07 -0.41 -0.79 -0.53 20 Ⅱ 雪牡丹Snow peony -1.23 -2.52 0.36 -2.43 1.02 -1.11 27 Ⅲ 迷茫的春天Spring daze -1.60 0.70 -0.24 -1.25 -2.11 -0.84 24 Ⅲ 娃丽娜深Valley knudsen 1.06 -1.46 2.24 0.36 -0.76 0.35 11 Ⅱ 佛娜礼Kathryn funari -1.42 0.35 3.41 -1.03 -0.66 0.03 13 Ⅱ
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