2018 Vol. 33, No. 12
Display Method:
2018, 33(12): 1231-1236.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.12.001
Abstract:
Gufeng B is a broad-spectrum, high resistance maintainer line to rice blast. Its blast resistance genes, Pi-d2, Pi-d3 and Pigm, were identified using the molecular marker technology. To study and verify the role of these genes, their multiple sites editing vectors were constructed by the high-efficiency and designated-editing CRISPR/Cas9 system. The vectors were subsequently transformed to Gufeng B by means of the agrobacterium-mediated method. Through the mutant analysis targeting mutation types, a variety of combinations in the T0 plants was found. The indoor inoculation of the T1 generation of 5 homozygous mutants indicated that Pi-d2, Pi-d3 and Pigm were significantly resistant to 86/501-3, KJ201/CHE86061 and 86/CHE86061/501-3. The resistance of the knockout lines of Pi-d2+Pi-d3, Pi-d2+Pigm and Pi-d2+Pi-d3+Pigm showed a simple superposition that was not completely equivalent to a single gene. The mutant of Pi-d2+Pi-d3+Pigm had a completely different sensitivity to CHL768 from the other mutants. This study unveiled genetic information on the blast resistance of Gufeng B of value for rice breeding.
Gufeng B is a broad-spectrum, high resistance maintainer line to rice blast. Its blast resistance genes, Pi-d2, Pi-d3 and Pigm, were identified using the molecular marker technology. To study and verify the role of these genes, their multiple sites editing vectors were constructed by the high-efficiency and designated-editing CRISPR/Cas9 system. The vectors were subsequently transformed to Gufeng B by means of the agrobacterium-mediated method. Through the mutant analysis targeting mutation types, a variety of combinations in the T0 plants was found. The indoor inoculation of the T1 generation of 5 homozygous mutants indicated that Pi-d2, Pi-d3 and Pigm were significantly resistant to 86/501-3, KJ201/CHE86061 and 86/CHE86061/501-3. The resistance of the knockout lines of Pi-d2+Pi-d3, Pi-d2+Pigm and Pi-d2+Pi-d3+Pigm showed a simple superposition that was not completely equivalent to a single gene. The mutant of Pi-d2+Pi-d3+Pigm had a completely different sensitivity to CHL768 from the other mutants. This study unveiled genetic information on the blast resistance of Gufeng B of value for rice breeding.
2018, 33(12): 1237-1241.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.12.002
Abstract:
This study aimed to optimize the cultivation for Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua. The soil nutrients and the plant biomass distribution under different cultivation methods were compared and analyzed in the field. Quality of the cultivated plants was evaluated using the methods stipulated in the Chinese pharmacopoeia. The results indicated that the root-restricting tillage in a confined container allowed a remarkable soil amelioration as well as a high plant polysaccharide content at 10.0% in comparison to the ridge cultivation at 9.4%. The number and length of roots per plant significantly correlated with the diameter and fresh weight of the rhizomes on a plant. Within a certain range, the pH, total phosphorus and total potassium of the soil linearly correlated with the plant polysaccharides. It appeared that the root-restricting container cultivation could increase the yield by 10% and the polysaccharide by 6% on P. cyrtonema over the ridge-cultivation.
This study aimed to optimize the cultivation for Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua. The soil nutrients and the plant biomass distribution under different cultivation methods were compared and analyzed in the field. Quality of the cultivated plants was evaluated using the methods stipulated in the Chinese pharmacopoeia. The results indicated that the root-restricting tillage in a confined container allowed a remarkable soil amelioration as well as a high plant polysaccharide content at 10.0% in comparison to the ridge cultivation at 9.4%. The number and length of roots per plant significantly correlated with the diameter and fresh weight of the rhizomes on a plant. Within a certain range, the pH, total phosphorus and total potassium of the soil linearly correlated with the plant polysaccharides. It appeared that the root-restricting container cultivation could increase the yield by 10% and the polysaccharide by 6% on P. cyrtonema over the ridge-cultivation.
