2017 Vol. 32, No. 4
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2017, 32(4): 353-358.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.04.001
Abstract:
Plant CBL-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs) play an important role in stress signaling transduction and enhancing plant stress tolerance. However, the functions of OsCIPK5 in the rice (Oryza sativa) have not been studied. In order to study the functions of OsCIPK5, RT-PCR method was used to clone OsCIPK5 gene from rice leaf (Oryza sativa Japonica Group cultivar Nipponbare).The bioinformatics analysis showed that OsCIPK5 contained two functional domains, N-terminal kinase activation loop domain and C-terminal NAF domain, which were the same as other CIPK that had been reported.OsCIPK5 was highly homologous in amino acid with other five plant species, especially with Oryza brachyantha, which was about 94%. By Real-time PCR approach the expression pattern of OsCIPK5 was detected in the rice seedlings responses to potassium. The result showed that the expression of OsCIPK5 in root was up-regulated under low potassium treatment, but not in leaf. The recombinant expression plasmid pEarleyGate101-OsCIPK5 contained yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) was transformed into GV3101 and then the positive clones were infiltrated into the epidermal leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. The results revealed that the OsCIPK5 protein localized on the nucleus, cytolemma and cytoplasm. The RNAi vector containing OsCIPK5 specific gene was constructed and transferred into EHA105 (Agrobacterium tumefaciens), then rice transformation was conducted through agrobacterium-mediated system. T0 RNAi transgenic seedlings of OsCIPK5 were obtained and 26 plants were identified to be positive.The expression of OsCIPK5 in transgenic plants was obviously reduced compared with that in wild type by Real-time PCR analysis.These results including bioinformatics analysis, expression pattern, subcellular localization analysis and transgenic rice may be useful in study on the important role of OsCIPK5 in the process of plant growth.
Plant CBL-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs) play an important role in stress signaling transduction and enhancing plant stress tolerance. However, the functions of OsCIPK5 in the rice (Oryza sativa) have not been studied. In order to study the functions of OsCIPK5, RT-PCR method was used to clone OsCIPK5 gene from rice leaf (Oryza sativa Japonica Group cultivar Nipponbare).The bioinformatics analysis showed that OsCIPK5 contained two functional domains, N-terminal kinase activation loop domain and C-terminal NAF domain, which were the same as other CIPK that had been reported.OsCIPK5 was highly homologous in amino acid with other five plant species, especially with Oryza brachyantha, which was about 94%. By Real-time PCR approach the expression pattern of OsCIPK5 was detected in the rice seedlings responses to potassium. The result showed that the expression of OsCIPK5 in root was up-regulated under low potassium treatment, but not in leaf. The recombinant expression plasmid pEarleyGate101-OsCIPK5 contained yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) was transformed into GV3101 and then the positive clones were infiltrated into the epidermal leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. The results revealed that the OsCIPK5 protein localized on the nucleus, cytolemma and cytoplasm. The RNAi vector containing OsCIPK5 specific gene was constructed and transferred into EHA105 (Agrobacterium tumefaciens), then rice transformation was conducted through agrobacterium-mediated system. T0 RNAi transgenic seedlings of OsCIPK5 were obtained and 26 plants were identified to be positive.The expression of OsCIPK5 in transgenic plants was obviously reduced compared with that in wild type by Real-time PCR analysis.These results including bioinformatics analysis, expression pattern, subcellular localization analysis and transgenic rice may be useful in study on the important role of OsCIPK5 in the process of plant growth.
2017, 32(4): 359-364.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.04.002
Abstract:
Effect of spraying calcium-containing solutions of varied concentrations on fruit quality as well as potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) contents in the fruits and leaves of mango plants werestudied to determine the possible benefit of theapplication. Tainung No 1 mangotrees were subjected to the spraying of Ca solutions at the concentration of 0 (CK), 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5g/L on the leaves at the time before flower induction, of early fruiting stage, during fruit growing stage, or before harvesting. It was found that the Ca contents in the leaves, as well as thepeel, pulp and stone of the fruits increased due to the treatmentswithin the tested range of Ca concentrations. Ca in the fruits was significantlylower than that in the leaves. The correlation on K/Ca/Mg contents between the 1st tip leaf and the fruits was more significant than that between the 2nd leaf and the fruits. On the 2nd leaf, itsK and Mg contents decreased, while Ca increased, after thetreatments.Interestingly, the spraying increased the sugar/acid ratio, significantly decreasedtitratable acid, and heightened vitamin C content resulting in an improved eating quality of the fruits. However, spraying athigh Ca concentration tended to reduce the soluble solids and sugars in the fruits. It was concluded that, within the tested concentration range, spraying the Ca-containing solutions on the mango plants could upgrade the fruit quality, withthe greatest effect observedat a Ca concentration of 0.5 g·L-1.
