2019 Vol. 34, No. 11
Display Method:
2019, 34(11): 1237-1245.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.11.001
Abstract:
Objective The family of calcineurin B-like protein-interacting protein kinase genes (CIPKs) in rice was studied using the latest sequencing data to further understand the signal transduction involving a variety of kinases in plants in respond to environmental changes. Methods The structures of CIPKs in Arabidopsis thaliana and rice were analyzed. Combining the bioinformatics and qRT-PCR technology, expressions of the CIPK familie and that of the genes induced by M. grisea in Japonica rice cv. 'Yunyin' were compared. Results A total of 31 OsCIPK genes were identified in the rice genome databank. The phylogenetic tree analysis showed that these 31 OsCIPKs could be divided into 5 subfamilies, which had different structural characteristics of exon-intron and UTR. The expression of OsCIPK5, which was selected from a trend cluster of the gene expressiong profile of 'Yunyin' induced by M. grisea, could be induced by M. grisea. Conclusions It appeared that the intron deletion and fragment duplication played an important role in the expansion of OsCIPK family in rice, and that OsCIPK5 expression was induced in 'Yunyin' by M. grisea.
2019, 34(11): 1246-1254.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.11.002
Abstract:
Objective Genetic variations on major traits of local Chinese yam germplasms in Fujian were evaluated for development and breeding of high-quality varieties. Method The 24 selected traits on 37 yam varieties (Dioscorea polystachya) were studied with the diversity, correlation, principal component, and cluster analyses. Result The variation coefficients on the quantitative phenotypic traits of the germplasms ranged from 21.01% to 68.26%. That of the tuber was greater than those of the aboveground parts of a plant. The descriptive traits had diversity indices ranging between 0.281 and 1.349. Those on the growth potential of aboveground parts as well as those on the shape, skin smoothness, and fibrous root number of tubers were greater than 1. There was a significant correlation between the leaf, petiole growth, and stem girth of the aboveground parts and the tuber development. Therefore, the tuber yield of a plant could be estimated by the aboveground observations. The cumulative contribution by the top 5 principal components that reflected the aboveground growth of shoots and leaves as well as the underground yam yield was 80%, while the first principal component alone contributed 43.76%. The cluster analysis classified the 37 germplasms into 4 groups with the Dioscorea alata being the highest on phenotypic diversity. Conclusion The diversity of the germplasm collection of Chinese yams in the province were abundant. The tubers were more diversified than the stems and leaves among the germplasms. There were correlations among the growth of aboveground plant parts and the traits related to the tuber yield which could be used for production estimation.
2019, 34(11): 1255-1261.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.11.003
Abstract:
Objective Phenotypic diversity of inflorescence from a collection of 40 Macadamia spp. was determined to evaluate and better utilize the resources. Method Using the “Standards for Description and Data Analysis on Macadamia” and the “Techniques and Codes for Evaluating Macadamia Germplasms” as references, this study was conducted. Data were subjected to cluster and principal component analyses. Result The inflorescence characteristics of the plants showed that 90% of the germplasms had creamy white flowerets, 50% of the flowerets opened sequentially from the base to the top of inflorescence axis, and 77.5% of them did not flower in batch. The maximum coefficient of variation on inflorescence length was 26.30%, and the minimum 8.60%. The cluster analysis based on 6 phenotypic characteristics of the inflorescence divided the 40 germplasms into two groups at an euclidean distance of 4.79. The categorization was mostly determined by the inflorescence length and floweret count. The 6 phenotypic characteristics composed of 3 independent principal components (i.e., floweret count, floweret color, and flowering sequence) constituting 71.752% of the total variance, The principal component analysis directly demonstrated the phenotypic characteristics of inflorescence which basically agreed with the results obtained by the cluster analysis. Conclusion The phenotypic diversity of macadamia inflorescence was abundant among the germplasms. The inflorescence length, floweret count, floweret color, and opening order of floweret were the dominant factors constituted to the diversity on the inflorescence.
