Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Additions on Growth and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Indices of Polygonum multiflorum
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摘要:目的 研究不同氮磷添加处理对何首乌植株生长和叶绿素荧光参数的影响,为促进何首乌生产提供科学施肥的理论指导。方法 以何首乌幼苗为试材,设置4个处理,分别为对照(CK)、施氮(N:株施尿素2.7 g)、施磷(P:株施过磷酸钙14.4 g)、氮磷共施(N+P:株施尿素2.7 g、过磷酸钙14.4 g),测定不同氮磷添加处理对何首乌生长和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果 氮磷添加处理可促进何首乌生长,对何首乌叶片数、单叶面积、叶柄长、株高的影响程度为:氮磷共施>施磷>施氮>对照;与对照相比,氮磷添加处理均可显著促进何首乌生物量积累,以氮磷共施处理增幅最大,并可显著提高地上生物量占比;氮磷添加处理促进了何首乌叶绿素含量增加,以及Fv/Fm、qP、ETR值升高,降低qN值,以氮磷共施处理的叶绿素含量增幅最大(较对照增加96.08%),qN值降幅最大(较对照降低29.16%)。结论 相较于对照及单一养分添加,氮磷共施处理能更显著提高何首乌光合效率,促进植株生长。Abstract:Objective Effects of N and P additions on the growth and chlorophyll fluorescence indices of Polygonum multiflorum were studied to provide a guideline for proper fertilization to promote the plant growth.Method N and P addition, i.e., (1) N application using 2.7g urea/plant, (2) P application using 14.4g superphosphate/plant, (3) N+P application using 2.7 g urea and 14.4 g superphosphate on each plant, or (4) control without added N or P, was incorporated in the potting soil to observe the resulting growth and chlorophyll fluorescence indices of the plants.Result The treatments increased the leaf count, single leaf area, petiole length, and height of the plants in the order of N+P application > P application > N application > control. The addition of N+P significantly increased the biomass accumulation, proportion of above-ground biomass, and chlorophyll content as well as the indices of Fv/Fm, qP and ETR, with a decreased qN. Compared to control, N+P treatment affected the most on chlorophyll with a 96.08% increase and on qN with a 29.16% reduction.Conclusion Addition of both N and P in the potting soil significantly promoted the growth and photosynthesis of P. multiflorum.
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0. 引言
