2022 Vol. 37, No. 12
Display Method:
2022, 37(12): 1509-1518.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.012.001
Abstract:
Objective An assay for detecting mRNA transcription of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in ducks using the SYBR Green Ⅰ-based qRT-PCR was developed. Methods Specific primers were designed and synthesized according to the nucleotide sequences of duck BMPs in GenBank. The PCR amplified products were cloned into pMD-18-T vector, and the recombinant plasmids DNA used to establish standard curves. Specificity, sensitivity, and repeatability of the methodology were examined. Result The newly developed qRT-PCR assay showed singe specific melting peaks of BMP1, BMP2, BMP3, BMP4, BMP5, BMP6, BMP7, BMP8a, BMP10, and BMP15 separately with correlation coefficients (R2) higher than 0.998. The coefficients of variation within and between groups were less than 1%. The mRNA expressions of the BMPs were detected in different tissues of hybrid Muscovy ducks. The expressions of BMP1, BMP2, BMP5, and BMP7 in the heart were significantly higher than those in other tissues at 5.5×104, 1.1×105, 5.1×105, and 7.7×105 copies·μL−1, respectively. BMP6 and BMP10 were highly expressed in the liver at 7.5×104 and 7.6×103 copies·μL−1, respectively, while BMP3 in Bursa of Fabricius, BMP4 in the thymus, BMP8a in the beak, and BMP15 in the spleen at 1.5×105, 2.1×104, 1.8×103, and 3.3×103 copies·μL−1, respectively. Conclusion The newly developed qRT-PCR assay for the determination of mRNA expression of BMPs in ducks was specific, sensitive, repeatable, and applicable.
2022, 37(12): 1519-1527.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.012.002
Abstract:
Objective Effect of forage with varied ratios of refined concentrate and roughage on the growth and health of lambs was studied. Method Thirty 3-month-old Dumeng male lambs with body weight of (25±2.14) kg were randomly divided into groups fed with a forage of low concentrate/roughage ratio at 30/70 (C30), one with medium concentrate/roughage ratio at 50/50 (C50), and another with high ratio at 70/30 (C70). Each group had 10 replicates to be fed initially on a 15 d pre-feeding followed by a treatment period that lasted 60 d. Growth performance and serum biochemicals of the lambs were monitored during the treatment. Results (1) The average daily gain (ADG) of the lambs under C50 and C70 were significantly higher, while the feed/gain (F/G) rate significantly lower, than those of C30 (P＜0.01) with that of C50 lambs 24.12% higher than that of C70. The average daily feed intake (ADFI) of C50 group was significantly higher than those of the other two groups (P＜0.01). (2) The apparent digestibility of the lambs under C50 and C70 were extremely significantly higher (P＜0.01) on crude protein (CP) and significantly higher (P＜0.05) on neutral detergent fiber (NDF) than those under C30; while that of the animals under C50 on acid detergent fiber (ADF) significantly higher than those of the other two groups (P＜0.05). (3) The serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), albumin (ALB), blood glucose (GLU), and direct bilirubin (DBIL) of the C50 and C70 group were significantly (P＜0.05) or extremely significantly (P＜0.01) higher than those of C30. (4) On the 30th day of treatment, the serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) in C70 lambs was significantly higher than that in C30 (P＜0.01). However, on the 60th day, the IgA and immunoglobulin M (IgM) in the lambs under C70 were significantly lower than those under C50 (P＜0.05) but the serum interleukin 6 (IL-6) significantly higher under C70 than under C30 (P＜0.05). Conclusion Feeding Dumont lambs with a 50/50 ratio of refined and roughage forage appeared to benefit the growth and health of the animals more than the other mixing combinations.
