2016 Vol. 31, No. 7
Display Method:
2016, 31(7): 671-676.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.07.001
Abstract:
Protein targeting is an important tool to determine the functionality of a protein. Adual targeted protein isa protein that located in two subcellular locations. It was estimated that more than 400 proteins were putatively targeted to mitochondria as well as plastid based on the ambiguous N-terminal pre-sequences in land plant genomes. In this study, the dual targeted proteins were searched against the protein databases of Uniprot, Mito P2, MGI, TAIR, and DBMLoc as well as the existing publications. A total of 703 proteins localized in both mitochondria and plastid in plants were collected. Whilst, 829 exclusive mitochondrial and 6 376 exclusive plastid proteins were downloaded from Uniprotfor comparison. The net electric charges of the dual targeted proteins were analyzed based on these 3 data sets. The results indicated the net charge of the plant dual targeted proteins was significantly lower than that of the proteins exclusively existed in mitochondrial or plastid. The charge differentiation provideda critical clue for the study of the molecular mechanism of dual targeted proteins in plants.
Protein targeting is an important tool to determine the functionality of a protein. Adual targeted protein isa protein that located in two subcellular locations. It was estimated that more than 400 proteins were putatively targeted to mitochondria as well as plastid based on the ambiguous N-terminal pre-sequences in land plant genomes. In this study, the dual targeted proteins were searched against the protein databases of Uniprot, Mito P2, MGI, TAIR, and DBMLoc as well as the existing publications. A total of 703 proteins localized in both mitochondria and plastid in plants were collected. Whilst, 829 exclusive mitochondrial and 6 376 exclusive plastid proteins were downloaded from Uniprotfor comparison. The net electric charges of the dual targeted proteins were analyzed based on these 3 data sets. The results indicated the net charge of the plant dual targeted proteins was significantly lower than that of the proteins exclusively existed in mitochondrial or plastid. The charge differentiation provideda critical clue for the study of the molecular mechanism of dual targeted proteins in plants.
2016, 31(7): 677-682.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.07.002
Abstract:
In this study, we identified 4 key genes of JA signaling pathway (COI1、PDF1.2、MYC2-1、MYC2-2) and SA signaling pathway (PR1-1、PR1-2、NPR1-1、NPR1-2) in Flammulina velutipes, respectively. The results of NBT staining and RT-qPCR demonstrated that JA/SA signaling pathways of F. velutipes responsed to exogenous JA/SA. In addition, the expression levels of these genes of JA/SA signaling pathway significantly increased under the treatment of exogenous 50 μmol · L-1 JA and 500 μmol · L-1 SA for 12 h, respectively. It was worth noting that PDF1.2 could be considered as the marker gene of JA signaling pathways for its response to exogenous JA obviously. The antagonistic effect between JA and SA signaling pathways may also exist in F.velutipes and the protein NPR1 of SA signaling pathways had inhibitory effect on the gene PDF1.2 expression level of JA signaling pathways which could be affected by the relative concentration of exogenous JA/SA.
In this study, we identified 4 key genes of JA signaling pathway (COI1、PDF1.2、MYC2-1、MYC2-2) and SA signaling pathway (PR1-1、PR1-2、NPR1-1、NPR1-2) in Flammulina velutipes, respectively. The results of NBT staining and RT-qPCR demonstrated that JA/SA signaling pathways of F. velutipes responsed to exogenous JA/SA. In addition, the expression levels of these genes of JA/SA signaling pathway significantly increased under the treatment of exogenous 50 μmol · L-1 JA and 500 μmol · L-1 SA for 12 h, respectively. It was worth noting that PDF1.2 could be considered as the marker gene of JA signaling pathways for its response to exogenous JA obviously. The antagonistic effect between JA and SA signaling pathways may also exist in F.velutipes and the protein NPR1 of SA signaling pathways had inhibitory effect on the gene PDF1.2 expression level of JA signaling pathways which could be affected by the relative concentration of exogenous JA/SA.
2016, 31(7): 683-689.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.07.003
Abstract:
The specific primers of open reading frame (ORF) of dihydroflavonol(DFR) gene in brier grapes (Vitis davidii Foёx.) were designed according to the CDS template of the gene. DFR gene sequence was cloned using RT-PCR, andsubsequently, the genetic characteristics analyzed by bioinformatics. The 1 014 bp full-length cDNA of DRF's ORF was thus obtained. It encoded 337 amino acids, and was named V. davidii DFR 4-reductase gene (VdDFR) with GenBank accession number of KF915803. The predicted molecular weight of VdDFR protein was 37 593.2 Da,theoretical pI is 5.81. As a transmembrane and a hydrophilic protein, it did not belong to secretory category,had no signal peptide, and was located largely in the cytoplasm (70%). The secondary structure ofthe mixed protein was mostly random coil (52.82%). The amino acids sequence of the gene possibly contained 7 glycosylation sites, 16 phosphorylation sites, one NAD(P) binding site, and one NAD-dependent epimerase/dehydratase(N-terminal) domain, and the gene likely belonged to the NADB_Rossmann superfamily. The nucleotide sequences of DFR from V.davidii,V.bellula,V.amurensis, and V.vinifera were 99% homogenous; those of V.davidii and V.rotundifolia, 98% homogenous; and, those of V.davidii and Ampelopsis grossedentata, 94% homogenous. These results indicated that the DFR gene coding region was evolutionally conservative. And, the phylogenetic tree constructed based on the sequence salso reflected the same evolutionary trait of these plants.
