Effects of Nitrogen Application Level on Endogenous Hormones, Yield and Quality of Tartary Buckwheat
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摘要:目的 明确氮肥用量与苦荞内源激素、产量和品质的关系。方法 以苦荞品种黔苦6号为试验材料，设置不施氮（CK）、低氮（LN，施氮量50 kg·hm-2）、中氮（MN，施氮量100 kg·hm-2）、高氮（HN，施氮量150 kg·hm-2）处理，研究其对苦荞根际土壤、根系形态、叶片内源激素及产量和品质的影响。结果 苦荞根际土壤中的碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量随氮肥用量的增加表现为先增加后降低；苦荞根系长度、根系表面积、根系体积随施氮量的增加表现为先增加后降低，以MN处理最大，CK处理最小，氮肥对苦荞根系平均直径影响不大；苦荞叶片中的1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸（ACC）、生长素（IAA）、玉米素（Z）+玉米素核苷（ZR）和多胺含量随氮肥用量的增加表现为先增加后降低，脱落酸（ABA）含量则表现为先降低后增加；苦荞的株高、主茎分枝数、单株粒数、单株粒重、千粒重和产量均随施氮量的增加表现为先增加后降低，氮肥对苦荞主茎节数影响不大；苦荞籽粒中的蛋白质、总膳食纤维、芦丁、槲皮素和山奈酚含量随施氮量的增加表现为先增加后降低，黄酮含量以CK处理最高、HN处理最低。结论 苦荞的适宜氮肥用量为100 kg·hm-2，氮肥过量或不足，均会导致最终产量和品质的下降。Abstract:Objective Effects of varied levels of nitrogen fertilization on the endogenous hormones, yield and quality of tartary buckwheat were studied.Method The tarary buckwheat variety of Qianku 6 (QK6) plants were treated with different nitrogen applications (i.e., CK of blank control, LN at 50 kg·hm-2, LN at 100 kg·hm-2, and HN at 150 kg·hm-2). Conditions of the rhizosphere soil as well as the root morphology, endogenous hormones in leaves, and grain yield and quality of the buckwheat plants were monitored for analysis.Result Increased nitrogen raised the contents of available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the rhizosphere soil initially and followed by a decline. The length, surface area and volume of the roots showed a similar trend that peaked under MN and minimalized under CK. But little effect was observed on root diameter. ACC, IAA, Z+ZR and polyamine had the same trend of increasing and declining, but ABA the opposite. The plant height, main stem count, grain weight and count per plant, 1000-grain weight and grain yield of QK6 also increased initially and decreased later, but no significant effect on the number of main stem nodes. Again, the contents of protein, total dietary fiber, rutin, quercetin and kaempferol of the plants increased at first and then decreased with increasing nitrogen. The highest content of flavonoids was found in the grains of the plants treated under CK and the lowest in those under HN.Conclusion The nitrogen application at a rate of 100 kg·hm-2 appeared appropriate for QK6 cultivation rendering a maximized fertilization benefit. Excessive or insufficient application on nitrogen would lead to a reduction on the grain yield and quality of buckwheat plants.
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Keywords:
- tartary buckwheat /
- nitrogen /
- endogenous hormones /
- yield /
- quality
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表 1 氮肥用量对苦荞根际土壤养分和有机质含量的影响
Table 1 Effect of nitrogen application levels on nutrients in rhizosphere soil
处理
Treatment碱解氮
Available nitrogen
/(mg·kg-1)有效磷
Available phosphorus
/(mg·kg-1)速效钾
Available potassium
/(mg·kg-1)有机质
Organic matter
/(g·kg-1)CK 5.61 ±0.29d 21.53±1.23d 112.72±1.57b 31.37±1.00a LN 22.38 ±1.02c 68.80±2.42c 142.30±1.32a 31.26±1.27a MN 86.52 ±3.23a 117.21±3.27a 144.20±2.02a 32.18±1.11a HN 71.44 ±1.05b 88.31±1.39b 118.89±1.12b 28.10±1.16b 注:同列数字后不同字母表示显著差异(P < 0.05)，表 2~5同。
Note: Different lowercase letters behind the number in the same column indicated significant differences (P < 0.05).The same as Table 2-5.
