2017 Vol. 32, No. 3
Display Method:
2017, 32(3): 229-233.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.03.001
Abstract:
Hvsusiba2 is a transcription factor acting on the upstream of starch synthesis pathway. It is the key starch synthesis regulator in barley. To understand whether the gene has a similar function in rice, a transgenic homozygous rice line with the barley Hvsusiba2 was created previously. The cultivar was used in this study to compare its starch content and amylopectin synthase activity with the wild type. The results showed that the transgenic line exhibited a higher starch contents in the mature grains and stalks, but not in the leaves or roots, than that in the wild type.Starch accumulation dynamics in the process of grain development were similar between the transgene line and the wild counterpart in the initial 12 days after flowering, but markedly increased 15 days after flowering in the transgenic line. It suggested that Hvsusiba2 might not start affecting the starch synthesis until after mid and late grain filling stages in rice. Furthermore, the activities of amylopectin synthases, such as SBEIIb, SBEI, isoamylase and amylase, were enhanced in the developing grains of transgenic line, but the SBEIIa and pullulanase were not affected by Hvsusiba2. It appeared that the heterologous expression of Hvsusiba2 could increase the starch content, and likely, the activities of several amylopectin synthases as well, in rice similar to what it does in barley.
Hvsusiba2 is a transcription factor acting on the upstream of starch synthesis pathway. It is the key starch synthesis regulator in barley. To understand whether the gene has a similar function in rice, a transgenic homozygous rice line with the barley Hvsusiba2 was created previously. The cultivar was used in this study to compare its starch content and amylopectin synthase activity with the wild type. The results showed that the transgenic line exhibited a higher starch contents in the mature grains and stalks, but not in the leaves or roots, than that in the wild type.Starch accumulation dynamics in the process of grain development were similar between the transgene line and the wild counterpart in the initial 12 days after flowering, but markedly increased 15 days after flowering in the transgenic line. It suggested that Hvsusiba2 might not start affecting the starch synthesis until after mid and late grain filling stages in rice. Furthermore, the activities of amylopectin synthases, such as SBEIIb, SBEI, isoamylase and amylase, were enhanced in the developing grains of transgenic line, but the SBEIIa and pullulanase were not affected by Hvsusiba2. It appeared that the heterologous expression of Hvsusiba2 could increase the starch content, and likely, the activities of several amylopectin synthases as well, in rice similar to what it does in barley.
2017, 32(3): 234-241.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.03.002
Abstract:
Taifeng A was a high-quality, tri-lineage sterile line of hybrid rice originally bred by the Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences. It was introduced to Fujian for experimental cultivation and test-crossing with restorer lines. Many of the hybrids resulted from the crossing tests showed excellent agronomic traits, a stable male sterility, easy seed production, improved and early flowering, as well as relatively concentrated, strong combining and restoring abilities. The transmission of early maturity inheritance was strong between generations of the hybrids with traits derived from Taifeng A resulted in the prematurity or late-maturity varieties, including those were less photosensitive. An outstanding feature of these hybrids was their high grain quality for processing and desirable exterior characteristics for commercial purpose. Consequently, many new varieties of the combinations, such as Taifengyou 2098, Taifengyou 656, Taiyou 202, Taifengyou 2197, Taiyou 676, and Taiyou 2328, had been accepted and released for promotion by Fujian Province Crop Variety Examination and Approving Committee. Moreover, Taifeng A offered a substantial potential for further applications. It was highly recommended for breeding new varieties by crossing it with different restorer lines.
Taifeng A was a high-quality, tri-lineage sterile line of hybrid rice originally bred by the Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences. It was introduced to Fujian for experimental cultivation and test-crossing with restorer lines. Many of the hybrids resulted from the crossing tests showed excellent agronomic traits, a stable male sterility, easy seed production, improved and early flowering, as well as relatively concentrated, strong combining and restoring abilities. The transmission of early maturity inheritance was strong between generations of the hybrids with traits derived from Taifeng A resulted in the prematurity or late-maturity varieties, including those were less photosensitive. An outstanding feature of these hybrids was their high grain quality for processing and desirable exterior characteristics for commercial purpose. Consequently, many new varieties of the combinations, such as Taifengyou 2098, Taifengyou 656, Taiyou 202, Taifengyou 2197, Taiyou 676, and Taiyou 2328, had been accepted and released for promotion by Fujian Province Crop Variety Examination and Approving Committee. Moreover, Taifeng A offered a substantial potential for further applications. It was highly recommended for breeding new varieties by crossing it with different restorer lines.
2017, 32(3): 242-247.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.03.003
Abstract:
Grain quality of primal parental rice lines is a key element for evaluation in breeding new varieties. This article presents the results of a population structure-based analysis on the quality of 274 primal parental lines of hybrid rice used in China and abroad. It was found that, in general, the average brown rice yield and the transparency, gel consistency and amylose content (AC) of the grains of indica rice exceeded the grading criteria for the 3rdquality tier. For japonica rice, the brown rice yield, head milled rice rate, and the transparency, gel consistency and AC of the grains met the high quality criteria.The percentages of indica that showed superior quality indices varied between 27.7% to 97.7% among all; while japonica, 16.7% to 100%. Grain chalkiness were low for all indica and japonica. Among indica, chalkiness and AC needed the greatest attention for improvements onthe restorer as well as the maintainer lines; AC was good on the conventional rice; and, the overall quality of IR43 and GIZA 178 tropical indica was considered excellent for breeding purposes. In all, 23 primal parental lines were found to have all 10 quality traits graded as high, or higher than, the 3rd tier. Hence, they could be potential candidates for breeding new rice varieties. As for the deficiency on grain chalkiness, it was recommended that specific germplasms with the desirable trait be introduced for breeding to mitigate the shortcoming in the future.
