2018 Vol. 33, No. 2
Display Method:
2018, 33(2): 109-113.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.02.001
Abstract:
The epidemic prevalence and molecular variation of duck hepatitis A virus type 1 (DHAV-1) were investigated. Three-hundred-twenty-seven clinical samples collected in 2015-2016 from Fujian and surrounding provinces were used for the virus detection and isolation. Thirty-five of these samples (10.7%)were found to be pusitive for DHAV-1. From the 35 positive specimens, 23 strains were isolated, mainly from shelducks and mule ducks of less than 30-day-old. The sequence analysis on VP1 gene of the 23 isolates showed 93.3%-99.9% homology, and the strains could be divided into 2 subgroups with a genetic distance of 0.06. Among them, 18 isolates clustered in a currently prevalent subgroup which contains the virus (MPZJ1206)causing yellowed-pancreas in ducklings. On the other hand, all 23 isolates shared merely 91.3-96.2% nucleotide sequence homology with the strain used for vaccination abroad and domestically. It appeared that genetic variations existed among the various DHAV-1 strains.
The epidemic prevalence and molecular variation of duck hepatitis A virus type 1 (DHAV-1) were investigated. Three-hundred-twenty-seven clinical samples collected in 2015-2016 from Fujian and surrounding provinces were used for the virus detection and isolation. Thirty-five of these samples (10.7%)were found to be pusitive for DHAV-1. From the 35 positive specimens, 23 strains were isolated, mainly from shelducks and mule ducks of less than 30-day-old. The sequence analysis on VP1 gene of the 23 isolates showed 93.3%-99.9% homology, and the strains could be divided into 2 subgroups with a genetic distance of 0.06. Among them, 18 isolates clustered in a currently prevalent subgroup which contains the virus (MPZJ1206)causing yellowed-pancreas in ducklings. On the other hand, all 23 isolates shared merely 91.3-96.2% nucleotide sequence homology with the strain used for vaccination abroad and domestically. It appeared that genetic variations existed among the various DHAV-1 strains.
2018, 33(2): 114-119.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.02.002
Abstract:
Particle size and stability in water of a microencapsulated feeding material for larvae and juveniles of Pseudosciaena crocea were studied in relation to the net energy gain of the fish, the water quality of the aquaculture pond, and the survival rate of the young seedlings. Size distribution and reductions on average volume and median diameter, D50, of the particles after submerging in seawater were used to evaluate the suitability for fish feeding and the granule stability of feed. A laser particle size analyzer was applied for the measurement of 4 microencapsulated feed granules, which had been verified to be microcapsules by SEM morphology. The body size of 12-day-old yellow croaker larvae and the microscopic images of 5-day-old larvae fed on the microencapsulated silage were recorded for comparison. The particle size and size distribution of all four feed samples were found adequate for the feeding. In particular, Sample A2 had a D50 of 71.63-61.92 μm with a 12.15% volume reduction and 19.19% D50 decrease after suspended in seawater for 120 min, indicating its potential in meeting the requirements for feeding larvae and juveniles of P. crocea. Furthermore, the wet laser particle size analyzer was considered adequate for measuring the particle size and size distribution as well as predicting the stability of microencapsulated granules in water.
Particle size and stability in water of a microencapsulated feeding material for larvae and juveniles of Pseudosciaena crocea were studied in relation to the net energy gain of the fish, the water quality of the aquaculture pond, and the survival rate of the young seedlings. Size distribution and reductions on average volume and median diameter, D50, of the particles after submerging in seawater were used to evaluate the suitability for fish feeding and the granule stability of feed. A laser particle size analyzer was applied for the measurement of 4 microencapsulated feed granules, which had been verified to be microcapsules by SEM morphology. The body size of 12-day-old yellow croaker larvae and the microscopic images of 5-day-old larvae fed on the microencapsulated silage were recorded for comparison. The particle size and size distribution of all four feed samples were found adequate for the feeding. In particular, Sample A2 had a D50 of 71.63-61.92 μm with a 12.15% volume reduction and 19.19% D50 decrease after suspended in seawater for 120 min, indicating its potential in meeting the requirements for feeding larvae and juveniles of P. crocea. Furthermore, the wet laser particle size analyzer was considered adequate for measuring the particle size and size distribution as well as predicting the stability of microencapsulated granules in water.
2018, 33(2): 120-124.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.02.003
Abstract:
Foraging behavior of Apis cerana cerana worker bees affected by the Nasonov gland extract of the bees was investigated. The crude hexane extracts from the glands by abdomen dipping, dispersing excised gland and syringe extraction methods were obtained for the experiment. The extracts released the odor that directly affected the behavior of the worker bees, as the bees leaped irregularly with rapid abdomen swinging and wing-fluttering when nearby the extracts. In wind tunnel and outdoor tests, the extract obtained by using the dispersing excised gland method was found most effective in attracting the worker bees, followed by that obtained by the syringe extraction method. The placement distance of the extract from the bees also significantly affected the observation. The farther an extract was located away from the bees, the fewer bee visitors would be.