The specific primers of open reading frame (ORF) of dihydroflavonol(DFR) gene in brier grapes (Vitis davidii Foёx.) were designed according to the CDS template of the gene. DFR gene sequence was cloned using RT-PCR, andsubsequently, the genetic characteristics analyzed by bioinformatics. The 1 014 bp full-length cDNA of DRF's ORF was thus obtained. It encoded 337 amino acids, and was named V. davidii DFR 4-reductase gene (VdDFR) with GenBank accession number of KF915803. The predicted molecular weight of VdDFR protein was 37 593.2 Da,theoretical pI is 5.81. As a transmembrane and a hydrophilic protein, it did not belong to secretory category,had no signal peptide, and was located largely in the cytoplasm (70%). The secondary structure ofthe mixed protein was mostly random coil (52.82%). The amino acids sequence of the gene possibly contained 7 glycosylation sites, 16 phosphorylation sites, one NAD(P) binding site, and one NAD-dependent epimerase/dehydratase(N-terminal) domain, and the gene likely belonged to the NADB_Rossmann superfamily. The nucleotide sequences of DFR from V.davidii,V.bellula,V.amurensis, and V.vinifera were 99% homogenous; those of V.davidii and V.rotundifolia, 98% homogenous; and, those of V.davidii and Ampelopsis grossedentata, 94% homogenous. These results indicated that the DFR gene coding region was evolutionally conservative. And, the phylogenetic tree constructed based on the sequence salso reflected the same evolutionary trait of these plants.
2016, 31(7): 690-693.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.07.004
Abstract:
Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of LPL and fatty acid synthetase (FASN) genes in Huiyang bearded chickens was obtained to facilitate the selection for dominant genotypes associated with the high-quality meat and fast-growing characteristics in chicken. Genomic DNA was extracted from the chicken blood. The two genes of interest were amplified by PCR. The amplied product of LPL gene was digested by Hinf I,and FASN gene by Hae Ⅲ, for RFLP analysis. The results showed that (1) in LPL gene,the genotype BB was 76.3%,while the two newly discovered genotypes were 1.7% and 22%, with no AA type detected; (2)in FASN gene, genotype BB, CC, and BC were 64.8%, 23.4%, and 12.24%, respectively,while the frequencies of B and C genes were 0.7041 and 0.2959, respectively.
Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of LPL and fatty acid synthetase (FASN) genes in Huiyang bearded chickens was obtained to facilitate the selection for dominant genotypes associated with the high-quality meat and fast-growing characteristics in chicken. Genomic DNA was extracted from the chicken blood. The two genes of interest were amplified by PCR. The amplied product of LPL gene was digested by Hinf I,and FASN gene by Hae Ⅲ, for RFLP analysis. The results showed that (1) in LPL gene,the genotype BB was 76.3%,while the two newly discovered genotypes were 1.7% and 22%, with no AA type detected; (2)in FASN gene, genotype BB, CC, and BC were 64.8%, 23.4%, and 12.24%, respectively,while the frequencies of B and C genes were 0.7041 and 0.2959, respectively.
2016, 31(7): 694-698.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.07.005
Abstract:
The study on the effect of loquat polysaccharides on the immunity of Carassius auratus could provide some evidences for controlling the disease of aquatic animal and making full use of resources of loquat. Therefore, taking the Carassius auratus as testing material, the Carassius auratus was immune by being injected with loquat polysaccharides, in order to study the effect of loquat polysaccharides on superoxide dismutase, lysozyme, phenoloxidase and phagocytic rate. The results showed that:when the Carassius auratus was injected with 1.0 mg·mL-1 loquat polysaccharide for 21 hours, the blood SOD and lysozyme reached the highest, which were respectively 37.8 U and 128 U; when the Carassius auratus was injected with 5 mg·mL-1 loquat polysaccharide for 28 hours, the blood phenoloxidase activity and phagocytic rates reached the peak value, which were respectively 4.1 U and 55.68%, showing that the loquat polysaccharides could enhance the immune function of Carassius auratus.
The study on the effect of loquat polysaccharides on the immunity of Carassius auratus could provide some evidences for controlling the disease of aquatic animal and making full use of resources of loquat. Therefore, taking the Carassius auratus as testing material, the Carassius auratus was immune by being injected with loquat polysaccharides, in order to study the effect of loquat polysaccharides on superoxide dismutase, lysozyme, phenoloxidase and phagocytic rate. The results showed that:when the Carassius auratus was injected with 1.0 mg·mL-1 loquat polysaccharide for 21 hours, the blood SOD and lysozyme reached the highest, which were respectively 37.8 U and 128 U; when the Carassius auratus was injected with 5 mg·mL-1 loquat polysaccharide for 28 hours, the blood phenoloxidase activity and phagocytic rates reached the peak value, which were respectively 4.1 U and 55.68%, showing that the loquat polysaccharides could enhance the immune function of Carassius auratus.
