2017 Vol. 32, No. 9
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2017, 32(9): 921-925.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.09.001
Abstract:
Pesudocohnilembus persalinus is a harmful parasite found in marine fish. Using SMART technology, a full-length cDNA library of P. persalinus was constructed. Titer of the primary library was 3.3×106 cfu·mL-1, and the library capacity was 1.5×107 cfu with a recombination rate of 97%. A PCR amplification on 24 random clones revealed that the inserted cDNA fragments ranged from 300-2 000 bp, with an average length over 500 bp. Subsequently, 1 200 clones were selected from the library for EST sequencing. As a result, 1 032 high-quality ESTs were obtained and assembled into 292 unigenes including 102 contigs and 190 unique ESTs with a redundancy rate of 71.7%. In a blast analysis against NCBI database, 215 of the unigenes were homologous to the corresponding genes of ciliates with free-living and parasitic lifestyle, such as Tetrahymena thermophila, Paramecium tetraurelia, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Cryptocaryon irritans, Oxytricha trifallax, etc. But, only 134 ESTs had been annotated. The remainders were hypothetical protein genes. The results obtained from this study would substantially facilitate the molecular cloning and characterization of the functional genes in P. persalinus.
Pesudocohnilembus persalinus is a harmful parasite found in marine fish. Using SMART technology, a full-length cDNA library of P. persalinus was constructed. Titer of the primary library was 3.3×106 cfu·mL-1, and the library capacity was 1.5×107 cfu with a recombination rate of 97%. A PCR amplification on 24 random clones revealed that the inserted cDNA fragments ranged from 300-2 000 bp, with an average length over 500 bp. Subsequently, 1 200 clones were selected from the library for EST sequencing. As a result, 1 032 high-quality ESTs were obtained and assembled into 292 unigenes including 102 contigs and 190 unique ESTs with a redundancy rate of 71.7%. In a blast analysis against NCBI database, 215 of the unigenes were homologous to the corresponding genes of ciliates with free-living and parasitic lifestyle, such as Tetrahymena thermophila, Paramecium tetraurelia, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Cryptocaryon irritans, Oxytricha trifallax, etc. But, only 134 ESTs had been annotated. The remainders were hypothetical protein genes. The results obtained from this study would substantially facilitate the molecular cloning and characterization of the functional genes in P. persalinus.
2017, 32(9): 926-931.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.09.002
Abstract:
Immunological effect of combined inoculation of the inactivated vaccines for Newcastleand the infectious bursal diseases (ND-IBD) on egg-laying chickens was investigated. For the study, 360 one-day-old commercial chicks were randomly divided into 3 groups. The chicks in one group were immunized immediately with the two vaccines simultaneously, another when they were 7-day-old, and the third group injected with saline solution as control.Levels of ND-IBD antibodies in the serum ofthese chicks were determined, spleen biopsies for disease detection executed, and qPCR on mRNA expressions of CD4+, CD8+, IL-6 and IFN-β performed every 7 days during the period of 21 to 56 d. The results showed that all treated one-or 7-day-old birds had higher antibody levels than control, and could fence off IBD virus infection. The 7-day-old group showed greater immunity against the diseases, and significantly increased mRNA expressions on CD4+, CD8+, IL-6 and IFN-β over control. It was, therefore, concluded that, by combining vaccinations against ND-IBD on 7-day-old egg-laying chicks, a desirable immunological effect on the chickens could be achieved.
Immunological effect of combined inoculation of the inactivated vaccines for Newcastleand the infectious bursal diseases (ND-IBD) on egg-laying chickens was investigated. For the study, 360 one-day-old commercial chicks were randomly divided into 3 groups. The chicks in one group were immunized immediately with the two vaccines simultaneously, another when they were 7-day-old, and the third group injected with saline solution as control.Levels of ND-IBD antibodies in the serum ofthese chicks were determined, spleen biopsies for disease detection executed, and qPCR on mRNA expressions of CD4+, CD8+, IL-6 and IFN-β performed every 7 days during the period of 21 to 56 d. The results showed that all treated one-or 7-day-old birds had higher antibody levels than control, and could fence off IBD virus infection. The 7-day-old group showed greater immunity against the diseases, and significantly increased mRNA expressions on CD4+, CD8+, IL-6 and IFN-β over control. It was, therefore, concluded that, by combining vaccinations against ND-IBD on 7-day-old egg-laying chicks, a desirable immunological effect on the chickens could be achieved.
2017, 32(9): 932-938.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.09.003
Abstract:
Spreading of antibiotic resistant bacteria in the environment has become a major concern for food safety and human health. Escherichia coli C20 was isolated from the gut microbiota of a domestic chicken that showed resistances to 7 out of 10 tested antibiotics. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, origin, and transmission of the resistances, published information on C20 genome were reviewed for a detailed analysis. There were 80 antibiotic resistance determinants, including the abovementioned 7 drugs, annotated in E. coli C20 genome from the databases. Among them, the fluoroquinolone-resistant genes were identified in the chromosomes, while those resistant to tetracycline, sulphonamide, chloramphenicol, and aminoglycoside found to be expressed in the plasmids of C20. A phylogenomic analysis on C20 revealed a clustering of the strain with E. coli K-12 group, especially the substrains of DH1, BW2952 and MG1655. Their genomic nucleoid sequences shared 97-99% homology. There was no plasmid pC20-like sequence found in the genomic sequences of 3 K-12 strains reported previously. It was proposed that E. coli C20 isolated from the chicken guts might have acquired the antibiotic resistance through plasmid transfer from environmental microbiome.