2022, 37(12): 1528-1535.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.012.003
Abstract:
Objective Effects of nitrogen fertilizer reduction accompanied by a biochar addition on the yield and nutrient conversion of rice plants were analyzed to promote straw waste utilization in paddy fields. Method In a field experiment, designated lots was assigned for fertilization on rice plants using either only P and K but no N fertilizer (CK), conventional 100% N fertilization (T0), 90% N fertilization with addition of 2.5 t·hm−2 biochar (T1), 80% N fertilization with addition of 5.0 t·hm−2 biochar (T2), 70% N fertilization with addition of 7.5 t·hm−2 biochar (T3), or 60% N fertilization with addition of 10.0 t·hm−2 biochar (T4). The triplicated treatments were arranged by random block group. Results The rice yield increased as the N fertilizer was increasingly reduced along with the added biochar to peak at the T2 treatment. The 10.22% increase over T0 was significant (P＜0.05), but it started to decline upon further reduction on N. The greatest N accumulation in the rice shoots was found under T2 as well as in the roots under T3 and at maturation. Under T1, T2, and T3, the N accumulations in the straws of a rice plant at maturity increased by 5.05%–15.96%, in the roots by 6.76%–19.00%, and the highest in the grains by 4.65%–21.45% over T0. The straw biomass, N partial productivity, and N agronomic efficiency increased by 5.34%–41.44%, 17.43%–63.81%, and 42.50%–85.93% over T0 under T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively, while the apparent N utilization enhanced by 77.12%–106.79% with T2 being the most. The N harvest index of T1 was lower than T0, but higher than other treatments. Conclusion The 80% N fertilization with the addition of 5.0 t·hm−2 biochar (T2) significantly increased the yield, N utilization efficiency, and N accumulation of the rice plants.
2022, 37(12): 1536-1545.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.012.004
Abstract:
Objective Effects of planting season and location on the flavonoids and B vitamins contents in the purple black rice Ziliangyou 737 were studied. Method Contents of anthocyanins, flavonoids, carotenoids, and B vitamins of the rice specimens collected from 12 localities in Fujian in mid-April to mid-October 2021 were determined and statistically analyzed for principal components. Result The contents of anthocyanins, flavonoids, and carotenoids in grains were significantly higher in the rice planted in the late or post-tobacco season than in the early or middle season. The contents also increased with increasing altitude of the area where the rice was cultivated. On the other hand, vitamins were more abundantly found in the rice planted in the early or late season than in the middle or post-tobacco season, but not significantly affected by elevation. VB6, VB4, VB5, anthocyanin, flavonoid, and carotenoids represented a greater load as the first principal components and were the major nutrients in the rice. The 2nd principal components included VB3, VB8, and VB7, while the 3rd principal components, VB1 and VB2. Overall, the rice planted in the late season from Lanting, Ningde received the highest score among all, while the mid-season rice tended to be low. Conclusion On B vitamins, Ziliangyou 737 contained more VB5, VB1, and VB6 than the others. The rice planted in late season or in areas of high altitude with sufficient sunlight and low temperature appeared to have higher contents of anthocyanin, flavonoids, carotenoids, and B vitamins.
2022, 37(12): 1546-1553.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.012.005
Abstract:
Objective CwSBEII in Eleocharis tuberosa was cloned to understand the functions and expressions of the gene in various tissues and corms at different expansion stages. Methods The cDNA sequence of CwSBEII of Chinese water chestnut was cloned by RT-PCR, functions deciphered by bioinformatics, and spatiotemporal expressions in tissues and corms determined by fluorescence quantitative PCR. Results CwSBEII had an ORF length of 2 547 bp encoding 848 amino acids. The molecular weight of this unstable hydrophilic protein was 96 100.52 Da with a theoretical pI of 5.24, an instability index of 41.07, and a GRAVY reading at −0.473. It was closely related to and clustered with the SBEIIs of wheat (Triticum aestivum), rice (Oryza sativa), and maize (Zea Mays) of the grass family. Although found in the roots, leaves, peels as well as corm, CwSBEII was most highly expressed in the leaves and significantly upregulated in the early stage of corm expansion of Chinese water chestnut. Conclusion CwSBEII was specifically expressed in various tissues of Chinese water chestnut and most highly in the leaves. It was significantly upregulated during the early stage of corm expansion and might play an important role in the starch synthesis of E. tuberosa.