Effect of spraying calcium-containing solutions of varied concentrations on fruit quality as well as potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) contents in the fruits and leaves of mango plants werestudied to determine the possible benefit of theapplication. Tainung No 1 mangotrees were subjected to the spraying of Ca solutions at the concentration of 0 (CK), 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5g/L on the leaves at the time before flower induction, of early fruiting stage, during fruit growing stage, or before harvesting. It was found that the Ca contents in the leaves, as well as thepeel, pulp and stone of the fruits increased due to the treatmentswithin the tested range of Ca concentrations. Ca in the fruits was significantlylower than that in the leaves. The correlation on K/Ca/Mg contents between the 1st tip leaf and the fruits was more significant than that between the 2nd leaf and the fruits. On the 2nd leaf, itsK and Mg contents decreased, while Ca increased, after thetreatments.Interestingly, the spraying increased the sugar/acid ratio, significantly decreasedtitratable acid, and heightened vitamin C content resulting in an improved eating quality of the fruits. However, spraying athigh Ca concentration tended to reduce the soluble solids and sugars in the fruits. It was concluded that, within the tested concentration range, spraying the Ca-containing solutions on the mango plants could upgrade the fruit quality, withthe greatest effect observedat a Ca concentration of 0.5 g·L-1.
2017, 32(4): 365-369.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.04.003
Abstract:
A biometric method was used to analyze the correlations between theappearances offruit-bearing branches (including 6 independent variables) and panicles (including 4 independent variables) on trees, as well as the pericarp color, single fruit weight, soluble solids and drop rate of the fruits of longan cv.Shixia(Dimocarpus longan Lour). There was no significant correlation observed between the branch properties and the fruit color. But, the diameter of afruit-bearing branch showed a significant monomial correlation with the soluble solids, and a significant multiple correlation with single weight ofthe fruits. The panicle width and volume significantly or highly significantly correlated with the fruit soluble solids. The panicle length exhibited a significant multiple correlation with the L* of the fruit peels. Both panicle length and volume had significantmultiple correlationswith drop rate ofthe fruits on the tree branches. There were no correlations between the numbers of compound leaves and leaflets, area of a single leafletor total leaf area on the branches with shelf life of the fruits. Consequently, a sequential cutting of fruit-bearing branches for harvestinglongans was recommended. Branches with the physical appearances including approximately 0.87cm in stem diameter, 1, 124.03 cm3in panicle volume, 36.67 cm onbranch length, andleaves with a glossydark green color ought to be harvested late to allow additional time on the tree to maximize the fruit quality.
A biometric method was used to analyze the correlations between theappearances offruit-bearing branches (including 6 independent variables) and panicles (including 4 independent variables) on trees, as well as the pericarp color, single fruit weight, soluble solids and drop rate of the fruits of longan cv.Shixia(Dimocarpus longan Lour). There was no significant correlation observed between the branch properties and the fruit color. But, the diameter of afruit-bearing branch showed a significant monomial correlation with the soluble solids, and a significant multiple correlation with single weight ofthe fruits. The panicle width and volume significantly or highly significantly correlated with the fruit soluble solids. The panicle length exhibited a significant multiple correlation with the L* of the fruit peels. Both panicle length and volume had significantmultiple correlationswith drop rate ofthe fruits on the tree branches. There were no correlations between the numbers of compound leaves and leaflets, area of a single leafletor total leaf area on the branches with shelf life of the fruits. Consequently, a sequential cutting of fruit-bearing branches for harvestinglongans was recommended. Branches with the physical appearances including approximately 0.87cm in stem diameter, 1, 124.03 cm3in panicle volume, 36.67 cm onbranch length, andleaves with a glossydark green color ought to be harvested late to allow additional time on the tree to maximize the fruit quality.
2017, 32(4): 370-375.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.04.004
Abstract:
The new oolong tea cultivar, Jinmudan, has an elegant aroma and high-quality desirable for the making of oolong, black or green teas. The teas made from Jinmudan were exceedingly popular among the producers and consumers. However, the cultivar inherited the shortcomings of intolerance to barren soil, early senescence, low resistance to stresses, etc. Thus, this study aimed to improve those aspects by crossing Jinmudan with other outstanding male cultivars to breed natural hybrid progenies. To screen a large number of cultivars with reliable results had become a mammoth task. Eventually, by early identification, screening plant quality and agronomic traits, and application of SSR markers for genetic diversity determination, 5 potential new lines were selected for a regional cultivation trial. Hence, the selection procedures employed for this study helped, and could be used to, shorten the breeding process, reduce workload, and improve efficiency when a large number of new cultivars was present for screening.
The new oolong tea cultivar, Jinmudan, has an elegant aroma and high-quality desirable for the making of oolong, black or green teas. The teas made from Jinmudan were exceedingly popular among the producers and consumers. However, the cultivar inherited the shortcomings of intolerance to barren soil, early senescence, low resistance to stresses, etc. Thus, this study aimed to improve those aspects by crossing Jinmudan with other outstanding male cultivars to breed natural hybrid progenies. To screen a large number of cultivars with reliable results had become a mammoth task. Eventually, by early identification, screening plant quality and agronomic traits, and application of SSR markers for genetic diversity determination, 5 potential new lines were selected for a regional cultivation trial. Hence, the selection procedures employed for this study helped, and could be used to, shorten the breeding process, reduce workload, and improve efficiency when a large number of new cultivars was present for screening.