Foraging behavior of Apis cerana cerana worker bees affected by the Nasonov gland extract of the bees was investigated. The crude hexane extracts from the glands by abdomen dipping, dispersing excised gland and syringe extraction methods were obtained for the experiment. The extracts released the odor that directly affected the behavior of the worker bees, as the bees leaped irregularly with rapid abdomen swinging and wing-fluttering when nearby the extracts. In wind tunnel and outdoor tests, the extract obtained by using the dispersing excised gland method was found most effective in attracting the worker bees, followed by that obtained by the syringe extraction method. The placement distance of the extract from the bees also significantly affected the observation. The farther an extract was located away from the bees, the fewer bee visitors would be.
2018, 33(2): 125-130.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.02.004
Abstract:
To determine the appropriate nitrogen application for mechanized pot-seedling transplanting rice cultivation in the future, a field experimentation using the high salinity tolerant super rice, Yanfeng 47, was conducted in a coastal area in Liaoning. Rice yield and nitrogen utilization under varied nitrogen fertilization were evaluated. It was found that when the basal fertilizer:first-tillering-fertilizer:second tillering-fertilizer:first panicle-fertilizer:second panicle-fertilizer was 40:12:18:16:14 was applied, the greatest grain yield of 10.79 t·hm-2 was reached. The productivity was extremely significantly higher, with much higher panicles and spikelets and filled grain numbers per ear, than those provided by the other application modes. Its 41.90% nitrogen utilization efficiency was also significantly higher than that of other treatments. The nitrogen absorption rates of the mechanically transplanted pot-seedlings during the stages from transplanting to tillering, from tillering to jointing, from jointing to heading, and frrom heading to maturity were approximately 16:53:20:11. The amount of nitrogen absorption before the jointing was 69% of the total nitrogen absorption, and the amount of nitrogen absorbed by the reproductive growth was 31%, the ratio was coincide with that of basic-tillering to panicle of the treatment with highest yield and nitrogen use efficiency. Hence, if only one available nitrogen fertilizer was applied with a total N application rate at 240 kg·hm-2, the ratio of basal fertilizer:first tillering-fertilizer:second tillering-fertilizer:first panicle-fertilizer:second panicle-fertilizer at 40:12:18:16:14 would be appropriate for the plant growth as well as the absorption and utilization of nitrogen for the mechanically transplanted rice in the region. Then, further demonstrations could be conducted to promote the application. Moreover, the nitrogen agronomy efficiency and the nitrogen partial factor productivity were found useful as indicators for evaluating the nitrogen utilization.
To determine the appropriate nitrogen application for mechanized pot-seedling transplanting rice cultivation in the future, a field experimentation using the high salinity tolerant super rice, Yanfeng 47, was conducted in a coastal area in Liaoning. Rice yield and nitrogen utilization under varied nitrogen fertilization were evaluated. It was found that when the basal fertilizer:first-tillering-fertilizer:second tillering-fertilizer:first panicle-fertilizer:second panicle-fertilizer was 40:12:18:16:14 was applied, the greatest grain yield of 10.79 t·hm-2 was reached. The productivity was extremely significantly higher, with much higher panicles and spikelets and filled grain numbers per ear, than those provided by the other application modes. Its 41.90% nitrogen utilization efficiency was also significantly higher than that of other treatments. The nitrogen absorption rates of the mechanically transplanted pot-seedlings during the stages from transplanting to tillering, from tillering to jointing, from jointing to heading, and frrom heading to maturity were approximately 16:53:20:11. The amount of nitrogen absorption before the jointing was 69% of the total nitrogen absorption, and the amount of nitrogen absorbed by the reproductive growth was 31%, the ratio was coincide with that of basic-tillering to panicle of the treatment with highest yield and nitrogen use efficiency. Hence, if only one available nitrogen fertilizer was applied with a total N application rate at 240 kg·hm-2, the ratio of basal fertilizer:first tillering-fertilizer:second tillering-fertilizer:first panicle-fertilizer:second panicle-fertilizer at 40:12:18:16:14 would be appropriate for the plant growth as well as the absorption and utilization of nitrogen for the mechanically transplanted rice in the region. Then, further demonstrations could be conducted to promote the application. Moreover, the nitrogen agronomy efficiency and the nitrogen partial factor productivity were found useful as indicators for evaluating the nitrogen utilization.