Grain quality of primal parental rice lines is a key element for evaluation in breeding new varieties. This article presents the results of a population structure-based analysis on the quality of 274 primal parental lines of hybrid rice used in China and abroad. It was found that, in general, the average brown rice yield and the transparency, gel consistency and amylose content (AC) of the grains of indica rice exceeded the grading criteria for the 3rdquality tier. For japonica rice, the brown rice yield, head milled rice rate, and the transparency, gel consistency and AC of the grains met the high quality criteria.The percentages of indica that showed superior quality indices varied between 27.7% to 97.7% among all; while japonica, 16.7% to 100%. Grain chalkiness were low for all indica and japonica. Among indica, chalkiness and AC needed the greatest attention for improvements onthe restorer as well as the maintainer lines; AC was good on the conventional rice; and, the overall quality of IR43 and GIZA 178 tropical indica was considered excellent for breeding purposes. In all, 23 primal parental lines were found to have all 10 quality traits graded as high, or higher than, the 3rd tier. Hence, they could be potential candidates for breeding new rice varieties. As for the deficiency on grain chalkiness, it was recommended that specific germplasms with the desirable trait be introduced for breeding to mitigate the shortcoming in the future.
2017, 32(3): 248-252.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.03.004
Abstract:
Photosynthetic characteristics (PC) of various rice germplasms were determined to identify high-efficient genetic resources for improvements on rice cultivars. In addition, the water usage efficiency (WUE) and chlorophyll content (SPAD) of 58 rice germplasms from various nations and regions were obtained for comparison and classification in a cluster analysis. The results showed that there were significant differences (P < 0.01) in photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (C), and transpiration rate (E), as well as highly significant differences (P < 0.05) in WUE, among the tested varieties. The 3 principal components cumulatively contributed to the variances among the cultivars at 85.31%on C, Pn and E being the 1stprincipal component; on WUE and Pn, the 2nd; and, on SPAD, the 3rd. Based on Pn, WUE, and SPAD, the 58 germplasms were clustered into 7 groups. As a result, Group 1 and Group 6 consisting of 9 germplasms that showed high PC, WUE and SPAD were recommended for crossbreeding purposes.
Photosynthetic characteristics (PC) of various rice germplasms were determined to identify high-efficient genetic resources for improvements on rice cultivars. In addition, the water usage efficiency (WUE) and chlorophyll content (SPAD) of 58 rice germplasms from various nations and regions were obtained for comparison and classification in a cluster analysis. The results showed that there were significant differences (P < 0.01) in photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (C), and transpiration rate (E), as well as highly significant differences (P < 0.05) in WUE, among the tested varieties. The 3 principal components cumulatively contributed to the variances among the cultivars at 85.31%on C, Pn and E being the 1stprincipal component; on WUE and Pn, the 2nd; and, on SPAD, the 3rd. Based on Pn, WUE, and SPAD, the 58 germplasms were clustered into 7 groups. As a result, Group 1 and Group 6 consisting of 9 germplasms that showed high PC, WUE and SPAD were recommended for crossbreeding purposes.
2017, 32(3): 253-257.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.03.005
Abstract:
Canopy photosynthetic capacity determines the yield and quality, while planting density affects the growth and canopy development of a flue-cured tobacco plant. Varied planting densities (i.e., D1at 16 529 plants per hm2, D2 at 18 182 plants per hm2, and D3 at 20 202 plants per hm2) were applied to study their effect on the leaf area index (LAI), light transmittance (LT), photosynthesis, and economy of the canopies on Yunyan 85tobacco plants. The results showed that, during the entire course of canopy development, LAI was at its highest level and the distance between leaf tips of adjacent lines (DLT) and LT at their lowest in the dome stage. As the leaves matured and upon harvest, LAI declined, while DLT and LT increased. Consequently, the canopy photosynthetic rate (RCP) peaked during the dome stage. In comparison, in the same period, an increased planting density would induce a heightened LAI but lowered DLT and LT. On the other hand, the changes of planting density or leaf-harvesting did not significantly affect RCP on the plants. LAI was found inversely correlated to DLT and LT.The correlation between RCP and planting density varied at the dome stage. RCP raised as the density increased from D1 to D2, but decreased from D2 to D3. And, RCP correlated to leaf-removal, but insignificant. RCP could not be continually risen with increasing planting density. In fact, it declined when the density exceeded a certain level. Yield and output on tobacco leaves increased significantly as the planting density increased from D1 to D2, but decreased from D2 to D3. The percentage of high-grade tobacco was maximized with D2 among the 3 treatments. Taking the canopy development, field management and production cost together into consideration, a planting density approximating 18 182 plants per hm2seemed optimal for Yunyan 85 cultivation.