2022, 37(12): 1554-1561.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.012.006
Abstract:
Objective Effects of low temperature and plant growth regulator on the growth, bolting, and flowering of Isatis indigotica plants were investigated. Method Seeds of Isatis. indigotica Zhongqing No. 1 were exposed to 2, 4, or 6 ℃ in a climate-controlled chamber for vernalization to observe the bolting and flowering of the emerged seedlings. Endogenous hormones in the shoot apex and effects of gibberellin and uniconazole on the bolting rate of the plants under 25 ℃ and 4 ℃ were determined. Result (1) Low temperature vernalization promoted the process of bolting, flowering, and bud differentiation of the plants. The seedlings emerged from a 40 d/4 ℃ vernalization began to flower at 27 d after planting ,which had 12 leaves on a plant. and It's 4 nodes earlier than that of 2 ℃ or 6 ℃ vernalization. (2) The low temperature treatment increased the contents of IAA, GA, and ABA in the seedling stem tips. and under 4 ℃ and 25 ℃ treatment, the IAA and GA content slowly increased and followed by a decline ,IAA peaked 40 d after germinating, while GA 50 d, and the IAA and GA content was lower than that before bolting, while ABA continued to rise throughout the growing season. (3) The combined low temperature and GA treatment showed additive positive effect, and which accelerated the plant bolting and flowering, not only due to the GA induction at the stem tip but also the interaction between low temperature and hormone. Uniconazole treatment significantly reduced the bolting rate of Isatis indigotica, while GA could break this inhibition Conclusion Low temperature vernalization promotes bolting and flowering of Isatis indigotica. It promoted the GA, IAA, and ABA generation in the seedlings. Exogenous GA could induce flowering of the plants without a low temperature treatment, but uniconazole would retard bolting.
2022, 37(12): 1562-1570.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.012.007
Abstract:
Objective Effects of foliar spraying different calcium solutions on the agronomic traits of chili pepper were studied for crop yield and quality improvements. Method Four foliar spraying treatments using water (CK) or solutions of calcium chloride (G1), calcium sugar alcohol (G2), and small molecular peptide calcium (G3) were performed on chili pepper plants. Major agronomic characteristics, calcium content, yield, and quality of the plants were determined. Result The various calcium sprays hastened the pepper ripening and increased the fruit calcium content. Compared with CK, the G3-treated peppers increased significantly by 22.02% on fresh weight and by 38.77% at 536.9 g on yield per plant. Meanwhile, the content and the accumulation of calcium in the fruit reached 2.78 g·kg−1 and 96.86 g per plant, representing significant increases over CK by 46.32% and 78.25%, respectively. In the aboveground pepper plant, the fruits had a significantly increased share of calcium by 58.58% and Vitamin C (0.6378 mg·g−1) by 17.29% over those of CK. The G3-treated peppers also had higher yield per plant, fruit weight, and Vitamin C by 18.0%, 33.8%, and 18.3%, respectively, than the G1-treated ones, and significantly higher fresh shoot weight, mature fruit count, and yield per plant than the G2 counterparts. The sprays also resulted in more accumulations of nitrogen, potassium, and calcium in the aboveground parts of the plants. Conclusion The small molecule peptide calcium used in the foliar spraying was more efficient than the other forms in transferring calcium from the leaves to the fruits of a chili pepper plant. It was recommended for promoting the plant growth as well as increasing the yield and nutritional quality of chili peppers.