2018, 33(2): 131-135.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.02.005
Abstract:
The mature capsule of Bletilla striata was used as material for asymbiotic germination in this experiment. With MS as basal medium, effects of different sowing ways, seedling rates, storage ways, light conditions and additives on the seed germination of Bletilla striata were studied. The results showed that the best germination conditions for asymbiotic culture of Bletilla striata is with seedling rate 5×103 grains·mL-1 in suspended liquid, and cultured in dark conditions for the first 14 days, the germination rate of which reached 93%. Adding 10% mashed potato or coconut juice could increase the germination rate, and promote the growth of protocorm. The seeds of Bletilla striata stored in plastics bags at 4℃ was beneficial for germination, the germination rate for which could reach 50% after 60 days.
The mature capsule of Bletilla striata was used as material for asymbiotic germination in this experiment. With MS as basal medium, effects of different sowing ways, seedling rates, storage ways, light conditions and additives on the seed germination of Bletilla striata were studied. The results showed that the best germination conditions for asymbiotic culture of Bletilla striata is with seedling rate 5×103 grains·mL-1 in suspended liquid, and cultured in dark conditions for the first 14 days, the germination rate of which reached 93%. Adding 10% mashed potato or coconut juice could increase the germination rate, and promote the growth of protocorm. The seeds of Bletilla striata stored in plastics bags at 4℃ was beneficial for germination, the germination rate for which could reach 50% after 60 days.
2018, 33(2): 136-143.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.02.006
Abstract:
The variation, correlation, principal component on 16 major agronomic traits as well as the genetic diatance of 34 vegetable soybean were studied. The results showed that:abundant variations were observed among the major agronomic traits of vegetable soybean, the variation coefficient ranged from 4.97% to 31.68%, the height of bottom pods have the highest variation coefficient, the harvest days have the lowest variation coefficient; The correlation analysis showed that there were significant positive correlations among the individual weight and stem coarse, effective branch number; there were significant negative correlations among the fresh hundred grain weight and number of main stem section, effective branch number, significant negative correlation among the fresh hundred grain weight and the main stem height. The cumulative contribution rate was up to 81.52% of the first 4 principal component analysis. There were pod number factor, pod size factor, kernel factor and plant type factor respectively. The genetic distance of 34 vegetable soybean were counted utilizing the value of the first 4 principal component, which divided them into 7 groups at the level of D2=3.84 according to the value of genetic distance, the Ⅱ group had the most number cultivar, and had the most complex genetic relationship. Calculated the composite scores of each cultivars accorded to the first four principal component values and its contribution of the corresponding characteristic root value, the top six cultivars could be used to utilize as breeding parent or spread.
The variation, correlation, principal component on 16 major agronomic traits as well as the genetic diatance of 34 vegetable soybean were studied. The results showed that:abundant variations were observed among the major agronomic traits of vegetable soybean, the variation coefficient ranged from 4.97% to 31.68%, the height of bottom pods have the highest variation coefficient, the harvest days have the lowest variation coefficient; The correlation analysis showed that there were significant positive correlations among the individual weight and stem coarse, effective branch number; there were significant negative correlations among the fresh hundred grain weight and number of main stem section, effective branch number, significant negative correlation among the fresh hundred grain weight and the main stem height. The cumulative contribution rate was up to 81.52% of the first 4 principal component analysis. There were pod number factor, pod size factor, kernel factor and plant type factor respectively. The genetic distance of 34 vegetable soybean were counted utilizing the value of the first 4 principal component, which divided them into 7 groups at the level of D2=3.84 according to the value of genetic distance, the Ⅱ group had the most number cultivar, and had the most complex genetic relationship. Calculated the composite scores of each cultivars accorded to the first four principal component values and its contribution of the corresponding characteristic root value, the top six cultivars could be used to utilize as breeding parent or spread.
2018, 33(2): 144-149.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.02.007
Abstract:
Application of biogas sludgein soil for optimal wheat cultivation was investigated. Pig manure collected from large-scale hog farms was fermented prior to using as fertilizer to compare with the chemical agentcommonly used by local farmers. Variedbiogas slurry application rates were applied to evaluate the growth and grain yield of the wheat in the field. It was found that the plant leavesbecame greener and SPAD value heightened at higher sludge addition rates. At rates rangingbetween 450 t·hm-2and 600 t·hm-2, the photosynthetic characteristics, such as Gs, Pn, Ci and Tr, of the plants were high. And, the plant height, stem diameter, and shoot dry weight at the grain filling stage increased by 3.1%, 11.7%, and 9.8%, respectively, over those of control that was chemically fertilized, as the rate reached 600 t·hm-2. In addition, the panicle number per unit area and the grain count per panicle significantly increased, and the grain yield increased by 8.1%-8.9%. However, beyond that addition level, the photosynthesis of the wheat plantsdeclined and the grain maturationdelayed, which ill-affectedthe crop rotation, as well as the filling, 1 000 grain weightand quality of the grains.