Canopy photosynthetic capacity determines the yield and quality, while planting density affects the growth and canopy development of a flue-cured tobacco plant. Varied planting densities (i.e., D1at 16 529 plants per hm2, D2 at 18 182 plants per hm2, and D3 at 20 202 plants per hm2) were applied to study their effect on the leaf area index (LAI), light transmittance (LT), photosynthesis, and economy of the canopies on Yunyan 85tobacco plants. The results showed that, during the entire course of canopy development, LAI was at its highest level and the distance between leaf tips of adjacent lines (DLT) and LT at their lowest in the dome stage. As the leaves matured and upon harvest, LAI declined, while DLT and LT increased. Consequently, the canopy photosynthetic rate (RCP) peaked during the dome stage. In comparison, in the same period, an increased planting density would induce a heightened LAI but lowered DLT and LT. On the other hand, the changes of planting density or leaf-harvesting did not significantly affect RCP on the plants. LAI was found inversely correlated to DLT and LT.The correlation between RCP and planting density varied at the dome stage. RCP raised as the density increased from D1 to D2, but decreased from D2 to D3. And, RCP correlated to leaf-removal, but insignificant. RCP could not be continually risen with increasing planting density. In fact, it declined when the density exceeded a certain level. Yield and output on tobacco leaves increased significantly as the planting density increased from D1 to D2, but decreased from D2 to D3. The percentage of high-grade tobacco was maximized with D2 among the 3 treatments. Taking the canopy development, field management and production cost together into consideration, a planting density approximating 18 182 plants per hm2seemed optimal for Yunyan 85 cultivation.
2017, 32(3): 258-262.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.03.006
Abstract:
Accurate species identification is crucial for eel aquaculture, especially when increasing taxa of the fish were raised in the eel farms in China. This study applied a pair of specific primers from the conservative fragment of mtDNA COI gene in Anguilla to amplify 109 DNA samples extracted from 21 batches of eel juveniles for taxon identification. It was found that a specific 652bp fragment could be amplified from all of the samples. The BOLD Identification System (Barcoding of Life Data Systems: www.boldsystems.org) was used for sequence similarity search on the COI genes. Seven species, including A. japonica, A. rostrata, A.anguilla, A.marmorata, A.mossambica, A.luzonensis and A.bicolor pacifica, were identified. The cluster analysis showed 7 main clades with high rate of support at the nodes. It suggested that the COI identification method could be satisfactorily employed for eel juveniles identification. Incidentally, during the course of this study a former mistaken identification on a batch of juvenile fish was discovered. Therefore, the DNA barcode-based identification method was highly recommended for implementation to benefit the commercial trade and eel aquaculture.
Accurate species identification is crucial for eel aquaculture, especially when increasing taxa of the fish were raised in the eel farms in China. This study applied a pair of specific primers from the conservative fragment of mtDNA COI gene in Anguilla to amplify 109 DNA samples extracted from 21 batches of eel juveniles for taxon identification. It was found that a specific 652bp fragment could be amplified from all of the samples. The BOLD Identification System (Barcoding of Life Data Systems: www.boldsystems.org) was used for sequence similarity search on the COI genes. Seven species, including A. japonica, A. rostrata, A.anguilla, A.marmorata, A.mossambica, A.luzonensis and A.bicolor pacifica, were identified. The cluster analysis showed 7 main clades with high rate of support at the nodes. It suggested that the COI identification method could be satisfactorily employed for eel juveniles identification. Incidentally, during the course of this study a former mistaken identification on a batch of juvenile fish was discovered. Therefore, the DNA barcode-based identification method was highly recommended for implementation to benefit the commercial trade and eel aquaculture.
2017, 32(3): 263-267.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.03.007
Abstract:
VEGF signaling pathway regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, stress response, and survival of fungi. A gene, vv-SPK, in the pathway coding SPK protein from the mushroom, Volvariella volvacea, was obtained. A structure analysis showed that the gene was 1 996 bp, including 11 introns, and the open reading frame (ORF) of 1 401 bp encoding 466 amino acids. BLASTP comparison showed vv-SPK sharing a high similarity with the genes from Galerina patagonica, Laccaria bicolor and Laccaria amethystine. RT-qPCR verified the gene expression of SPK protein being associated with the stipe elongation. Since SPK, with its protein kinase characteristics, involves in the cell proliferation pathway in VEGF, the protein was postulated to play a significant role in enhancing the cell division during the stipe development of V. volvacea. There might also be a SPK-mediated signaling pathway that promoted the cell proliferation in V. volvacea.
VEGF signaling pathway regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, stress response, and survival of fungi. A gene, vv-SPK, in the pathway coding SPK protein from the mushroom, Volvariella volvacea, was obtained. A structure analysis showed that the gene was 1 996 bp, including 11 introns, and the open reading frame (ORF) of 1 401 bp encoding 466 amino acids. BLASTP comparison showed vv-SPK sharing a high similarity with the genes from Galerina patagonica, Laccaria bicolor and Laccaria amethystine. RT-qPCR verified the gene expression of SPK protein being associated with the stipe elongation. Since SPK, with its protein kinase characteristics, involves in the cell proliferation pathway in VEGF, the protein was postulated to play a significant role in enhancing the cell division during the stipe development of V. volvacea. There might also be a SPK-mediated signaling pathway that promoted the cell proliferation in V. volvacea.