【研究意义】兔巴氏杆菌病是由多杀性巴氏杆菌感染兔引起的一种传染病。该病一年四季均可发生,且所有日龄的兔均可发病。临床上,兔巴氏杆菌病以呼吸道症状多见,也可见中耳炎和结膜炎[1-2]。该病是兔的常发病和多发病,是危害兔产业发展的重要疾病。根据多杀性巴氏杆菌的荚膜抗原可将其分为5种血清型,即A、B、D、E和F型[3]。其中,A和D型菌株是兔群中的优势流行菌株[4-5]。【前人研究进展】F型多杀性巴氏杆菌最早在美国的火鸡中发现[6],该菌株主要感染禽类[7],其感染能引起禽霍乱[8]。然而,研究表明国内外兔群中也存在F型多杀性巴氏杆菌,且该菌株对兔具有强致病性[9-11]。由此可见,兔群中F型多杀性巴氏杆菌的出现,使兔巴氏杆菌病的病因更加复杂,也使该病的确诊更加困难。因此,实现对F型多杀性巴氏杆菌的快速检测,掌握其在兔群中的流行情况,对兔产业的发展具有重要意义。【本研究切入点】目前,用于F型多杀性巴氏杆菌的实验室检测方法有细菌分离鉴定和多重PCR[3, 10]。多杀性巴氏杆菌营养需求高、生长较缓慢,容易受其他生长较快的细菌污染。多重PCR用于多杀性巴氏杆菌的荚膜分型[3],反应体系中包含6对引物,对反应体系的组成和反应条件都要求很高,否则会出现非特异性扩增或假阴性结果。【拟解决的关键问题】为了建立一种快速且简便的F型多杀性巴氏杆菌检测方法,本研究根据多杀性巴氏杆菌kmt1基因和F型多杀性巴氏杆菌fcbD基因的保守序列分别设计了2对特异性引物,建立了检测F型多杀性巴氏杆菌的双重PCR检测方法,为兔源F型多杀性巴氏杆菌的快速检测提供技术支撑。
1. 材料与方法
1.1 材料
1.1.1 主要试剂
2×PCR Mix、pEASY-T1克隆载体、细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒和胶回收试剂盒购自北京全式金生物技术有限公司。
1.1.2 菌株
兔源A、D和F型多杀性巴氏杆菌(Pasteurella multocida)、支气管败血波氏杆菌(Bordetella bronchiseptica)、肺炎克雷伯菌(Klebsiella pneumonia)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)由本实验室分离保存。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 引物设计
根据GenBank中公布的多杀性巴氏杆菌kmt1基因(登录号:KX348143)和F型多杀性巴氏杆菌的fcbD基因(登录号:AF302467),利用Primer Premier 5.0软件设计了2对分别针对kmt1基因和fcbD基因保守序列的特异性引物,kmt1基因引物序列为:kmt1-F:5′-gttttatgccacttgaaatgggaa-3′/kmt1-R:5′-taagaaacgtaactcaacatggaaatatt-3′;fcbD基因引物序列为:fcbD-F:5′-ctaaagatcttgttcttgctccattg-3′/fcbD-R:5′-tctgcggtaatattatgagtatccac-3′,扩增的目的片段分别为260 bp和490 bp。引物由上海铂尚生物技术有限公司合成。
1.2.2 单重PCR方法的建立及扩增产物的鉴定
以提取的兔源F型多杀性巴氏杆菌基因组DNA为模板,分别利用kmt1基因和fcbD基因引物进行单重PCR扩增。单重PCR反应体系为:2×PCR Mix 25 μL,基因组DNA 1 μL,上下游引物(10 μmol·L−1)各2 μL,灭菌ddH2O 20 μL,共50 μL反应体系。单重PCR反应程序为95 ℃ 5 min;95 ℃ 30 s、59 ℃ 30 s、72 ℃ 30 s,35个循环;72 ℃ 10 min。PCR产物纯化后克隆至pEASY-T1克隆载体,送上海铂尚生物技术有限公司测序。
1.2.3 双重PCR方法的建立及反应条件的优化
将kmt1基因和fcbD基因引物调整至40 μmol·L−1,等体积混匀后作为双重PCR的引物。双重PCR反应体系为:2×PCR Mix 25 μL,兔源F型多杀性巴氏杆菌基因组DNA 1 μL,混合引物4 μL,灭菌ddH2O 20 μL,共50 μL反应体系。双重PCR反应程序为95 ℃ 10 min;95 ℃ 30 s、59 ℃ 90 s、72 ℃ 2 min,35个循环;72 ℃ 10 min。在此基础上,设置双重PCR方法的退火温度在54~60 ℃、混合引物终浓度在0.4、0.5、0.6、0.7、0.8、0.9、1.0 μmol·L−1进行优化,确定最佳的退火温度和引物浓度。
1.2.4 双重PCR方法的特异性试验
分别以提取的兔源A、D和F型多杀性巴氏杆菌、支气管败血波氏杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的基因组DNA为模板,应用建立的双重PCR方法进行检测,设置阴性对照(灭菌ddH2O),评估该双重PCR方法的特异性。
1.2.5 双重PCR方法的敏感性试验
将荚膜F型多杀性巴氏杆菌的基因组DNA 10倍倍比稀释,使双重PCR反应体系中DNA模板的含量为1×107~1×100拷贝·μL−1,设置阴性对照(灭菌ddH2O),评估该方法的敏感性。
1.2.6 双重PCR方法的重复性试验
取90份已知结果的病死兔肺脏样品,平均分为3组,每组30份(A型多杀性巴氏杆菌样品5份,D型多杀性巴氏杆菌5份,F型多杀性巴氏杆菌5份,支气管败血波氏杆菌3份,肺炎克雷伯菌3份,大肠杆菌3份,金黄色葡萄球菌3份,阴性样品3份)。利用细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒分别提取样品的基因组DNA,平均分为3份,利用建立的双重PCR方法分3次检测(每次检测90份),每次检测时每份样品重复3次,统计批内和批间变异系数,评估该双重PCR方法的重复性。
1.2.7 双重PCR方法的初步应用