2022, 37(12): 1571-1578.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.012.008
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Objective Functions of endogenous hormones in Pyrus pyrifolia on regulating the flower bud dormancy were studied. Method Flower buds of P. pyrifolia Huanghua and P. pyrifolia Mixue in various stages of dormancy were collected to determine the contents of GA3, ABA, IAA, and ZT as well as the ratios of GA3/ABA, IAA/ABA, ZT/ABA, and (IAA+GA3)/ABA by HPLC. Result GA3 and ABA exerted significant effects on the bud dormancy mostly during the endodormancy-releasing/bud-germinating stage as GA3 initiated but ABA inhibited the release. IAA showed no significant effect in that regard, and ZT in Huanghua promoted the release, while ZT in Mixue initiated the dormancy. The ratios of GA3/ABA and (IAA+GA3)/ABA of both pear varieties were similarly low during dormancy. They rose significantly when the dormancy-release started and slightly declined afterward. The IAA/ABA ratio changed little, whereas the ZT/ABA decreased slightly in Huanghua, but the opposite in Mixue, at the initiation of dormancy-release. Conclusion GA3 and ABA played a major role in the dormancy of the pear flower buds, but ZT did not directly affect the dormancy-release. The process appeared to be regulated by an integrated effect of balance among these endogenous hormones, rather than individually. Although the changes on the endogenous hormones during flower bud dormancy differed between the two pear varieties, a similar general trend seemed existed.
2022, 37(12): 1579-1585.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.012.009
Abstract:
Objective To comprehensively evaluate the quality of Ganoderma lucidum(G. lucidum) cultivated in different JUNCAO substrates by using water-soluble extract, polysaccharide peptides, ganoderic acids, sterols, monosaccharides and molecular weight map as indicators. Method Contents of polysaccharide peptides, ganoderic acids, sterols, and monosaccharides in the water-soluble extract of G. lucidum cultivated in different substrates using JUNCAO as ingredients were determined by HPLC. Differences and correlations among the evaluation criteria were statistically analyzed, and a molecular weight map of the active substances constructed. Result The content of water-soluble extract of various G. lucidum samples ranged 14.21%–17.35%, that of polysaccharide peptides 3.80%–6.63%, that of total ganoderic acids 0.24%–0.53%, and that of sterols 31.43–69.16 μg·g−1. The contents of water extract and the active substances were positively correlated. Among these substances, two principal components contributed 84.63% cumulative variance. The monosaccharides in G. lucidum were mainly glucose, aside from a small amount of mannose. There were 6 common peaks in the molecular weight fingerprint that showed a similarity between groups greater than 0.98. Conclusion There were significant differences in the content of active substances in G. lucidum cultivated with different substrates, and polysaccharide peptide and ganoderic acids could be used as important indicators for quality evaluation. G lucidum cultivated with Neyraudia reynaudiana, Arundo donax and Miscanthus floridulus is rich in active ingredients, which provides reference for the scientific cultivation of G. lucidum of JUNCAO for .
2022, 37(12): 1586-1594.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.012.010
Abstract:
Objective Effects and optimal amounts of branches and/or leaves of Cinnamomum bodinieri added in culture substrate on the growth and physiochemical characteristics of Antrodia cinnamomea were determined. Method The growth characteristics, biomass, SOD activity and total triterpenes (TT) content of A. cinnamomea were compared and analyzed when the young branches, leaves, both branches and leaves of C. bodinieri was added with mass concentration of 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 g·L−1 in PDA medium. Result When various concentrations of C. bodinieri young branches 0.5–4 g·L−1, 2–8 g·L−1, 1–4 g·L−1and 4–16 g·L−1 were added to the PDA medium, the growth, biomass, SOD activity, and TT content of A. cinnamomea were significantly higher than those of control without the addition. With 1–2 g·L−1 added leaves in the substrate, A. cinnamomea grew well with an increased SOD activity; while at 2–4 g·L−1, raised biomass and TT content. By adding both branches and leaves at 2–4 g·L−1, 1–4 g·L−1, 0.125–1 g·L−1 and 4–8 g·L−1, the mushroom growth could be improved with increases on biomass, SOD activity, and TT content. Conclusion The results showed that, in general, the mycelium, biomass, SOD activity and total triterpene content of A.cinnammomea were increased by adding C. bodinieri in PDA mediu. Among them, 2 g·L−1 C. bodinieri young leaves significantly increased mycelium and biomassm. C.bodinieri young branches 1 g·L−1or leaves 2 g·L−1, the promotion effect of SOD activity in mycelium was the most significant. The 8 g·L−1 branches of C. bodinieri had the most significant promoting effect on the total triterpenoid content of mycelium, reaching 23.73 mg·g−1, which was increased by 81.77% compared with the control group. This result is a supplement to the culture of A. cinnammomea , and provided a theoretical basis for the large-scale production, development and utilization of A. cinnammomea.
