Conditions to Rapidly Increase Dastarcus helophoroides Population in Pine Forest
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摘要:目的
林间释放花绒寄甲控制松褐天牛防治松材线虫病具有持效、长效控制作用，为探寻找影响林间花绒寄甲种群数量积累、快速提升的关键因素，于2020～2023 年在江西部分疫区开展“疫木不砍伐或不清除仅释放花绒寄甲”试验。
方法通过花绒寄甲亲本来源、体型大小、室内繁育世代数（活性）、释放比率、释放次数等对比试验，调查分析这些因子对林间花绒寄甲种群密度提升的影响。
结果疫木不清理有利于林间花绒寄甲种群数量的迅速积累，而采用现砍现烧的疫木处理方式，则不利于花绒寄甲种群数量积累；在疫木不清理的条件下，释放当地花绒寄甲种源、释放室内繁育世代数低（即活性强的F3代）的亲本、释放体型更大的个体于林间，释放比率1∶1（松褐天牛侵入孔数∶花绒寄甲成虫数）、释放3次（即连续3年，每年3月释放1次），这些措施的综合应用，即能显著、快速提升林间花绒寄甲种群密度，4年间可提升426.16%～706.23%，是释放前的5.26～8.06倍。这些因素综合分析表明，疫木处理方式是影响林间花绒寄甲快速提升的最重要因素。
结论释放的花绒寄甲本身特性[包括其亲本来源、体型大小、室内繁育世代数（活性）]、人工释放技术（包括释放时间、释放比率、释放次数）及疫木处理方式等，是影响林间花绒寄甲种群数量积累、快速提升的关键因素，可为林业生产上应用花绒寄甲防治松褐天牛控制松材线虫病提供科学依据。
Abstract:ObjectiveFactors conducive to rapid rise and maintain the Dastarcus helophoroides population for a sustainable, long-term control of pine wood nematode disease in a forest were analyzed.
MethodExperiments were conducted in nematode-infected areas in Jiangxi Province by releasing D. helophoroides without cutting down or clearing diseased trees were conducted from 2020 to 2023. Impacts of the body size and indoor breeding generations (activity) of D. helophoroides as well as the rate and frequency of the release on the insect density and disease control at the sites were monitored.
ResultBoth the increase rate and accumulation of D. helophoroides populations were significantly encouraged by not clearing the infected woods or cutting and burning the diseased trees at the sites. Thus, under the conditions, various D. helophoroides release measures were implemented. It was found that the release of the local species from parents with low indoor breeding generations (i.e., the highly active F3 generation) and large body at a rate of 1∶1 (i.e., number of nematode invasion holes on trees by Monochamus alternatus : number of D. helophoroides adults) once in March for 3 consecutive years significantly rose the insect density by 426.16-706.23% in 4 years. The increase was 5.26 to 8.06 times higher than without the release.
ConclusionThe experimented method significantly increased D. helophoroides population at the sites. The application conditions included, in addition to not clearing, cutting, or burning the diseased trees at the sites, releasing the local D. helophoroides of specific parental source, body size, and indoor breeding generations (activity) at the specified time, rate, and frequency. The implementation significantly accelerated the increase of the insect population and effectively helped control the pine wilt disease spread by M. alternatus infestation in the forest.
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图 1 各试验处理对花绒寄甲密度提升率影响的比较
图中不同大写字母表示差异显著（P＜0.01）。
Figure 1. Effect of experimental method on insect density at test sites
Data with different capital letters indicate significant difference at P＜0.01.
表 1 试验地点、时间及试验处理基本情况
Table 1 Experimentation sites, time, and basic information
地点
Location code处理组数
Number of
processing groups试验区面积
Test area/hm2树高
Tree height/m胸径
DBH/cm试验前的疫木处理方式
Treatment of Phytophthora
before the test试验项目
Experimental projectNK 3 16.31 7.06 9.13 CB 释放比率试验
Release ratio testWA 4 39.08 9.43 11.24 NT 繁育世代数试验
Breeding generations testXJ 2 11.07 7.95 12.72 CB 疫木处理试验
Epidemic wood treatment testYF 5 35.13 8.07 11.92 CB 释放次数、种源试验
Release frequency and natural enemy source testXF 4 31.44 9.87 11.69 CB 体型试验
Individual size test①地点代码为试验地所在县的县名拼音首字母。 ②疫木处理方式“CB”代表“现砍现烧”，“NT”代表“不处理”。
① Location codes are expressed with first letter of pinyin name of county of test site. ② CB: cutting and burning diseased trees; NT: no treatment.