选取从龙岩、三明、南平、福州和宁德5个地区收集的87份已知结果的呼吸道病死兔肺脏样品,应用本实验建立的双重PCR方法和已报道的多重PCR方法[3]同时对87份临床样品进行检测。统计检测结果,比较两种PCR方法检测结果与已知结果的一致性以及两种PCR方法检测结果的一致性。
2. 结果与分析
2.1 单重PCR方法的建立及扩增产物的鉴定
以兔源F型多杀性巴氏杆菌的基因组DNA为模板,利用设计的kmt1基因和fcbD基因引物分别进行单重PCR扩增。结果显示,扩增产物分别为260 bp和490 bp(图1),与预期目的片段大小相符。将上述2条目的片段克隆至pEASY-T1克隆载体并测序,测序结果显示2条目的片段序列与相应参考基因的序列同源性均为100%。
2.2 双重PCR方法的建立及反应条件的优化
以兔源F型多杀性巴氏杆菌的基因组DNA为模板,应用kmt1基因和fcbD基因引物进行双重PCR扩增。结果显示,在同一反应体系中,2对引物均能特异地扩增出相应的目的片段(图2)。在此基础上,进一步对双重PCR的退火温度和引物浓度进行优化。结果显示,当退火温度为54~60 ℃时,该双重PCR的扩增效果均较好(图3);当混合引物浓度为0.8 μmol·L−1时(图4),双重PCR扩增效果最好。退火温度高,则特异性强。因此,确定该双重PCR的最佳反应条件为退火温度60 ℃,混合引物浓度0.8 μmol·L−1。
2.3 双重PCR方法的特异性
利用建立的双重PCR能同时特异地扩增出兔源F型多杀性巴氏杆菌的kmt1基因片段和fcbD基因片段,能扩增出兔源A型和D型多杀性巴氏杆菌的kmt1基因片段,对兔源支气管败血波氏杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和阴性对照(灭菌ddH2O)则为阴性(图5)。结果表明,该双重PCR方法具有较强的特异性。
图 5 双重PCR检测方法特异性试验注:M: DNA Marker;1:F型多杀性巴氏杆菌;2:A型多杀性巴氏杆菌;3:D型多杀性巴氏杆菌;4:支气管败血波氏杆菌;5:肺炎克雷伯菌;6:大肠杆菌;7:金黄色葡萄球菌;8:阴性对照Figure 5. Specificity of duplex PCR assayNote: M: DNA marker; 1: serogroup F strain of P. multocida; 2: serogroup A strain of P. multocida; 3: serogroup D strain of P. multocida; 4:B. bronchiseptica; 5: K. pneumonia; 6: E. coli; 7: S. aureus; 8: negative control.2.4 双重PCR方法的敏感性
将兔源F型多杀性巴氏杆菌的基因组DNA 10倍倍比稀释(1×107~1×100拷贝·μL−1)。结果显示,该双重PCR的最低检测限为1×103拷贝·μL−1基因组DNA(图6),表明该双重PCR具有良好的敏感性。
2.5 双重PCR方法的重复性
应用建立的双重PCR对90份已知结果的病死兔肺脏样品(3组,每组30份)分3批次进行批内和批间重复性试验。结果显示,重复性试验批内和批间结果均一致,表明该双重PCR具有良好的重复性。
2.6 双重PCR方法的初步应用
应用建立的双重PCR方法和已报道的多重PCR方法同时对87份已知结果(A型多杀性巴氏杆菌阳性样品30份,D型多杀性巴氏杆菌阳性样品9份,F型多杀性巴氏杆菌阳性样品8份,支气管败血波氏杆菌阳性样品11份,肺炎克雷伯菌阳性样品2份,大肠杆菌阳性样品1份,金黄色葡萄球菌阳性样品3份,阴性样品23份)的呼吸道病死兔肺脏样品进行检测。结果显示,双重PCR检测出多杀性巴氏杆菌阳性样品49份(其中F型多杀性巴氏杆菌阳性样品8份),阴性样品38份。多重PCR检测出多杀性巴氏杆菌阳性样品43份(其中A型多杀性巴氏杆菌阳性样品30份,D型多杀性阳性样品7份,F型多杀性巴氏杆菌阳性样品6份),阴性样品39份,非特异扩增样品5份。双重PCR方法检测结果和已报道的多重PCR方法检测结果与已知结果的符合率分别为97.70%和94.25%。双重PCR方法检测结果与已报道的多重PCR方法检测结果的符合率为93.10%。上述结果表明,本试验建立的双重PCR方法准确性高,具有较好的临床应用价值。
3. 讨论与结论
多杀性巴氏杆菌感染是引起兔呼吸道疾病的重要病原之一,常常引起致死性感染。临床上,致死性病例以50~70日龄的商品兔、怀孕后期母兔和哺乳母兔多见,给养兔业造成严重的经济损失[12]。兔巴氏杆菌病主要由A和D型多杀性巴氏杆菌感染引起[4-5]。F型多杀性巴氏杆菌首次分离自火鸡[6],主要在禽类中流行病且致病性强[7-8]。然而,在国内外兔群中也发现有该菌的存在,且其感染能引起兔的严重致死性呼吸道疾病[9-11]。由此可见,F型多杀性巴氏杆菌在兔群中的出现使兔巴氏杆菌病病因更加复杂,导致该病的确诊更加困难。