2017, 32(4): 376-381.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.04.005
Abstract:
Effects of simulated acid rain(SiAR) at pH 3.0 and 3.5, along with pH 5.6 (CK), on the membrane permeability of cells in leaves of Brothin tomato were investigated. The results showed that the SOD activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and cell membrane permeability of the tomato leaves increased significantly after SiAR treatments. But, the soluble protein decreased significantly due to the treatments. SOD activity in the leaves declined gradually once the stress was stopped.It became significantly lower than that of control, 20ds after the cessation. MDA content in the leaves treated by pH3.5 SiAR fluctuated with a slight upward trend that was not significantly different from that of control. On the other hand, the pH3.0 treatment produced a significant difference between them after 20ds of removal of the stress. The pH 3.5 treatment caused an initial rise on the membrane permeability and follo wed by a decline, while pH3.0 gave a continual downward trend. However, 20ds after stress stopping, there were no significant differences on the permeability between either of them and control.The soluble protein content in the leaves had an up-and-down insignificant increasing tendency by SiAR treatments in 15 days after the treatment. The injuries on the leaves caused by SiAR declined following the treatments, and reached a constant level 10ds after the stress ceased. Judging by the appearance of the tomato plants, the leaf yellowing and withering persisted 20ds after cessation of the pH3.0 treatment, indicating that an irreversible damage had occurred to the plants by SiAR. In contrast, the tomato plants seemed capable of self-rejuvenation after a SiAR stress at pH3.5.
Effects of simulated acid rain(SiAR) at pH 3.0 and 3.5, along with pH 5.6 (CK), on the membrane permeability of cells in leaves of Brothin tomato were investigated. The results showed that the SOD activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and cell membrane permeability of the tomato leaves increased significantly after SiAR treatments. But, the soluble protein decreased significantly due to the treatments. SOD activity in the leaves declined gradually once the stress was stopped.It became significantly lower than that of control, 20ds after the cessation. MDA content in the leaves treated by pH3.5 SiAR fluctuated with a slight upward trend that was not significantly different from that of control. On the other hand, the pH3.0 treatment produced a significant difference between them after 20ds of removal of the stress. The pH 3.5 treatment caused an initial rise on the membrane permeability and follo wed by a decline, while pH3.0 gave a continual downward trend. However, 20ds after stress stopping, there were no significant differences on the permeability between either of them and control.The soluble protein content in the leaves had an up-and-down insignificant increasing tendency by SiAR treatments in 15 days after the treatment. The injuries on the leaves caused by SiAR declined following the treatments, and reached a constant level 10ds after the stress ceased. Judging by the appearance of the tomato plants, the leaf yellowing and withering persisted 20ds after cessation of the pH3.0 treatment, indicating that an irreversible damage had occurred to the plants by SiAR. In contrast, the tomato plants seemed capable of self-rejuvenation after a SiAR stress at pH3.5.
2017, 32(4): 382-386.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.04.006
Abstract:
An orthogonal experiment was conducted on soil-free media with differently formulated fertilizations for cultivating seedlings of Solanumon lycopersicum under salt stress. It aimed to develop an optimally formulated fertilizer that could maximize the resistance to salt stress for the tomato plantlets. The basic medium used in the lab experimentation was a mixture of peat/vermiculite/pearlite in a 3/1/1 ratio by mass. An organic fertilizer, a compounded 15/15/15 NPK fertilizer, or a calcium silicate fertilizer at varied rates was added to the medium. An artificial salinity was created by using a 100 mmol·L-1 NaCl solution for the planting irrigation, as compared to control with tap water.The morphological and physiological responses of the tomato seedlings under the cultural conditions were observed and compared. The results indicated that the seedlings grown on Medium No.8, which contained NPK fertilizer 5.4 g·kg-1, organic fertilizer 12.5 g·kg-1, and calcium silicate fertilizer 0.54 g·kg-1, showed a growth with high seedling index (1.199), root dry mass (1.00 g·plant-1), above ground dry biomass (10.70 g·plant-1), and chlorophyll a/b (1.065 mg·g-1FW), while those grown on Medium No.4, which consisted of NPK fertilizer 2.70 g·kg-1, organic fertilizer 6.75 g·kg-1, and calcium silicate fertilizer 1.08 g·kg-1, exhibited a relatively high plant height increasing rates and low electrolyte leakages. It appeared that the two combinations for the fertilization as tested might be potentially applicable for the seedling cultivation under salt stress.
An orthogonal experiment was conducted on soil-free media with differently formulated fertilizations for cultivating seedlings of Solanumon lycopersicum under salt stress. It aimed to develop an optimally formulated fertilizer that could maximize the resistance to salt stress for the tomato plantlets. The basic medium used in the lab experimentation was a mixture of peat/vermiculite/pearlite in a 3/1/1 ratio by mass. An organic fertilizer, a compounded 15/15/15 NPK fertilizer, or a calcium silicate fertilizer at varied rates was added to the medium. An artificial salinity was created by using a 100 mmol·L-1 NaCl solution for the planting irrigation, as compared to control with tap water.The morphological and physiological responses of the tomato seedlings under the cultural conditions were observed and compared. The results indicated that the seedlings grown on Medium No.8, which contained NPK fertilizer 5.4 g·kg-1, organic fertilizer 12.5 g·kg-1, and calcium silicate fertilizer 0.54 g·kg-1, showed a growth with high seedling index (1.199), root dry mass (1.00 g·plant-1), above ground dry biomass (10.70 g·plant-1), and chlorophyll a/b (1.065 mg·g-1FW), while those grown on Medium No.4, which consisted of NPK fertilizer 2.70 g·kg-1, organic fertilizer 6.75 g·kg-1, and calcium silicate fertilizer 1.08 g·kg-1, exhibited a relatively high plant height increasing rates and low electrolyte leakages. It appeared that the two combinations for the fertilization as tested might be potentially applicable for the seedling cultivation under salt stress.