2017, 32(3): 268-272.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.03.008
Abstract:
Bagging thefruits on the trees of litchi, Chinensis Sonn. cv. Jizuili, was studied to determine its effect on quality ofthe fruits. Single-fruit and entire-panicle coverages with bags were compared with bare fruits for the experiment. The single-fruit bagging was found to result in improved pericarp coloration, early color development, and increased fruit weight and sizeover the other treatments. The bagging did not cause any major changes on the chemical makeup of the fruits, except a significantly increased content of soluble solids, a slightly increased titratable acid as well as reduced soluble sugars and vitamin C. The resultwould be used ina feasibility study onthe mechanization of litchi fruit-bagging at the plantations.
Bagging thefruits on the trees of litchi, Chinensis Sonn. cv. Jizuili, was studied to determine its effect on quality ofthe fruits. Single-fruit and entire-panicle coverages with bags were compared with bare fruits for the experiment. The single-fruit bagging was found to result in improved pericarp coloration, early color development, and increased fruit weight and sizeover the other treatments. The bagging did not cause any major changes on the chemical makeup of the fruits, except a significantly increased content of soluble solids, a slightly increased titratable acid as well as reduced soluble sugars and vitamin C. The resultwould be used ina feasibility study onthe mechanization of litchi fruit-bagging at the plantations.
2017, 32(3): 273-277.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.03.009
Abstract:
Anthurium crystallinum seedlings were aseptically obtained from seeds for the study. Stem segments with node, leaves and petiole were used as plantlets, and the main factors of callus induction and differentiation as well asthe bud proliferation and seedling rooting during the propagating process were investigated. The results showed that theseed disinfection could be satisfactorily achieved by treating the peeledseeds with 0.1% mercuric chloride for 8min; the optimal callus differentiation of theplantlets was to use the stem segment with node, and cultivated in medium containing 1/3 MS+6-BA 1.0 mg·L-1+2, 4-D 0.3 mg·L-1; the appropriate medium forthe bud proliferation was MS+6-BA 2.0 mg·L-1+NAA 0.3 mg·L-1; that the medium for optimal rooting was MS+NAA 0.2 mg·L-1; and a transplanting survival rate up to 95% could be achieved as a result.
Anthurium crystallinum seedlings were aseptically obtained from seeds for the study. Stem segments with node, leaves and petiole were used as plantlets, and the main factors of callus induction and differentiation as well asthe bud proliferation and seedling rooting during the propagating process were investigated. The results showed that theseed disinfection could be satisfactorily achieved by treating the peeledseeds with 0.1% mercuric chloride for 8min; the optimal callus differentiation of theplantlets was to use the stem segment with node, and cultivated in medium containing 1/3 MS+6-BA 1.0 mg·L-1+2, 4-D 0.3 mg·L-1; the appropriate medium forthe bud proliferation was MS+6-BA 2.0 mg·L-1+NAA 0.3 mg·L-1; that the medium for optimal rooting was MS+NAA 0.2 mg·L-1; and a transplanting survival rate up to 95% could be achieved as a result.
2017, 32(3): 278-281.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.03.010
Abstract:
Changes on the hormones in the leaves of Phyllagathis fordii during its flower bud differentiation stage weremonitored. Contents of 4 endogenous hormones, i.e., IAA, GA3, ZR and ABA, were determined by using HPLC. The results showed that, at the completion of flower bud differentiation, the contents of GA3 and ZR peaked, while IAA reached its lowest level in the leaves. In the mid of the differentiation stage, ABA maximized while GA3 and ZR were low. The changes on these endogenous hormones highly significantly related to the flower bud differentiation. It was found that high level of ABA/IAA, ZR/IAA, and ZR/GA3ratios in the leaves benefited the differentiation, whereas, high ABA/GA3favored the induction of theflower buds.
Changes on the hormones in the leaves of Phyllagathis fordii during its flower bud differentiation stage weremonitored. Contents of 4 endogenous hormones, i.e., IAA, GA3, ZR and ABA, were determined by using HPLC. The results showed that, at the completion of flower bud differentiation, the contents of GA3 and ZR peaked, while IAA reached its lowest level in the leaves. In the mid of the differentiation stage, ABA maximized while GA3 and ZR were low. The changes on these endogenous hormones highly significantly related to the flower bud differentiation. It was found that high level of ABA/IAA, ZR/IAA, and ZR/GA3ratios in the leaves benefited the differentiation, whereas, high ABA/GA3favored the induction of theflower buds.
2017, 32(3): 282-286.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.03.011
Abstract:
To analyze the structural characteristics and properties of Konjac Glucomannan (KGM) as drug carrier. Methods KGM/CMC-Na, KGM/SAA and KGM/CMC-Na/SAA drug carriers were prepared by complex method, and were analyzed with the porosity and electron microscopy. Infrared spectroscopy was used to analyze its stability. Results The combination of KGM/SAA and KGM/CMC-Na can play a synergistic effect; KGM/SAA is more stable than KGM/CMC-Na and KGM/SAA/CMC-Na; KGM/SAA is higher porosity, and its drug capacities is 73%; the particle size of KGM/SAA drug carrier is about 0.31~0.38mm, and uniform distribution. Conclusion KGM/SAA is the most suitable as drug carriers in three samples.