2018, 33(12): 1242-1250.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.12.003
Abstract:
As a traditional Chinese medicine, Scutellaria barbata D. Don has an important economic value. However, little molecular-based study was reported that limits the utilization and development of the resource. In this study, Illumina HiSeq X Ten was used to sequence the transcriptomes of S. barbata to obtain 125 823 unigenes assembled by the de novo DNA synthesis. The average length of N50 was 826 bp averaging 586 bp with 74 185 unigenes annotated. There were 14 832 differentially expressed unigenes in the above- and under-ground parts of the plants, of which 6 941 were up-regulated and 7 891 down-regulated. According to the KEGG database, 89 unigenes related to the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. Among them 36 were differentially expressed. By comparing the genes in the above- and the under-ground parts, it was found the important enzymes associated with the flavonoid synthesis to be significantly down-regulated in the parts grown below the ground level. In other words, the stems and leaves were the major parts on a plant that contained the medicinally active components.
As a traditional Chinese medicine, Scutellaria barbata D. Don has an important economic value. However, little molecular-based study was reported that limits the utilization and development of the resource. In this study, Illumina HiSeq X Ten was used to sequence the transcriptomes of S. barbata to obtain 125 823 unigenes assembled by the de novo DNA synthesis. The average length of N50 was 826 bp averaging 586 bp with 74 185 unigenes annotated. There were 14 832 differentially expressed unigenes in the above- and under-ground parts of the plants, of which 6 941 were up-regulated and 7 891 down-regulated. According to the KEGG database, 89 unigenes related to the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. Among them 36 were differentially expressed. By comparing the genes in the above- and the under-ground parts, it was found the important enzymes associated with the flavonoid synthesis to be significantly down-regulated in the parts grown below the ground level. In other words, the stems and leaves were the major parts on a plant that contained the medicinally active components.
2018, 33(12): 1251-1256.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.12.004
Abstract:
Effect of 2, 4-brassinosteroid on the growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare) seedlings under Cd-stress were studied by an indoor culture experiment. In comparison with control, the treatment of Cd at 20 mg·L-1 inhibited the seedling growth and damaged the leaf physiology manifesting in the decreased root length and plant height, reduced contents on biomass, chlorophyll, soluble sugars and soluble protein, declined activities of POD and CAT, increased relative electrical conductivity, heightened contents of MDA, O2- and proline, and elevated activity of SOD. After spraying 2, 4-brassinosteroid at 0.2 mg·L-1, the Cd-stressed seedlings significantly increased on the root length, plant height, biomass and chlorophyll. The treatment promoted the photosynthesis and seedling growth, reduced the leaf relative conductivity, MDA and O2-, and facilitated an osmotic adjustment with the substances (e.g., soluble sugars, proline and soluble protein), and enhanced the antioxidant enzymatic activities on SOD, POD and CAT. It appeared that the plant hormone could alleviate the ill-effects of Cd-stress on and enrich the adaptability in the battle against the adversity for the barley seedlings.
Effect of 2, 4-brassinosteroid on the growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare) seedlings under Cd-stress were studied by an indoor culture experiment. In comparison with control, the treatment of Cd at 20 mg·L-1 inhibited the seedling growth and damaged the leaf physiology manifesting in the decreased root length and plant height, reduced contents on biomass, chlorophyll, soluble sugars and soluble protein, declined activities of POD and CAT, increased relative electrical conductivity, heightened contents of MDA, O2- and proline, and elevated activity of SOD. After spraying 2, 4-brassinosteroid at 0.2 mg·L-1, the Cd-stressed seedlings significantly increased on the root length, plant height, biomass and chlorophyll. The treatment promoted the photosynthesis and seedling growth, reduced the leaf relative conductivity, MDA and O2-, and facilitated an osmotic adjustment with the substances (e.g., soluble sugars, proline and soluble protein), and enhanced the antioxidant enzymatic activities on SOD, POD and CAT. It appeared that the plant hormone could alleviate the ill-effects of Cd-stress on and enrich the adaptability in the battle against the adversity for the barley seedlings.