Application of biogas sludgein soil for optimal wheat cultivation was investigated. Pig manure collected from large-scale hog farms was fermented prior to using as fertilizer to compare with the chemical agentcommonly used by local farmers. Variedbiogas slurry application rates were applied to evaluate the growth and grain yield of the wheat in the field. It was found that the plant leavesbecame greener and SPAD value heightened at higher sludge addition rates. At rates rangingbetween 450 t·hm-2and 600 t·hm-2, the photosynthetic characteristics, such as Gs, Pn, Ci and Tr, of the plants were high. And, the plant height, stem diameter, and shoot dry weight at the grain filling stage increased by 3.1%, 11.7%, and 9.8%, respectively, over those of control that was chemically fertilized, as the rate reached 600 t·hm-2. In addition, the panicle number per unit area and the grain count per panicle significantly increased, and the grain yield increased by 8.1%-8.9%. However, beyond that addition level, the photosynthesis of the wheat plantsdeclined and the grain maturationdelayed, which ill-affectedthe crop rotation, as well as the filling, 1 000 grain weightand quality of the grains.
2018, 33(2): 150-153.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.02.008
Abstract:
Eleven traditionally cultivated or recently introduced strawberry cultivars in Fujian province were identified by using SSR molecular markers, and their genetic relationships established. The results of PCR amplifications of 10 selected primer pairs generated 109 bands with 91 of them (83.5%) polymorphic. The similarity coefficients computed by NTSYS ranged from 0.62 to 0.89 for the cultivars. Using the coefficient of 0.62 for the dendrogram clustering by UPGMA, the cultivars were classified into two groups. One included Fumei, Hongyan, Hongbao and Zhangji, which were introduced from other provinces. Hongbao was brought in from Guizhou by this study. The other group consisted of the Faland, Sweet Charlie and Albion originally from America as well as Zhimei No. 1 and No. 3 recently imported by this project and Taikong No. 2 from Beijing, which is a variety of American parents mutated in space. The classification clearly reflected the origins of the 4 newly introduced strawberry varieties as identified by the SSR molecular markers.
Eleven traditionally cultivated or recently introduced strawberry cultivars in Fujian province were identified by using SSR molecular markers, and their genetic relationships established. The results of PCR amplifications of 10 selected primer pairs generated 109 bands with 91 of them (83.5%) polymorphic. The similarity coefficients computed by NTSYS ranged from 0.62 to 0.89 for the cultivars. Using the coefficient of 0.62 for the dendrogram clustering by UPGMA, the cultivars were classified into two groups. One included Fumei, Hongyan, Hongbao and Zhangji, which were introduced from other provinces. Hongbao was brought in from Guizhou by this study. The other group consisted of the Faland, Sweet Charlie and Albion originally from America as well as Zhimei No. 1 and No. 3 recently imported by this project and Taikong No. 2 from Beijing, which is a variety of American parents mutated in space. The classification clearly reflected the origins of the 4 newly introduced strawberry varieties as identified by the SSR molecular markers.
2018, 33(2): 154-158.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.02.009
Abstract:
Five major factors of the SSR-PCR reaction system were optimized for genomic DNA of macadamia (Macadamia spp.) by a single factor design. The volume of optimum reaction system was 20 μL that consisted of 30 mg·L-1 template DNA, 1.0 U Taq polymerase, 2.5 mmol·L-1 Mg2+, 0.6 μmol·L-1 primer and 0.3 mmol·L-1 dNTPs. On 15 germplasms of macadamia using different SSR primers, the system proved to be reliable and stable in the amplification bands with high resolution. Consequently, it seemed adequate for the identification and genetic diversity analysis of macadamia germplasms.
Five major factors of the SSR-PCR reaction system were optimized for genomic DNA of macadamia (Macadamia spp.) by a single factor design. The volume of optimum reaction system was 20 μL that consisted of 30 mg·L-1 template DNA, 1.0 U Taq polymerase, 2.5 mmol·L-1 Mg2+, 0.6 μmol·L-1 primer and 0.3 mmol·L-1 dNTPs. On 15 germplasms of macadamia using different SSR primers, the system proved to be reliable and stable in the amplification bands with high resolution. Consequently, it seemed adequate for the identification and genetic diversity analysis of macadamia germplasms.
2018, 33(2): 159-163.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.02.010
Abstract:
Tea bushes were exposed to acoustic frequency to investigate its effect on yield and quality of tea. Frequency, volume strength and duration time of the acoustic treatment were varied to find the optimal treatment played a positive role on the tea quality and yield. Among the variables, frequency appeared to be the most critical, and the cricket chirping accompanied with symphonic music was the optimal type. Taking the economic cost and market demand into consideration, a 6-hour daily of exposure to cricket chirping at a distance within 5 to 10 m from the tea bushes could increase 12.23% on yield of tea to 24.78 g·m-2 and 11.82% on sensory score of brewed tea to 94.6 compared to control, respectively.