To analyze the structural characteristics and properties of Konjac Glucomannan (KGM) as drug carrier. Methods KGM/CMC-Na, KGM/SAA and KGM/CMC-Na/SAA drug carriers were prepared by complex method, and were analyzed with the porosity and electron microscopy. Infrared spectroscopy was used to analyze its stability. Results The combination of KGM/SAA and KGM/CMC-Na can play a synergistic effect; KGM/SAA is more stable than KGM/CMC-Na and KGM/SAA/CMC-Na; KGM/SAA is higher porosity, and its drug capacities is 73%; the particle size of KGM/SAA drug carrier is about 0.31~0.38mm, and uniform distribution. Conclusion KGM/SAA is the most suitable as drug carriers in three samples.
2017, 32(3): 287-293.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.03.012
Abstract:
Polyphenols and free amino acids are important components in terms of tea quality. In this study, specific fresh spring shoots harvested from bushes of 7 different tea cultivars (Camellia sinensis), including Jinguanyin, Huangguanyin and Fuyun 6, were processed into green, white, black and oolong teas.Polyphenols, catechins, and total free amino acids (FAAs) in the fresh leaves as well as the teas made from them were determined for comparison. Based on the scatter plot for the polyphenols and FAAs contents of the 4 teas, 3 distinguishable patterns emerged. They were grouped as Type I, which included the green and white teas along with the fresh 2nd/3rd-leaf-1 bud leaves, Type Ⅱ, which consisted of the oolong teas and the fresh 2nd-to-4th-leaf-1 banjhi bud leaves, and Type Ⅲ, which was the black tea. Maturity of shoots was found to bea key factor that differentiated oolong tea from others. On the other hand, aprincipal component analysis (PCA) using data on catechins or FAAs would be necessary for a satisfactory differentiation on white tea. The non-ester type catechins were more prone to oxidization than the ester type catechins during tea processing, and withering contributed to the increase of FAAs, especially threonine and leucine, in the white tea.
Polyphenols and free amino acids are important components in terms of tea quality. In this study, specific fresh spring shoots harvested from bushes of 7 different tea cultivars (Camellia sinensis), including Jinguanyin, Huangguanyin and Fuyun 6, were processed into green, white, black and oolong teas.Polyphenols, catechins, and total free amino acids (FAAs) in the fresh leaves as well as the teas made from them were determined for comparison. Based on the scatter plot for the polyphenols and FAAs contents of the 4 teas, 3 distinguishable patterns emerged. They were grouped as Type I, which included the green and white teas along with the fresh 2nd/3rd-leaf-1 bud leaves, Type Ⅱ, which consisted of the oolong teas and the fresh 2nd-to-4th-leaf-1 banjhi bud leaves, and Type Ⅲ, which was the black tea. Maturity of shoots was found to bea key factor that differentiated oolong tea from others. On the other hand, aprincipal component analysis (PCA) using data on catechins or FAAs would be necessary for a satisfactory differentiation on white tea. The non-ester type catechins were more prone to oxidization than the ester type catechins during tea processing, and withering contributed to the increase of FAAs, especially threonine and leucine, in the white tea.
2017, 32(3): 294-298.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.03.013
Abstract:
This study is aim to determine the major flavor components in jasmine black tea (two scenting) during scenting process. The main aroma components in the base tea are benzyl alcohol (17.73%), linalool (16.17%), benzyl acetate (7.10%), methyl anthranilate (3.40%), cis-3-hexenyl benzoate (2.88%) and benzaldehyde (2.23%). Results show that benzyl alcohol (23.77%), linalool (19.73%), benzyl acetate (18.66%), methyl salicylate (3.84%), methyl anthranilate (3.60%), cis-3-hexenyl benzoate (3.27%) and α-farnesene (2.05%) are the seven major volatile compounds of jasmine black tea. After two scenting rounds, the concentrations of the total volatile compounds were increased five-fold dozens of times in the jasmine black tea compared with the base tea. The main aroma components of jasmine black tea were absorbed from fresh Jasmine sambac flowers. Jasmine tea flavor index (JTF) was used to evaluate the jasmine black tea aroma quality. Black tea JTF index (two scenting rounds: 0.57; five scenting rounds: 1.2) is higher than the jasmine green tea (two scenting rounds: 0.42, 0.38, 0.5; five scenting rounds: 1.004), suggesting that jasmine black tea aroma quality is not lower than jasmine green tea. The total tea polyphenols, flavonoids, gallic acid, theobromine, caffeine content did not show significant difference (P>0.05) during scenting process; EGC, EGCG content decreased by 0.18%, 0.17%; ECG content increased by 0.09%.