Spreading of antibiotic resistant bacteria in the environment has become a major concern for food safety and human health. Escherichia coli C20 was isolated from the gut microbiota of a domestic chicken that showed resistances to 7 out of 10 tested antibiotics. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, origin, and transmission of the resistances, published information on C20 genome were reviewed for a detailed analysis. There were 80 antibiotic resistance determinants, including the abovementioned 7 drugs, annotated in E. coli C20 genome from the databases. Among them, the fluoroquinolone-resistant genes were identified in the chromosomes, while those resistant to tetracycline, sulphonamide, chloramphenicol, and aminoglycoside found to be expressed in the plasmids of C20. A phylogenomic analysis on C20 revealed a clustering of the strain with E. coli K-12 group, especially the substrains of DH1, BW2952 and MG1655. Their genomic nucleoid sequences shared 97-99% homology. There was no plasmid pC20-like sequence found in the genomic sequences of 3 K-12 strains reported previously. It was proposed that E. coli C20 isolated from the chicken guts might have acquired the antibiotic resistance through plasmid transfer from environmental microbiome.
2017, 32(9): 939-945.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.09.004
Abstract:
The transition from dormancy to germination in seeds is a key physiological process during the lifecycle of plants. Hormones play an important regulatory role on it, While, short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR1) is a molecular link between nutrient signaling and plant hormone biosynthesis. The coding sequences (CDS) of SDR1 were cloned from different dormancy varieties FH7185, FH653 and YH290, respectively. The results of sequences blast indicated that the coding regions of OsSDR1 among the three varieties were homologous, but there were 9 bases deletion, coding three alanine compared to Nipponbare. Meanwhile, the results of real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR)of SDR1 expression level in seed embryo among different dormancy varieties indicated that the expression level of SDR1 was significantly different among them. Moreover, the corresponding interaction proteins of OsSDR1 were screened by GST pull-down experiments and an interaction protein of OsSDR1 was found and its Genbank serial number designated as Os05g0140800, it was verified related to seed dormancy. The preliminary results showed that SDR1 gene might regulate seed dormancy through interaction with other structural elements.
The transition from dormancy to germination in seeds is a key physiological process during the lifecycle of plants. Hormones play an important regulatory role on it, While, short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR1) is a molecular link between nutrient signaling and plant hormone biosynthesis. The coding sequences (CDS) of SDR1 were cloned from different dormancy varieties FH7185, FH653 and YH290, respectively. The results of sequences blast indicated that the coding regions of OsSDR1 among the three varieties were homologous, but there were 9 bases deletion, coding three alanine compared to Nipponbare. Meanwhile, the results of real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR)of SDR1 expression level in seed embryo among different dormancy varieties indicated that the expression level of SDR1 was significantly different among them. Moreover, the corresponding interaction proteins of OsSDR1 were screened by GST pull-down experiments and an interaction protein of OsSDR1 was found and its Genbank serial number designated as Os05g0140800, it was verified related to seed dormancy. The preliminary results showed that SDR1 gene might regulate seed dormancy through interaction with other structural elements.
2017, 32(9): 946-950.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.09.005
Abstract:
Stem-tips of potato(Solanum tuberosum L.) plants that bear colored tubers were used to produce virus-free plantlets in test tubes. Culture media with hormone combinations in varying concentrations were tested to determine their effects on 21 varieties of plantlets offspring of the potato tissue culture. Meanwhile, RT-PCR was employed to detect any viruses present in the plantlets. The optimum medium for propagating a chosen cultivar, Minshu No.1, was formulated on MS with 0.05 mg·L-1 NAA, 0.1 mg·L-1 6-BA, 0.2 mg·L-1 GA3 and 0.2 mg·L-1 calcium pantothenate. Different hormone combinations led to significantly different stem-tip differentiation and plantlet formation among the potato varieties. A total of 11 test tube cultivars derived from the stem-tip cultures were virus-free without the contamination of PVX, PVS, PVA, PVS, PVM or PSTVd. They could be the candidate plantlets for field planting.
Stem-tips of potato(Solanum tuberosum L.) plants that bear colored tubers were used to produce virus-free plantlets in test tubes. Culture media with hormone combinations in varying concentrations were tested to determine their effects on 21 varieties of plantlets offspring of the potato tissue culture. Meanwhile, RT-PCR was employed to detect any viruses present in the plantlets. The optimum medium for propagating a chosen cultivar, Minshu No.1, was formulated on MS with 0.05 mg·L-1 NAA, 0.1 mg·L-1 6-BA, 0.2 mg·L-1 GA3 and 0.2 mg·L-1 calcium pantothenate. Different hormone combinations led to significantly different stem-tip differentiation and plantlet formation among the potato varieties. A total of 11 test tube cultivars derived from the stem-tip cultures were virus-free without the contamination of PVX, PVS, PVA, PVS, PVM or PSTVd. They could be the candidate plantlets for field planting.