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表 2 氮肥用量对苦荞根系形态的影响
Table 2 Effect of nitrogen application levels on root morphology of buckwheat plants
处理
Treatment长度
Length/cm表面积
Surface area/cm2体积
Bulk/cm3平均直径
Average diameter/mmCK 41.27±0.68d 7.08±0.01d 0.23±0.02d 0.526±0.005a LN 56.70±0.36b 11.14±0.10b 0.50±0.01b 0.533±0.003a MN 73.62±0.20a 19.38±0.02a 0.71±0.01a 0.542±0.006a HN 48.03±0.21c 8.22±0.011c 0.36±0.03c 0.532±0.009a
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表 3 氮肥用量对苦荞叶片内源激素含量的影响
Table 3 Effect of nitrogen application levels on endogenous hormones content in buckwheat plants
处理
Treatment脱落酸
ABA/(pmol·g-1)生长素
IAA/(pmol·g-1)玉米素+玉米素核苷
Z+ZR/(pmol·g-1)1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸
ACC/(nmol·g-1)多胺
Polyamine/ (nmol·g-1)CK 7.14±0.08a 68.2±0.12c 21.6±0.03c 1.18±0.01d 1320.6±10.08c LN 3.81±0.12c 73.6±0.18b 25.1±0.07b 1.66±0.02b 1427.3±11.27b MN 2.30±0.07d 80.1±0.09a 33.3±0.13a 1.94±0.10a 1522.0±9.25a HN 5.16±0.11b 59.4±0.07d 32.8±0.21a 1.36±0.07c 1368.1±10.29c
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表 4 氮肥用量对苦荞生长及产量的影响
Table 4 Effects of nitrogen application levels on agronomic traits and yield of buckwheat
处理
Treatment株高
Plant height
/cm主茎节数
Stem
nodes主茎分枝数
Stem
branches单株粒数
Grain number
per plant单株粒重
Grain weight
per plant/g千粒重
Thousand seed
weight/g产量
Yield
/(kg·hm-2)CK 46.8±2.13c 13.1±0.12a 5.6±0.01b 122.6±7.23d 3.08±0.26c 18.02±0.13d 512.8±10.02d LN 71.0±3.22b 13.6±0.27a 5.9±0.01b 190.8±6.51c 3.97±0.31b 21.25±0.27c 1138.6±11.34b MN 82.7±3.38a 14.0±0.16a 7.3±0.08a 286.2±6.92a 4.86±0.67a 28.92±0.36a 1527.3±12.39a HN 44.3±2.16c 13.3±0.18a 4.2±0.04c 227.0±7.18b 3.88±0.18b 24.69±0.24b 922.5±10.84c
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表 5 氮肥用量对苦荞品质的影响
Table 5 Effect of nitrogen application levels on quality of buckwheat
处理
Treatment蛋白质
Protein
/%总膳食纤维
TDF
/%黄酮
Flavonoid
/%芦丁
Rutin
/(102mg·mL-1)槲皮素
Quercitrin
/(102mg·mL-1)山奈酚
Kaempferol
/(mg·mL-1)CK 15.28±1.02c 12.49±1.17c 1.83±0.26a 0.42±0.05c 0.80±0.06b 0.14±0.01d LN 19.06±1.37b 13.08±1.23c 1.59±0.31c 0.60±0.06a 0.98±0.02a 0.30±0.01b MN 25.70±1.08a 20.84±1.19a 1.71±0.25b 0.59±0.02a 0.96±0.08a 0.39±0.06a HN 24.35±1.29a 17.90±1.38b 1.27±0.26d 0.51±0.07b 0.77±0.05b 0.21±0.04c
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