2018, 33(12): 1257-1263.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.12.005
Abstract:
Based on the transcriptome database on tea plants (Camellia sinensis), the full-length cDNAs of the alcohol dehydrogenase gene (CsADH2) was cloned from Fudingdabai using RT-PCR. A bioinformatics analysis showed that the cDNA had a full length of 1 540 bp with a 1 182 bp ORF encoding 393 amino acids and located probably in the cytoplasm. The amino acids of CsADH2 was 85% homogenous to those of Actinidia deliciosa and Helianthus annuus L, and 84% to that of Lactuca sativa Linn. The results of qRT-PCR showed that CsADH2 expressed differently in different tissues of a tea plant with the highest in the leaves and the lowest in the roots. During white tea withering, the expression of CsADH2 began to up-regulate in the first 2 h and down-regulated when treated for 2-8 h. The expression peaked at 12th h reaching a level 6 times as high as that at the beginning. The expression was down-regulated in 24-48 h, but still was significantly higher than that of 0 h. It appeared that CsADH2 played an important role in the formation of the aromatic lipids in tea.
Based on the transcriptome database on tea plants (Camellia sinensis), the full-length cDNAs of the alcohol dehydrogenase gene (CsADH2) was cloned from Fudingdabai using RT-PCR. A bioinformatics analysis showed that the cDNA had a full length of 1 540 bp with a 1 182 bp ORF encoding 393 amino acids and located probably in the cytoplasm. The amino acids of CsADH2 was 85% homogenous to those of Actinidia deliciosa and Helianthus annuus L, and 84% to that of Lactuca sativa Linn. The results of qRT-PCR showed that CsADH2 expressed differently in different tissues of a tea plant with the highest in the leaves and the lowest in the roots. During white tea withering, the expression of CsADH2 began to up-regulate in the first 2 h and down-regulated when treated for 2-8 h. The expression peaked at 12th h reaching a level 6 times as high as that at the beginning. The expression was down-regulated in 24-48 h, but still was significantly higher than that of 0 h. It appeared that CsADH2 played an important role in the formation of the aromatic lipids in tea.
2018, 33(12): 1264-1269.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.12.006
Abstract:
Major agronomic traits and genetic characteristics of the new Auricularia auricula-judae variety, Nan'er No. 1, were compared with those of Xinke No. 1, Xinke No. 5 and Au 139. The mycelial antagonistic property and growth rate as well as the morphology and molecular markers of the mushrooms were studied. The results showed that there was significant antagonism in mycelium between Nan'er No.1 and the local varieties. The mycelial growth rate of Nan'er No. 1 was slower with a yield 12.7%, 13.3% and 19.6% greater than Xinke No. 1, Xinke No. 5 and Au 139, respectively. The reddish-brown color on the back of the fresh pileus and the blueish-brown tint on that of the dried pileus of Nan'er No. 1 distinctively differed from the dark-brown and grayish-black of the other varieties. The genetic similarity coefficients of Nan'er No. 1 with Xinke No. 1, Xinke No. 5 and Au 139 were determined to be 0.303, 0.409 and 0.197, respectively.
Major agronomic traits and genetic characteristics of the new Auricularia auricula-judae variety, Nan'er No. 1, were compared with those of Xinke No. 1, Xinke No. 5 and Au 139. The mycelial antagonistic property and growth rate as well as the morphology and molecular markers of the mushrooms were studied. The results showed that there was significant antagonism in mycelium between Nan'er No.1 and the local varieties. The mycelial growth rate of Nan'er No. 1 was slower with a yield 12.7%, 13.3% and 19.6% greater than Xinke No. 1, Xinke No. 5 and Au 139, respectively. The reddish-brown color on the back of the fresh pileus and the blueish-brown tint on that of the dried pileus of Nan'er No. 1 distinctively differed from the dark-brown and grayish-black of the other varieties. The genetic similarity coefficients of Nan'er No. 1 with Xinke No. 1, Xinke No. 5 and Au 139 were determined to be 0.303, 0.409 and 0.197, respectively.
