2022 Vol. 37, No. 6
Display Method:
Breeding and Application of High-quality, Blast-resistant, Long-shelf-life Fragrant Fuxiangzhan Rice
2022, 37(6): 683-690.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.06.001
Abstract:
Objective A high-quality, blast-resistant, long-shelf-life fragrant rice variety was bred for cultivation in Fujian. Method Yuejingsimiao No.2, a conventional high-quality rice, was crossed with H603, a traditional high-quality fragrant rice, by pedigree method and shuttle breeding. The obtained offspring were concurrently evaluated on grain quality, blast resistance, and storage stability. Results In 2015, Fuxiangzhan was selected to participate in the regional, continuous, and production trials on mid-season rice in Fujian Province from 2018 to 2019. It was judged to be Grade 2 for edible rice according to the standard set forth by Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, certified to be moderately resistant to blast with long shelf life and the aromatic characteristics, approved by Fujian Provincial Crop Variety Appraisal Committee in 2020, and awarded a silver medal in 2018 and a gold medal in 2019 at provincial competitions, in addition to a gold medal for indica rice at the 3rd National High-quality Rice Variety Taste Test in 2020. Conclusions Fuxiangzhan was a high-quality fragrant rice with medium blast resistance and long storage shelf life that appeared suitable for mid-season cultivation in Fujian.
2022, 37(6): 691-701.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.06.002
Abstract:
Objective Saline-alkaline tolerance of rice varieties was evaluated for the crop cultivation in Yinbei region of Ningxia province. Methods In the salt-alkaline fields, 12 rice varieties (lines) showing a tolerance to the conditions, along with the local Ningjing No. 45 as control, were planted to observe their growth and adaptability to the environment for 2 consecutive years. A total of 17 various yield and quality traits, including plant height, effective panicle number, panicle length, total grain number per panicle, filled grain number per panicle, grain weight per panicle, effective panicle number per plant, 1000-grain weight, yield, brown rice rate, milled rice rate, head milled rice rate, chalky grain rate, chalkiness,length-width ratio as well as protein and amylose contents, were measured at maturation. The data were statistically analyzed for correlation, protein content, and membership functions. Result The 17 quality indicators of the rice grown under saline-alkaline stress were grouped into 5 indices that provided a cumulative contribution rate of 91.05% by a principal component analysis for comprehensive comparison. The D values generated by the membership function analysis ranked the 13 rice specimens in degree of the tolerance as Hei 006＞Songjing No. 12＞202008013＞Ningjing No. 45 (CK)＞Songjing No. 9＞Jinnuo No. 6＞Xindao 28＞Liaojing 828＞2020810＞Gangyuan 11＞Xincejing No. 1＞Haijing-20-Xiang. Conclusion Being rated higher than control on the tolerance and adaptability to salt and alkalinity, Hei 006, 2020801, and Songjing 12 were recommended for further testing as the potential germplasms for cultivation on the likewise soils in the region.
Determination and Index Selection on Tolerance of Soybean Seedlings to Phosphorus Deficiency in Soil
2022, 37(6): 702-711.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.06.003
Abstract:
Objective Tolerance to deficient supply of phosphorus of soybean varieties at seedling stage was determined, and viable identification indicators selected to aid the breeding and resource utilization of soybean germplasms in southwest China. Method Ten soybean germplasms were treated by varying degrees of phosphorus stress along with a blank control in a hydroponic experiment. Nineteen morphological, physical, and biochemical properties on the seedlings, including plant height, leaf area, shoot and root biomass, root length, root volume, root surface area, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, and transpiration rate, were monitored during the treatment for the index selection. The low-phosphorus tolerance coefficient on each indicator was then used to finalize the selection based on the analyses of factor, membership function, cluster, and grey correlation. Result The Grey correlation analysis showed that the shoot fresh weight, transpiration rate, shoot dry weight, stomatal conductance, leaf area, plant height, stem diameter, and root volume closely related to the tolerance of a soybean plant. The cluster analysis grouped the 10 soybean varieties into highly tolerant, moderately tolerant, and weakly tolerant categories. Conclusion Among the tested varieties Tiefeng No.31 and Dian 86-4 exhibited the strongest phosphorus absorption and utilization ability at seedling stage. The shoot fresh weight, transpiration rate, shoot dry weight, stomatal conductance, leaf area, plant height, stem diameter, and root volume were the choice indicators for evaluating the tolerance to deficient phosphorus supply of soybean plants at seedling stage.