2017, 32(4): 387-393.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.04.007
Abstract:
Cuttings of young branches from common camptotheca fruit(Camptotheca acuminata Decne)plants were treated by ABT and IBA to study their effect on the endogenous hormones in the cuttings. Responding changes on abscisic acid (ABA), indole-acetic acid (IAA), zeatin riboside (ZR), and gibberellins (GA3) in the leaves and stems of the plantlets by the treatmentswere determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that soaking the cuttings in ABT and IBA solutions in varied concentrationsimproved the rooting over control. The contents of IAA and ZR, as well as the ratios of IAA/ABA and ZR/ABA, in the leaves and stems increased significantly after the pre-treatment.But, those of GA3, ABA, reduced. Among all treatments, by dipping the cuttings in a 1, 000 mg ABT/L+1, 000 mgIBA/L solution for 20s, the highest survival rate was obtained. IAA in the leaves and the stems peaked on the 40th day, i.e., an increase by 57.5% and 77.4%, respectively, as compared to that of control. At the same time, GA3 in the leaves decreased by 24.8% over control. Onthe 30th day, GA3 in the stems declined 35.0%, ABA in the leaves and the stems decreased by 19.2% and 32.2%, respectively, over control. The maximal IAA/ABA ratio appeared on the 20th day in the leaves and 30th day in the stems, representing the increases of 114.0% and 150.0%, respectively, in comparison to control; and, similarly, the peak ZR/ABA in the leaves and the stems. It appeared that the ratios ofIAA/ABA and ZR/ABA could be used as an index for the survival quality of camptotheca cuttings.
Cuttings of young branches from common camptotheca fruit(Camptotheca acuminata Decne)plants were treated by ABT and IBA to study their effect on the endogenous hormones in the cuttings. Responding changes on abscisic acid (ABA), indole-acetic acid (IAA), zeatin riboside (ZR), and gibberellins (GA3) in the leaves and stems of the plantlets by the treatmentswere determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that soaking the cuttings in ABT and IBA solutions in varied concentrationsimproved the rooting over control. The contents of IAA and ZR, as well as the ratios of IAA/ABA and ZR/ABA, in the leaves and stems increased significantly after the pre-treatment.But, those of GA3, ABA, reduced. Among all treatments, by dipping the cuttings in a 1, 000 mg ABT/L+1, 000 mgIBA/L solution for 20s, the highest survival rate was obtained. IAA in the leaves and the stems peaked on the 40th day, i.e., an increase by 57.5% and 77.4%, respectively, as compared to that of control. At the same time, GA3 in the leaves decreased by 24.8% over control. Onthe 30th day, GA3 in the stems declined 35.0%, ABA in the leaves and the stems decreased by 19.2% and 32.2%, respectively, over control. The maximal IAA/ABA ratio appeared on the 20th day in the leaves and 30th day in the stems, representing the increases of 114.0% and 150.0%, respectively, in comparison to control; and, similarly, the peak ZR/ABA in the leaves and the stems. It appeared that the ratios ofIAA/ABA and ZR/ABA could be used as an index for the survival quality of camptotheca cuttings.
2017, 32(4): 394-397.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.04.008
Abstract:
To study the characteristics of the flower bud differentiation of Phyllagathis fordii, an improved paraffin dissection method was adapted for amorphologic observation. The result indicated that the differentiationsinitiated from the external of a bud, starting on inflorescence primordiumfollowed by flower primordium, sepal primordium, petal primordium, stamen primordium, and finally, pistil primordium. The annual flowering season of P. fordii in Zhangzhou area lasted from February to August. It took approximately 30 days to complete one differentiation cycle.
To study the characteristics of the flower bud differentiation of Phyllagathis fordii, an improved paraffin dissection method was adapted for amorphologic observation. The result indicated that the differentiationsinitiated from the external of a bud, starting on inflorescence primordiumfollowed by flower primordium, sepal primordium, petal primordium, stamen primordium, and finally, pistil primordium. The annual flowering season of P. fordii in Zhangzhou area lasted from February to August. It took approximately 30 days to complete one differentiation cycle.
2017, 32(4): 398-402.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.04.009
Abstract:
Cytochrome C oxidase (COX) is a member of the heme-copper oxidase superfamily, which is a terminal oxidase of eukaryotic mitochondrial intima and aerobic bacterial cell membrane respiratory electron transport chain, and is closely related to the synthesis of ATP. The COX7C gene is a subunit of the cytochrome C oxidase. In this study, the open reading frame COX7C gene of Plutella xylostella was cloned and sequenced, which includes 213 bp nucleotide. The phylogenetic tree analysis showed that COX7C was not highly conserved between the same order insects. The expression levels of COX7C in the third instar larvae of chlorpyrifos-, fipronil-resistant and susceptible strains were analyzed by qPCR. The results showed that COX7C was expressed in all three strains, and the expression level in the fipronil-resistant strain was significantly higher than that in SS, indicating that it might be involved in the process of detoxification of fipronil in P. xylostella. This study only conducted a preliminary study of COX7C in the P.xylostella, and a foundation for further research on the function of COX7C in the future.