This study is aim to determine the major flavor components in jasmine black tea (two scenting) during scenting process. The main aroma components in the base tea are benzyl alcohol (17.73%), linalool (16.17%), benzyl acetate (7.10%), methyl anthranilate (3.40%), cis-3-hexenyl benzoate (2.88%) and benzaldehyde (2.23%). Results show that benzyl alcohol (23.77%), linalool (19.73%), benzyl acetate (18.66%), methyl salicylate (3.84%), methyl anthranilate (3.60%), cis-3-hexenyl benzoate (3.27%) and α-farnesene (2.05%) are the seven major volatile compounds of jasmine black tea. After two scenting rounds, the concentrations of the total volatile compounds were increased five-fold dozens of times in the jasmine black tea compared with the base tea. The main aroma components of jasmine black tea were absorbed from fresh Jasmine sambac flowers. Jasmine tea flavor index (JTF) was used to evaluate the jasmine black tea aroma quality. Black tea JTF index (two scenting rounds: 0.57; five scenting rounds: 1.2) is higher than the jasmine green tea (two scenting rounds: 0.42, 0.38, 0.5; five scenting rounds: 1.004), suggesting that jasmine black tea aroma quality is not lower than jasmine green tea. The total tea polyphenols, flavonoids, gallic acid, theobromine, caffeine content did not show significant difference (P>0.05) during scenting process; EGC, EGCG content decreased by 0.18%, 0.17%; ECG content increased by 0.09%.
2017, 32(3): 299-304.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.03.014
Abstract:
Qualitative and quantitative analyses on the volatiles in the juice from the passion fruits of different developmental stages were conducted by using solid-phase microextraction and GC-MS. A total of 38 volatile compounds were detected.The majority of them were esters, alcohols, ketones, and terpenes. In particular, esters predominated in the green, intermediate and ripe fruits (i.e., 61.86%-91.92%) and increased in contentas the fruits matured. Ketoneswere high at the green stage, while alcohols at the mid of fruit development stage. There were only 9 compounds uniquely present in the juices from fruits of 3 developmental stages, indicating a general similarity in the volatile contents among all samples. Nonetheless, it was these compounds, especially 7 existing in the green fruits, which made the differentiation of juices from the fruits of different development stages possible.
Qualitative and quantitative analyses on the volatiles in the juice from the passion fruits of different developmental stages were conducted by using solid-phase microextraction and GC-MS. A total of 38 volatile compounds were detected.The majority of them were esters, alcohols, ketones, and terpenes. In particular, esters predominated in the green, intermediate and ripe fruits (i.e., 61.86%-91.92%) and increased in contentas the fruits matured. Ketoneswere high at the green stage, while alcohols at the mid of fruit development stage. There were only 9 compounds uniquely present in the juices from fruits of 3 developmental stages, indicating a general similarity in the volatile contents among all samples. Nonetheless, it was these compounds, especially 7 existing in the green fruits, which made the differentiation of juices from the fruits of different development stages possible.
2017, 32(3): 305-311.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.03.015
Abstract:
To understand the effects of hypoxia stress on growth, development and population dynamics of Plutella xylostella, and reveal relevant mechanisms underlying the hypoxic adaptation.We raised P. xylostella strain Fuzhou-S in greenhouses in Fuzhou and Lhasa, respectively. The temperature, air relative humidity and photoperiod of both greenhouses were (25±1)℃, (65±5)% RH and 8L:16D. Growth and development data in both locations with consecutive three generations were recorded. We then constructed age-stage, two-sex life tables of Fuzhou-S in Fuzhou and Lhasa.Compared with the DBM raised in Fuzhou, the results showed the hypoxic environment can shorten developmental periods of all instars (egg, larva, pupa and adult). Significant reduction of duration in the first generation was observed, while the difference decreased along with the time. Fecundity and survival rate did not change significantly. There were significant differences in the population dynamics of Fuzhou-S raised in Lhasa and Fuzhou. Intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ) and net reproductive rate (R0) were significantly lower, but mean generation time (T) was significantly lower in the first generation and significantly increased in the second generation.P. xylostella showed its tolerance to hypoxia within first two generations, where fitness cost was found by showing significant shortening developmental duration. In the third generation, fecundity, survival rate and relative population dynamics parameters r, λ, R0, T didn't show much difference between Fuzhou-S raised in two locations. We propose fast adaptation of P. xylostella to hypoxia may facilitate its rapid spread and colonization onto the plateau. Further analysis based on the molecular data could help untangling mechanisms underlying its adaption.
To understand the effects of hypoxia stress on growth, development and population dynamics of Plutella xylostella, and reveal relevant mechanisms underlying the hypoxic adaptation.We raised P. xylostella strain Fuzhou-S in greenhouses in Fuzhou and Lhasa, respectively. The temperature, air relative humidity and photoperiod of both greenhouses were (25±1)℃, (65±5)% RH and 8L:16D. Growth and development data in both locations with consecutive three generations were recorded. We then constructed age-stage, two-sex life tables of Fuzhou-S in Fuzhou and Lhasa.Compared with the DBM raised in Fuzhou, the results showed the hypoxic environment can shorten developmental periods of all instars (egg, larva, pupa and adult). Significant reduction of duration in the first generation was observed, while the difference decreased along with the time. Fecundity and survival rate did not change significantly. There were significant differences in the population dynamics of Fuzhou-S raised in Lhasa and Fuzhou. Intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ) and net reproductive rate (R0) were significantly lower, but mean generation time (T) was significantly lower in the first generation and significantly increased in the second generation.P. xylostella showed its tolerance to hypoxia within first two generations, where fitness cost was found by showing significant shortening developmental duration. In the third generation, fecundity, survival rate and relative population dynamics parameters r, λ, R0, T didn't show much difference between Fuzhou-S raised in two locations. We propose fast adaptation of P. xylostella to hypoxia may facilitate its rapid spread and colonization onto the plateau. Further analysis based on the molecular data could help untangling mechanisms underlying its adaption.