2018, 33(12): 1270-1274.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.12.007
Abstract:
Effects of rain-sheltering in pear cultivation on quality of the fruits as well as the chemical properties and enzymatic activity of the rhizosphere soil were studied by comparing with the conventional open-field operation at a same orchard. By sheltering the plants from the rains, the sugar content of the pears decreased significantly, and the acids increased significantly (P < 0.05), while the total nitrogen and available phosphorus in the soil lowered significantly (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the condition also decreased the activities of protease, urease, sucrase and phosphomonoesterase in the soil. On the other hand, the changed rhizosphere soil did not alter the growth of lettuces on it. It appeared that the rain-sheltered cultivation did not benefit the fertility or the natural circulation of matters in the soil either. Consequently, the practice would require substantial nutrient replenishment, occasional exposure to the natural conditions, and frequent weeding to sustain a long-term cultivation of the pear plants that produce high quality fruits.
Effects of rain-sheltering in pear cultivation on quality of the fruits as well as the chemical properties and enzymatic activity of the rhizosphere soil were studied by comparing with the conventional open-field operation at a same orchard. By sheltering the plants from the rains, the sugar content of the pears decreased significantly, and the acids increased significantly (P < 0.05), while the total nitrogen and available phosphorus in the soil lowered significantly (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the condition also decreased the activities of protease, urease, sucrase and phosphomonoesterase in the soil. On the other hand, the changed rhizosphere soil did not alter the growth of lettuces on it. It appeared that the rain-sheltered cultivation did not benefit the fertility or the natural circulation of matters in the soil either. Consequently, the practice would require substantial nutrient replenishment, occasional exposure to the natural conditions, and frequent weeding to sustain a long-term cultivation of the pear plants that produce high quality fruits.
2018, 33(12): 1275-1279.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.12.008
Abstract:
The bud of Anoectochilus roxburghii(wall.)lindl. Huaye was used to to study the effects of the key factors such as culture medium(i.e., MS, B5, improved MS), sugar concentration and ipperon concentration on the plant growth control and pollution control. The suitable medium formulation was selected in order to establish test tube flowers technology of Anoectochilus roxburghii(wall.)lindl. Huaye.The results showed that the improved MS medium with sugar 20 g·L-1 was beneficial to the plant growth control of Anoectochilus roxburghii(wall.)lindl. Huaye; ipperon 1.5 mg·L-1 was added to the medium, which was beneficial to the pollution control of the medium; that is to say, the medium for the test-tube flowering of Anoectochilus roxburghii(wall.)lindl. Huaye was composed of improved MS medium, sugar 20 g·L-1, ipperon 1.5 mg·L-1, agar powder 6.0 g·L-1, and edible pigment 0.02 g·L-1. The plant growth control and the ornamental quality was very good in 6 months. It provides a technical basis for the development and application of test tube flowers of Anoectochilus roxburghii(wall.)lindl. Huaye.
The bud of Anoectochilus roxburghii(wall.)lindl. Huaye was used to to study the effects of the key factors such as culture medium(i.e., MS, B5, improved MS), sugar concentration and ipperon concentration on the plant growth control and pollution control. The suitable medium formulation was selected in order to establish test tube flowers technology of Anoectochilus roxburghii(wall.)lindl. Huaye.The results showed that the improved MS medium with sugar 20 g·L-1 was beneficial to the plant growth control of Anoectochilus roxburghii(wall.)lindl. Huaye; ipperon 1.5 mg·L-1 was added to the medium, which was beneficial to the pollution control of the medium; that is to say, the medium for the test-tube flowering of Anoectochilus roxburghii(wall.)lindl. Huaye was composed of improved MS medium, sugar 20 g·L-1, ipperon 1.5 mg·L-1, agar powder 6.0 g·L-1, and edible pigment 0.02 g·L-1. The plant growth control and the ornamental quality was very good in 6 months. It provides a technical basis for the development and application of test tube flowers of Anoectochilus roxburghii(wall.)lindl. Huaye.