2019, 34(11): 1262-1269.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.11.004
Abstract:
Objective Correlation between the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) in the 5' regulation region of IL-8 and the disease resistance to Eimeria tenella of chickens was studied. Method Direct DNA sequencing was performed to determine SNPs in IL-8 gene of Jinghai yellow chicken. Predicted transcription factors before and after mutation were analyzed to correlate between SNPs and coccidiosis-resistance of the birds. Result There were 3 SNPs at the mutation sites of T-550C, G-398T and T-360C detected in the target region that formed CT-, TT- and GG-genotypes with heterozygous degrees between 0.436 and 0.471 and PIC between 0.25 and 0.5. In a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium state, SNPs were moderately polymorphic. A bioinformatics analysis confirmed that the original transcription factor binding sites in the genes had all been altered after the mutation. The expression of IL-8 of TC-genotype mutated at T-550C was significantly higher than that of TT-genotype. The coccidiosis-resistance indicators including GSH-PX, CAT, IL-2, IL-6 and IFN-γ in TC-genotype were higher than that in the other two genotypes, though not significantly. In genotypes mutated at G-398T, the SOD activity of TT-genotype and the CAT activity of GT-genotype were significantly higher than those of GG-genotype; the NO content of TT-genotype extremely significantly different from that of GG-genotype and significantly different from that of GT-genotype; and, the IL-2 expression of TT-genotype significantly higher than that of GT-genotype. Whereas, in the genotypes mutated at T-360C, the SOD activities of TT- and TC-genotypes were extremely significantly different or significantly different from that of CC-genotype; the NO contents of TT- and TC-genotypes significantly higher than that of the CC genotype; and, the IL-2 Conclusion It appeared that the TT-genotype with mutated G-398T or T-360C site would be more resistant to the parasitic attack by E. tenella than the other genotypes, and that hybrids of the genotypes carrying T-550C mutation would be more resistant than the homozygous counterparts. Thus, the significant regulation function of the polymorphism in the 5' regulation region of IL-8 gene could conceivably be targeted for breeding coccidiosis-resistant chickens.
2019, 34(11): 1270-1275.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.11.005
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Objective Digestion of peanut straws (PSs) collected at different seasons and areas in rumen of Fuqing goats was studied. Method Three Fuqing goats permanently in-planted with ruminal cannula were fed PS collected at different seasons and areas. PS1 was harvest at Qingliu on October 28, 2016, PS2 at Qingliu on June 19, 2017, PS3 at Fuqing on June 3, 2017, and PS4 at Qingliu on November 10, 2017. The in-rumen degradation rates of PS with respect of dried matters (DM), acidic detergent fibers (ADF), and neutral detergent fibers (NDF) in 4, 8, 16, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h were determined by placing the PS samples in Nylon bags. Result PS2 and 4 had higher crude protein but lower NDF than the other specimens. The DM, ADF, and NDF degradation rates of all PSs were similar and increased with time in rumen. In 48–72 h, 50%–57% of DM in PS was degraded. Conclusion PS 1 and 4 were shown to have higher degradation rate in the goat rumen indicating a preference in choosing PS harvested in autumn over the other time in a year.
2019, 34(11): 1276-1282.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.11.006
Abstract:
Objective Expression of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) gene in chicken embryos at different developmental stages was studied for further investigation on the functions of the gene. Method One hundred fertilized AA broiler eggs were used for the study. Six eggs were randomly selected each time on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 9th, 12th, 15th, and 18th day (designated as E1 to E18) after hatching. Whole embryos from the eggs of E1 to E6 and the brain, heart, and liver tissues as well as the leg muscles from the embryos of E12 to E18 were collected to determine the expressions of BMP2, BMP4 and BMP7 in the samples by qPCR. Result The BMP2 expressions of E1–E6 increased at first and then decreased. Those of E4, E5, and E6 significantly higher than that of E1 (P＜0.05). BMP2 in the brain of E12 was significantly higher than that of E1 (P＜0.05), but that of E18 became significantly lower than that of E1 (P＜0.01). For E9, the expression of BMP2 in the heart was significantly higher than that for E1 at P＜0.05 and for the leg muscles at P＜0.01. In the later stages of embryonic development, such as E15 and E18, the expressions in the heart and liver were significantly or extremely significantly lower than those of E1 at P＜0.05 or P＜0.01. The expression of BMP4 of E1–E6 also increased initially and followed by a decline. Compared to E1, E3–E6 in embryo and E9 in brain, heart, liver and leg showed significantly higher on BMP4 expressions at P＜0.05 or at P＜0.01. BMP7 of E4 expressed significantly higher than E1 at P＜0.01, and of E5 and E6 at P＜0.05, but lower of E2 or E3 with a statistic significance at P＜0.01 on E2. From E4 through E18, the BMP7 expressions in the embryo and brain declined gradually, and that in the brain reached a significant level at P＜0.01 on E18. In the heart, the lowest expression was observed on E12 (P＜0.01), and in the liver on E12 and E15 (P＜0.01). Conclusion As hatching progressed, the expressions of BMP2, BMP4 and BMP7 in the embryo firstly increased then decreased to arrive at a peak on E4, while BMP2 in the heart, liver and leg decreased on E9, E12, E15 and E18. It indicated that the BMP genes played a crucial role in the early stages of organ formation in fertilized chicken eggs. The effect diminished gradually as the embryonic development came close to completion.