2017, 32(9): 951-954.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.09.006
Abstract:
To improve land-use and yield of Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita L.) by relay-cropping maize plants was investigated. In trials, effects of planting an early maturing maize and mulching with maize straws on the field were monitored. The results of the tests showed that (a) the moisture content of the surface soil increased by 26%, porosity by 7%, and organic matters by 17%; (b) there was no significant differences on plant germination time and growth of young seedlings of the yam as compared to control; (c) the number of branches on a yam plant increased approximately 11%, weight of stems and leaves 13%, length of roots 13%, and weight of roots 14%, while number of fine roots increased and roots grown closer to the surface; and, (d) the tuber yield increased approximately 7% with an increase on net income of 1900￥per mu. Thus, relay cropping and mulching were recommended for yam cultivation.
To improve land-use and yield of Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita L.) by relay-cropping maize plants was investigated. In trials, effects of planting an early maturing maize and mulching with maize straws on the field were monitored. The results of the tests showed that (a) the moisture content of the surface soil increased by 26%, porosity by 7%, and organic matters by 17%; (b) there was no significant differences on plant germination time and growth of young seedlings of the yam as compared to control; (c) the number of branches on a yam plant increased approximately 11%, weight of stems and leaves 13%, length of roots 13%, and weight of roots 14%, while number of fine roots increased and roots grown closer to the surface; and, (d) the tuber yield increased approximately 7% with an increase on net income of 1900￥per mu. Thus, relay cropping and mulching were recommended for yam cultivation.
2017, 32(9): 955-958.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.09.007
Abstract:
MISA software was employed to analyze the distribution and basic characteristics of SSR loci of 15 824 unigenes, which were longer than 1 kb, from the transcriptome of Moringa oleifera Lam leaves at different development stages. A total of 8 272 SSR loci consisting of 114 motifs were detected in 6 003 unigenes, i.e., a frequency of 52.28%. The most abundant repeating motif was a single nucleotide (55.69%), which was followed by dinucleotide (32.34%) and trinucleotide (11.24%); and, their SSRs were A/T, AG/CT and AAG/CTT, respectively. The most commonly found SSRs had 10-20 tandem repeats (30.35%) with their motif lengths ranging from 12 bp to 19 bp. It appeared that there were numerous SSRs in the transcriptomes with high distribution frequencies and many varieties. The results obtained from this study provided valuable information for developing SSR markers.
MISA software was employed to analyze the distribution and basic characteristics of SSR loci of 15 824 unigenes, which were longer than 1 kb, from the transcriptome of Moringa oleifera Lam leaves at different development stages. A total of 8 272 SSR loci consisting of 114 motifs were detected in 6 003 unigenes, i.e., a frequency of 52.28%. The most abundant repeating motif was a single nucleotide (55.69%), which was followed by dinucleotide (32.34%) and trinucleotide (11.24%); and, their SSRs were A/T, AG/CT and AAG/CTT, respectively. The most commonly found SSRs had 10-20 tandem repeats (30.35%) with their motif lengths ranging from 12 bp to 19 bp. It appeared that there were numerous SSRs in the transcriptomes with high distribution frequencies and many varieties. The results obtained from this study provided valuable information for developing SSR markers.
2017, 32(9): 959-962.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.09.008
Abstract:
The protocorm-like body(PLB) induced from stem tips of Dendrobium spp. Sanya Sunny' were used as explants, The orthogonal design and the liquid media were used to study the effects of the key factors such as culture medium, TDZ, coconut water and sugar contained on PLB propagation of Dendrobium spp. 'Sanya Sunny'.Through above research, it was tried to find the main factors and build up the PLB proliferation the system in Dendrobium spp. Sanya Sunny' in the paper. The results showed that the main factors of PLB propagation are the basic medium, TDZ, sugar and coconut water. The best multiplication medium of PLB is improvement HM#2 medium, TDZ 0.5 mg·L-1, NAA 0.1 mg·L-1, coconut water 20.0 mL·L-1, and sugar 30.0 g L-1 to result in an averaged propagation coefficient of 6.25 in 35 days.
The protocorm-like body(PLB) induced from stem tips of Dendrobium spp. Sanya Sunny' were used as explants, The orthogonal design and the liquid media were used to study the effects of the key factors such as culture medium, TDZ, coconut water and sugar contained on PLB propagation of Dendrobium spp. 'Sanya Sunny'.Through above research, it was tried to find the main factors and build up the PLB proliferation the system in Dendrobium spp. Sanya Sunny' in the paper. The results showed that the main factors of PLB propagation are the basic medium, TDZ, sugar and coconut water. The best multiplication medium of PLB is improvement HM#2 medium, TDZ 0.5 mg·L-1, NAA 0.1 mg·L-1, coconut water 20.0 mL·L-1, and sugar 30.0 g L-1 to result in an averaged propagation coefficient of 6.25 in 35 days.