2018, 33(12): 1280-1286.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.12.009
Abstract:
In search for a means to prevent and control the recently wide-spread empty bud incidents on the pear trees in southern China, the regularity and cause of the disease were investigated. Interviews and field trips at 5 major pear-growing counties including Jianning, Qingliu, Mingxi, Jianou, and Dehua in Fujian, were conducted. And the pathogen isolation, insect dissection and microscopic observation on the collected samples were performed in the laboratory. In 2017, the infected area in the country totaled 14 951.4 hm2 with an estimated loss on fruit yield of 597 000 tons. The disease gradually worsened starting from the floral bud sprouting and flowering periods of the plants. On the affected plants the florescence was prolonged for more than 5d, and the number of inflorescence per plant, flowers per inflorescence, and fruits per infructescence decreased by 71.02%, 55.07% and 53.85%, respectively, as compared to a normal tree, at an extremely significant difference level. The symptoms shown on a plant could be (a) with no new shoots nor flowers, (b) with only new shoots but no flowers, (c) with only flowers but no new shoots, or (c) with new shoots and scant flowers. Significant differences on the occurrence of the empty bud incidents were observed among different varieties. The disease occurred extremely significantly more frequently at orchards that used rain shelters, were located at low altitude, and/or had pear trees that experienced severe early defoliation. Under a microscope, phomopsis, Colletotrichum and 3 other pathogens, as well as the phytophagous tarsonemid mites, were found on the samples of the diseased plants. Serious decline and death of floral buds on the pear trees were resulted in recent years. However, at present the infection could only be preliminarily determined to be phomopsis.
In search for a means to prevent and control the recently wide-spread empty bud incidents on the pear trees in southern China, the regularity and cause of the disease were investigated. Interviews and field trips at 5 major pear-growing counties including Jianning, Qingliu, Mingxi, Jianou, and Dehua in Fujian, were conducted. And the pathogen isolation, insect dissection and microscopic observation on the collected samples were performed in the laboratory. In 2017, the infected area in the country totaled 14 951.4 hm2 with an estimated loss on fruit yield of 597 000 tons. The disease gradually worsened starting from the floral bud sprouting and flowering periods of the plants. On the affected plants the florescence was prolonged for more than 5d, and the number of inflorescence per plant, flowers per inflorescence, and fruits per infructescence decreased by 71.02%, 55.07% and 53.85%, respectively, as compared to a normal tree, at an extremely significant difference level. The symptoms shown on a plant could be (a) with no new shoots nor flowers, (b) with only new shoots but no flowers, (c) with only flowers but no new shoots, or (c) with new shoots and scant flowers. Significant differences on the occurrence of the empty bud incidents were observed among different varieties. The disease occurred extremely significantly more frequently at orchards that used rain shelters, were located at low altitude, and/or had pear trees that experienced severe early defoliation. Under a microscope, phomopsis, Colletotrichum and 3 other pathogens, as well as the phytophagous tarsonemid mites, were found on the samples of the diseased plants. Serious decline and death of floral buds on the pear trees were resulted in recent years. However, at present the infection could only be preliminarily determined to be phomopsis.
2018, 33(12): 1287-1291.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.12.010
Abstract:
Effect of intercropping vegetation with target plants on remedying a degraded plantation was studied. The Donghong kiwifruit plants were interplanted with milk vetch in this experiment to determine the survival rate, stem and leaf growth and chlorophyll content of the plants on a land with degraded soil. The results showed that the kiwifruit plants grew better with interplanted milk vetch. A significantly increased height, girth, leaf count, area and weight of the plants were observed in comparison to those without the intercropping. There was no significant difference on the chlorophyll content. And, the efficiency and electron transport rate of the plant photosynthesis increased slightly but not significantly. It appeared that the growth of kiwifruit in a degraded soil could be improved by intercropping with milk vetch in the field.