2022, 37(6): 712-719.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.06.004
Abstract:
Objective Effects of rice variety and applied foliar fertilizers on the accumulation of heavy metals in the husk-removed grains were studied. Method In a field experimentation, 10 major local late-season rice cultivars in Guangxi Province were sprayed with selenium (Se), silicon (Si), or water as CK. Contents of As, Cd, Pb, and Cr in the husk-removed grains were determined to identify the rice varieties with lower potential to retain heavy metals. Result Significant differences were found in the pollutants accumulation of rice grains. Among the 10 cultivars, Guiyu 12 was the lowest on Cd, Yufengyou 158 the lowest on As, Quanxiangyou 822 the lowest on Cr, and only Huazheyou No.1 detected with Pb. The greatest to the least heavy metal accumulated was in the order of Cd＞As＞Cr＞Pb. On average, the application of Se foliar fertilizer reduced the Cd accumulation in grains by 44.8%, and that of Si by 44.2% with the enrichment coefficients decreased by 47.2% and 47.4%, respectively. Si application lowered the As content by 30.0% with an enrichment coefficient by 19.0% over CK, but less effective on Pb reduction. Conclusion The accumulation of Cd in the grains of Guiyu 12 could be significantly minimized, and also that of As in Yufengyou 158 rice, for the cultivation in Guangxi. Application of Si fertilizer on the leaves of a rice plant could decrease As accumulation and that of either Se or Si reduce Cd in the grains.
2022, 37(6): 720-726.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.06.005
Abstract:
Objective Effects of spraying methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on the antioxidant enzyme activity and interleaf microbial diversity of tobacco leaves were investigated. Method Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, peroxidase (POD) activity, total phenolic content, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation as well as abundance and diversity of interleaf bacteria and fungi in tobacco leaves were measured 72 h after spraying the plant growth regulator at 0.5 mmol·L-1 (+MeJA) or without (CK) as control. Result The MeJA spray significantly increased SOD and POD activities and H2O2 accumulation but reduced the microbial abundance and increased the fungal diversity in the tobacco leaves. The SOD activity and H2O2 accumulation significantly inversely correlated with Golovinomyces, whereas POD positively correlated with Ralstonia and Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia. Conclusion Tobacco leaves sprayed by MeJA not only activated the antioxidant enzyme activity but also altered the dominant fungi distribution in them, resulting in a correlation between oxidase activity and fungal genus share in tobacco leaves.
2022, 37(6): 727-733.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.06.006
Abstract:
Objective The gene related to Sclerotinia-resistance in Brassica napus was cloned and studied to provide information for the development of disease-resistant rapeseed cultivars by means of molecular marker-assisted breeding. Method Using the rapeseed plants known to be either highly resistant or highly susceptible to sclerotinia stem rot, the homologous P5CR (pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase) on A03 and C03 chromosomes were amplified, cloned, sequenced, and expression analyzed. DNAMAN software was used to compare the sequencing results to locate the relevant SNP sites. Expressions of P5CR before and 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h after inoculation into rapeseed plants were detected by qPCR. Result The P5CR on C03 chromosome was 1457 bp in length with 7 SNP loci, of which, 3 might be related to the disease resistance. The gene on A03 chromosome was 1526 bp in length with 15 SNP sites, of which, two might be associated with the disease resistance. The expressions of P5CR on A03 and C03 chromosomes significantly increased 24 h after inoculation. Conclusion Multiple loci in the P5CR of B. napus could be associated with the plant resistance to sclerotinia stem rot. The significant increase on the gene expression after inoculation suggested a close relationship between P5CR and the disease resistance. Further investigation is needed to unveil the underline mechanism.