2017, 32(3): 312-316.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.03.016
Abstract:
This experiment aimed to improve the shortcomings of low ligation efficiency and weak positive selection in cloning PCR products with T-vector.The approach called for an addition of T-overhang to a blunt-end plasmid. Firstly, a 3'-T overhang was attached to the blunt-end pBluescript SK (+) plasmid utilizing a terminal transferase, Taq DNA polymerase. Secondly, thepBS vector was ligated by T4 DNA ligase to form thesupercoiled blunt-end pBS plasmid without a 3'-T overhang, whereas the plasmidwith a 3'-T overhang remained linear in appearance. Finally, the DNA fragment of 3 000 bp, which was pBST-vector for cloning PCR products, could be purified byagarose gel electrophoresis followed by usinga gel extraction kit. The 500 bp and 1 000 bp DNA fragments were cloned into pBS T-vector with a100% cloning efficiency. It appeared that the newly developed procedures provided a valid zero-background T-vector for cloning PCR products.
This experiment aimed to improve the shortcomings of low ligation efficiency and weak positive selection in cloning PCR products with T-vector.The approach called for an addition of T-overhang to a blunt-end plasmid. Firstly, a 3'-T overhang was attached to the blunt-end pBluescript SK (+) plasmid utilizing a terminal transferase, Taq DNA polymerase. Secondly, thepBS vector was ligated by T4 DNA ligase to form thesupercoiled blunt-end pBS plasmid without a 3'-T overhang, whereas the plasmidwith a 3'-T overhang remained linear in appearance. Finally, the DNA fragment of 3 000 bp, which was pBST-vector for cloning PCR products, could be purified byagarose gel electrophoresis followed by usinga gel extraction kit. The 500 bp and 1 000 bp DNA fragments were cloned into pBS T-vector with a100% cloning efficiency. It appeared that the newly developed procedures provided a valid zero-background T-vector for cloning PCR products.
2017, 32(3): 317-323.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.03.017
Abstract:
Amonitoring and control system was developed for the operation of a cluster of 30 climate chambers. The system employed touch screens, a programmable logic controller (PLC), a Raspberry Pie microcomputer, Kingview software, an SCADA distributed control system, HD cameras, animage recording system, sensors, and actuators. The touch screen devicescollected environmental real-time data from each chamberfor man-machine interface operations. PLC controlled the humidity and other environmental conditions in the chambers according to the pre-determined criteria for a planned test.Customized software installed on the Raspberry Pie microcomputer ran managementplan, executed authority assignment, served protocol conversion, and controlled environmental conditions for each individual chamber. Kingview covered local management, configuration, and data recording. Data acquisition, storage and configuration wereremotely managed by a master control center built with Clear SCADA. TheModbusTCP protocolconnected all modules via the TCP network. High definition cameras installed at strategic locations captured images providing real-timedisplay and record-keeping functions. Thus, an entire cluster of climate chambers could be reliably and simultaneously monitored and controlled with ease for conducting experimentations.
Amonitoring and control system was developed for the operation of a cluster of 30 climate chambers. The system employed touch screens, a programmable logic controller (PLC), a Raspberry Pie microcomputer, Kingview software, an SCADA distributed control system, HD cameras, animage recording system, sensors, and actuators. The touch screen devicescollected environmental real-time data from each chamberfor man-machine interface operations. PLC controlled the humidity and other environmental conditions in the chambers according to the pre-determined criteria for a planned test.Customized software installed on the Raspberry Pie microcomputer ran managementplan, executed authority assignment, served protocol conversion, and controlled environmental conditions for each individual chamber. Kingview covered local management, configuration, and data recording. Data acquisition, storage and configuration wereremotely managed by a master control center built with Clear SCADA. TheModbusTCP protocolconnected all modules via the TCP network. High definition cameras installed at strategic locations captured images providing real-timedisplay and record-keeping functions. Thus, an entire cluster of climate chambers could be reliably and simultaneously monitored and controlled with ease for conducting experimentations.
2017, 32(3): 324-331.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.03.018
Abstract:
Taking 9 cities in Fujian province as the research objects,establishing evaluation index system of leisure agriculture,rural tourism and new countryside construction,through entropy method,comprehensive evaluation model and coupling coordinated evaluation model,and taking Pearson correlation test for affecting factors,the paper makes empirical analysis on the coupling and coordinated development situations of leisure agriculture,rural tourism and new countryside construction in Fujian province.The results shows that:In 2015,the development level of leisure agriculture,rural tourism and new countryside construction in Fujian province is low,and new countryside construction lags behind leisure agriculture and rural tourism;The system of leisure agriculture, the rural tourism and new countryside construction shows a high coupling but low coordination;Coupling coordination degree shows regional differences with gradient descending from southeast to northwest;The economy, society, resources and location have a significant influences on the coupling coordination degree.