Effect of intercropping vegetation with target plants on remedying a degraded plantation was studied. The Donghong kiwifruit plants were interplanted with milk vetch in this experiment to determine the survival rate, stem and leaf growth and chlorophyll content of the plants on a land with degraded soil. The results showed that the kiwifruit plants grew better with interplanted milk vetch. A significantly increased height, girth, leaf count, area and weight of the plants were observed in comparison to those without the intercropping. There was no significant difference on the chlorophyll content. And, the efficiency and electron transport rate of the plant photosynthesis increased slightly but not significantly. It appeared that the growth of kiwifruit in a degraded soil could be improved by intercropping with milk vetch in the field.
2018, 33(12): 1292-1300.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.12.011
Abstract:
The cloning, tissue expression and structural analysis of Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) gene were conducted in Liancheng white duck, which would provide a theoretical basis for the further research of melanin deposition.The MITF gene from the skin of female ducks was cloned through nested-PCR, and the mRNA expression detected in tissues by qRT-PCR. It was shown that the MITF cDNA was 1 323 bp in length (GenBank No. MG516570) with a complete CDS region (34-1 323 bp) encoding 429 amino acids. The amino acid sequence of MITF was 100% homologous to that of mallard and more than 95% to that of Gallus gallus, but farther from sheep and other mammals. The predicted secondary structure of the protein was mainly random coil and α-helix, while the circular tertiary structure contained two separate helices to form the helix-loop-helix-chain structure. The qRT-PCR results showed that the mRNA expression of MITF was significantly higher in the skin than the other organs (P < 0.01) with the relative expressions in the order of skin > kidney > gizzard > liver > muscle. It appeared that the expression of MITF gene was tissue-specific in Liancheng white ducks. The information would aid in the utilization of MITF gene for studies on the melanin deposition and trait selection of the duck.
The cloning, tissue expression and structural analysis of Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) gene were conducted in Liancheng white duck, which would provide a theoretical basis for the further research of melanin deposition.The MITF gene from the skin of female ducks was cloned through nested-PCR, and the mRNA expression detected in tissues by qRT-PCR. It was shown that the MITF cDNA was 1 323 bp in length (GenBank No. MG516570) with a complete CDS region (34-1 323 bp) encoding 429 amino acids. The amino acid sequence of MITF was 100% homologous to that of mallard and more than 95% to that of Gallus gallus, but farther from sheep and other mammals. The predicted secondary structure of the protein was mainly random coil and α-helix, while the circular tertiary structure contained two separate helices to form the helix-loop-helix-chain structure. The qRT-PCR results showed that the mRNA expression of MITF was significantly higher in the skin than the other organs (P < 0.01) with the relative expressions in the order of skin > kidney > gizzard > liver > muscle. It appeared that the expression of MITF gene was tissue-specific in Liancheng white ducks. The information would aid in the utilization of MITF gene for studies on the melanin deposition and trait selection of the duck.
2018, 33(12): 1301-1306.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.12.012
Abstract:
The leafhopper Empoasca onukii Matsuda is a difficult pest to control. As a result, high dosages of insecticide are often used in tea plantations. To search for an effective alternative, applying microwave to reduce the population was investigated. The mortality rate of E. onukii adults by exposing the insects to microwave power at 0,100,200,400,500,600, or 800 W for 1 min was determined in the laboratory. Meanwhile, the pests were also irradiated at microwave of 0,100,200,300,400,500, and 600 W for 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, and 17 min for an instant kill. Under the 1 min treatments, no significant differences were found on the insect mortalities in 16 d. The cumulated mortality was 64.4% on day 7 when 600 W microwave was applied. On the other hand, the same microwave power produced significant more instant deaths on E. onukii treated for 7-17 min than any other power levels. It killed the pests at the rates of 61.1%, 83.3%, and 87.8% in 13, 15, and 17min, respectively. Thus, an application of 600 W microwave for 13 min might be practical after further optimization on the treatment for a pest control measure on E. onukii.