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表 2 试验方法
Table 2 Experimental methods
地点
Location code试验项目
Experimental project种源
D. helophoroides
source繁育代数
Breeding enerations体型
Body individuals释放比率
Release ratio释放次数
Release frequency疫木处理
Epidemic wood
treatmentYF1 种源试验
D. helophoroides source testGN、GB F3 B 1∶1 3 NT WA 繁育世代数试验
Breeding generations testGN F3、F11 B 1∶1 3 NT XF 体型试验
Body size testGN F3 A、B 1∶1 3 NT NK 释放比率试验
Release ratio testGN F3 B 2∶1、1∶1、1∶2 3 NT YF2 释放次数试验
Release frequency testGN F3 B 1∶1 1、2、3 NT XJ 疫木处理试验
Epidemic wood treatment testGN F3 B 1∶1 3 NT、CB 体型“A”代表“大型个体”，“B”代表“混合型个体”；其他同表1。
Large body individual; B: individuals of mixed body types; others: same aslisted in Table 1.
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表 3 花绒寄甲种源对其林间种群密度的影响
Table 3 Effect of D. helophoroides source on population density at test sites
年份 Year 寄甲密度 D. helophoroides density/（头·hm−2） 种群密度提升率 Population density improvement rate/% 种源GN Source GN 种源GB Source GB 种源GN Source GN 种源GB Source GB 2019 927.86 915.85 2020 1931.62 1615.85 108.18 76.43 2021 2796.56 1961.57 201.40 114.18 2022 3969.27 2853.29 327.79 211.55 2023 5531.37 4067.12 496.15±11.94 A 344.08±16.10 B 同行均值（平均值±标准差）后不同大写字母表示差异极显著（P＜0.01）。下同。
Data with different capital letters after mean (mean±SD) on same row indicate significant difference at P＜0.01. Same for following tables.
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表 4 花绒寄甲繁育代数对其林间种群密度提升的影响
Table 4 Effect of breeding generation of D. helophoroides on population density at test sites
年份Year 寄甲密度 D. helophoroides density/（头·hm−2） 种群密度提升率 Population density improvement rate/% F3 F11 F3 F11 2019 1211.58 1176.27 2020 2927.86 2241.69 141.66 90.58 2021 3809.96 3114.76 214.46 164.80 2022 4857.27 3953.29 300.90 236.09 2023 6374.83 4759.09 426.16±20.28 A 304.59±13.92 B
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表 5 花绒寄甲体型大小对其林间种群密度提升的影响
Table 5 Effect of body size of D. helophoroides on population density at test sites
年份
Year寄甲密度 D. helophoroides density/（头·hm−2） 种群密度提升率 Population density improvement rate/% 大型个体
Large body individuals混合型
Mixed individuals大型个体
Large body individuals混合型
Mixed individuals2019 786.06 741.45 2020 2076.77 1625.85 164.20 119.28 2021 3186.51 2435.29 305.38 228.45 2022 4379.56 3264.80 457.15 340.32 2023 5917.28 4525.69 652.77±29.84 A 510.38±45.28 B
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表 6 花绒寄甲释放比率对其林间种群密度提升的影响
Table 6 Effect of release rate of D. helophoroides on population density at test sites
年份Year 寄甲密度 D. helophoroides density/（头·hm−2） 种群密度提升率 Population density improvement rate/% 2∶1 1∶1 1∶2 2∶1 1∶1 1∶2 2019 761.32 759.87 747.58 2020 1467.49 1875.65 2497.56 92.76±9.29 A 146.84±15.36 B 234.09±19.55 C 2021 2148.70 2554.66 3177.63 182.23±17.81 A 236.20±22.50 B 325.06±24.11 C 2022 2747.56 a3469.80 b3941.04 b260.89±21.34 A 356.63±20.48 B 427.17±18.73 C 2023 3552.18 a4519.27 b4753.89 b366.58±17.55 A 494.74±20.81 B 535.90±19.20 C
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表 7 花绒寄甲释放次数对其林间种群密度提升的影响
Table 7 Effect of number of D. helophoroides release on insect density at test sites
年份 Year 寄甲密度 D. helophoroides density/（头·hm−2） 种群密度提升率 Population density improvement rate/% 释放1次
Release once释放2次
Release twice释放3次
Release 3 times释放1次
Release once释放2次
Release twice释放3次
Release 3 times2019 834.61 860.71 849.48 2020 1587.52 1702.65 1657.09 90.21 97.82 95.07 2021 1997.24 2265.45 2673.16 139.30 163.21 214.68 2022 2430.06 2911.38 3534.44 191.16±18.37 A 238.25±21.46 B 316.07±22.85 C 2023 2947.57 4172.19 5269.27 253.17±12.76 A 384.74±11.41 B 520.29±18.07 C
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表 8 疫木处理方式对花绒寄甲林间种群密度提升的影响
Table 8 Effect of diseased tree treatments on nsect density at test sites
年份 Year 寄甲密度 D. helophoroides density/（头·hm−2） 种群密度提升率 Population density improvement rate/% 疫木不处理
No treatment for epidemic wood现砍现烧
Felled and immediate burning疫木不处理
No treatment for epidemic wood现砍现烧
Felled and immediate burning2019 517.91 343.65 2020 1479.14 427.91 185.60 24.52 2021 2086.11 552.37 302.80 60.74 2022 2991.56 778.26 477.62 126.47 2023 4175.52 960.84 706.23 179.60
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