2016, 31(7): 699-703.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.07.006
Abstract:
The effects of different nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) application levels on yield and its components of ratoon rice were studied using a two-line hybrid rice combination Guangliangyou 676. The results indicated that N and K application levels of obtaining the highest yield in the first crop were 23.27 g·m-2 and 22.99 g·m-2 respectively, and reached the yield of 1 152.9 g·m-2 and 1 159.0 g·m-2 respectively. N and K application levels of achieving the best economic benefit in the first crop were 21.86 g·m-2and 19.54 g m-2 respectively. N application level of obtaining the highest yield and the best economic benefit in the second crop was 20.48 g·m-2 and 18.42 g·m-2 respectively. These results showed that ratoon rice was more sensitive to nitrogen, and the lack of nitrogen would reduce more yield than that of potassium. Moreover, in the first crop, the number of effective panicle and plant height both increased with the increase of N and K application levels, the exhibited a bell-shaped curve correlation with N application level and a linear correlation with potassium application level. The seed setting rate decreased with the increase of N application level in the first crop. With the increase of nitrogen application level of promoting axillary buds in the second crop, the number of effective panicle significantly increased and the spikelets per panicle appeared a trend of first increasing and then reduction. Under the high nitrogen application level in the second crop, the seed setting rate slightly reduced and the difference of 1 000-grain weight was less.
The effects of different nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) application levels on yield and its components of ratoon rice were studied using a two-line hybrid rice combination Guangliangyou 676. The results indicated that N and K application levels of obtaining the highest yield in the first crop were 23.27 g·m-2 and 22.99 g·m-2 respectively, and reached the yield of 1 152.9 g·m-2 and 1 159.0 g·m-2 respectively. N and K application levels of achieving the best economic benefit in the first crop were 21.86 g·m-2and 19.54 g m-2 respectively. N application level of obtaining the highest yield and the best economic benefit in the second crop was 20.48 g·m-2 and 18.42 g·m-2 respectively. These results showed that ratoon rice was more sensitive to nitrogen, and the lack of nitrogen would reduce more yield than that of potassium. Moreover, in the first crop, the number of effective panicle and plant height both increased with the increase of N and K application levels, the exhibited a bell-shaped curve correlation with N application level and a linear correlation with potassium application level. The seed setting rate decreased with the increase of N application level in the first crop. With the increase of nitrogen application level of promoting axillary buds in the second crop, the number of effective panicle significantly increased and the spikelets per panicle appeared a trend of first increasing and then reduction. Under the high nitrogen application level in the second crop, the seed setting rate slightly reduced and the difference of 1 000-grain weight was less.
2016, 31(7): 704-707.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.07.007
Abstract:
A new leaf-vegetable sweetpotato cultivar,Fucaishu No.22, was bred by crossing the female parent,Quanshu 830, with the male parents,Tainong 71, Fucaishu 18, Fushu 7-6, and Ziyeshu,by open-pollination.The new cultivar was approved by the National Crop Variety Identification Committee in 2016.The national regional and production trials showed that the yield on the stem-tips of Fucaishu No. 22 was 37 846.8 kg·hm-2, which exceeded that of Fushu 7-6 by 12.97%, and that a taste evaluation score of 73.55, which was superior to CK, was received for the vegetable. Fucaishu No. 22 had the desirable agronomic characteristics, such as a compact plant type, short and upright stems, high yield, appealingeating quality, and high resistances to stem nematode and fusarium wilt. In addition, it could potentially be cultivated formechanical harvesting.
A new leaf-vegetable sweetpotato cultivar,Fucaishu No.22, was bred by crossing the female parent,Quanshu 830, with the male parents,Tainong 71, Fucaishu 18, Fushu 7-6, and Ziyeshu,by open-pollination.The new cultivar was approved by the National Crop Variety Identification Committee in 2016.The national regional and production trials showed that the yield on the stem-tips of Fucaishu No. 22 was 37 846.8 kg·hm-2, which exceeded that of Fushu 7-6 by 12.97%, and that a taste evaluation score of 73.55, which was superior to CK, was received for the vegetable. Fucaishu No. 22 had the desirable agronomic characteristics, such as a compact plant type, short and upright stems, high yield, appealingeating quality, and high resistances to stem nematode and fusarium wilt. In addition, it could potentially be cultivated formechanical harvesting.
2016, 31(7): 714-718.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.07.009
Abstract:
A new variety of soybean for use as a food vegetable,Mindou No.6, was bred by crossing Zhe 2818 and Mindou No. 1. It showed a steadily high yield, extensive adaptability, and strong adversity-resistance. During the Fujian provincial regional trials in 2010-2011, the average fresh pod yield of Mindou No.1 was 9 568.20 kg·hm-2 with an 8.85% increase over control; and, the standard pod yield, 5 497.50 kg·hm-2 with a 4.31% increase compared to control. Furthermore, in the 2012 production trial, its average fresh pod yield reached 10 742.55 kg·hm-2 with a 15.86% increase over control. The new variety was later approved by the Crop Variety Approval Committee of Fujian Province in April 2013 to be suitable for cultivation in most areasin the province. The characteristics of Mindou No.6 are summarized,along withthe cultivation guidelines, in this article for its promotion and application.
A new variety of soybean for use as a food vegetable,Mindou No.6, was bred by crossing Zhe 2818 and Mindou No. 1. It showed a steadily high yield, extensive adaptability, and strong adversity-resistance. During the Fujian provincial regional trials in 2010-2011, the average fresh pod yield of Mindou No.1 was 9 568.20 kg·hm-2 with an 8.85% increase over control; and, the standard pod yield, 5 497.50 kg·hm-2 with a 4.31% increase compared to control. Furthermore, in the 2012 production trial, its average fresh pod yield reached 10 742.55 kg·hm-2 with a 15.86% increase over control. The new variety was later approved by the Crop Variety Approval Committee of Fujian Province in April 2013 to be suitable for cultivation in most areasin the province. The characteristics of Mindou No.6 are summarized,along withthe cultivation guidelines, in this article for its promotion and application.