The leafhopper Empoasca onukii Matsuda is a difficult pest to control. As a result, high dosages of insecticide are often used in tea plantations. To search for an effective alternative, applying microwave to reduce the population was investigated. The mortality rate of E. onukii adults by exposing the insects to microwave power at 0,100,200,400,500,600, or 800 W for 1 min was determined in the laboratory. Meanwhile, the pests were also irradiated at microwave of 0,100,200,300,400,500, and 600 W for 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, and 17 min for an instant kill. Under the 1 min treatments, no significant differences were found on the insect mortalities in 16 d. The cumulated mortality was 64.4% on day 7 when 600 W microwave was applied. On the other hand, the same microwave power produced significant more instant deaths on E. onukii treated for 7-17 min than any other power levels. It killed the pests at the rates of 61.1%, 83.3%, and 87.8% in 13, 15, and 17min, respectively. Thus, an application of 600 W microwave for 13 min might be practical after further optimization on the treatment for a pest control measure on E. onukii.
2018, 33(12): 1307-1311.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.12.013
Abstract:
There is a close relationship between mites and insects. In this study, five different mite species belonging to 2 families (Uropodidae and Histiostomatidae) were found on Rhynchophorus ferrugineus collected from the Garden of Expo Park in Xiamen. Centrouropoda almerodai was the most abundant mite species and mainly located at sub-elytra of RPW, which was the dominant species with the dominance index of 0.366 and the spatial niche breadth of 0.05. Although the dominance index of Curculanoetus sp. was 0.059 (less than that of C. almerodai), this mite had the widest spatial niche breadth of 0.47 and mainly located at abdominal dorsum, membranous wings and sub-elytra. Therefore, population and spatial distribution of mites on R. ferrugineu were species-specific.
There is a close relationship between mites and insects. In this study, five different mite species belonging to 2 families (Uropodidae and Histiostomatidae) were found on Rhynchophorus ferrugineus collected from the Garden of Expo Park in Xiamen. Centrouropoda almerodai was the most abundant mite species and mainly located at sub-elytra of RPW, which was the dominant species with the dominance index of 0.366 and the spatial niche breadth of 0.05. Although the dominance index of Curculanoetus sp. was 0.059 (less than that of C. almerodai), this mite had the widest spatial niche breadth of 0.47 and mainly located at abdominal dorsum, membranous wings and sub-elytra. Therefore, population and spatial distribution of mites on R. ferrugineu were species-specific.
2018, 33(12): 1312-1316.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.12.014
Abstract:
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of starvation on major digestive enzymes(protease and lipase). The results showed that the effects of different starvation phases on digestive enzyme activities of male and female adult Pardosa pseudoannulata were different. In the early stage of starvation, the protease activities in female spiders (0-12 h) and male spiders (0-4 h) were promoted by starvation treatment, which increased by 36.8% and 35.8%, respectively, compared with that in the 0 h of starvation. However the protease activities in later stage were inhibited, but the difference was not significant.Lipase activities of female and male adult spiders decreased with the time of starvation.In the initial stage of starvation (0-4 h), the starvation treatment had a great inhibitory effect.The lipase activity of female adult spiders was 39.6% lower than that treated with starvation for 0 h, with a significant difference, while the lipase activity of male adult spiders was 15.3% lower than that treated with starvation for 0 h, with no significant difference. However in the later stage of starvation treatment, little effect on the lipase activities of female and male adult spiders was observed.Treated for the same starvation time, the activities of protease and lipase of female spiders were significantly higher than those of male spiders.
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of starvation on major digestive enzymes(protease and lipase). The results showed that the effects of different starvation phases on digestive enzyme activities of male and female adult Pardosa pseudoannulata were different. In the early stage of starvation, the protease activities in female spiders (0-12 h) and male spiders (0-4 h) were promoted by starvation treatment, which increased by 36.8% and 35.8%, respectively, compared with that in the 0 h of starvation. However the protease activities in later stage were inhibited, but the difference was not significant.Lipase activities of female and male adult spiders decreased with the time of starvation.In the initial stage of starvation (0-4 h), the starvation treatment had a great inhibitory effect.The lipase activity of female adult spiders was 39.6% lower than that treated with starvation for 0 h, with a significant difference, while the lipase activity of male adult spiders was 15.3% lower than that treated with starvation for 0 h, with no significant difference. However in the later stage of starvation treatment, little effect on the lipase activities of female and male adult spiders was observed.Treated for the same starvation time, the activities of protease and lipase of female spiders were significantly higher than those of male spiders.