Cytochrome C oxidase (COX) is a member of the heme-copper oxidase superfamily, which is a terminal oxidase of eukaryotic mitochondrial intima and aerobic bacterial cell membrane respiratory electron transport chain, and is closely related to the synthesis of ATP. The COX7C gene is a subunit of the cytochrome C oxidase. In this study, the open reading frame COX7C gene of Plutella xylostella was cloned and sequenced, which includes 213 bp nucleotide. The phylogenetic tree analysis showed that COX7C was not highly conserved between the same order insects. The expression levels of COX7C in the third instar larvae of chlorpyrifos-, fipronil-resistant and susceptible strains were analyzed by qPCR. The results showed that COX7C was expressed in all three strains, and the expression level in the fipronil-resistant strain was significantly higher than that in SS, indicating that it might be involved in the process of detoxification of fipronil in P. xylostella. This study only conducted a preliminary study of COX7C in the P.xylostella, and a foundation for further research on the function of COX7C in the future.
2017, 32(4): 403-409.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.04.010
Abstract:
Pine wilt disease (PWD) is a devastating disease, which affects on the growth of masson pine (Pinus massoniana), often leading to withering and death. To reveal the change of gene expression pattern on this process, the gene dynamic expression from the P. massoniana infestation with nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) for 1, 2, and 3 days was studied. The genes, which were relevant to pathogen recognize, stress regulation, secondary metabolism, detoxification, and auxin-response were concerned. The results showed that most of the tested genes were presented highest expression level on the P. massoniana with infestation for two days, it was then down-regulated on these groups with 3-day infestation. Besides, the gene expression of CC-NBS-LRR resistance protein was continually increased in the treated P. massoniana compared with the corresponding control group. Additionally, genes expression of flavonoid 3-hydroxylase and cytochrome P450 were firstly up-regulated and then down-regulated on the P. massoniana respectively infected by graded increasing nematode qualities. The current findings preliminarily revealed the gene expression pattern on the P. massoniana in response to B. xylophilus infestation.
Pine wilt disease (PWD) is a devastating disease, which affects on the growth of masson pine (Pinus massoniana), often leading to withering and death. To reveal the change of gene expression pattern on this process, the gene dynamic expression from the P. massoniana infestation with nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) for 1, 2, and 3 days was studied. The genes, which were relevant to pathogen recognize, stress regulation, secondary metabolism, detoxification, and auxin-response were concerned. The results showed that most of the tested genes were presented highest expression level on the P. massoniana with infestation for two days, it was then down-regulated on these groups with 3-day infestation. Besides, the gene expression of CC-NBS-LRR resistance protein was continually increased in the treated P. massoniana compared with the corresponding control group. Additionally, genes expression of flavonoid 3-hydroxylase and cytochrome P450 were firstly up-regulated and then down-regulated on the P. massoniana respectively infected by graded increasing nematode qualities. The current findings preliminarily revealed the gene expression pattern on the P. massoniana in response to B. xylophilus infestation.
2017, 32(4): 410-414.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.04.011
Abstract:
Nematocidal activities of fermentation products of Bacillus thuringiensis 00-50-5 culture using a liquid or solid medium in the lab was investigated. The results showed that the supernatant collected from the 72-h-fermentation on abeef-extract broth showed a 99.0% lethality on Meloidogyne incongnita; while that from the 8-h-fermentation on a bran-based medium, 89.0%.The supernatant collected from the liquid fermentation was subsequently subjected to a Sephadex G-75 column chromatography separation. Four peaks with the absorbance of 0.601, 1.475, 1.641 and 0.392 at 280nm were present. The bioassay on them indicated that the proteins found at Peak Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ were toxic to M. incognita, and among them, the one from Peak Ⅳ with the smallest molecular weight exerted the greatest nematocidal effect onthe parasite. The native-PAGE profile on the supernatant showed 6 visible protein bands including a 37 kDa protein, which was the highest in amount.
Nematocidal activities of fermentation products of Bacillus thuringiensis 00-50-5 culture using a liquid or solid medium in the lab was investigated. The results showed that the supernatant collected from the 72-h-fermentation on abeef-extract broth showed a 99.0% lethality on Meloidogyne incongnita; while that from the 8-h-fermentation on a bran-based medium, 89.0%.The supernatant collected from the liquid fermentation was subsequently subjected to a Sephadex G-75 column chromatography separation. Four peaks with the absorbance of 0.601, 1.475, 1.641 and 0.392 at 280nm were present. The bioassay on them indicated that the proteins found at Peak Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ were toxic to M. incognita, and among them, the one from Peak Ⅳ with the smallest molecular weight exerted the greatest nematocidal effect onthe parasite. The native-PAGE profile on the supernatant showed 6 visible protein bands including a 37 kDa protein, which was the highest in amount.