2022, 37(12): 1595-1600.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.012.011
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Objective A specific, rapid method based on the polyclonal antibody prepared using purified recombinant CP protein for detecting a typical Potyvirus, pepper mottle virus (PepMoV), on Capsicum annuum L. was developed to assess the distribution, occurrence ratio, and pathogenicity of the disease in China. Methods The 822 bp of CP was amplified by specific RT-PCR using the total RNA of PepMoV-infected chili peppers. It was cloned into prokaryotic expressing plasmid pET28α and expressed in E. coli DH5α. The recombinant CP protein was purified by Ni-NTA chromatography and used as the antigen to prepare the polyclonal antibodies to be verified by ID-ELISA and western blotting. Results The purified recombinant CP protein was approximately 37 kDa, and the prepared polyclonal antibody verified to specifically recognize PepMoV CP protein. The ID-ELISA method detected 20.00% PepMoV infection on field chili pepper specimens in Hunan and 43.33% in Guizhou. Conclusion The established specific and rapid detection method based on the polyclonal antibody against CP protein of PepMoV was applied to survey the disease spreading on chili peppers in China. It provided a tool for further studies on the CP protein.
2022, 37(12): 1601-1611.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.012.012
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Objective The transcriptomes of rose plants artificially infected by powdery mildew were obtained to identify the genes responsible for the resistance to infestation by beet armyworms. Method Transcriptomes of Yanfen rose (Rosa chinensis Jacq.) before and after being infected by powdery mildew were obtained using the second-generation sequencing technology. RSEM was used to quantitatively analyze the gene expressions, DESeq2 software for the expression differences, and KOBAS for the KEGG enrichment analysis on the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Bioinformatics of the DEGs of CYP71D susceptible of associating with triterpenoids biosynthesis was secured to study the relationship between the CYP71D and the insect resistance. Result A total of 1 646 DEGs were detected by the transcriptome sequencing. Of which, 643 were enriched into 81 KEGG pathways with 31 DEGs related to terpenoid synthesis. The bioinformatics on them showed a species specificity of CYP71D subfamily. In plants, CYP71A were mainly involved in the biosynthesis of monoterpenes, while CYP71D in that of the disease and insect resistance-related secondary metabolites, such as monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, and triterpenoids. Conclusion The CYP71A and CYP71D subfamilies of the cytochrome P450 enzyme in the rose might relate to the synthesis of dehydro (11,12) ursolic acid lactone (DUA). It suggested a possible association of CYP71D with the formation of triterpenoids. The results provided information for the study on the relationship between the genes in host plants and infecting insects.
