2016 Vol. 31, No. 12
Display Method:
2016, 31(12): 1257-1261.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.12.001
Abstract:
In March 2015, massive deaths happened to the M18 Duck Farm and an egg-laying duck farm in Fuzhou. It was suspected of an outbreak of duck plaque. Samples of liver and esophagus from the dead birds were collected for pathogenic identification using PCR and virus isolation. Two strains with virulent characteristics were thus identified. Subsequently, a sequence analysis on their UL2 genes further confirmed the classification. In addition, the TK gene sequences of the two isolated virus strains showed a nucleotide homology of 98.7% with those of the common virulent strain as well as the vaccine strain.
In March 2015, massive deaths happened to the M18 Duck Farm and an egg-laying duck farm in Fuzhou. It was suspected of an outbreak of duck plaque. Samples of liver and esophagus from the dead birds were collected for pathogenic identification using PCR and virus isolation. Two strains with virulent characteristics were thus identified. Subsequently, a sequence analysis on their UL2 genes further confirmed the classification. In addition, the TK gene sequences of the two isolated virus strains showed a nucleotide homology of 98.7% with those of the common virulent strain as well as the vaccine strain.
2016, 31(12): 1262-1266.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.12.002
Abstract:
Animal reproductive activities are largely regulated by reproductive endocrine hormones. The follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) is found in the follicular granulose membrane of an ovary cell in a female animal. It is a G protein coupled receptor that plays an important role in the development, maturation and ovulation of the ovary cells. Considering its critical association with poultry broodiness, FSHRs from high-and low-egg-laying Jinding ducks were compared. The fragments at the lengths of 330 bp (Fragment a), 700 bp (Fragment b), 310 bp (Fragment c), 366 bp (Fragment d) and 540 bp (Fragment e) of the genes from the genomic DNAs extracted from the blood samples of the ducks were amplified by PCR. The sequence analysis showed that Fragment a included the entire sequence of the 1st exon (185 bp), as well as a partial sequence of the 1st intron (145 bp) of the gene; Fragment b had the complete sequences of the 2nd intron (463 bp), the 2nd exon (75 bp) and the 3rd exon (75 bp), in addition to the partial sequences of the 1st intron (40 bp) and the 3rd intron (47 bp); Fragment c consisted of the sequence of the 4th exon (75 bp), as well as the partial sequences of the 3rd intron (180 bp) and the 4th intron (55 bp); Fragment d included the sequence of the 5th exon (78 bp), and the partial sequences of the 4th intron (232 bp) and the 5th intron (56 bp); and, Fragment e contained the entire sequences of the 6th exon (69 bp), the 7th exon (75 bp) and the 6th intron (117 bp), also the partial sequences of the 5th intron (133 bp) and the 7th intron (146 bp). By comparison, it was found that the 1st exon had an A/G mutation at position 50 bp; the 2nd exon, an A/G mutation at position 30 bp; the 4th exon, a C/T mutation at position 33 bp; and, the 5th exon, an A/G mutation at position 45 bp, an A/T mutation at 19 bp, as well as a C/T mutation at 33 bp. The results obtained would pave the way for further study on the FSHR polymorphism and egg-laying performance of Jinding ducks.