2019, 34(11): 1283-1287.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.11.007
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Objective Genetic variation of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 gene (IGFBP2 gene), relating to the meat quality of Sujiang pigs was studied. Method The polymorphism of IGFBP2 gene was detected by PCR-RFLP in Sujiang pigs, Jiangquhai pigs and Duroc pigs, and the association between IGFBP2 gene polymorphism and meat quality traits in Sujiang pigs was analyzed. Result One common Msp Ⅰ polymorphism in the intron 2 of IGFBP2 gene was found in the 3 pig populations. It consisted of 3 genotypes (AA, AB and BB) and two alleles (A and B) with AB being the dominant genotype and B the prevailing allele. The polymorphisms of the genes from the 3 pig species were moderate on their information content. The meat marbling of Sujiang pigs with the AA and AB genotypes was significantly more than that with the BB genotypes ( P< 0.05). The meat color of the pigs with the AA genotype was significantly more intense than that with the AB and BB genotypes ( P<0.05). Conclusion The PCR-RFLP- Msp I polymorphism in the intron 2 of IGFBP2 gene of Sujiang pigs appeared to significantly correlate with the marbling and color of the pork. Consequently, the gene could potentially be used to study the meat quality improvement through breeding.
2019, 34(11): 1288-1293.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.11.008
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Objective Effects of short-term high-temperature exposure on the growth, development, and reproduction of Herpetogramma basalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) were studied for a potential biocontrol application. Method The 1st instar larvae of the insects were treated at 35℃ or 40℃ for 2 h, 4 h, 8 h or 16 h to determine the rates of larval survival, pupation, and emergence as well as the pupal weight, developmental duration, and female fecundity of the following generations. Result The development and reproduction of H. basalis were affected in varying degrees under the treatments. The larval survival rate decreased significantly after the exposure, e.g., from 65.83% in the 1st instar to 28.33% in the 5th instar under 35℃/16 h. The pupation and emergence rates were hardly affected. On the other hand, when treated for 16 h, the larval development took 0.90d at 35℃, and 1.74 d at 40℃, longer than control. The pupal period was not affected, but the adult lifespan shortened by one day after a 35℃ or 40℃ exposure for 8 h or 16 h. The average individual pupal weight decreased slightly after 8 h or 16 h of the exposures. The fecundity of female adults reached its lowest level after being exposed to either of the two temperatures for 16 h, which did not significantly alter the egg hatching rate. Conclusion Depending upon the severity and duration, the short-term high-temperature exposure mainly decreased the survival rate and inhibited the development of H. basalis. The moth could complete its normal development even at a relatively high temperature and maintain the population continuity, which benefits biocontrol. Nonetheless, due likely to the summer heat, the larval mortality rose and population of H. basalis declined in the season.
2019, 34(11): 1294-1301.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.11.009
Abstract:
Objective Sensitivities of Rhizoctonia solani on rice to propiconazole and pyraclostrobin were determined for proper pesticide application on the disease control in Guizhou. Method Mycelium growth rate was used as the criterion for testing the pesticide sensitivities of 52 strains of R. solani collected from 4 regions in the province. Result The EC50 of propiconazole on the pathogens ranged from 0.058 μg·mL−1 to 2.381 μg·mL−1, averaging 0.422 μg·mL−1. That of pyraclostrobin were between 0.077 μg·mL−1 and 0.936 μg·mL−1, averaging 0.313 μg·mL−1. Strains of low resistance to the pesticides were found in Meitan area of the province with a resistance frequency of 16.7% on propiconazole and 13.3% on pyraclostrobin. A cluster analysis showed no significant correlation between the pesticide sensitivities and the geographical origins of the pathogens, nor between the two pesticides. Conclusion A large number of the R. solani isolates in the study were highly sensitive to propiconazole and pyraclostrobin, and no apparent cross-resistance observed between the two fungicides. Hence, alternative application of them for disease control was deemed appropriate.