2016, 31(7): 719-722.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.07.010
Abstract:
Effects of sowing time, plastic film mulching, and planting density on the growth characteristics and yield of Ruixue radish were studied. The results showed that,under the experimental conditions, sowing either too early or too late in a season was detrimental to the growth of the radish. The proper sowing time for Ruixue was between September 25 and November 5. Using plastic film for mulching significantly hastened the growth of the plant parts both above and under the ground. Thus, the growth period of Ruixuewas shortened and itsyield improved 36.64% over control (without the ground cover). And, at 6 500-7 500 plants per 667 m2, the highest yield with extremely significant differencesamong all planting densities tested was achieved.
Effects of sowing time, plastic film mulching, and planting density on the growth characteristics and yield of Ruixue radish were studied. The results showed that,under the experimental conditions, sowing either too early or too late in a season was detrimental to the growth of the radish. The proper sowing time for Ruixue was between September 25 and November 5. Using plastic film for mulching significantly hastened the growth of the plant parts both above and under the ground. Thus, the growth period of Ruixuewas shortened and itsyield improved 36.64% over control (without the ground cover). And, at 6 500-7 500 plants per 667 m2, the highest yield with extremely significant differencesamong all planting densities tested was achieved.
2016, 31(7): 723-727.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.07.011
Abstract:
Through formulation optimization and trial runs, Pleurotuseryngii discard(PED) was utilized to reduce thewaste disposal bymixing it with cow dung (CD) and other ingredientsforthe cultivation of Agaricusbisporus. Mushroom yields on harvests from 8 formulas of the substrate were monitored undervarying pHs and temperatures in 5 tide times. Stable and efficient production with high quality fruiting bodies of A.bisporus was found when Formula No. 5 (25 kg PED, 10 kg CD, and 0.75 kg superphosphate) or Formula No. 8 (22.5 kg PED, 12.5 kg CD, 0.3 kg lime, and 0.75 kg superphosphate) was appliedper square meter of the cultivating bed. Detailed cultivation procedures to further refine and develop the technology for practical applications are in order.
Through formulation optimization and trial runs, Pleurotuseryngii discard(PED) was utilized to reduce thewaste disposal bymixing it with cow dung (CD) and other ingredientsforthe cultivation of Agaricusbisporus. Mushroom yields on harvests from 8 formulas of the substrate were monitored undervarying pHs and temperatures in 5 tide times. Stable and efficient production with high quality fruiting bodies of A.bisporus was found when Formula No. 5 (25 kg PED, 10 kg CD, and 0.75 kg superphosphate) or Formula No. 8 (22.5 kg PED, 12.5 kg CD, 0.3 kg lime, and 0.75 kg superphosphate) was appliedper square meter of the cultivating bed. Detailed cultivation procedures to further refine and develop the technology for practical applications are in order.
2016, 31(7): 728-732.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.07.012
Abstract:
In a field experiment, effects of various organic fertilizers on the yield and quality of cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) and the available nutrients in the soil under continuous cropping cultivation were studied. The results showed thatin the blossoming/fruiting period, the alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium in soil were higherby 10.35%-45.59%, 29.42%-49.12%, and 18.90%-38.41%, respectively,when the organic than the chemical fertilizer was applied.When the chicken manure, xxx, or xxx was applied, the death ratesof cowpea seedlings werereduced by 61.35%, 23.72%,or 49.05%, respectively, as compared to the chemical fertilization; the crop yieldsincreased by 41.39%, 22.97%,or 41.39%, respectively; the soluble protein,starch,total sugar,reducing sugar, and Vc increased by 3.40%-9.51%, 4.96%-13.66%,12.37%-32.96%,11.29%-27.50%, and 17.19%-25.05%, respectively; and the organic acid and nitrite contents reduced by 12.90%-35.48% and 16.48%-12.90%, respectively.Among the different organic fertilizers, chicken manure significantly improved the available nutrients in soil, and at the same time,upgraded the soluble protein, total sugar, reducing sugar, Vc, nitrite, and other quality indicesfor the cowpeas raised with its application. It was, therefore, recommended to be used as the fertilizer incontinuous cropping practice of cowpeas.
In a field experiment, effects of various organic fertilizers on the yield and quality of cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) and the available nutrients in the soil under continuous cropping cultivation were studied. The results showed thatin the blossoming/fruiting period, the alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium in soil were higherby 10.35%-45.59%, 29.42%-49.12%, and 18.90%-38.41%, respectively,when the organic than the chemical fertilizer was applied.When the chicken manure, xxx, or xxx was applied, the death ratesof cowpea seedlings werereduced by 61.35%, 23.72%,or 49.05%, respectively, as compared to the chemical fertilization; the crop yieldsincreased by 41.39%, 22.97%,or 41.39%, respectively; the soluble protein,starch,total sugar,reducing sugar, and Vc increased by 3.40%-9.51%, 4.96%-13.66%,12.37%-32.96%,11.29%-27.50%, and 17.19%-25.05%, respectively; and the organic acid and nitrite contents reduced by 12.90%-35.48% and 16.48%-12.90%, respectively.Among the different organic fertilizers, chicken manure significantly improved the available nutrients in soil, and at the same time,upgraded the soluble protein, total sugar, reducing sugar, Vc, nitrite, and other quality indicesfor the cowpeas raised with its application. It was, therefore, recommended to be used as the fertilizer incontinuous cropping practice of cowpeas.