Animal reproductive activities are largely regulated by reproductive endocrine hormones. The follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) is found in the follicular granulose membrane of an ovary cell in a female animal. It is a G protein coupled receptor that plays an important role in the development, maturation and ovulation of the ovary cells. Considering its critical association with poultry broodiness, FSHRs from high-and low-egg-laying Jinding ducks were compared. The fragments at the lengths of 330 bp (Fragment a), 700 bp (Fragment b), 310 bp (Fragment c), 366 bp (Fragment d) and 540 bp (Fragment e) of the genes from the genomic DNAs extracted from the blood samples of the ducks were amplified by PCR. The sequence analysis showed that Fragment a included the entire sequence of the 1st exon (185 bp), as well as a partial sequence of the 1st intron (145 bp) of the gene; Fragment b had the complete sequences of the 2nd intron (463 bp), the 2nd exon (75 bp) and the 3rd exon (75 bp), in addition to the partial sequences of the 1st intron (40 bp) and the 3rd intron (47 bp); Fragment c consisted of the sequence of the 4th exon (75 bp), as well as the partial sequences of the 3rd intron (180 bp) and the 4th intron (55 bp); Fragment d included the sequence of the 5th exon (78 bp), and the partial sequences of the 4th intron (232 bp) and the 5th intron (56 bp); and, Fragment e contained the entire sequences of the 6th exon (69 bp), the 7th exon (75 bp) and the 6th intron (117 bp), also the partial sequences of the 5th intron (133 bp) and the 7th intron (146 bp). By comparison, it was found that the 1st exon had an A/G mutation at position 50 bp; the 2nd exon, an A/G mutation at position 30 bp; the 4th exon, a C/T mutation at position 33 bp; and, the 5th exon, an A/G mutation at position 45 bp, an A/T mutation at 19 bp, as well as a C/T mutation at 33 bp. The results obtained would pave the way for further study on the FSHR polymorphism and egg-laying performance of Jinding ducks.
2016, 31(12): 1267-1272.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.12.003
Abstract:
Partial sequences of 16S rRNA genes and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) genes from 12 highly valuable ornamental fish species were amplified using universal primers. The species included the red-tail golden arowana, the yellow-tail arowana, the green arowana, Scleropages formosus, Scleropages jardinii, Osteoglossum bicirrhosum, Pterophyllum scalare, Hemichromis letourneuxi, Aulonocara stuartgranti, Helostoma temminkii, Poecilia reticulate and Trichopodus leerii. The homology and phylogenetic analyses on the genes were carried out by using DNA sequence analysis software, and compared with the databases at GenBank and Bold Systems. The sequence analysis indicated that the information on 16S rRNA and COI genes might be applicable for distinguishing S. formosus, S. jardinii, O. bicirrhosum and P. reticulatefrom one another. However, the phylogenetic tree constructed with the COI gene would be more closely related to the conventional classification than 16S rRNA. Regardless, the use of 16S rRNA and/or COI gene was not deemed sufficient to differentiate or identify very similar genera or species, such as cichlids or different lines of a same species, nor among the red-tail arowana, the yellow-tail arowana and the green arowana. It was suggested that DNA barcoding with higher evolution rate be studied to overcome the shortcoming of the current method.
Partial sequences of 16S rRNA genes and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) genes from 12 highly valuable ornamental fish species were amplified using universal primers. The species included the red-tail golden arowana, the yellow-tail arowana, the green arowana, Scleropages formosus, Scleropages jardinii, Osteoglossum bicirrhosum, Pterophyllum scalare, Hemichromis letourneuxi, Aulonocara stuartgranti, Helostoma temminkii, Poecilia reticulate and Trichopodus leerii. The homology and phylogenetic analyses on the genes were carried out by using DNA sequence analysis software, and compared with the databases at GenBank and Bold Systems. The sequence analysis indicated that the information on 16S rRNA and COI genes might be applicable for distinguishing S. formosus, S. jardinii, O. bicirrhosum and P. reticulatefrom one another. However, the phylogenetic tree constructed with the COI gene would be more closely related to the conventional classification than 16S rRNA. Regardless, the use of 16S rRNA and/or COI gene was not deemed sufficient to differentiate or identify very similar genera or species, such as cichlids or different lines of a same species, nor among the red-tail arowana, the yellow-tail arowana and the green arowana. It was suggested that DNA barcoding with higher evolution rate be studied to overcome the shortcoming of the current method.
2016, 31(12): 1273-1279.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.12.004
Abstract:
Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) gene from cassava RS01 was cloned to study its biological functions. The conserved fragment of the gene was first obtained by homologous cloning, and its full length cDNA by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The characteristics, gene sequence and other biological information retrieved were analyzed. Expressions of the genes from various tissues of the plants at different times were compared by RT-qPCR. The results showed that the cDNA of SPS gene had a full length of 3, 857 bp, and an ORF of 3, 228 bp encoding a protein of 1, 076 amino acids. It was subsequently named MeSPS with a GenBank number of KX822780. Its homologous alignments with the nucleotide and protein databases were highly homologs with those of Jatropha carcas L., Ricinus communis L., and Litchi chinensis Sonn. at 89%, 89%, and 87%, respectively. Its amino acid sequence was 77%-92% in similarity with the SPS genes of other plants. The qRT-PCR analysis showed that MeSPS gene was highly expressed during seeding, and, was more expressed in the leaves than the stems or roots on a plant in a same growth period.
Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) gene from cassava RS01 was cloned to study its biological functions. The conserved fragment of the gene was first obtained by homologous cloning, and its full length cDNA by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The characteristics, gene sequence and other biological information retrieved were analyzed. Expressions of the genes from various tissues of the plants at different times were compared by RT-qPCR. The results showed that the cDNA of SPS gene had a full length of 3, 857 bp, and an ORF of 3, 228 bp encoding a protein of 1, 076 amino acids. It was subsequently named MeSPS with a GenBank number of KX822780. Its homologous alignments with the nucleotide and protein databases were highly homologs with those of Jatropha carcas L., Ricinus communis L., and Litchi chinensis Sonn. at 89%, 89%, and 87%, respectively. Its amino acid sequence was 77%-92% in similarity with the SPS genes of other plants. The qRT-PCR analysis showed that MeSPS gene was highly expressed during seeding, and, was more expressed in the leaves than the stems or roots on a plant in a same growth period.
2016, 31(12): 1280-1288.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.12.005
Abstract:
Arundo donax is a promising crop for bioenergy as it is fast growing, stress-tolerant and high in protein content. The morphological characteristics and biomass yields of A. donax species originated from Yantai, Shandong and Fuzhou, Fujian were compared. Transcriptome analysis in the leaf RNA of both species were conducted by Illumina sequencing. Their expression levels were calculated, and differently expressed genes screened and annotated with databases from sources including Gene Ontology (GO), euKaryotic Orthologous Groups (KOG) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Further analyses on the signal pathways, such as carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms, starch and sucrose metabolism and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, showed significant differences on the expressions of some key enzymes in them. The results provided a useful clue in selecting and breeding A. donax for bioenergy.
Arundo donax is a promising crop for bioenergy as it is fast growing, stress-tolerant and high in protein content. The morphological characteristics and biomass yields of A. donax species originated from Yantai, Shandong and Fuzhou, Fujian were compared. Transcriptome analysis in the leaf RNA of both species were conducted by Illumina sequencing. Their expression levels were calculated, and differently expressed genes screened and annotated with databases from sources including Gene Ontology (GO), euKaryotic Orthologous Groups (KOG) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Further analyses on the signal pathways, such as carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms, starch and sucrose metabolism and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, showed significant differences on the expressions of some key enzymes in them. The results provided a useful clue in selecting and breeding A. donax for bioenergy.
2016, 31(12): 1289-1293.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.12.006
Abstract:
Effect of autumn sowing times on the yield and quality traits of the super sweet corns in Fujian were studied. It was found that late sowing could increase the kernel yield among 5 different dates tested in the experiment. When the sowing was delayed for the early maturing corns, the yield increased steadily with the time extended. On the other hand, for the mid-or the late-variety, slightly delayed sowings increased the yield, but prolonged delays caused slight decreases. In terms of quality, sowing time did not appear to induce significant effects on the skin thickness and sugar content of the kernels, but did on the moisture and pulp contents. Late sowing could increase the water content in the corns to allow an extended period for harvesting, which could last up to 8 days, as compared to 2-4 days in spring sowing.
Effect of autumn sowing times on the yield and quality traits of the super sweet corns in Fujian were studied. It was found that late sowing could increase the kernel yield among 5 different dates tested in the experiment. When the sowing was delayed for the early maturing corns, the yield increased steadily with the time extended. On the other hand, for the mid-or the late-variety, slightly delayed sowings increased the yield, but prolonged delays caused slight decreases. In terms of quality, sowing time did not appear to induce significant effects on the skin thickness and sugar content of the kernels, but did on the moisture and pulp contents. Late sowing could increase the water content in the corns to allow an extended period for harvesting, which could last up to 8 days, as compared to 2-4 days in spring sowing.