2019, 34(11): 1302-1308.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.11.010
Abstract:
Objective Efficacy and optimum application of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B1619 to control Fusarium wilt on continuous cropping watermelons were investigated. Methods A field experiment with a random block design was conducted for 4 consecutive years to examine the effects of the microbial agent applied by different means and dosages on the growth and disease occurrence of the watermelon and the major microflora in the rhizosphere soil. Results At a rate of (18+9) g B1619 to fill each hole dug into the ground around the plants was the selected method to deliver a 43.20% increase on watermelon yield for the study. The sugar contents in the center and peripheral by the rind of watermelon and marketability of the harvested melons increased significantly with the application. The application also changed the rhizosphere microflora community where the continuous cropping of watermelon was practiced. The bacteria count in the rhizosphere soil was 1.93 times of control at flowering stage and 1.27 times at maturing stage, while the number of pathogens, Fusarium oxysporum, reduced to 33.38% of control at flowering stage and 37.19% at maturing stage. Conclusion The “hole-digging” method of applying B1619 at (18+9) g/hole rendered a high yield, supreme fruit quality, and the much reduced incidence of Fusarium wilt on the watermelons.
2019, 34(11): 1309-1314.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.11.011
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Objective Histology and morphology of the alimentary canal of Thrips palmi Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a pest that causes serious damage to its host crops by not only feeding on them but also transmitting viruses, were studied to investigate the infection route of Orthotospovirus on plants. Method Structure of the alimentary canal in T. palmi was examined under the laser scanning confocal microscopy, and the transmission electron microscopy applied for the ultrastructure observation. Result The alimentary canal was shown to consist of foregut, midgut, hindgut, and malpighian tubules. The foregut included pharynx, oesophagus, crop, and cardia. The midgut was made of anterior, middle and posterior parts with no peritrophic membrane. In the anterior midgut, a thin membrane was present on the surface of microvilli. Morphologically, the intestinal wall of posterior midgut had a pleated and a flat side with no membrane on the microvilli surface. The hindgut composed of ileum and rectum. The ileum had strong muscles and a cuticle layer covering the lumen. Inside the rectum, microorganisms seemed to thrive. Four malpighian tubules were located at the junction between the midgut and hindgut extending freely into the hemocoel with numerous vesicles in the cells and abundant microvilli around the irregular-shaped lumen. Conclusion The morphology and functions of the alimentary canal in T. palmi were closely examined to initiate further studies on the pathogenic infection route on crops through the insect.
2019, 34(11): 1315-1322.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.11.012
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Objective To establish an analytical method for simultaneous detections of florfenicol (FF) and its metabolite, florfenicol amine (FFA), in animal-derived foods. Method Samples of pigeon and quail eggs were extracted by the accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) method with acetonitrile-ammonia (98:2, V/V) as the solvent. The extract was degreased and purified with acetonitrile-saturated n-hexane. A mobile phase consisting of 0.005 mol·L−1 NaH2PO4, 0.003 mol·L−1 sodium lauryl sulfate and 0.05% trimethylamine was used in the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence (ASE/UPLC-FLD) determination of FF and FFA contents. Result Highly correlated linear relationships (R2>0.999 2) within the limit of quantitation (LOQ) were achieved between the peak area and concentration on the target compounds. The average recoveries of the method at the spiked levels of 50.0, 100.0, 200.0 μg·kg−1 and LOQ ranged from 84.69% to 98.04% with RSDs less than 3.7%. The method delivered the limit of detection (LOD) and LOQ on FF in the pigeon eggs at 4.8 µg·kg−1 and 11.2 µg·kg−1, respectively, and those on FFA, at 1.9 µg·kg−1 and 4.8 µg·kg−1, respectively; whereas, those on FF in the quail eggs, at 4.7 µg·kg−1 and 10.6 µg·kg−1, respectively, and those on FFA, at 1.8 µg·kg−1 and 4.6 µg·kg−1, respectively. Conclusion The newly developed analytical methodology was rapid, simple, sensitive, and considered suitable for FF and FFA determinations in pigeon and quail eggs.
2019, 34(11): 1323-1331.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.11.013
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Objective Effect of addition of a bacterial agent to pig manure or a compound fertilize in mountain red soil on the greenhouse gas emissions was investigated. Method In a pot experimentation on the red soil from hilly regions, a compound fertilizer (F), pig manure (FM), combination of FM and a low level bacterial agent (FMI1), combination of FM and a medium level bacterial agent (FMI2), or combination of FM and a high level bacterial agent (FMI3) was applied to examine the differences on the greenhouse gas emissions. Result The addition of the bacterial agent resulted in (1) a reduction on the emission fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O with a significant difference between the high level and the low or medium level of the application; (2) an 84.33% decrease on the cumulative CO2 emission, 76.39% on CH4, and 86.44% on N2O over CK; (3) a significantly reduced comprehensive greenhouse effect (GWP) which was enhanced with increasing addition level; and, (4) a significant improvement on the nutrient content in the soil. Conclusion Applying the bacterial agent along with pig manure or a compound fertilizer significantly reduced the emission fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O from the mountain red soil and GWP. The higher the dose of the bacterial agent, the greater beneficial effects would result.