2017, 32(4): 415-418.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.04.012
Abstract:
Effectiveness of color of the board, and hanging height, location, facing direction, and time of day in setting the traps for attracting leafhoppers, Cicadella viridis, in a cotton field was studied. It was found that yellow captured significant more of the adult insects than other colors. The height and orientation in hanging the traps did not alter the color preference of the insects. More leafhoppers were caught in the yellow traps placed 1 m from edges or at the center of the field than those placed on the ridge between two fields. Most adult leafhoppers were captured between the hours of 19:00 to 07:00 in a day. The results obtained would be useful for the establishment of an integrated management program on the cotton fields for the pest control.
Effectiveness of color of the board, and hanging height, location, facing direction, and time of day in setting the traps for attracting leafhoppers, Cicadella viridis, in a cotton field was studied. It was found that yellow captured significant more of the adult insects than other colors. The height and orientation in hanging the traps did not alter the color preference of the insects. More leafhoppers were caught in the yellow traps placed 1 m from edges or at the center of the field than those placed on the ridge between two fields. Most adult leafhoppers were captured between the hours of 19:00 to 07:00 in a day. The results obtained would be useful for the establishment of an integrated management program on the cotton fields for the pest control.
2017, 32(4): 419-424.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.04.013
Abstract:
Emission flux of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and global warming potential (GWP) of asolarlettuce-greenhouse using organic fertilizers were studied. A decomposed chicken manure (H), a sheep manure (S), a chicken manure/straw combination (HSt), a sheep manure/straw combination (SSt), a sheep manure, or a chicken manure/straw combination (SHSt) wasapplied on the soil. The atmospheric conditions in the greenhouse with each fertilization were monitored using the static chamber-gas chromatograph techniques. The results showed that (1) throughout the entire fertilization period, the N2O emissionsfrom H, S and HSt were in a V-shapemathematicfunction, whileCK, SSt and SHSt, an inverted V-shape function; the CH4 emissionsfrom S, SSt and SHSt were inan inverted V-shape trend; and, the CO2 emissionsfrom all, except SSt, were in aV-shape; (2) during the early stage of the fertilizations, the N2O emissionsfrom HSt, S, H, SHSt and SSt were 2.89, 2.32, 1.48, 1.17 and 0.95 times, respectively, greater than that of CK; the CH4 emissionsfrom S and H, 1.91 and 1.11 times, respectively, greater than that of CK; and, the CO2 emission from H, 3.88 times lower than that of CK; and, in the middle of the fertilizations, the N2O emission from HSt was 1.93 times lower than CK; the CH4 emission from SHSt, 1.34 times greater than CK; and, no significant differences onthe CO2 emissionsbetween CK and all other treatments; whereas, at the late stage of the fertilizations, the N2O emission from H was 1.10 times greater than CK; the CH4 emissionsfrom SHSt, SSt and S, 3.76, 5.25 and 5.58 times, respectively, lower than CK; and, the CO2 emission of HSt, 8.61 times greater than CK; and, (3) GWP for the various fertilization treatments decreased in the order of S > SHSt > HSt > SSt > CK > H. Consequently, H, SSt, orHSt was recommended for farmingapplicationsin light of their potentials in GHG emission reduction.
Emission flux of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and global warming potential (GWP) of asolarlettuce-greenhouse using organic fertilizers were studied. A decomposed chicken manure (H), a sheep manure (S), a chicken manure/straw combination (HSt), a sheep manure/straw combination (SSt), a sheep manure, or a chicken manure/straw combination (SHSt) wasapplied on the soil. The atmospheric conditions in the greenhouse with each fertilization were monitored using the static chamber-gas chromatograph techniques. The results showed that (1) throughout the entire fertilization period, the N2O emissionsfrom H, S and HSt were in a V-shapemathematicfunction, whileCK, SSt and SHSt, an inverted V-shape function; the CH4 emissionsfrom S, SSt and SHSt were inan inverted V-shape trend; and, the CO2 emissionsfrom all, except SSt, were in aV-shape; (2) during the early stage of the fertilizations, the N2O emissionsfrom HSt, S, H, SHSt and SSt were 2.89, 2.32, 1.48, 1.17 and 0.95 times, respectively, greater than that of CK; the CH4 emissionsfrom S and H, 1.91 and 1.11 times, respectively, greater than that of CK; and, the CO2 emission from H, 3.88 times lower than that of CK; and, in the middle of the fertilizations, the N2O emission from HSt was 1.93 times lower than CK; the CH4 emission from SHSt, 1.34 times greater than CK; and, no significant differences onthe CO2 emissionsbetween CK and all other treatments; whereas, at the late stage of the fertilizations, the N2O emission from H was 1.10 times greater than CK; the CH4 emissionsfrom SHSt, SSt and S, 3.76, 5.25 and 5.58 times, respectively, lower than CK; and, the CO2 emission of HSt, 8.61 times greater than CK; and, (3) GWP for the various fertilization treatments decreased in the order of S > SHSt > HSt > SSt > CK > H. Consequently, H, SSt, orHSt was recommended for farmingapplicationsin light of their potentials in GHG emission reduction.