2016, 31(12): 1294-1298.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.12.007
Abstract:
For single cropping rice cultivation in the hilly regions of central Fujian, 15 field experiments based on a "3414" design on NPK fertilization were conducted. The results showed that the yield was strongly affected by the existing soil fertility, with a significant linear correlation between the fertilizer applied and the resulting rice output. The average yield by Treatment 6, which had a balanced fertilization at the rate of 8 397 kg·hm-2, showed the average yield increases of 16.2%, 6.5%, and 8.3%, by the N, P, and K applications, respectively. Its net revenue reached 21, 663 yuan·hm-2, with the increases of 14.4%, 4.5%, and 6.3% due to N, P, and K fertilizations, respectively. The results from the experiments on the high-, moderate-and low-yield fields were subject to regression analysis and modeling. It appeared that the average application rates of N, P2O5 and K2O at 219, 95 and 154 kg·hm-2, in the proportion of 1:0.43:0.70, would be appropriate for a single cropping rice in the hilly areas. Nonetheless, since significant differences on the fertilization effect were found in fields of varied fertilities, optimization for specific site would be needed. In other words, in practice, fertilization must take the existing soil fertility into consideration in order to reach the target production objectives.
For single cropping rice cultivation in the hilly regions of central Fujian, 15 field experiments based on a "3414" design on NPK fertilization were conducted. The results showed that the yield was strongly affected by the existing soil fertility, with a significant linear correlation between the fertilizer applied and the resulting rice output. The average yield by Treatment 6, which had a balanced fertilization at the rate of 8 397 kg·hm-2, showed the average yield increases of 16.2%, 6.5%, and 8.3%, by the N, P, and K applications, respectively. Its net revenue reached 21, 663 yuan·hm-2, with the increases of 14.4%, 4.5%, and 6.3% due to N, P, and K fertilizations, respectively. The results from the experiments on the high-, moderate-and low-yield fields were subject to regression analysis and modeling. It appeared that the average application rates of N, P2O5 and K2O at 219, 95 and 154 kg·hm-2, in the proportion of 1:0.43:0.70, would be appropriate for a single cropping rice in the hilly areas. Nonetheless, since significant differences on the fertilization effect were found in fields of varied fertilities, optimization for specific site would be needed. In other words, in practice, fertilization must take the existing soil fertility into consideration in order to reach the target production objectives.
2016, 31(12): 1299-1307.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.12.008
Abstract:
Five newly developed PTGMS Lines, i.e., Fulong S2, Fulong S3, Fulong S8, Fulong S9, Fulong S12 and Pei'ai 64S (CK), as female parents and 6 newly developed restorer lines, including Longhui 611, Longhui 1031, Longhui 3381, Longhui 36, Longhui 128 and Longhui 339, as male parents were used to generate 36 combinations of new rice varieties based on a NCII mating design. The combining abilities and trait inheritabilities on the growth, plant height and yield related characteristics of the resulting hybrids were examined. Both additive and non-additive allelic parental gene effects were evident, with the additive effects being greater than the non-additive effects. The high narrow inheritabilities on the traits, such as plant height, number of panicles per plant and number of grains per panicle, suggested that they could be selected at early generations for the breeding. There was a very significant correlation between the total general combining ability (GCA) (correlation coefficient=0.85) or specific combining ability (SCA) effect (correlation coefficient=0.52) of the parents and the grain weight per panicle of the combinations. However, there was no correlation between the total GCA and SCA effects from the parents. Fulong S3 and Fulong S8 were the best among all PTGMS lines. The GCA effect of Fulong S2 was moderate on yield, with the highest SCA variance. It appeared that an ideal combinations could be obtained through extended mating test and screening using Fulong S2 to improve the 1000-grain weight on the other varieties. The GCA of Fulong S9 were the best in regard to the time required from sowing to heading, panicle length, and number of filled grain per panicle. Fulong S12 could be used to lower the plant height. Longhui 1031 and Longhui 3381 were the best among all restorer lines with overall excellent performance. The GCA of Longhui 611 was desirable in so far as the time required from sowing to heading, plant height, and number of grains per panicle are concerned. The GCA of Longhui 36 showed good panicle length and number of grains per panicle.Longhui 339 had a high 1 000-grain weight.