2019, 34(11): 1332-1341.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.11.014
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Objective Composition and diversity of the forest communities at the Caohai National Nature Reserve were studied to maximize the conservation of the natural resources. Method In relatively concentrated and representative areas at the reserve, a survey was conducted on 16 lots, 20 m×30 m each in size, randomly selected following the typical sampling protocol. On each lot, 5 shrub plots sized 2 m×2 m each and 5 herb plots sized 1 m×1 m each were assigned along the diagonal line to observe the species, morphology, and varieties of the plants in a communities. Result Totally, 74 species, 62 genera, and 34 families were found on the plots. Among them, 14 species were arbors; 23, bushes; and, 37, herbs. Species stratification was evident as the existing varieties of arbor class were dominated by Pinus yunnanensis, P. armandii, Cunninghamia lanceolata, Quercus aliena, Populus yunnanensis and Carpinus pubescens; whereas, the shrub and herb classes varied depending on the community type and eco-environment．All individual plants at the reserve showed a normal bell-shaped vertical distribution, a partially slant inversed J-shaped distribution on trunk-diameter, and an inverted J-shaped distribution on canopy-width, indicating constant and healthy growth of the forests. The 6 species that had their critical indicators scored greater than 5 with significant differences on the vertical, trunk and canopy structures. Both the richness and diversity indices of the communities ranked in the order of: herb class>shrub class>tree class, and the uniformity index: shrub class>herb class>tree class. Conclusion Located at the apex on a land in transition from eastern Yunnan plateau to Guizhou plateau, the Caohai National Nature Reserve displayed the typical regional characteristic low variety and diversity but relatively stable composition of plants on its forest communities. There were numerous plants with sizable trunks in the C. lanceolate community that were declining and would continue to decline in number. The diversity on tree trunk-diameter of the C. pubescens community was exceedingly low, especially on plants with large trunk girth. Therefore, a special attention to protect and manage such communities needed be placed for forest conservation.
2019, 34(11): 1342-1346.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.11.015
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Objective Physicochemical properties of the physiologically active lectin component in Dictyophora indusiata Fisscher, a popular edible mushroom in China, were studied to determine the medicinal function. Method A lectin compound was isolated and purified from the mushroom mycelia using physiological saline extraction followed by precipitation in a 20%~75 % (NH4)2SO4 solution and purification with DEAE-Sephrose and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration chromatography. Physicochemical properties of the purified mycelial lectin, DIL, were characterized through the analyses of hemagglutination activity, sugar inhibition, pH and thermal stabilities, and interaction with metal ions. Results DIL showed one band in SDS-PAGE and a molecular weight of 43.6 kDa. It could agglutinate the erythrocytes from pigeon, rabbit, duck, and chicken. The hemagglutination on pigeon erythrocytes was inhibited by D-galactose and N-acetyl-amino-glucose. Being heat-unstable, DIL declined in agglutinating activity significantly at 50℃ in 10min. It remained highly active within pH 4.0~8.0 and was affected by Ca2+ or Mg2+ but not Mn2+ or Zn2+. Conclusion It appeared that DIL was hemagglutination-active in the presence of Ca2+ and/or Mg2+ on animal erythrocytes.
2019, 34(11): 1347-1354.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.11.016
Abstract:
Objective A system to evaluate individual operations of the rapidly transforming tea industry in Fujian was proposed to aid the much needed managerial and service upgrading for the plantations. Method With references to the indicators used on the forest and cultivated land quality evaluations as well as the results from literature search and expert interviews, 27 criteria with respect to meteorology, soil, topography, plant quality, and plantation structure/safety relating to tea cultivation operations were designed for the evaluation. Weight on each indicating criterion was determined based on the results from the returned expert questionnaires and an analytic hierarchy process. Then, by combining the relevant theories and expert opinions, scoring standards for the secondary indicators were formulated to arrive at a mathematic equation to calculate the grading on quality of tea plantations. Result The weights of the primary indicators were 0.221 1 for meteorology, 0.38 for soil, 0.060 7 for topography, 0.221 1 for plant quality, and 0.117 1 for plantation structure/safety. And, there was a significant correlation between the primary indicators and the plantation quality as well as between the primary and secondary indicators. Conclusion The proposed system for quality evaluation on tea plantations in the province was designed based on the past experience and careful analysis. By specialist’s scoring on the designated criteria, a grade could be calculated to indicate the operational quality of a tea plantation providing clues and recommendations for improvements and/or upgrading.