2022, 37(6): 734-740.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.06.007
Abstract:
Objective Effects of silicon on the growth and functional ingredients accumulation of Anoectochilus roxburghii were studied for the herbal crop quality improvement. Method Plants of Hong Xia, A. roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl, were supplied with concentrations of silicon at 0, 0.175, 0.350, 0.525, 0.700, and 0.875 mmol·L−1 in a hydroponic experiment for 30 d. Effects of the treatments on the plant physiology and functional ingredients contents were monitored. Result Silicon addition promoted the growth of A. roxburghii. The relative growth rate under the supplementations of 0.175 to 0.700 mmol·L−1 silicon was more than 7 times that of control. The chlorophyll content, chlorophyll index, and nitrogen balance index (NBI) all rose with increasing silicon to peak at 0.525 mmol·L−1 and followed by a decline (P＜0.01), while the flavonoid decreased significantly to its lowest under 0.875 mmol·L−1 (P＜0.01) and the peroxidase activity significantly increased more than 2 to 3 times that of control (P＜0.01). At high concentration of silicon (i.e., 0.700 mmol·L−1), the accumulation of total flavonoids was 71.45%, and polysaccharides 116.65%, higher than those of control (P＜0.01). Conclusion Presence of silicon was beneficial for the growth of A. roxburghii. At an addition rate of 0.525 mmol·L−1 during the vegetative growth period and 0.700 mmol·L−1 in later stage, a maximized accumulation on flavonoids and polysaccharides could be realized.
2022, 37(6): 741-747.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.06.008
Abstract:
Objective Water temperature required to induce feminization on male channel catfish fries before sex differentiation was determined. Method One-dah channel catfish fries were treated for 30 d in water at the temperature of (30±0.5) ℃ (T-30, CK), (33±0.5) ℃ (T-33) or (36±0.5) ℃ (T-36). Growth and rates of survival, ovarian formation, and sex reversal of individual fish that had ovaries differentiated and formed in 60 d with positive genetic sex identification were measured, calculated, and recorded. In each group, the ovarian development of XX and XY females as determined by the anatomy and H&E staining sections was compared and analyzed. Subsequently, qRT-PCR was used to detect the expressions of foxl2 and dmrt1 in XX and XY female ovaries as well as XY male testis at 150 dahs. Result The survival rates of the fries under T-30, T-33, and T-36 were 95.33%, 91.33%, and 82.67%, respectively. The body length of the fish under T-30 measured at 9.13 cm, under T-33 at 10.14 cm, and under T-36 at 8.80 cm, while the body weighed at 6.31 g for CK, 9.76 g for those under T-33, and at 6.11 g for those under T-36. The ovarian formation percentages were 51.00% under CK, 66.67% under T-33, and 77.67% under T-36. On sex reversal, the majority of oocytes in the XX females were at stage Ⅱ under T-30, but under T-33 and T-36 in the XY females. The stage Ⅲ oocytes were found in the XX females under T-30 as well as in the XY females under T-36. Under T-33, the XY female channel catfish showed slow oval development with unclear outline and coelomic mucosa. The expression of foxl2 was upregulated and that of dmrt1 downregulated in the XY females. Conclusion The physiological sex before sexual differentiation of channel catfish could be converted to female by continuous high-temperature induction.