2017, 32(9): 963-968.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.09.009
Abstract:
Effects of hormone, carbon source, and pH on induction, as well as that of hormone on proliferation of callus tissues from Polygonatum odoratum were studied. Rhizomes and leaves of the plants were used as the explants in the experiment. In addition, the suspension culture for propagating the callus cells was optimized. The results showed that the optimal medium for the induction of rhizome and leaf calluses was MS+1.0 mg 6-BAL-1+0.5 mg NAAL-1+30% sucrose at pH 5.6. The optimal hormone combination for the callus proliferation was 1.5 mg 6-BAL-1 and 0.6 mg NAAL-1. The rates of callus induction and proliferation of the rhizomes were significantly higher than those of the leaves. For the suspension culture on rhizome callus cells, the optimum inoculum rate was 60 gL-1, and the hormone combination of 1.5 mg 6-BAL-1+0.6 mg NAAL-1. The growth and polysaccharide content of the cells in the suspension exhibited an S-shape curve with an optimal subculture cycle of 16 d. The polysaccharide content in the cells peaked after 14 d cultivation, while the pH of the medium decreased initially followed by an increase, and leveled off subsequently.
Effects of hormone, carbon source, and pH on induction, as well as that of hormone on proliferation of callus tissues from Polygonatum odoratum were studied. Rhizomes and leaves of the plants were used as the explants in the experiment. In addition, the suspension culture for propagating the callus cells was optimized. The results showed that the optimal medium for the induction of rhizome and leaf calluses was MS+1.0 mg 6-BAL-1+0.5 mg NAAL-1+30% sucrose at pH 5.6. The optimal hormone combination for the callus proliferation was 1.5 mg 6-BAL-1 and 0.6 mg NAAL-1. The rates of callus induction and proliferation of the rhizomes were significantly higher than those of the leaves. For the suspension culture on rhizome callus cells, the optimum inoculum rate was 60 gL-1, and the hormone combination of 1.5 mg 6-BAL-1+0.6 mg NAAL-1. The growth and polysaccharide content of the cells in the suspension exhibited an S-shape curve with an optimal subculture cycle of 16 d. The polysaccharide content in the cells peaked after 14 d cultivation, while the pH of the medium decreased initially followed by an increase, and leveled off subsequently.
2017, 32(9): 969-974.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.09.010
Abstract:
Effects of aging time on major quality indicators of the single-clump teas from Lingtou were determined. Two types of the teas, Lanhua and Milan aromatic varieties, were aged for 5, 10, 15, and 20 years prior to brewing for sensory evaluation. The results indicated that, as the aging time increased, (a) water extracts and pH of the teas declined; (b)contents of water and soluble sugars increased; (c) polyphenols increased on Milan tea, but reduced and then leveled off on Lanhua tea; (d) free amino acids content increased on Lanhua, and declined on Milan; (e) soluble protein decreased followed by an increase on Lanhua, while increased on Milan; (f)except polyphenols in control and pH after aging for 5 years, all quality indicators on teas of both varieties reached a significant level (P < 0.05); (g) aging particularly enhanced the accumulation of polyphenols, soluble sugars and soluble protein on Milan, and that of free amino acids, soluble protein and sugars on Lanhua; whereas, polyphenol content stayed relatively constant for both varieties throughout the aging process. Taking both chemical and sensory evaluations into consideration, it appeared that aging for 20 years for Lanhua and 15 years for Milan aromatic tea would allow them to reach their respective most desirable quality.
Effects of aging time on major quality indicators of the single-clump teas from Lingtou were determined. Two types of the teas, Lanhua and Milan aromatic varieties, were aged for 5, 10, 15, and 20 years prior to brewing for sensory evaluation. The results indicated that, as the aging time increased, (a) water extracts and pH of the teas declined; (b)contents of water and soluble sugars increased; (c) polyphenols increased on Milan tea, but reduced and then leveled off on Lanhua tea; (d) free amino acids content increased on Lanhua, and declined on Milan; (e) soluble protein decreased followed by an increase on Lanhua, while increased on Milan; (f)except polyphenols in control and pH after aging for 5 years, all quality indicators on teas of both varieties reached a significant level (P < 0.05); (g) aging particularly enhanced the accumulation of polyphenols, soluble sugars and soluble protein on Milan, and that of free amino acids, soluble protein and sugars on Lanhua; whereas, polyphenol content stayed relatively constant for both varieties throughout the aging process. Taking both chemical and sensory evaluations into consideration, it appeared that aging for 20 years for Lanhua and 15 years for Milan aromatic tea would allow them to reach their respective most desirable quality.