2022, 37(12): 1612-1618.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.012.013
Abstract:
Objective Isotherm of dehydration process and kinetics of survival rate of a dried Saccharomyces cerevisiae product were studied for the development of a highly active yeast product with extended shelf life for vinification. Method S. cerevisiae JH301 was used in the fluidized hot air oven dehydration experimentation. Under varied hot air temperatures, the moisture content and survival rate of S. cerevisiae were monitored to construct dehydration isotherms and analyze yeast vitality. Water migration and distribution in the drying yeasts were determined by a nuclear magnetic resonance mothed. Results (1) The dehydration isotherm followed the Henderson exponential equation of M=a×EXP(b×T), where a and b were the constants related to the drying temperature (W) as a=−0.31W+81.36 and b= −0.009 4W+0.27. (2) The yeast survival rate declined gradually at first, and then, rapidly as the moisture content decreased with time in the process. A water threshold appeared at the inflection point of the yeast survival rate curve. The kinetic equations before the threshold point were y1= a1x+b1, and after the point y2= a2x+b2, where a1=0.014W+0.20, b1=−0.90W+81.64, a2=0.36W−14.04, and b2=−2.77W+159.40. The moisture content at the point where y1 and y2 intersected, or the water threshold, positively correlated with the processing hot air temperature, while the yeast survival rate negatively correlated with the rate of bounded water evaporated from the yeast cells. (3) A theoretical minimum drying temperature was determined to be 41.2 ℃. Based on the kinetic model prediction and a follow-up experimental verification, the optimal yeast dehydration was determined to be conducted at 42 ℃ for 20 min. A final moisture content of (5.24±0.12)% with a survival rate of (48.24±0.15)% on the dried yeast product was achieved. Conclusion The vitality of the dried S. cerevisiae could be maximized by controlling the evaporation of bounded yeast cellular water in the hot air dehydration process.
2022, 37(12): 1619-1625.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.012.014
Abstract:
Objective A formula for making cookies using ultramicro green tea powder as an ingredient was optimized. Method A single factor experiment was conducted to define the recipe including the ultramicro green tea powder, butter, and powdered sugar for making cookies evaluated by a sensory panel. A 3-factors Box-Behnken test was designed to optimize the amount of each ingredient based on the results of sensory evaluation, and the physical, and chemical properties of the cookies with the optimum crecipe were deteceted. Result The cookies baked in an air oven with an overhead temperature of 170 ℃ and a underneath temperature of 150 ℃ for 20 min, received a high sensory evaluation score of 85.36 with 100% of total flour (low-gluten wheat flour + ultramicro green tea powder), 15% of the additive amount of egg liquid, 1% of lemon juice, 3.0% of ultramicro green tea powder, 84.4% of butter, and 25.9% of powdered sugar. Measured by a texture analyzer, the cookies had the indices in line with the national standards on hardness of 578.44 g and on crispness of 626.46 g·s. Conclusion The cookie made with an optimized formula was well received by the sensory panel with acceptable instrumental texture measurements. It was considered suitable for mass producing a value-added product of green teas.
2022, 37(12): 1626-1632.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.012.015
Abstract:
In the process of infecting plants, pathogenic fungi may often secrete effectors to increase pathogenicity, or conversely, be recognized by the host to trigger resistance. Hence, such effectors are crucial for the well-being of a plant at time of a pathogenic intrusion. As an effector, CFEM (common in fungal extracellular membrane) protein is found only in the outer membrane of a fungal pathogen. This article reviews the origin, evolution, growth, development, structural characteristics, expressions and localization in different species, and intracellular iron absorption regulations of the CFEM protein family as well as the host immunology and infection-promoting factors associated with the proteins in the phytopathogens. Some of the yet-to-be-clarified issues on the molecular mechanisms and plant-pathogen interactions relating to CFEM proteins are discussed to facilitate the cultivation of disease-resistant plants and the development of ecologically friendly disease control strategies on crops.
In the process of infecting plants, pathogenic fungi may often secrete effectors to increase pathogenicity, or conversely, be recognized by the host to trigger resistance. Hence, such effectors are crucial for the well-being of a plant at time of a pathogenic intrusion. As an effector, CFEM (common in fungal extracellular membrane) protein is found only in the outer membrane of a fungal pathogen. This article reviews the origin, evolution, growth, development, structural characteristics, expressions and localization in different species, and intracellular iron absorption regulations of the CFEM protein family as well as the host immunology and infection-promoting factors associated with the proteins in the phytopathogens. Some of the yet-to-be-clarified issues on the molecular mechanisms and plant-pathogen interactions relating to CFEM proteins are discussed to facilitate the cultivation of disease-resistant plants and the development of ecologically friendly disease control strategies on crops.