本试验根据多杀性巴氏杆菌的kmt1基因和F型多杀性巴氏杆菌fcbD基因的保守序列分别设计了2对特异性引物,建立了检测F型多杀性巴氏杆菌的双重PCR方法。kmt1基因是多杀性巴氏杆菌的种特异性基因,以该基因为目的基因能建立检测多杀性巴氏杆菌的特异性PCR检测方法[13-14]。fcbD基因编码F型多杀性巴氏杆菌荚膜中的软骨素,是F型菌株中的特异性基因,以该基因为目的基因能建立鉴定F型多杀性巴氏杆菌荚膜血清型的多重PCR方法[3]。由此可见,以kmt1基因和fcbD基因为目的基因能建立特异的检测兔源F型多杀性巴氏杆菌的双重PCR检测方法。本试验建立的双重PCR方法快速简便,不仅克服了细菌分离鉴定的费时,还克服了多杀性巴氏杆菌荚膜分型多重PCR方法的费力。此外,该双重PCR方法特异性强、重复性好、准确性高,具有很好的临床应用价值,为掌握兔群中F型多杀性巴氏杆菌的流行情况提供了有力的技术手段。
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图 1 不同氮磷添加处理的何首乌叶绿素含量
注:柱形图间无相同大、小写字母者分别表示在0.01水平上和0.05水平上具有显著性差异,图 2同。
Figure 1. Chlorophyll content of P. multiflorum seedlings under N and P applications
Note:Different uppercase letters between columns indicate extremely significant differences at 0.01 level. Different lowercase letters between columns indicate significant differences at 0.05 level.The same as fig. 2.
表 1 不同氮磷添加处理何首乌幼苗的生长指标
Table 1 Growth indices of P. multiflorum seedlings under N and P applications (mean±standard error)
处理
Nutrient treatment叶片数Number of leaves 叶面积
Single leaf area/cm2叶柄长
Petiole length/cm根长
Root length/cm分枝数
Number of branches株高
Plant height/cmCK 36.67±4.98cB 9.16±0.58cB 2.1±0.13bA 18.10±1.47aA 7.0±1.53aA 77.7±5.37cC N 63.33±6.17bAB 13.76±0.47bB 2.5±0.25abA 20.77±3.75aA 6.0±1.0aA 106.3±16.95bcBC P 72.00±6.43bB 16.11±0.24bAB 3.1±0.27aA 17.10±1.15aA 6.7±0.67aA 141.7±7.26bB N+P 133.33±21.37aA 34.57±7.85aA 3.3±0.20aA 18.53±0.67aA 6.7±1.76aA 312.8±13.42aA 注:表中同列数据后无相同大、小写字母者分别表示在0.01水平上和0.05水平上具有显著性差异。表 2同。
Note:Different uppercase and lowercase letters on a same column indicate significant differences at 0.05 level and extremely significant differences at 0.01 level. The same as table 2.表 2 不同氮磷添加处理何首乌幼苗生物量积累及其分配
Table 2 Biomass accumulation and allocation on P. multiflorum seedlings under N and P applications (mean±standard error)
处理
Nutrient treatment叶生物量
Leaf biomass/g块根生物量
Root biomass/g须根生物量
Fine root biomass/g茎生物量
Stem biomass/g总生物量
Total biomass/g叶生物量占比
Leaf biomass ratio茎生物量占比
Stem biomass ratio根生物量占比
Root biomass ratioCK 1.2±0.19cB 1.1±0.09bB 0.12±0.02aA 0.9±0.14bB 2.9±0.57cC 0.2±0.1bA 0.3±0.02aA 0.4±0.05aA N 2.3±0.03bcB 2.1±0.25aA 0.38±0.03bB 1.1±0.42bB 5.8±0.68bBC 0.4±0.05abA 0.2±0.06bB 0.4±0.01aAB P 3.4±0.03bB 2.0±0.11aA 0.29±0.10bB 2.1±0.27bB 7.9±0.49bB 0.4±0.2abA 0.3±0.02abAB 0.3±0.0aAB N+P 7.4±1.11aA 2.0±0.09aA 0.47±0.23bB 5.4±0.48aA 15.3±1.23aA 0.5±0.05aA 0.4±0.04aA 0.2±0.01bA -
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