2017, 32(9): 975-980.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.09.011
Abstract:
A response surface experiment was conducted to optimize the fermentation of Flammulina velutipes for the extracellular polysaccharides (EPS). Liquid media with varied amounts of glucose, peptone, KH2PO4, fruit and vegetable juices were used for the experimentation. At end of the process, the antioxidant activity of EPS in each liquid suspension was determined as the criterion for optimization. The results showed that (a) the effect of ingredients in medium on the antioxidant activity ranked as peptone > KH2PO4 > fruit/vegetable juices > glucose; (b) the medium containing 2.46% glucose, 0.5% peptone, 0.1% KH2PO4 and 15% fruit/vegetable juices produced the highest EPS in the suspension at 0.83 mg·mL-1; (c) at concentrations exceeding 2 mg·mL-1, EPS obtained from the fermentation exhibited a strong scavenging effect on DPPH and ABTS free radicals; (d) at a same concentration level, EPS had a greater DPPH free radical scavenging rate than Vc; and, (e) at concentrations higher than 1.5 mg·mL-1, EPS exhibited a scavenging rate on ABTS free radicals similar to Vc, reaching 99.87%.
A response surface experiment was conducted to optimize the fermentation of Flammulina velutipes for the extracellular polysaccharides (EPS). Liquid media with varied amounts of glucose, peptone, KH2PO4, fruit and vegetable juices were used for the experimentation. At end of the process, the antioxidant activity of EPS in each liquid suspension was determined as the criterion for optimization. The results showed that (a) the effect of ingredients in medium on the antioxidant activity ranked as peptone > KH2PO4 > fruit/vegetable juices > glucose; (b) the medium containing 2.46% glucose, 0.5% peptone, 0.1% KH2PO4 and 15% fruit/vegetable juices produced the highest EPS in the suspension at 0.83 mg·mL-1; (c) at concentrations exceeding 2 mg·mL-1, EPS obtained from the fermentation exhibited a strong scavenging effect on DPPH and ABTS free radicals; (d) at a same concentration level, EPS had a greater DPPH free radical scavenging rate than Vc; and, (e) at concentrations higher than 1.5 mg·mL-1, EPS exhibited a scavenging rate on ABTS free radicals similar to Vc, reaching 99.87%.
2017, 32(9): 981-986.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.09.012
Abstract:
Purification of flavonoids extracted from leaves of Helianthus tuberosus L. utilizing a macroporous resin was investigated. The optimized processing conditions included the use of X-5 resin in a volume twice of BV, a solution feeding rate at 2 BV/h, and 70% ethanol for rinsing. With the resin filtration, the flavonoid content in the extract increased 3.57 times exhibiting a significant reducing capacity.
Purification of flavonoids extracted from leaves of Helianthus tuberosus L. utilizing a macroporous resin was investigated. The optimized processing conditions included the use of X-5 resin in a volume twice of BV, a solution feeding rate at 2 BV/h, and 70% ethanol for rinsing. With the resin filtration, the flavonoid content in the extract increased 3.57 times exhibiting a significant reducing capacity.
2017, 32(9): 987-995.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.09.013
Abstract:
Alkaloids in tobaccos of different aromatic classifications were compared. Standard sampling method was employed to collect 543 flue-cured tobacco leaf specimens from 71 cities/counties in 15 provinces in China during 2011 and 2013. The samples were analyzed using the current industry methods, F-hypothesis testing, Q-clustering and discriminant analyses, as well as statistic methodology. The results showed that, between 2011 and 2012, the differences on the contents of and 2, 3'-bipyridyl in the 3 categories of tobaccos were similar, and could be used for differentiating the varieties; while anabaseine found in 2013 was a characteristic substance that could be used to distinguish between the lightly and the strongly aromatic types of tobaccos. In those years, the 6 alkaloid compounds tested in the 3 categories of tobaccos could be clustered into 3 groups. By using the contents of nicotine, reduced nicotine, Mai Siming, anabaseine, , and 2, 3'-bipyridine as indicators, the 3 aromatically different classifications of tobaccos could be identified with a discrimination rate of 55.7-71.6% and an accuracy of 50.0-69.8%.
Alkaloids in tobaccos of different aromatic classifications were compared. Standard sampling method was employed to collect 543 flue-cured tobacco leaf specimens from 71 cities/counties in 15 provinces in China during 2011 and 2013. The samples were analyzed using the current industry methods, F-hypothesis testing, Q-clustering and discriminant analyses, as well as statistic methodology. The results showed that, between 2011 and 2012, the differences on the contents of and 2, 3'-bipyridyl in the 3 categories of tobaccos were similar, and could be used for differentiating the varieties; while anabaseine found in 2013 was a characteristic substance that could be used to distinguish between the lightly and the strongly aromatic types of tobaccos. In those years, the 6 alkaloid compounds tested in the 3 categories of tobaccos could be clustered into 3 groups. By using the contents of nicotine, reduced nicotine, Mai Siming, anabaseine, , and 2, 3'-bipyridine as indicators, the 3 aromatically different classifications of tobaccos could be identified with a discrimination rate of 55.7-71.6% and an accuracy of 50.0-69.8%.