Tea bushes were exposed to acoustic frequency to investigate its effect on yield and quality of tea. Frequency, volume strength and duration time of the acoustic treatment were varied to find the optimal treatment played a positive role on the tea quality and yield. Among the variables, frequency appeared to be the most critical, and the cricket chirping accompanied with symphonic music was the optimal type. Taking the economic cost and market demand into consideration, a 6-hour daily of exposure to cricket chirping at a distance within 5 to 10 m from the tea bushes could increase 12.23% on yield of tea to 24.78 g·m-2 and 11.82% on sensory score of brewed tea to 94.6 compared to control, respectively.
2018, 33(2): 164-170.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.02.011
Abstract:
With'Ming Huai yam 2' as the experimental material, we optimized the technological conditions of the rapid propagation of yam. The results showed that in vitro culture, the best explant was segment with bud in middle part of new shoot. The best disinfection method was with 70% alcohol immersion 10 s, and 0.1% HgCl2 for 10 min, the pollution rate of which was 15.0%, and the mortality rate was 6.7%. The primary culture medium was:MS+6-BA 1.0 mg+NAA 0.05 mg·L-1+PVP 100 mg·L-1+VC 500 mg·L-1 +AC 0.5 g·L-1+Sug 30 g·L-1. After two weeks, it was transferred to the solid medium with the same formula. The browning rate was 36.7% and the induction rate was 81.7%. The subculture multiplication medium was:MS+6-BA 2.0 mg·L-1+KT 1.0 mg·L-1+NAA 0.05 mg·L-1+PP333 0.05 mg·L-1+Agar 4.0 g·L-1+Sug 30 g·L-1. The proliferation coefficient of 30 d was 2.97. The rooting medium was:1/2MS+NAA 0.3 mg·L-1+IBA 0.2 mg·L-1+AC 1.0 g·L-1+Agar 4.5 g·L-1+Sug 20 g·L-1. The rooting rate was 91.3%. After two weeks of acclimation in the greenhouse, the plants were soaked with carbendazim and cooled to dry, then transplanted to peat soil tray. The transplanting survival rate was more than 70%.
With'Ming Huai yam 2' as the experimental material, we optimized the technological conditions of the rapid propagation of yam. The results showed that in vitro culture, the best explant was segment with bud in middle part of new shoot. The best disinfection method was with 70% alcohol immersion 10 s, and 0.1% HgCl2 for 10 min, the pollution rate of which was 15.0%, and the mortality rate was 6.7%. The primary culture medium was:MS+6-BA 1.0 mg+NAA 0.05 mg·L-1+PVP 100 mg·L-1+VC 500 mg·L-1 +AC 0.5 g·L-1+Sug 30 g·L-1. After two weeks, it was transferred to the solid medium with the same formula. The browning rate was 36.7% and the induction rate was 81.7%. The subculture multiplication medium was:MS+6-BA 2.0 mg·L-1+KT 1.0 mg·L-1+NAA 0.05 mg·L-1+PP333 0.05 mg·L-1+Agar 4.0 g·L-1+Sug 30 g·L-1. The proliferation coefficient of 30 d was 2.97. The rooting medium was:1/2MS+NAA 0.3 mg·L-1+IBA 0.2 mg·L-1+AC 1.0 g·L-1+Agar 4.5 g·L-1+Sug 20 g·L-1. The rooting rate was 91.3%. After two weeks of acclimation in the greenhouse, the plants were soaked with carbendazim and cooled to dry, then transplanted to peat soil tray. The transplanting survival rate was more than 70%.
2018, 33(2): 171-176.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.02.012
Abstract:
Various commercially available herbicides were evaluated for weed control on sweet potato fields. The phytotoxicity of 15 herbicides was firstly tested in a chamber on sweet potato seedlings by foliar spray. Then, the 10 that showed no or low toxic effect on the seedlings were subjected to a field test. It was found that the applications of 25% rimsulfuron WDG at 90 g·hm-2, 330 g·L-1 pendimethalin EC at 1 800 mL·hm-2, 900 g·L-1 acetochlor EC at 1 050 mL·hm-2, and 960 g·L-1 s-metolachlor EC at 1 200 mL·hm-2 were more effective in weed control than the others. The selected herbicides applied at the levels reduced more than 82% on weight of fresh weeds in 50 ds after spraying. In the subsequent multi-location field test, the foliar application of acetochlor or s-metolachlor exhibited superior weed control efficacy with safety. Consequently, it was deemed applicable on sweet potato fields.