Five newly developed PTGMS Lines, i.e., Fulong S2, Fulong S3, Fulong S8, Fulong S9, Fulong S12 and Pei'ai 64S (CK), as female parents and 6 newly developed restorer lines, including Longhui 611, Longhui 1031, Longhui 3381, Longhui 36, Longhui 128 and Longhui 339, as male parents were used to generate 36 combinations of new rice varieties based on a NCII mating design. The combining abilities and trait inheritabilities on the growth, plant height and yield related characteristics of the resulting hybrids were examined. Both additive and non-additive allelic parental gene effects were evident, with the additive effects being greater than the non-additive effects. The high narrow inheritabilities on the traits, such as plant height, number of panicles per plant and number of grains per panicle, suggested that they could be selected at early generations for the breeding. There was a very significant correlation between the total general combining ability (GCA) (correlation coefficient=0.85) or specific combining ability (SCA) effect (correlation coefficient=0.52) of the parents and the grain weight per panicle of the combinations. However, there was no correlation between the total GCA and SCA effects from the parents. Fulong S3 and Fulong S8 were the best among all PTGMS lines. The GCA effect of Fulong S2 was moderate on yield, with the highest SCA variance. It appeared that an ideal combinations could be obtained through extended mating test and screening using Fulong S2 to improve the 1000-grain weight on the other varieties. The GCA of Fulong S9 were the best in regard to the time required from sowing to heading, panicle length, and number of filled grain per panicle. Fulong S12 could be used to lower the plant height. Longhui 1031 and Longhui 3381 were the best among all restorer lines with overall excellent performance. The GCA of Longhui 611 was desirable in so far as the time required from sowing to heading, plant height, and number of grains per panicle are concerned. The GCA of Longhui 36 showed good panicle length and number of grains per panicle.Longhui 339 had a high 1 000-grain weight.
2016, 31(12): 1308-1311.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.12.009
Abstract:
Quanhonghua 1 was a new, high-protein red peanut variety bred through the sexual hybridization through several generations of selection from combinations between 0540-0002[(Quanhua 7×Zhangpu red peanut) F3×Quanhua 7] F5 as female parent and Quanhua 7 as male parent at Quanzhou Institute of Agricultural Science. The new variety performed well with high and stable yield, and desirable quality during the 2013-2014 regional and production tests in Fujian. According to the Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Agricultural Ministry of China (Wuhan), the protein content of the peanuts was 31.09%. This new peanut variety was certificated and named Quanhonghua 1 with an approval number of Minrenyou 2016001 given by the Crop Variety Appraisal Committee of Fujian Province. It was the first high-protein red peanut variety developed in Fujian.
Quanhonghua 1 was a new, high-protein red peanut variety bred through the sexual hybridization through several generations of selection from combinations between 0540-0002[(Quanhua 7×Zhangpu red peanut) F3×Quanhua 7] F5 as female parent and Quanhua 7 as male parent at Quanzhou Institute of Agricultural Science. The new variety performed well with high and stable yield, and desirable quality during the 2013-2014 regional and production tests in Fujian. According to the Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Agricultural Ministry of China (Wuhan), the protein content of the peanuts was 31.09%. This new peanut variety was certificated and named Quanhonghua 1 with an approval number of Minrenyou 2016001 given by the Crop Variety Appraisal Committee of Fujian Province. It was the first high-protein red peanut variety developed in Fujian.
2016, 31(12): 1312-1317.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.12.010
Abstract:
Tibet naked barley (Hordeum vulgare Linn. var. nudum Hook.f.) is rich in nutrients, such as starch, lysine, β-glucan and protein, which are closely related to the ecological and climatic conditions unique to the plateau region. Forty-seven samples of the native varieties of naked barley were collected from parts of Tibet for this investigation during 2013-2015. Local conditions at the sampling sites were recorded. A quadratic polynomial stepwise regression analysis indicated that the temperature was crucial in affecting the lysine content in the grains. The starch content increased with the increasing sunshine and accumulated temperature. The interaction between the monthly and daily average temperatures, when they were greater than 0℃, and the sun exposure facilitated the formation of β-glucan. On the other hand, when the monthly and daily average temperatures were higher than 10℃ and the annual precipitation was abundant, their interaction became detrimental to β-glucan formation. For the protein content, the monthly mean temperature along with sunshine time was found to be beneficial, but not when the altitude was a factor associated with the monthly average temperature or the accumulated temperature. The canonical correlation analysis showed that the combination of altitude, annual precipitation and the accumulated temperature, when the average daily temperature was more than 10℃, were critical on the protein, lysine and β-glucan contents in the naked barley. Whereas, the combination of the accumulated temperature, when the average daily temperature was more than 0℃ or 10℃, and the annual precipitation affected most greatly on the starch and lysine contents in the naked barley.