2017, 32(9): 996-1000.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.09.014
Abstract:
In search of effective biocontrol species with antagonistic activities against root rot disease in plants, 82 strains of Bacillus bacteria from the high-altitude regions in China were screened. The initial screening was performed on PDA agar plates, and an Oxford cup method was applied to determine the possibly existing antibacterial activities. In the end, FJAT-19708 and FJAT-20265 showed the strongest activities against the root rot. And, their 16S rRNA gene sequences were found homologous to that of Bacillus subtilism.
In search of effective biocontrol species with antagonistic activities against root rot disease in plants, 82 strains of Bacillus bacteria from the high-altitude regions in China were screened. The initial screening was performed on PDA agar plates, and an Oxford cup method was applied to determine the possibly existing antibacterial activities. In the end, FJAT-19708 and FJAT-20265 showed the strongest activities against the root rot. And, their 16S rRNA gene sequences were found homologous to that of Bacillus subtilism.
2017, 32(9): 1001-1005.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.09.015
Abstract:
Toxicities of 24 fungicides on the pathogen, Botrytis cinereal, were compared on the fungal mycelial growth under the treatments in laboratory. The study aimed for an effective control of B. cinerea on Allium ascalonicum. Among the single-ingredient fungicides in different concentrations, 24% nitrile oxazole, 25% hexaconazole, 40% pyrimethanil, 50% fludioxonil, 50% iprodione, 5% Jinggangmycin, 25% azoxystrobin, and 51% Shenqinmycin exhibited varying degrees of antifungal activities against B. cinerea, with EC50 of 0.051 5, 0.200 1, 0.266 5, 0.391 6, 0.590 6, 1.487 9, 2.024 0, 2.3922 mg·L-1, respectively. Whereas, the multi-ingredient fungicides in specific concentrations, such as 85% nicotinamide/pyrimethanil/boscalid, 36% hymexazol/famoxadone/shenqinmycin, 26% difenoconazole/azoxystrobin, and 25% metalaxyl/propamocarb showed EC50 of 0.269 6, 0.811 8, 1.185 6, 9.708 4 mg·L-1, respectively.
Toxicities of 24 fungicides on the pathogen, Botrytis cinereal, were compared on the fungal mycelial growth under the treatments in laboratory. The study aimed for an effective control of B. cinerea on Allium ascalonicum. Among the single-ingredient fungicides in different concentrations, 24% nitrile oxazole, 25% hexaconazole, 40% pyrimethanil, 50% fludioxonil, 50% iprodione, 5% Jinggangmycin, 25% azoxystrobin, and 51% Shenqinmycin exhibited varying degrees of antifungal activities against B. cinerea, with EC50 of 0.051 5, 0.200 1, 0.266 5, 0.391 6, 0.590 6, 1.487 9, 2.024 0, 2.3922 mg·L-1, respectively. Whereas, the multi-ingredient fungicides in specific concentrations, such as 85% nicotinamide/pyrimethanil/boscalid, 36% hymexazol/famoxadone/shenqinmycin, 26% difenoconazole/azoxystrobin, and 25% metalaxyl/propamocarb showed EC50 of 0.269 6, 0.811 8, 1.185 6, 9.708 4 mg·L-1, respectively.
2017, 32(9): 1006-1011.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.09.016
Abstract:
A fungus, M6, that displayed a powerful ability to degrade cellulose was isolated from the waste fermentation beds at pig farms using the CMC-Na plate and Congo red staining methods. ITS sequence of the isolated strain was blasted with those from NCBI database, and the phylogenetic tree constructed to arrive at a preliminary identification for the fungus as Penicillium oxalate. Subsequently, an optimized enzyme-producing fermentation process on a solid medium inoculated with the isolated fungi was established. It included the application of bran and CMC-Na as the carbon source, soybean meal as the nitrogen source, pH 6.0 at the start, 10% inoculation rate, and fermentation at 30℃ for 96 h. The carboxymethyl cellulase activity of the material increased 2.31 times due to the optimization that reached 1 446 U·g-1. In a composting experiment on the fermentation beds inoculated with M6, EM or control, M6 and EM raised the bed temperature to greater than 50℃ on the 3rd day after start of fermentation, and maintained at the level for 10 d and 6 d, respectively. The cellulose degradation rate was 41.1% with M6, 38.8% with EM, and 14.8% with control. It suggested that, among the 3 tested fungi, M6 was most efficient on the waste treatment for pig farms.
A fungus, M6, that displayed a powerful ability to degrade cellulose was isolated from the waste fermentation beds at pig farms using the CMC-Na plate and Congo red staining methods. ITS sequence of the isolated strain was blasted with those from NCBI database, and the phylogenetic tree constructed to arrive at a preliminary identification for the fungus as Penicillium oxalate. Subsequently, an optimized enzyme-producing fermentation process on a solid medium inoculated with the isolated fungi was established. It included the application of bran and CMC-Na as the carbon source, soybean meal as the nitrogen source, pH 6.0 at the start, 10% inoculation rate, and fermentation at 30℃ for 96 h. The carboxymethyl cellulase activity of the material increased 2.31 times due to the optimization that reached 1 446 U·g-1. In a composting experiment on the fermentation beds inoculated with M6, EM or control, M6 and EM raised the bed temperature to greater than 50℃ on the 3rd day after start of fermentation, and maintained at the level for 10 d and 6 d, respectively. The cellulose degradation rate was 41.1% with M6, 38.8% with EM, and 14.8% with control. It suggested that, among the 3 tested fungi, M6 was most efficient on the waste treatment for pig farms.