2016, 31(7): 733-736.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.07.013
Abstract:
To exploit the pigeonpea resources reasonably, the total flavonoids of the different parts were tested from kinds of pigeonpea. Results showed that, there was highly significant difference of flavonoid content in 23 kinds of pigeonpea, and in different parts of pigeonpea, respectively. The flavonoid contents in the leaves and flowers in different breeds were in the range of 2%-4% (except for 11M010), while the flavonoid contents in the pods were almost less than 2%. The total flavonoid content in leaves from 3 different maturity varieties of pigeonpea was 3.25%, 2.23% in pod skins, 0.84% in petiole and 0.22% in beans, these values were highly significant. Furtherly, the total flavonoid was highly significant higher in new leaves (4.21%) than in mature (2.98%) and old leaves (2.69%).
To exploit the pigeonpea resources reasonably, the total flavonoids of the different parts were tested from kinds of pigeonpea. Results showed that, there was highly significant difference of flavonoid content in 23 kinds of pigeonpea, and in different parts of pigeonpea, respectively. The flavonoid contents in the leaves and flowers in different breeds were in the range of 2%-4% (except for 11M010), while the flavonoid contents in the pods were almost less than 2%. The total flavonoid content in leaves from 3 different maturity varieties of pigeonpea was 3.25%, 2.23% in pod skins, 0.84% in petiole and 0.22% in beans, these values were highly significant. Furtherly, the total flavonoid was highly significant higher in new leaves (4.21%) than in mature (2.98%) and old leaves (2.69%).
2016, 31(7): 737-742.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.07.014
Abstract:
The aromatic components of Sichuan black teas produced in spring, summer, and autumn were determined using SPME-GC-MSfor comparison. A total of 107 such compounds were detected in the samples. The spring black tea had 81;the summer tea,46; and, the autumn tea, 79. The 31 of them that were commonly found in all 3 teas were linalool and its oxides, geraniol, methyl salicylate, benzene ethanol, and nerolidol. The major substances contributing to the aroma of these teas included 18 geraniol, linalool, and methyl salicylate in the spring product, 15 benzene ethanol, linalool oxide Ⅱ, linalool oxide Ⅳ, and 3,7-dimethyl-1,5,7-octatrien-3-ol in the summer sample, and 18 geraniol, linalool, benzene ethanol, and 3,7-dimethyl-1,5,7-octatrien-3-ol in the autumn tea. The predominant floral and fruity fragrancein the spring and autumn black teas was attributed to the contents of geraniol, linalool, and methyl salicylate;whilethe orange note in the summer and autumn teas was thoughtto possibly come from 3,7-dimethyl-1,5,7-octatrien-3-ol. The Wickremashinghe-Yamanishi indices of the spring, summer, and autumn teas were 0.26, 0.62, and 0.23, respectively, indicating that the spring and autumn black teaswere more highly aromatic than the summer variety. A same conclusion was also drawn fromthe sensory evaluation.
The aromatic components of Sichuan black teas produced in spring, summer, and autumn were determined using SPME-GC-MSfor comparison. A total of 107 such compounds were detected in the samples. The spring black tea had 81;the summer tea,46; and, the autumn tea, 79. The 31 of them that were commonly found in all 3 teas were linalool and its oxides, geraniol, methyl salicylate, benzene ethanol, and nerolidol. The major substances contributing to the aroma of these teas included 18 geraniol, linalool, and methyl salicylate in the spring product, 15 benzene ethanol, linalool oxide Ⅱ, linalool oxide Ⅳ, and 3,7-dimethyl-1,5,7-octatrien-3-ol in the summer sample, and 18 geraniol, linalool, benzene ethanol, and 3,7-dimethyl-1,5,7-octatrien-3-ol in the autumn tea. The predominant floral and fruity fragrancein the spring and autumn black teas was attributed to the contents of geraniol, linalool, and methyl salicylate;whilethe orange note in the summer and autumn teas was thoughtto possibly come from 3,7-dimethyl-1,5,7-octatrien-3-ol. The Wickremashinghe-Yamanishi indices of the spring, summer, and autumn teas were 0.26, 0.62, and 0.23, respectively, indicating that the spring and autumn black teaswere more highly aromatic than the summer variety. A same conclusion was also drawn fromthe sensory evaluation.
2016, 31(7): 743-746.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.07.015
Abstract:
Anti-inflammatory and small intestinal movement enhancing effects of water extract from the Guifei loquat flower tea (WGFT) were studied. Dosages of the water extractadministered to the lab mice in the experiment included the high (1.6 g·kg-1), medium (0.8 g·kg-1), and low (0.4 g·kg-1) levels. The results showed that all doses of WGFT reduced the formation of granuloma in themice. In comparison with control, the high, medium, and low doses of the teadecreased the granuloma weight in miceby 39.98% (P<0.01), 40.02% (P<0.01), and 31.98% (P<0.05), respectively. For the ear inflammation reductionon mice, the high dose reducedthe ear-swellingby 30.55% (P<0.01), and medium dose by 23.47% (P<0.05) over control. As for the effect on the small intestinal movement, the high and mediumlevels of WGFT improvedthe movement by 87.19% (P<0.01)and 68.87% (P<0.01), respectively, as compared with that of control. It appeared thatthe water extract significantly induced anti-inflammatory and small intestinal movement enhancing effects on the mice. Itsuggested a potential medical application of the loquat flowers in the future.