2017, 32(4): 425-430.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.04.014
Abstract:
High cellulase-producing strains of microorganisms were screened and identified from soil at mulberry fields. Using CMC-Na as the sole carbon source, 12 target bacteria were isolated with Congo red dyeing. YZB46 was found to show the greatest cellulasesecretion among all. Preliminary analysis on thesecreted metabolitesindicated that the endo-cellulaseactivityreached 17.08 U·mL-1 at pH 6.0 and 40 ℃, and the enzymedisplayed a desirable genetic stability. Based on the results of morphological observation, gram-staining, physiological and biochemical characterizations, as well as 16S rDNA sequencing, the isolated YZB46 appeared to beclosely related to Bacillus cereus.
High cellulase-producing strains of microorganisms were screened and identified from soil at mulberry fields. Using CMC-Na as the sole carbon source, 12 target bacteria were isolated with Congo red dyeing. YZB46 was found to show the greatest cellulasesecretion among all. Preliminary analysis on thesecreted metabolitesindicated that the endo-cellulaseactivityreached 17.08 U·mL-1 at pH 6.0 and 40 ℃, and the enzymedisplayed a desirable genetic stability. Based on the results of morphological observation, gram-staining, physiological and biochemical characterizations, as well as 16S rDNA sequencing, the isolated YZB46 appeared to beclosely related to Bacillus cereus.
2017, 32(4): 431-434.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.04.015
Abstract:
Solutions of active oxygen scavengers were sprayed on the late-maturing longan trees to examine the effect on quality of the fruits. Seven chemical agents, including sodium benzoate, mannitol, propyl gallate, acetyl salicylic acid, ascorbic acid, L-cysteine and vitamin E, in water solutions at a concentrations of 1 g·L-1were used for the experiment. A double distilled water was applied as control. It appeared that the solutions containing these active oxygen scavengers, especially ascorbic acid and propyl gallate, could decrease the lipid peroxidation in the membrane of pericarp, inhibit formation of MDA in the pericarp, delay and reduce the autolysis of fruitflesh, as well as maintain the level of soluble solidcontent in the fruits.
Solutions of active oxygen scavengers were sprayed on the late-maturing longan trees to examine the effect on quality of the fruits. Seven chemical agents, including sodium benzoate, mannitol, propyl gallate, acetyl salicylic acid, ascorbic acid, L-cysteine and vitamin E, in water solutions at a concentrations of 1 g·L-1were used for the experiment. A double distilled water was applied as control. It appeared that the solutions containing these active oxygen scavengers, especially ascorbic acid and propyl gallate, could decrease the lipid peroxidation in the membrane of pericarp, inhibit formation of MDA in the pericarp, delay and reduce the autolysis of fruitflesh, as well as maintain the level of soluble solidcontent in the fruits.
2017, 32(4): 435-439.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.04.016
Abstract:
Broth collected from cooking clams,Ruditapes philippinarum, was used as the starting material for a Maillard reaction preparation to develop a seafood flavoring base. Xylose was selected for the preparation aftera sensory comparison on the reaction products of different reducing sugars.ThepH of reaction liquid, D294of intermediate material, D420on browning development, and sensory scores of resulting product were monitored for evaluation. Using single factor experiments and orthogonal test, the optimized conditionsfor the process were determined to be 10% xylose addition at 110℃ for 70min.The broththus obtained was rich in the clam flavor suitable for developing a variety of seafood condiments.
Broth collected from cooking clams,Ruditapes philippinarum, was used as the starting material for a Maillard reaction preparation to develop a seafood flavoring base. Xylose was selected for the preparation aftera sensory comparison on the reaction products of different reducing sugars.ThepH of reaction liquid, D294of intermediate material, D420on browning development, and sensory scores of resulting product were monitored for evaluation. Using single factor experiments and orthogonal test, the optimized conditionsfor the process were determined to be 10% xylose addition at 110℃ for 70min.The broththus obtained was rich in the clam flavor suitable for developing a variety of seafood condiments.
2017, 32(4): 440-447.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.04.017
Abstract:
The implementation, achievements and existing problems of the rural minimum living guarantee system in Fujian were summarized to make it reflect the current conditions of local poor households more objectively and precisely. With extended linear expenditure system model, five categories data of life consumption expenditure referred to the survival, education and health of poor households, including food consumption, clothing consumption, house consumption, teaching and entertainment appliances and service, and medical care, were selected for the calculation on Fujian rural minimum living guarantee standard. The result showed that the existed rural minimum living guarantee standard was generally low during 2007-2011 compared to the estimated one. Therefore several policy suggestions were put forward, including measuring poverty taking consumption level into consideration, establishing multiple financing mechanism with republic finance as the main body, improving the provincial financial transfer payment system for subsistence allowance, constructing the urban and rural integration minimum livelihood guarantee system, and improving the comprehensive social assistance system.
The implementation, achievements and existing problems of the rural minimum living guarantee system in Fujian were summarized to make it reflect the current conditions of local poor households more objectively and precisely. With extended linear expenditure system model, five categories data of life consumption expenditure referred to the survival, education and health of poor households, including food consumption, clothing consumption, house consumption, teaching and entertainment appliances and service, and medical care, were selected for the calculation on Fujian rural minimum living guarantee standard. The result showed that the existed rural minimum living guarantee standard was generally low during 2007-2011 compared to the estimated one. Therefore several policy suggestions were put forward, including measuring poverty taking consumption level into consideration, establishing multiple financing mechanism with republic finance as the main body, improving the provincial financial transfer payment system for subsistence allowance, constructing the urban and rural integration minimum livelihood guarantee system, and improving the comprehensive social assistance system.