2017, 32(9): 1012-1020.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.09.017
Abstract:
Pineapple growing areas in Chengxi Town, Longhai was selected for an ecological geochemical study. Samples of pineapple flesh, rock, and soil at a same site for various locations were collected to determine the correlations between the land geochemical characteristics and the fruits grown on the same site. It is found that (a) the contents of Hg, N, Se, and U in the rocks were higher than those in the granite found in South China fold system or other places in China; (b) the N, P, K contents in the soil were higher than the national average for surface soil, and the soil was particularly rich in ammonium N, available P and rapid released K, possibly due to the natural weathering and artificial fertilization in the area; (c) the contents of Ca, Mg, and Fe were relatively low by eluviation, but the available Fe was high; (d) the heavy metals came basically from the geological background with little input from pollution; and, (e) in comparison, the local pineapples were richer in P, but poorer in Ca, Fe, Cd and Pb than those grown in Zhanjiang city. The correlations between the land geochemistry and the chemical contents of the pineapple flesh, as well as the element transfer from the rocks and/or soils to the fruits, indicated that the pineapples efficiently absorbed S, P, Cu, B, K and other nutrients, but did not accumulate the pollutants such as Pb, F, As, and Cr, from the ground. Consequently, with the fertile soil, desirable nutrient transfer and minimal concern with heavy metals, Chengxi seemed to be ideal for pineapple plantation.
Pineapple growing areas in Chengxi Town, Longhai was selected for an ecological geochemical study. Samples of pineapple flesh, rock, and soil at a same site for various locations were collected to determine the correlations between the land geochemical characteristics and the fruits grown on the same site. It is found that (a) the contents of Hg, N, Se, and U in the rocks were higher than those in the granite found in South China fold system or other places in China; (b) the N, P, K contents in the soil were higher than the national average for surface soil, and the soil was particularly rich in ammonium N, available P and rapid released K, possibly due to the natural weathering and artificial fertilization in the area; (c) the contents of Ca, Mg, and Fe were relatively low by eluviation, but the available Fe was high; (d) the heavy metals came basically from the geological background with little input from pollution; and, (e) in comparison, the local pineapples were richer in P, but poorer in Ca, Fe, Cd and Pb than those grown in Zhanjiang city. The correlations between the land geochemistry and the chemical contents of the pineapple flesh, as well as the element transfer from the rocks and/or soils to the fruits, indicated that the pineapples efficiently absorbed S, P, Cu, B, K and other nutrients, but did not accumulate the pollutants such as Pb, F, As, and Cr, from the ground. Consequently, with the fertile soil, desirable nutrient transfer and minimal concern with heavy metals, Chengxi seemed to be ideal for pineapple plantation.
2017, 32(9): 1021-1025.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.09.018
Abstract:
To understand the living habits for remotely managing the breeding of captive-farmed porcupines, this study applied video to monitor and establish a recognition model with the aid of computation for the behaviors of the animals. Firstly, the mixed Gaussian background modeling was used to build a movement contour model of the porcupines in the pan. Using 3 chosen classifiers, the marked scenes of porcupine activities were categorized with an accuracy of 86.34%. Subsequently, ORB key points were introduced as an additional attribute for the classification which raised the accuracy to 93.23%. The resulting model could now recognize 7 basic behaviors, including resting, eating, drinking, excretion, and chewing an iron gate or a water trough, of porcupines in captivity.
To understand the living habits for remotely managing the breeding of captive-farmed porcupines, this study applied video to monitor and establish a recognition model with the aid of computation for the behaviors of the animals. Firstly, the mixed Gaussian background modeling was used to build a movement contour model of the porcupines in the pan. Using 3 chosen classifiers, the marked scenes of porcupine activities were categorized with an accuracy of 86.34%. Subsequently, ORB key points were introduced as an additional attribute for the classification which raised the accuracy to 93.23%. The resulting model could now recognize 7 basic behaviors, including resting, eating, drinking, excretion, and chewing an iron gate or a water trough, of porcupines in captivity.