Anti-inflammatory and small intestinal movement enhancing effects of water extract from the Guifei loquat flower tea (WGFT) were studied. Dosages of the water extractadministered to the lab mice in the experiment included the high (1.6 g·kg-1), medium (0.8 g·kg-1), and low (0.4 g·kg-1) levels. The results showed that all doses of WGFT reduced the formation of granuloma in themice. In comparison with control, the high, medium, and low doses of the teadecreased the granuloma weight in miceby 39.98% (P<0.01), 40.02% (P<0.01), and 31.98% (P<0.05), respectively. For the ear inflammation reductionon mice, the high dose reducedthe ear-swellingby 30.55% (P<0.01), and medium dose by 23.47% (P<0.05) over control. As for the effect on the small intestinal movement, the high and mediumlevels of WGFT improvedthe movement by 87.19% (P<0.01)and 68.87% (P<0.01), respectively, as compared with that of control. It appeared thatthe water extract significantly induced anti-inflammatory and small intestinal movement enhancing effects on the mice. Itsuggested a potential medical application of the loquat flowers in the future.
2016, 31(7): 747-751.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.07.016
Abstract:
Extraction, as well as the antibacterial and antioxidative properties, of the volatile oil from Isodon excia were studied. The volatile oil was extracted by means of the steam distillation (SD)and supercritical CO2(SFE)method. The processes were optimized by an orthogonal test and the results were compared.An in vitro antibacterial test and a para-DPPH-radical scavenging ability determination were conducted on the oil samples obtained. The results showed that the optimized extraction conditions for the SD method included substrate soaking for 8 h, a substrate:solvent ratio of 1:6, and distillation for 7 h to get an oil yield of 0.186%.Whereas, those for the SFE method consisted of a processing pressure of 30 MPa and extract at 50℃ for 80 min to achieve an oil yield of 0.440%. The antibacterial and antioxidation properties of the volatile oil extracted by SFE were higher than those of the oil extracted by SD method. The bacteriostatic efficacies against various pathogens of the oils were in the order of:Bacillus subtilis >Staphyloccocus aureus >Escherichia coli. The para-DPPH-radical scavenging ability of the oil extracted by SFE was the greatest, followed by that of SD and vitamin C. Both optimized processes were stable, however, the SFE method was considered more suitable for the extraction because its process cycle was shorter, oil yield higher,andantibacterial and antioxidant efficacies of the extracted volatile oil greaterthan the SD method.
Extraction, as well as the antibacterial and antioxidative properties, of the volatile oil from Isodon excia were studied. The volatile oil was extracted by means of the steam distillation (SD)and supercritical CO2(SFE)method. The processes were optimized by an orthogonal test and the results were compared.An in vitro antibacterial test and a para-DPPH-radical scavenging ability determination were conducted on the oil samples obtained. The results showed that the optimized extraction conditions for the SD method included substrate soaking for 8 h, a substrate:solvent ratio of 1:6, and distillation for 7 h to get an oil yield of 0.186%.Whereas, those for the SFE method consisted of a processing pressure of 30 MPa and extract at 50℃ for 80 min to achieve an oil yield of 0.440%. The antibacterial and antioxidation properties of the volatile oil extracted by SFE were higher than those of the oil extracted by SD method. The bacteriostatic efficacies against various pathogens of the oils were in the order of:Bacillus subtilis >Staphyloccocus aureus >Escherichia coli. The para-DPPH-radical scavenging ability of the oil extracted by SFE was the greatest, followed by that of SD and vitamin C. Both optimized processes were stable, however, the SFE method was considered more suitable for the extraction because its process cycle was shorter, oil yield higher,andantibacterial and antioxidant efficacies of the extracted volatile oil greaterthan the SD method.
2016, 31(7): 752-757.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.07.017
Abstract:
In order to optimize the extraction process of polysaccharides loach ultrasonic enzyme samples in 100 W ultrasound first ultrasonic instrument 20 min, and then in the enzymatic test based on a single factor, select the hydrolysis temperature, reaction time and dosage neutral protease from variable polysaccharide extraction rate response, the central composite design, study their interactions on polysaccharide extraction rate. The response surface analysis methods, simulated prediction model quadratic polynomial regression equation and determine the best conditions of the Loach Polysaccharide Extraction Process:enzymatic hydrolysis temperature of 50℃, enzymatic hydrolysis time 6 h, neutral protease amount of 5% in under this condition, the polysaccharide was 5.37%.
In order to optimize the extraction process of polysaccharides loach ultrasonic enzyme samples in 100 W ultrasound first ultrasonic instrument 20 min, and then in the enzymatic test based on a single factor, select the hydrolysis temperature, reaction time and dosage neutral protease from variable polysaccharide extraction rate response, the central composite design, study their interactions on polysaccharide extraction rate. The response surface analysis methods, simulated prediction model quadratic polynomial regression equation and determine the best conditions of the Loach Polysaccharide Extraction Process:enzymatic hydrolysis temperature of 50℃, enzymatic hydrolysis time 6 h, neutral protease amount of 5% in under this condition, the polysaccharide was 5.37%.