2018, 33(12): 1317-1323.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.12.015
Abstract:
Eco-efficiency is an effective indicator for evaluating the economic and environmental performances of a cultivated land. Based on the micro-survey data on 146 plots in the hilly areas of Fujian province, the eco-efficiencies of the cultivated land and its inputs were calculated using the bootstrap-DEA model. The determinants of the eco-efficiency were analyzed by the double bootstrap truncated regression model. It was found that the bias-corrected eco-efficiency of the cultivated land was 0.610 7, and the eco-efficiencies on inputs of fertilizer, pesticide and energy were 0.679 9, 0.575 5 and 0.481 9, respectively. The regression analysis showed that the cultivation scale, professionalism, product certification and multiple cropping index impacted the eco-efficiency significantly, and that the implemented environmental remedies had yet exerted a significant effect. The overall eco-efficiency remained relatively low for the regions. Conservative land development, enhanced green practices, and ecologically appropriate agriculture were seen necessary to improve the eco-efficiency of the cultivated land in the hilly areas.
Eco-efficiency is an effective indicator for evaluating the economic and environmental performances of a cultivated land. Based on the micro-survey data on 146 plots in the hilly areas of Fujian province, the eco-efficiencies of the cultivated land and its inputs were calculated using the bootstrap-DEA model. The determinants of the eco-efficiency were analyzed by the double bootstrap truncated regression model. It was found that the bias-corrected eco-efficiency of the cultivated land was 0.610 7, and the eco-efficiencies on inputs of fertilizer, pesticide and energy were 0.679 9, 0.575 5 and 0.481 9, respectively. The regression analysis showed that the cultivation scale, professionalism, product certification and multiple cropping index impacted the eco-efficiency significantly, and that the implemented environmental remedies had yet exerted a significant effect. The overall eco-efficiency remained relatively low for the regions. Conservative land development, enhanced green practices, and ecologically appropriate agriculture were seen necessary to improve the eco-efficiency of the cultivated land in the hilly areas.
2018, 33(12): 1324-1329.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2018.12.016
Abstract:
The extraction of polysaccharides from Hibiscus sabdariffa L. utilizing both ultrasound and microwave was optimized by Box-Behnken response surface methodology. For the single factor experiment the independent variables were the solvent-substrate ratio, extraction time and microwave power applied for the process. The resulting polysaccharides yields were compared among the various processes including the water, microwave-assisted, ultrasound-assisted, and ultrasonic/microwave-assisted extractions. The combination of ultrasonic and microwave was found to improve the efficiency and time-saving for the process. It was, therefore, further optimized using the Box-Behnken response surface method to finalize the extraction that required a solvent-substrate ratio of 20:1 (mL:g), an extraction duration of 15min, and a combined application of 150 W microwave power and 240 W ultrasound to reach a 3.51% polysaccharide yield from H. sabdariffa.
The extraction of polysaccharides from Hibiscus sabdariffa L. utilizing both ultrasound and microwave was optimized by Box-Behnken response surface methodology. For the single factor experiment the independent variables were the solvent-substrate ratio, extraction time and microwave power applied for the process. The resulting polysaccharides yields were compared among the various processes including the water, microwave-assisted, ultrasound-assisted, and ultrasonic/microwave-assisted extractions. The combination of ultrasonic and microwave was found to improve the efficiency and time-saving for the process. It was, therefore, further optimized using the Box-Behnken response surface method to finalize the extraction that required a solvent-substrate ratio of 20:1 (mL:g), an extraction duration of 15min, and a combined application of 150 W microwave power and 240 W ultrasound to reach a 3.51% polysaccharide yield from H. sabdariffa.