2022, 37(6): 748-753.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.06.009
Abstract:
Objective Molecular epidemiology of the Orf virus (ORFV) in the diseased sheep and goats from farms in Fujian Province in 2021 were studied. Method The ORFV genes, F1L, B2L, and GIF, from 4 clinical samples of the diseased animals were confirmed positive by PCR prior to cloning for sequence determination. The data were uploaded to GenBank for a comparative analysis using bioinformatics software. Result The nucleotide sequence similarities were 98.0%–98.8% on F1L , 98.4%–99.5% on B2L, and 97.2%–99.6% on GIF; those related to the domestic epidemic strains, 97.4%–99.4% on F1L, 97.4%–99.9% on B2L, and 95.7%–99.0% on G1F; those related to the foreign epidemic strains, 97.5%–98.6% on F1L, 97.9%–98.9% on B2L, and 95.6%–98.0% on G1F; those related to the German D1701 attenuated strain, 96.5%–96.8% on F1L, 98.0%–98.7% on B2L, and 96.0%–96.4% on G1F; and those related to the NZ2 reference strain, 97.7%–98.1% on F1L, 97.5%–98.1% on B2L, and 95.9%–96.1% on G1F. The phylogenetic tree showed the ORFVs closely related to the strains from Jilin (NA17, SY17, and CL18), Fujian (SJ1), and India (MP), but remotely with OV-IA82 from the USA, D1701 attenuated strain from German, NZ2 reference strain from New Zealand, and the vaccine strain from China. It appeared that the current epidemic strain might be a recombination of Fujian, Jilin GZ18, and Indian MP strains. Conclusion The sequences of B2L, F1L, and GIF from the 2021 clinical specimens were uploaded to GenBank database enriching its collection. This study characterized the ORFVs found in the sheep and goats infected by the epidemic and facilitated further studies in the disease control and prevention.
2022, 37(6): 754-764.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.06.010
Abstract:
Objective Nutrients content and microbial community in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) for Plectropomus leopardus aquaculture were analyzed to provide theoretical and practical reference for the aquaculture operation. Method Indicators for the water quality of the influent, fish ponds, effluent, biological filter, and ultraviolet disinfection tank as well as the Vibrio count and microbial community at various stages of the RAS were determined based upon the high-throughput sequencing results. Result The concentrations of NH4+-N, NO3−-N and PO43−-P in the water increased at the stages where fish were present and declined where disinfection took place. It was the opposite on NO2−-N. Vibrio count was fewer in the exogenous seawater than in any downstream points of RAS which rose significantly after flowing through the fish ponds and diminished after the biofiltration treatment. At phylum level, the dominant microbes in the system were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, and Firmicutes. At genus level, there are mainly Pseudoalteromonas, Photobacterium, Vibrio, and Lactobacillus. The main Vibrio species was V. ponticus, the ration of which was 66.17%. Conclusion The RAS system was effective in reducing the \begin{document}$ {\rm{NH}}_4^+ $\end{document} ![]()
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2022, 37(6): 765-773.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.06.011
Abstract:
Objective Flavor of Liuyuezao pummelos as affected by the sugar and acid contents in the fruits during storage at ambient temperature was studied in order to provide a clue for breeding new variety. Method Contents of soluble sugars (i.e., glucose, fructose, and sucrose) and organic acids (including citric acid, malic acid, quinic acid, aconitic acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, and α- ketoglutarate acid) in the fruits of Liuyuezao pummelo, as well as Guanximiyou pummelo as control, during storage at ambient temperature were monitored using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) for a correlation analysis with the eating quality of the fruits. Result In storage, the contents of total acid, citric acid, and malic acid in the juice sacs of Liuyuezao pummelos increased to peak in 35 d at 81.18%, 84.17%, and 1.90 times, respectively, of those in Guanximiyou. Glucose and fructose in Liuyuezao pummelos declined initially at the beginning of the storage but reached the minimum in 10 d at 1.30 times and 1.47 times, respectively, of those in Guanximiyou. Meanwhile, sucrose increased at first and followed by a decline with the highest that was 84.45% of Guanximiyou appeared after 10 d of storage. The sugar/acid ratio of the fruits decreased gradually to arrive at the minimum of 1.27 times of Guanximiyou in 35 d. There was a significant inverse correlation between the ratio and the content of malic acid (P＜0.01). Conclusion At ambient temperature, the stored Liuyuezao pummelos had relative lower contents of citric acid and sucrose but higher sugar/acid ratio, malic acid, fructose, and glucose than Guanximiyou. That, perhaps, differentiated the quality of the two pummelo varieties concerning the sensory appealing.