Taking 9 cities in Fujian province as the research objects,establishing evaluation index system of leisure agriculture,rural tourism and new countryside construction,through entropy method,comprehensive evaluation model and coupling coordinated evaluation model,and taking Pearson correlation test for affecting factors,the paper makes empirical analysis on the coupling and coordinated development situations of leisure agriculture,rural tourism and new countryside construction in Fujian province.The results shows that:In 2015,the development level of leisure agriculture,rural tourism and new countryside construction in Fujian province is low,and new countryside construction lags behind leisure agriculture and rural tourism;The system of leisure agriculture, the rural tourism and new countryside construction shows a high coupling but low coordination;Coupling coordination degree shows regional differences with gradient descending from southeast to northwest;The economy, society, resources and location have a significant influences on the coupling coordination degree.
2017, 32(3): 332-335.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.03.019
Abstract:
Fujian, a province with large vegetable production, possesses good location and climate advantages, with which the development of vegetable industry in Fujian was not yet consistent. Empirical analysis on vegetable production capital and input-output was conducted with DEA-BCC based on 300 questionnaires from vegetable growers in 5 cities of Fujian, and three factors were considered, including characteristics of farmers and their family, vegetable production conditions and restriction, and the corresponding policy. The results showed that the resources allocation ability and resources utilization efficiency of vegetable growers were generally not high. The vegetable production efficiency was affected by the grower's education level, growing technology, logistic system, agricultural insurance, and so on.
Fujian, a province with large vegetable production, possesses good location and climate advantages, with which the development of vegetable industry in Fujian was not yet consistent. Empirical analysis on vegetable production capital and input-output was conducted with DEA-BCC based on 300 questionnaires from vegetable growers in 5 cities of Fujian, and three factors were considered, including characteristics of farmers and their family, vegetable production conditions and restriction, and the corresponding policy. The results showed that the resources allocation ability and resources utilization efficiency of vegetable growers were generally not high. The vegetable production efficiency was affected by the grower's education level, growing technology, logistic system, agricultural insurance, and so on.
2017, 32(3): 336-341.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.03.020
Abstract:
Duck viral hepatitis (Duck Viral Hepatitis, DVH) is caused by duck hepatitis virus is an acute, highly lethal infectious disease. The classic type of duck hepatitis A virus can cause disease with symptoms such as duck, necropsy with hepatomegaly and bleeding as the main feature, pancreatitis type duck hepatitis A virus and found in recent years to cause disease in duck pancreatic yellow, bleeding and no obvious liver bleeding as the main feature. In this paper, we reviewed the progress in the study of two different pathogenic strains from the aspects of genome structure, clinical features, pathological changes and diagnostic methods.
Duck viral hepatitis (Duck Viral Hepatitis, DVH) is caused by duck hepatitis virus is an acute, highly lethal infectious disease. The classic type of duck hepatitis A virus can cause disease with symptoms such as duck, necropsy with hepatomegaly and bleeding as the main feature, pancreatitis type duck hepatitis A virus and found in recent years to cause disease in duck pancreatic yellow, bleeding and no obvious liver bleeding as the main feature. In this paper, we reviewed the progress in the study of two different pathogenic strains from the aspects of genome structure, clinical features, pathological changes and diagnostic methods.
2017, 32(3): 342-351.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.03.021
Abstract:
Nano-science is one of 3 pillars in the fields of 21st century scientific studies. Because of their unique and superior quantum sizes and surface effects as well as other characteristics, nanomaterials are extensively applied for industrial, medical, and general applications. Thus, the ecotoxicology of nanomaterials has become an issue that draws increasing attentions. Aquatic ecosystem is subject to pollution by a wide varieties of sources with substances, including nanomaterials, released from rainfalls, surface runoff, underground seepage, and waste water discharge. Consequently, inland freshwater is likely most vulnerable to the serious damages introduced by the discharged nanomaterials. Impacts on the physiology of freshwater aquatic organisms cannot be overlooked. This article summarizes the properties of nanomaterials, and analyzes relevant approaches to mitigate the harmful effects on the eco-system.It reviews the 3 common classes of the materials, and the current research status and progress with an emphasis on nano metal oxide. Finally, the anticipated direction and proposals for future studies relating to the biotoxicity and safety of the ever-increasingly popular material are discussed.
Nano-science is one of 3 pillars in the fields of 21st century scientific studies. Because of their unique and superior quantum sizes and surface effects as well as other characteristics, nanomaterials are extensively applied for industrial, medical, and general applications. Thus, the ecotoxicology of nanomaterials has become an issue that draws increasing attentions. Aquatic ecosystem is subject to pollution by a wide varieties of sources with substances, including nanomaterials, released from rainfalls, surface runoff, underground seepage, and waste water discharge. Consequently, inland freshwater is likely most vulnerable to the serious damages introduced by the discharged nanomaterials. Impacts on the physiology of freshwater aquatic organisms cannot be overlooked. This article summarizes the properties of nanomaterials, and analyzes relevant approaches to mitigate the harmful effects on the eco-system.It reviews the 3 common classes of the materials, and the current research status and progress with an emphasis on nano metal oxide. Finally, the anticipated direction and proposals for future studies relating to the biotoxicity and safety of the ever-increasingly popular material are discussed.