Various commercially available herbicides were evaluated for weed control on sweet potato fields. The phytotoxicity of 15 herbicides was firstly tested in a chamber on sweet potato seedlings by foliar spray. Then, the 10 that showed no or low toxic effect on the seedlings were subjected to a field test. It was found that the applications of 25% rimsulfuron WDG at 90 g·hm-2, 330 g·L-1 pendimethalin EC at 1 800 mL·hm-2, 900 g·L-1 acetochlor EC at 1 050 mL·hm-2, and 960 g·L-1 s-metolachlor EC at 1 200 mL·hm-2 were more effective in weed control than the others. The selected herbicides applied at the levels reduced more than 82% on weight of fresh weeds in 50 ds after spraying. In the subsequent multi-location field test, the foliar application of acetochlor or s-metolachlor exhibited superior weed control efficacy with safety. Consequently, it was deemed applicable on sweet potato fields.
2018, 33(2): 177-185.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.02.013
Abstract:
Effects of environmental humidity on the growth, reproduction and survival of the Lasioderma serricorne population in laboratory were studied. Varied relative humidity, i. e., (50±5)%, (60±5)%, (70±5)%, (80±5)% and (90±5)% RH, at (32±1)℃ with a photoperiod of 14-h-L:10-h-D were applied. The results showed that (1) L. serricorne failed to completely develop a single generation under 50% or 90% RH-the first generation larvae died at 90% and the second instar perished at 50%, but it could under the other humidified conditions in the test; (2) there were no significant variations in the egg development time under the tested RHs, except 70% and 90%; (3) the larval developments were similar under 60% and 70% RH, however, at 80% RH, the duration of the 1st stage (i. e., 8.08 d), 2nd stage (i. e., 6.82 d), and 3rd stage (i. e., 7.05 d) were significantly shorter than the others; (4) the longest life span of 25.84 d was found in female adults at 60% RH, and 15.25 d in males at 80% RH; (5) the shortest pre-oviposition period of 2.55 d, the total pre-oviposition period of 58.41 d and the oviposition period of 7.00 d were found when the RH was 80%, but no significant difference at 60% or 70%; (6) there were significant differences on the fecundity, age-stage life expectancy (exj), and age-stage specific reproductive value (Vxj) of the insects reared under 60%, 70% or 80%, and they peaked at 60% RH; (7) the net reproduction rates (R0) decreased from 37.69 at 60% to 30.65 at 70% and 15.02 at 80% RH, whereas, the intrinsic rates of increase (r) and finite rates of increase (λ) showed no significant differences as the RH was altered; (8) there were no significant differences on the generation times (T) of 72.68 d at 60% and 72.79 d at 70% RH, but they were significantly longer than 62.80 d at 80%; and (9) the lowest larval counts were found on the 60th d under 60%, the 50th d under 70% and the 38th d under 80% RH, and escalated significantly afterward suggesting an optimal time for the insect control.
Effects of environmental humidity on the growth, reproduction and survival of the Lasioderma serricorne population in laboratory were studied. Varied relative humidity, i. e., (50±5)%, (60±5)%, (70±5)%, (80±5)% and (90±5)% RH, at (32±1)℃ with a photoperiod of 14-h-L:10-h-D were applied. The results showed that (1) L. serricorne failed to completely develop a single generation under 50% or 90% RH-the first generation larvae died at 90% and the second instar perished at 50%, but it could under the other humidified conditions in the test; (2) there were no significant variations in the egg development time under the tested RHs, except 70% and 90%; (3) the larval developments were similar under 60% and 70% RH, however, at 80% RH, the duration of the 1st stage (i. e., 8.08 d), 2nd stage (i. e., 6.82 d), and 3rd stage (i. e., 7.05 d) were significantly shorter than the others; (4) the longest life span of 25.84 d was found in female adults at 60% RH, and 15.25 d in males at 80% RH; (5) the shortest pre-oviposition period of 2.55 d, the total pre-oviposition period of 58.41 d and the oviposition period of 7.00 d were found when the RH was 80%, but no significant difference at 60% or 70%; (6) there were significant differences on the fecundity, age-stage life expectancy (exj), and age-stage specific reproductive value (Vxj) of the insects reared under 60%, 70% or 80%, and they peaked at 60% RH; (7) the net reproduction rates (R0) decreased from 37.69 at 60% to 30.65 at 70% and 15.02 at 80% RH, whereas, the intrinsic rates of increase (r) and finite rates of increase (λ) showed no significant differences as the RH was altered; (8) there were no significant differences on the generation times (T) of 72.68 d at 60% and 72.79 d at 70% RH, but they were significantly longer than 62.80 d at 80%; and (9) the lowest larval counts were found on the 60th d under 60%, the 50th d under 70% and the 38th d under 80% RH, and escalated significantly afterward suggesting an optimal time for the insect control.
2018, 33(2): 186-189.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.02.014
Abstract:
Antennae morphology and sensillum types of adult Chilo infuscatellus were studied. Under a scanning electron microscope, 5 distinctive types of antennal sensilla, including sensilla trichodae, sensilla chaetica, sensilla coeloconica, sensilla auriculate and Böhm bristles, were observed in the male and female insects. Except for sensilla auricilla, there were no significant differences on the sensilla between male and female adults.