2022, 37(6): 774-780.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.06.012
Abstract:
Objective To study the effect of spraying different foliar fertilizers on loquat fruit quality, and provide technical support for improving fruit quality in production and cultivation. o study the effect of Spraying Different Foliar Fertilizers on loquat fruit quality, and provide technical support for improving fruit quality in production and cultivation. Method On 5-8-1 loquat plants, solutions of foliar fertilizers (i.e., 500-fold dilution of an amino acid, 200-fold dilution of a microbial fertilizer, 0.6% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.1% ammonium molybdate, and sucrose at a 5 g·L−1 application rate) and water as control were separately sprayed on the leaves 30 d before harvest. The individual weight, firmness, chromatic aberration, and contents of soluble solids, soluble sugars, titratable acid, vitamin C, and total phenols as well as antioxidant capacity of the loquat fruits at harvest were measured. Result The spraying of foliar fertilizers increased the loquat fruit weight, soluble solids, soluble sugar, carotenoids, and sugar-acid ratio but reduced the titratable acid as compared with control. Except for the amino acid, all applications also significantly increased the Vc content. And aside from the potassium dihydrogen phosphate and ammonium molybdate treatments, the spraying enhanced the peel colorimetric a* and b*. The microbial fertilizer significant increased total phenols and flavonoids in the fruit, while the amino acid, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, ammonium molybdate, and microbial fertilizer, respectively, produced 20.92%, 17.44%, 17.10%, and 21.26% higher DPPH and 40.26%, 40.56%, 56.55%, and 68.05% more FRAP over control. Conclusion The 5 foliar fertilizing agents tested in the study upgraded the loquat fruit quality to varying extends. Overall, the application using a 200-fold dilution of the microbial fertilizer was recommended.
2022, 37(6): 781-788.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.06.013
Abstract:
Objective A mathematic model for accurate and noninvasive but oftentimes difficult determination on the maturation stages of orchid pseudobulbs was established for effective and timely vernalization of Dendrobium nobile. Methods Chlorophyll SPAD measurements of 5 leaves from the stop leaf to the lower ones on a pseudobulb of varieties of D. nobile including Hot Lobster, Sakura Hime, and Lucky Girls Sweetheart orchids at different stages of maturity were obtained. A correlation between the measurements and pseudobulb maturity was established. Flowering of Lovely Hippo and Sakura Hime pseudobulbs after low temperature vernalization was monitored for model verification. Results The k value (difference index) on the functional relationship between SPAD data and pseudobulb maturity indicated a viable predictability of the established model. Conclusion The newly established method for determining the maturation stages of D. nobile pseudobulbs based on SPAD measurements of differently positioned leaves was noninvasive, rapid, and accurate. The application would significantly facilitate the operation of the orchid cultivation.
2022, 37(6): 789-793.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.06.014
Abstract:
Objective Biological characteristics of the pathogen, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, that infects the honey pomelos in Fujian were studied, and effective antifungal agents evaluated. Method Effects of temperature, light, and pH on the mycelial growth, lethality, and sporulation of C. gloeosporioides were determined by crisscrossing and cell count methods. An in vitro toxicity test based on the mycelial growth rate was conducted to examine the efficacy of 4 fungicides against the anthracnose. Result The optimum conditions for the pathogenic development included 25 ℃ for mycelial growth and 30 ℃ for sporulation at pH 7 and light exposure for sporulation. The mycelia died at 51 ℃ in 10 m. The indoor virulence test on the fungicides showed prochloraz with the lowest EC50 at 0.0171 mg·L−1, followed by difenoconazole at 0.0237 mg·L−1, pyraclostrobin at 0.0345 mg·L−1, and carbendazim at 0.2586 mg·L−1. Conclusion Temperature and pH exerted significant effects on the growth and sporulation of C. gloeosporioides. Limited effect was observed the mycelial growth by light exposure. Among the tested fungicides, prochloraz exhibited the greatest potential for controlling C. gloeosporioides.