Seasonal Changes on and Environmental Factors Affecting Bacterial Community at Zuohai Lake in Fuzhou
2016, 31(7): 758-764.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.07.018
Abstract:
To determine the seasonal changes on and the environmental factors that affected the bacterial community at Zuohai Lake in Fuzhou, a survey was conducted at 4 sampling sites on the lake from February to August in 2012. A genetic library of their 16S rRNA gene clones was established. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to examine the correlation between the bacterial diversity and the environmental factors. The results indicated that β-Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria were the predominate lineages in the water, followed by α-Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria. A significant seasonal variation in composition of the bacterial community was detected. Among various categories of bacteria,Cyanobacteria appeared most dominant in the spring and summer; while β-Proteobacteria, in the autumn and winter. The results of CCA showed that the bacterial community in the water was mainly affected by pH, chlorophyll a (Chla), transparency (SD), and total nitrogen (TN) in the spring; pH, Chla, SD, and total phosphate(TP), in the summer; TP, Chla, and TN in the fall; and, water temperature, pH, and SD, in the winter. Thus, in general, the bacterial growth in the lake closely related to the temperature as well as the nutrients available in the water.
To determine the seasonal changes on and the environmental factors that affected the bacterial community at Zuohai Lake in Fuzhou, a survey was conducted at 4 sampling sites on the lake from February to August in 2012. A genetic library of their 16S rRNA gene clones was established. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to examine the correlation between the bacterial diversity and the environmental factors. The results indicated that β-Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria were the predominate lineages in the water, followed by α-Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria. A significant seasonal variation in composition of the bacterial community was detected. Among various categories of bacteria,Cyanobacteria appeared most dominant in the spring and summer; while β-Proteobacteria, in the autumn and winter. The results of CCA showed that the bacterial community in the water was mainly affected by pH, chlorophyll a (Chla), transparency (SD), and total nitrogen (TN) in the spring; pH, Chla, SD, and total phosphate(TP), in the summer; TP, Chla, and TN in the fall; and, water temperature, pH, and SD, in the winter. Thus, in general, the bacterial growth in the lake closely related to the temperature as well as the nutrients available in the water.
2016, 31(7): 765-769.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.07.019
Abstract:
Flocculation of Chlorella vulgaris using Poly aluminum chloride (PAC) was optimized by theresponse surface methodology. The factors that affected the flocculation efficiency were in the order flocculation duration>initial OD value of C.vulgaris>PAC concentration. The optimized flocculation conditions included a PAC concentration of 57 mg·L-1, an initial OD value of C.vulgaris of 2.06, and flocculation for 18 min to achieve a maximized efficiency of 95.82%.
Flocculation of Chlorella vulgaris using Poly aluminum chloride (PAC) was optimized by theresponse surface methodology. The factors that affected the flocculation efficiency were in the order flocculation duration>initial OD value of C.vulgaris>PAC concentration. The optimized flocculation conditions included a PAC concentration of 57 mg·L-1, an initial OD value of C.vulgaris of 2.06, and flocculation for 18 min to achieve a maximized efficiency of 95.82%.
2016, 31(7): 770-776.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.07.020
Abstract:
For remote monitoring and intelligent managing the irrigation at litchi orchards, a computerized system based on ASP.NET technology was designed and tested for implementation. The systemconsisted of sensing terminals, computer gateway, and networking. The sensing devices collected data on ambient temperature and humidity, moisture content in soil, and other relevant information at the orchard, transmitted them through the gateway using Zigbee wireless communication technology, and reached the network via Internet for data analysis and work order execution. On a B/S mode, the ASP.NET-basedsystem displayed real time measurements and made decision for a controlled irrigation at the orchard. Being user-friendly, the control system could be easily mastered with training. All information on the soil, environment, residual energy at every node, as well as litchi cultivation was instantaneously available on the computer. Test runs on the system showed an average packet loss rate at merely 3.87% with accurate and effective communication. Whenever a monitoring datum was out of its control range, a warning signal would be sent. The intelligent irrigation management by this system allowed the average moisture in the soil at the orchard maintain at 17.85%, which was slightly above the minimumrequired for a proper plant growth. Thus, this newly established system appeared to be reliable, stable, user-friendly, water-conserving, and easy to operatewith its remote, real-time monitoring, precise control, and intelligent decision-making functions for the orchard irrigation.
For remote monitoring and intelligent managing the irrigation at litchi orchards, a computerized system based on ASP.NET technology was designed and tested for implementation. The systemconsisted of sensing terminals, computer gateway, and networking. The sensing devices collected data on ambient temperature and humidity, moisture content in soil, and other relevant information at the orchard, transmitted them through the gateway using Zigbee wireless communication technology, and reached the network via Internet for data analysis and work order execution. On a B/S mode, the ASP.NET-basedsystem displayed real time measurements and made decision for a controlled irrigation at the orchard. Being user-friendly, the control system could be easily mastered with training. All information on the soil, environment, residual energy at every node, as well as litchi cultivation was instantaneously available on the computer. Test runs on the system showed an average packet loss rate at merely 3.87% with accurate and effective communication. Whenever a monitoring datum was out of its control range, a warning signal would be sent. The intelligent irrigation management by this system allowed the average moisture in the soil at the orchard maintain at 17.85%, which was slightly above the minimumrequired for a proper plant growth. Thus, this newly established system appeared to be reliable, stable, user-friendly, water-conserving, and easy to operatewith its remote, real-time monitoring, precise control, and intelligent decision-making functions for the orchard irrigation.