Antennae morphology and sensillum types of adult Chilo infuscatellus were studied. Under a scanning electron microscope, 5 distinctive types of antennal sensilla, including sensilla trichodae, sensilla chaetica, sensilla coeloconica, sensilla auriculate and Böhm bristles, were observed in the male and female insects. Except for sensilla auricilla, there were no significant differences on the sensilla between male and female adults.
2018, 33(2): 190-194.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.02.015
Abstract:
Biological characteristics of pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum, which causes stem rot disease on Cymbidium ensiflium, were studied. Effects of temperature, pH, light, and carbon and nitrogen sources on the hyphal growth and sporulation of the pathogen were examined. In addition, the lethal temperature and time of F. oxysporum spores were determined. The results showed that the optimal conditions for the growth and sporulation of the pathogen were 25℃, pH 7, 12-h-L:12-h-D exposure, lactose monohydrate for carbon, and NaNO2 for nitrogen. The lethality of the spores was 5 min in 55℃ water. The study provided reference for the effective control of stem rot on C. ensifolium.
Biological characteristics of pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum, which causes stem rot disease on Cymbidium ensiflium, were studied. Effects of temperature, pH, light, and carbon and nitrogen sources on the hyphal growth and sporulation of the pathogen were examined. In addition, the lethal temperature and time of F. oxysporum spores were determined. The results showed that the optimal conditions for the growth and sporulation of the pathogen were 25℃, pH 7, 12-h-L:12-h-D exposure, lactose monohydrate for carbon, and NaNO2 for nitrogen. The lethality of the spores was 5 min in 55℃ water. The study provided reference for the effective control of stem rot on C. ensifolium.
2018, 33(2): 195-198.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.02.016
Abstract:
Phyllosticta citriasiana is a new pathogen of Citrus grandis which causes black spot on the fruits, while Phyllosticta capitalensis is another fungus which is saprophytic and seprated from Citrus grandis. For distinguishing from each other, a rapid identification method named ITS-RFLP was established in this research. First of all, the target pathogens were seperated from the desease samples which were collected from the Citrus grandis Osbeck orchard at Pinghe city in Fujian. Then the mycelium total DNA were extracted for amplifying the rDNA-ITS gene fragments by using ITS1 and ITS4 primers. And then the amplification products were digested by the restriction enzyme of Acc Ⅰ. The results showed that the rDNA-ITS of P. citriasiana was digested into two fragments, and that of P. capitalensis into three fragments. Thus, the two kinds of fungi can be distinguished from each other by the fragment number and size. This technology is quite rapid and simple.
Phyllosticta citriasiana is a new pathogen of Citrus grandis which causes black spot on the fruits, while Phyllosticta capitalensis is another fungus which is saprophytic and seprated from Citrus grandis. For distinguishing from each other, a rapid identification method named ITS-RFLP was established in this research. First of all, the target pathogens were seperated from the desease samples which were collected from the Citrus grandis Osbeck orchard at Pinghe city in Fujian. Then the mycelium total DNA were extracted for amplifying the rDNA-ITS gene fragments by using ITS1 and ITS4 primers. And then the amplification products were digested by the restriction enzyme of Acc Ⅰ. The results showed that the rDNA-ITS of P. citriasiana was digested into two fragments, and that of P. capitalensis into three fragments. Thus, the two kinds of fungi can be distinguished from each other by the fragment number and size. This technology is quite rapid and simple.
2018, 33(2): 199-205.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.02.017
Abstract:
To improve the water ecology in the forest at Chongli (the Peace Forest) of Zhangjiakou, Hebei in preparation for the upcoming 2022 Winter Olympics, the water chemistry of four typical forest types in the area was studied. The Picea wilsonii, Betula platyphylla, Pobulus davidiana and Larix principis-rupprechtii forestry were compared regarding the distribution of precipitation and the chemistry of rainfall, throughfall, stemflow, and surface runoff. The chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in rainwater were determined by the methods of digestion, salicylic acid, persulfate oxidation, and ascorbic acid digestion, respectively. The results showed that:(1) the rains that fell through the tree canopy layer (throughfall) contained increasing COD and TN, but decreasing NH3-N and TP, as compared to those outside the four forestry; (2) in the stemflow, the COD, NH3-N, TN, and TP were higher inside than outside the four forestry; (3) the COD, TN and TP of surface runoff in the four forestry increased, while NH3-N declined, as compared to the rain water outside the forest; and (4) the comprehensive indices on water chemistry were 0.65 for the rain fell outside the forest, 0.95 for the P. davidiana forestry, 2.09 for the P. wilsonii forestry, 1.30 for the B. platyphylla forestry, and 2.32 for the L. principis-rupprechtii forestry. Rainfalls seemed to exert a considerable effect on the chemicals leached in forest. With rainfalls, the net leaching of NH3-N, TN and TP in the throughfall, stemflow and surface runoff at the forestry became negative, indicating that the trees were capable of reducing ammonia nitrogen in rainwater resulting in some water purification effect benefiting the ecology of the environment surrounding the forestry.