2022, 37(6): 794-801.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.06.015
Abstract:
Objective Antifungal activity of the isoflavones of Ormosia hosiei on Botrytis cinerea Pers was investigated for the development of a natural disease control agent on tomato plants. Methods Inhibitory effect of the isoflavones extract from seeds of O. hosiei on the pathogen, B. cinerea, that infects tomato plants was tested according to the in vitro fungal growth rate. Functions of the isoflavone monomer biochanin A on the changes of mycelial dry weight, cell membrane, reducing sugar content, and activities of catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and other protective enzymes of B. cinerea were analyzed. Physiological, biochemical, and bacteriostatic effects of the monomer on tomatoes were observed in vitro. Results Biochanin A of O. hosiei significantly inhibited the growth of B. cinerea with an EC50 of 203.189 μg·mL−1. Its presence lowered the dry mycelia weight, cell membrane permeability, and reducing sugar content but rose the protective enzyme activities in hyphae of B. cinerea. Conclusions The ethyl acetate extract from the seeds of O. hosiei was rich in alkaloids and flavonoids. Of which, isoflavones was believed to be the key active antibacterial components that inhibited the fungal growth by interfering the growth, impairing the cell membrane functions, and reducing the protective enzyme activities of the hyphae.
2022, 37(6): 802-808.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.06.016
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Objective Roles of antioxidase and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) play in the response of Lactobacillus plantarum R23 to sulfur dioxide stress were studied. Methods L. plantarum R23 was exposed to a gradient of sulfur dioxide to observe the ultrastructural changes on the bacterium under scanning electron microscopy, determine the antioxidase activity and MDA content by ELISA and coomassie brilliant blue method, and analyze the PLFA composition using MIDI. Results The increasing sulfur dioxide stress induced in L. plantarum R23 a high antioxidase activity, especially CAT. Under 80 mg·L−1 of sulfur dioxide exposure, 1.64-fold rise on SOD activity, 2.14-fold on CAT, and 1.62-fold on GPX were found in the bacteria that afforded a relatively low increasing rate on MDA and maintained a largely intact morphology. However, the imposition of 120 mg·L−1 sulfur dioxide lowered the antioxidase activity and intensified the lipid peroxidation with appearance of wrinkles on the cellular surface. The PLFAs underwent varying degrees of increases on saturated, straight-chain, long-chain, and cyclopropane fatty acids under the stress. The straight-chain fatty acids accounted for 52% of all with a ratio to the branched-chain fatty acids significantly raised from 7.15 to 9.72. Conclusion When L. plantarum R23 encountered sulfur dioxide stress, by increasing the antioxidase activity and/or altering the PLFA composition (especially the saturated, straight-chain, long-chain, and cyclopropane fatty acids) it lowered the cell membrane permeability to deter the invasion of toxic substances or removed the excessive free radicals to prevent and mitigate possible damage.
2022, 37(6): 809-816.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.06.017
Abstract:
Objective Structure and diversity of the microbial communities in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils on lots grown with different mangrove plants were studied for improved protection and restoration of the ecosystem. Methods Metagenomic DNAs were extracted from the rhizosphere and field soils on Kandelia obovata, Avicennia marina, Aegiceras corniculatum lots and the field soil at an open lot for Illumina NovaSeq sequencing to determine the microbial community structure and diversity. Results ① A total of 39 phyla, 55 classes, 126 orders, 244 families, and 511 genera of microbes were identified in the soils. There were more OTUs in the non-rhizosphere field soils, as well as higher number of species and diversity index, than in the rhizosphere soils. ② In the 4 field soils, the greater than 60% relative abundances of Proteobacteria were significantly dominant in the communities. Firmicutes and Fusobacterium were more abundant on the lot at K. obovate field; Proteobacteria at A. corniculatum field; and Bacteroidetes at A. marina field. At phylum level, Bacillus was slightly more in the field soils, but Bacteroidetes less, than in their rhizosphere counterparts. ③ The PCA analysis indicated the microbial compositions of the rhizosphere soils at the A. corniculatum and A. marina fields to be similar, and the corresponding COG categories of communities in rhizosphere soils roughly the same. Conclusion The microbial communities in the non-rhizosphere field soils were more diverse than in the rhizosphere soils at the lots of various mangrove plants. The major functional microbes in the communities differed by the mangrove variety that grew on the soil.