2016, 31(7): 777-782.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.07.021
Abstract:
3-D visualizationis valuable for forecasting wheat production, as well as the breeding, yield, and cultivation of the crop. However, developing the technique to virtually simulate wheat leaves faced difficult challenges in the past. This study attempted to overcome the obstacle by applying selected measurements on the leaves to feed in the Non-uniform rational Basis spline(NURBS) mathematic model for a 3-D graphic representation of the leaves. Firstly, the algorithm for control points of the main veins on a wheat leaf was established. Secondly, the coordinates for the NURBS surface control points were calculated. And, finally, a simulation model under different control point sequence was constructed with the aid of open Graphics Library(OpenGL). The resulting algorithm was found to be highly efficient, and the simulated image sexceedingly smooth and realistic.
3-D visualizationis valuable for forecasting wheat production, as well as the breeding, yield, and cultivation of the crop. However, developing the technique to virtually simulate wheat leaves faced difficult challenges in the past. This study attempted to overcome the obstacle by applying selected measurements on the leaves to feed in the Non-uniform rational Basis spline(NURBS) mathematic model for a 3-D graphic representation of the leaves. Firstly, the algorithm for control points of the main veins on a wheat leaf was established. Secondly, the coordinates for the NURBS surface control points were calculated. And, finally, a simulation model under different control point sequence was constructed with the aid of open Graphics Library(OpenGL). The resulting algorithm was found to be highly efficient, and the simulated image sexceedingly smooth and realistic.
2016, 31(7): 783-790.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.07.022
Abstract:
In this paper, by using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), the comprehensive evaluation index system of Taiwan farmers' entrepreneurial parks was constructed to empirically analyze the 6 national Taiwan farmers' entrepreneurial parks in Fujian. The results showed that:(1) The main factors affecting the evaluation of Taiwan farmers' entrepreneurial parks included the development level of ecological agriculture, the quantity of advanced technology introduced from Taiwan, the effect of promoting the regional modern agriculture development, the training number of local farmers, the output growth rate, the degree of Taiwan characteristics in the parks, the policy support, the number of Taiwan enterprises, the parks' development planning and infrastructure construction; (2) The 6 national Taiwan farmers' entrepreneurial parks in Fujian could be divided into 3 levels of development. The first level was the better development in Zhangpu and Zhangping (Yong Fu), the second was the general development in Fuqing, Xianyou and Qingliu, and the third was the slow development in Huian. Then, the relevant policy recommendations were put forward from the aspects such as the development environment, industrial integration, mechanism, exchange and cooperation, thus to provide new ideas for cross-strait agricultural cooperation.
In this paper, by using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), the comprehensive evaluation index system of Taiwan farmers' entrepreneurial parks was constructed to empirically analyze the 6 national Taiwan farmers' entrepreneurial parks in Fujian. The results showed that:(1) The main factors affecting the evaluation of Taiwan farmers' entrepreneurial parks included the development level of ecological agriculture, the quantity of advanced technology introduced from Taiwan, the effect of promoting the regional modern agriculture development, the training number of local farmers, the output growth rate, the degree of Taiwan characteristics in the parks, the policy support, the number of Taiwan enterprises, the parks' development planning and infrastructure construction; (2) The 6 national Taiwan farmers' entrepreneurial parks in Fujian could be divided into 3 levels of development. The first level was the better development in Zhangpu and Zhangping (Yong Fu), the second was the general development in Fuqing, Xianyou and Qingliu, and the third was the slow development in Huian. Then, the relevant policy recommendations were put forward from the aspects such as the development environment, industrial integration, mechanism, exchange and cooperation, thus to provide new ideas for cross-strait agricultural cooperation.
2016, 31(7): 708-713.
Abstract:
Genetic diversities of 19 domestic and foreign alfalfa germplasms were analyzed using ISSR markers. A total of 71 effective loci were obtained for the germplasms using 12 ISSR primers, of which 69 loci were polymorphic, i.e., 96.25% of the total. The mean effective number of alleles(Ne), Nei's gene diversity(H), Shannon's information index(I), and polymorphism information content(PIC) were 1.50, 0.30, 0.46, and 0.33, respectively. The genetic similarity coefficients of the alfalfa germplasms ranged from 0.296 to 0.887, averaging 0.617, suggesting ahigh genetic heterogeneityamong the germplasms. According to a cluster analysis, all of the alfalfa germplasms could be divided into 2 groups at the genetic similarity coefficient of 0.522.One group consisted of 17 germplasms, accounting for 89.47% of the total. Another group had 2 alfalfa germplasms only. A same result was obtained by the principal component analysis. The information could be used for identification and effective utilization of the alfalfa germplasms.
Genetic diversities of 19 domestic and foreign alfalfa germplasms were analyzed using ISSR markers. A total of 71 effective loci were obtained for the germplasms using 12 ISSR primers, of which 69 loci were polymorphic, i.e., 96.25% of the total. The mean effective number of alleles(Ne), Nei's gene diversity(H), Shannon's information index(I), and polymorphism information content(PIC) were 1.50, 0.30, 0.46, and 0.33, respectively. The genetic similarity coefficients of the alfalfa germplasms ranged from 0.296 to 0.887, averaging 0.617, suggesting ahigh genetic heterogeneityamong the germplasms. According to a cluster analysis, all of the alfalfa germplasms could be divided into 2 groups at the genetic similarity coefficient of 0.522.One group consisted of 17 germplasms, accounting for 89.47% of the total. Another group had 2 alfalfa germplasms only. A same result was obtained by the principal component analysis. The information could be used for identification and effective utilization of the alfalfa germplasms.