To improve the water ecology in the forest at Chongli (the Peace Forest) of Zhangjiakou, Hebei in preparation for the upcoming 2022 Winter Olympics, the water chemistry of four typical forest types in the area was studied. The Picea wilsonii, Betula platyphylla, Pobulus davidiana and Larix principis-rupprechtii forestry were compared regarding the distribution of precipitation and the chemistry of rainfall, throughfall, stemflow, and surface runoff. The chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in rainwater were determined by the methods of digestion, salicylic acid, persulfate oxidation, and ascorbic acid digestion, respectively. The results showed that:(1) the rains that fell through the tree canopy layer (throughfall) contained increasing COD and TN, but decreasing NH3-N and TP, as compared to those outside the four forestry; (2) in the stemflow, the COD, NH3-N, TN, and TP were higher inside than outside the four forestry; (3) the COD, TN and TP of surface runoff in the four forestry increased, while NH3-N declined, as compared to the rain water outside the forest; and (4) the comprehensive indices on water chemistry were 0.65 for the rain fell outside the forest, 0.95 for the P. davidiana forestry, 2.09 for the P. wilsonii forestry, 1.30 for the B. platyphylla forestry, and 2.32 for the L. principis-rupprechtii forestry. Rainfalls seemed to exert a considerable effect on the chemicals leached in forest. With rainfalls, the net leaching of NH3-N, TN and TP in the throughfall, stemflow and surface runoff at the forestry became negative, indicating that the trees were capable of reducing ammonia nitrogen in rainwater resulting in some water purification effect benefiting the ecology of the environment surrounding the forestry.
2018, 33(2): 206-211.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.02.018
Abstract:
An ultrasound-assisted process to extract flavonoids from the fruits of Ligustrum obtusifolium was optimized, and the antioxidant activity of the extract analyzed in vivo. Based on a single factor test on ethanol concentration, solvent:substrate ratio, and ultrasonic application duration, the extraction procedure was optimized using response surface methodology based on flavonoid yield as the indicator. With an in vivo feeding, the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in livers of the test mice were determined. The optimal processing conditions, including a solvent:substrate ratio of 11 mL:1 g, an ultrasonic application for 11 min, and the use of 60% ethanol for solvent, rendered a flavonoid yield of (4.83±0.03)mg·g-1 for the extraction. The extract obtained significantly suppressed MDA production and raised SOD activity in livers of the mice.
An ultrasound-assisted process to extract flavonoids from the fruits of Ligustrum obtusifolium was optimized, and the antioxidant activity of the extract analyzed in vivo. Based on a single factor test on ethanol concentration, solvent:substrate ratio, and ultrasonic application duration, the extraction procedure was optimized using response surface methodology based on flavonoid yield as the indicator. With an in vivo feeding, the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in livers of the test mice were determined. The optimal processing conditions, including a solvent:substrate ratio of 11 mL:1 g, an ultrasonic application for 11 min, and the use of 60% ethanol for solvent, rendered a flavonoid yield of (4.83±0.03)mg·g-1 for the extraction. The extract obtained significantly suppressed MDA production and raised SOD activity in livers of the mice.
2018, 33(2): 212-218.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.02.019
Abstract:
A multi-point temperature measurement system based on wireless sensor network was designed for the hoggery's internal padding temperature measurement. Using STC89C52RC MCU as the core controller, C language as the programming language, complete acquisition nodes and a aggregation node's software and hardware design. Each acquisition node has three temperature sensors DS18B20 to measure the temperatures, using the nRF905 wireless modules to send data to the aggregation node. The aggregation node receive the data and display, it also have alarm function. The aggregation node's MCU use the serial port to communicate with the upper computer, and use VB 6.0 software programming to realize the real time display, storage alarm and data loading functions. Experiments show that the system has high practicability and reliability, and can be used for the other agricultural monitoring systems.
A multi-point temperature measurement system based on wireless sensor network was designed for the hoggery's internal padding temperature measurement. Using STC89C52RC MCU as the core controller, C language as the programming language, complete acquisition nodes and a aggregation node's software and hardware design. Each acquisition node has three temperature sensors DS18B20 to measure the temperatures, using the nRF905 wireless modules to send data to the aggregation node. The aggregation node receive the data and display, it also have alarm function. The aggregation node's MCU use the serial port to communicate with the upper computer, and use VB 6.0 software programming to realize the real time display, storage alarm and data loading functions. Experiments show that the system has high practicability and reliability, and can be used for the other agricultural monitoring systems.