2017, 32(4): 448-455.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.04.018
Abstract:
Specialized agriculture has unique advantages over the conventional practices due to its highly efficient and brand-oriented characteristics by design. In respond to the vastly diversified global consumer demands and increasingly segmented agricultural markets, it emerges with the matching specific regional resources on material supplies and supporting system.Its development is seen as an effective process to formulate the structure of activities and direction of economic development for China's agriculture in the years to come. This article summarizes the history, concept, content, and theoretical basis of the study on specialized agriculture.In addition, it highlights the achievements in the field covering 6 aspects of research areas, including model development, mechanism and strategy, industrialization and competitiveness, evaluation and precautions, selection and regional layout, and information technology.
Specialized agriculture has unique advantages over the conventional practices due to its highly efficient and brand-oriented characteristics by design. In respond to the vastly diversified global consumer demands and increasingly segmented agricultural markets, it emerges with the matching specific regional resources on material supplies and supporting system.Its development is seen as an effective process to formulate the structure of activities and direction of economic development for China's agriculture in the years to come. This article summarizes the history, concept, content, and theoretical basis of the study on specialized agriculture.In addition, it highlights the achievements in the field covering 6 aspects of research areas, including model development, mechanism and strategy, industrialization and competitiveness, evaluation and precautions, selection and regional layout, and information technology.
2017, 32(4): 456-460.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.04.019
Abstract:
DNA fragment introduced into cells can specifically inhibit the expression of homologous gene, which is identified as DNA interference (DNAi). DNAi was discovered with the events of post-transcriptional gene silencing in tobacco, and subsequently explored in other plants and animals. DNAi was present in prokaryotes and in vitro DNAi was also achieved by Ago proteins from prokaryotes. The mechanism of DNAi in prokaryotes is mostly that Ago proteins are complexed with small DNA guide to cleave DNA or RNA. Post-transcriptional gene silencing, genome methylation and transcriptional repression of promoter binding might be also covered in the mechanisms of DNAi in eukaryotes. In addition, the further research and application of DNAi were discussed and prospected.
DNA fragment introduced into cells can specifically inhibit the expression of homologous gene, which is identified as DNA interference (DNAi). DNAi was discovered with the events of post-transcriptional gene silencing in tobacco, and subsequently explored in other plants and animals. DNAi was present in prokaryotes and in vitro DNAi was also achieved by Ago proteins from prokaryotes. The mechanism of DNAi in prokaryotes is mostly that Ago proteins are complexed with small DNA guide to cleave DNA or RNA. Post-transcriptional gene silencing, genome methylation and transcriptional repression of promoter binding might be also covered in the mechanisms of DNAi in eukaryotes. In addition, the further research and application of DNAi were discussed and prospected.
2017, 32(4): 461-467.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.04.020
Abstract:
Purple yam is a variety of yams with purple red meat. It has received increasing attention and become the favorite of consumers with its attractive tuber color, nutritional profile, and health benefits. The cultivation and research on purple yam are currently actively carried out in China. However, at present, the greatest majority of the purple yams are native varieties with significant variations on quality and yield; only limited number of varieties are available for selection; low consumer awareness on the producdthinders sales; the agriculture is immature and remains in an exploratory stage for areas; and, there are scant value-added, processed products on the market which further ill-affects product safety, shelf life and profit margin. Those are areas that need to be improved upon. This article reviews literature concerning the germplasm, cultivation, seedling propagation, nutrition(nutrients such as, anthocyanin, polysaccharide, allantoin, diosgenin, glycoprotein, phenolic acids, etc.), health functionalities, and utilization of purple yams.Proposals on collection and evaluation of germplasms for breeding specialty varieties, studies on pharmacological applications and processing technologies, standardization of cultivation practice, as well as, development and promotion of value-added products are presented to hopefully usher in a sustainable purple yam agriculture in the nation.
Purple yam is a variety of yams with purple red meat. It has received increasing attention and become the favorite of consumers with its attractive tuber color, nutritional profile, and health benefits. The cultivation and research on purple yam are currently actively carried out in China. However, at present, the greatest majority of the purple yams are native varieties with significant variations on quality and yield; only limited number of varieties are available for selection; low consumer awareness on the producdthinders sales; the agriculture is immature and remains in an exploratory stage for areas; and, there are scant value-added, processed products on the market which further ill-affects product safety, shelf life and profit margin. Those are areas that need to be improved upon. This article reviews literature concerning the germplasm, cultivation, seedling propagation, nutrition(nutrients such as, anthocyanin, polysaccharide, allantoin, diosgenin, glycoprotein, phenolic acids, etc.), health functionalities, and utilization of purple yams.Proposals on collection and evaluation of germplasms for breeding specialty varieties, studies on pharmacological applications and processing technologies, standardization of cultivation practice, as well as, development and promotion of value-added products are presented to hopefully usher in a sustainable purple yam agriculture in the nation.