2017, 32(9): 1026-1033.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.09.019
Abstract:
Farmers' recognition and reaction toward the "Agriculture Eco-Compensation" (AEC) policy directly affected the execution and sustainability of the program at the regions in Hainan province. Hence, a survey was conducted in 16 villages to collect information for analysis. This article highlights the results with information for a successful implementation. A majority of the interviewed farmers expressed a preference for the program to combine technical assistance, policy establishment, material/cash for compensation, and dissemination on subjects relating to eco-system and AEC. Based on the survey results, a regression analysis was performed that indicated the variables, such as, family size, main source of family income, and appreciation of agricultural ecology and its functions, significantly correlated to their perception of the program. On the other hand, farmer's age and a lack of understanding on the AEC program appeared to exert a negative effect on their opinions. It was plausible that a program encompassing the broad aspects of what the farmers desired as indicated by the survey would likely lead to a generally acceptable and successful outcome. Instead of "transfuse, " it would "generate" new blood cells, and redefine the farmers as active "participants, " rather than passive "receivers, " for the program. Meanwhile, effective dissemination to instill the factual concepts of AEC in the farmers would be indispensable as well. For instance, some farmers misconceived and took the money payment without realizing the intended scientific and ecological purposes for the long-term agricultural sustainability of the nation.
Farmers' recognition and reaction toward the "Agriculture Eco-Compensation" (AEC) policy directly affected the execution and sustainability of the program at the regions in Hainan province. Hence, a survey was conducted in 16 villages to collect information for analysis. This article highlights the results with information for a successful implementation. A majority of the interviewed farmers expressed a preference for the program to combine technical assistance, policy establishment, material/cash for compensation, and dissemination on subjects relating to eco-system and AEC. Based on the survey results, a regression analysis was performed that indicated the variables, such as, family size, main source of family income, and appreciation of agricultural ecology and its functions, significantly correlated to their perception of the program. On the other hand, farmer's age and a lack of understanding on the AEC program appeared to exert a negative effect on their opinions. It was plausible that a program encompassing the broad aspects of what the farmers desired as indicated by the survey would likely lead to a generally acceptable and successful outcome. Instead of "transfuse, " it would "generate" new blood cells, and redefine the farmers as active "participants, " rather than passive "receivers, " for the program. Meanwhile, effective dissemination to instill the factual concepts of AEC in the farmers would be indispensable as well. For instance, some farmers misconceived and took the money payment without realizing the intended scientific and ecological purposes for the long-term agricultural sustainability of the nation.
2017, 32(9): 1034-1042.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.09.020
Abstract:
For environmental security, any extended land use may cause increases in carbon emissions and raise concerns. To provide a guidance for the sustainable future regional development, the stress-response model was applied to firstly establish an indexing system for analyzing the spatial and temporal carbon emissions associated with the land uses in Shaanxi. In the end, strategies to reduce air pollution could be made available for the province. The improved unbiased metabolism-GM (1, 1) model was used to project the situation for 2015 to 2025. The results showed that (1) from 2005 to 2015, the carbon emission security index increased at first, and then decreased, with the best state appeared in 2010; (2) the index was regional dependent, i.e., the highest in the southern Shaanxi followed by the central and the northern region a spatial clustering among the prefectures was evident; (3) most prefectures in the province faced a borderline or critical level on the security index challenged by various stress factors, but the response system seemed significantly improved; and, (4) the status from 2015 to 2025 was expected to continuously deteriorate as most prefectures remain in the critical or unsafe state with respect of carbon emission. It seemed imperative that appropriate measures be adopted starting from the relatively sensitive issues to safeguard the environment from serious carbon emissions in the province.
For environmental security, any extended land use may cause increases in carbon emissions and raise concerns. To provide a guidance for the sustainable future regional development, the stress-response model was applied to firstly establish an indexing system for analyzing the spatial and temporal carbon emissions associated with the land uses in Shaanxi. In the end, strategies to reduce air pollution could be made available for the province. The improved unbiased metabolism-GM (1, 1) model was used to project the situation for 2015 to 2025. The results showed that (1) from 2005 to 2015, the carbon emission security index increased at first, and then decreased, with the best state appeared in 2010; (2) the index was regional dependent, i.e., the highest in the southern Shaanxi followed by the central and the northern region a spatial clustering among the prefectures was evident; (3) most prefectures in the province faced a borderline or critical level on the security index challenged by various stress factors, but the response system seemed significantly improved; and, (4) the status from 2015 to 2025 was expected to continuously deteriorate as most prefectures remain in the critical or unsafe state with respect of carbon emission. It seemed imperative that appropriate measures be adopted starting from the relatively sensitive issues to safeguard the environment from serious carbon emissions in the province.
2017, 32(9): 1043-1049.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.09.021
Abstract:
Plant protein based probiotic beverages that contain lactobacillus are of high nutritional, healthy, social and economic values with a great marketing potential. However, the products tend to stratify during processing and storage as the fat globules float to the surface and protein particles settle to the bottom. To remedy the undesirable condition, food additives can be used to maintain a stable suspension for the products. This article explains the principles of the additives, such as, thickeners, emulsifiers, chelating agents, and sucrose, for acidic plant protein based beverages.
Plant protein based probiotic beverages that contain lactobacillus are of high nutritional, healthy, social and economic values with a great marketing potential. However, the products tend to stratify during processing and storage as the fat globules float to the surface and protein particles settle to the bottom. To remedy the undesirable condition, food additives can be used to maintain a stable suspension for the products. This article explains the principles of the additives, such as, thickeners, emulsifiers, chelating agents, and sucrose, for acidic plant protein based beverages.