Tibet naked barley (Hordeum vulgare Linn. var. nudum Hook.f.) is rich in nutrients, such as starch, lysine, β-glucan and protein, which are closely related to the ecological and climatic conditions unique to the plateau region. Forty-seven samples of the native varieties of naked barley were collected from parts of Tibet for this investigation during 2013-2015. Local conditions at the sampling sites were recorded. A quadratic polynomial stepwise regression analysis indicated that the temperature was crucial in affecting the lysine content in the grains. The starch content increased with the increasing sunshine and accumulated temperature. The interaction between the monthly and daily average temperatures, when they were greater than 0℃, and the sun exposure facilitated the formation of β-glucan. On the other hand, when the monthly and daily average temperatures were higher than 10℃ and the annual precipitation was abundant, their interaction became detrimental to β-glucan formation. For the protein content, the monthly mean temperature along with sunshine time was found to be beneficial, but not when the altitude was a factor associated with the monthly average temperature or the accumulated temperature. The canonical correlation analysis showed that the combination of altitude, annual precipitation and the accumulated temperature, when the average daily temperature was more than 10℃, were critical on the protein, lysine and β-glucan contents in the naked barley. Whereas, the combination of the accumulated temperature, when the average daily temperature was more than 0℃ or 10℃, and the annual precipitation affected most greatly on the starch and lysine contents in the naked barley.
2016, 31(12): 1318-1322.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.12.011
Abstract:
Thirteen seed characteristics of 121 longan germplams at the National Field Genebank for Longan in Fuzhou were studied. The coefficient of variation of 13 characteristics ranged from 4.6% to 21.1%. Five characteristics, including seed weight, hilum length, hilum width, hilum width/seed transverse diameter and ratio of seed to fruit weight, showed higher degree of variation and coefficient of variation exceeding 10%. Longan germplams from Vietnam had largest seed weight, while longan germplams from Thailand had lowest ratio of seed to fruit weight and highest edible flesh rate. The fruit weight had significantly positive correlation with the seed weight, longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter, and lateral diameter, as well as hilum length and hilum width. Ratio of seed to fruit weight had very significantly negative correlation with fruit weight and edible flesh rate. The results of principal component analysis showed that 13 characteristics could be reduced into four factors, namely the seed size, hilum size, seed shape and shape of seed tip.
Thirteen seed characteristics of 121 longan germplams at the National Field Genebank for Longan in Fuzhou were studied. The coefficient of variation of 13 characteristics ranged from 4.6% to 21.1%. Five characteristics, including seed weight, hilum length, hilum width, hilum width/seed transverse diameter and ratio of seed to fruit weight, showed higher degree of variation and coefficient of variation exceeding 10%. Longan germplams from Vietnam had largest seed weight, while longan germplams from Thailand had lowest ratio of seed to fruit weight and highest edible flesh rate. The fruit weight had significantly positive correlation with the seed weight, longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter, and lateral diameter, as well as hilum length and hilum width. Ratio of seed to fruit weight had very significantly negative correlation with fruit weight and edible flesh rate. The results of principal component analysis showed that 13 characteristics could be reduced into four factors, namely the seed size, hilum size, seed shape and shape of seed tip.
2016, 31(12): 1323-1328.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.12.012
Abstract:
Effect of nursery substrates inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal on the growth and physiological characteristics of cucumber seedlings under Cd-stress was studied. Two levels of Cd, i.e., 0.2 and 0.4 mmol·L-1, were artificially imposed on the substrate during the experimentation for observation. The results showed that the growth, photosynthesis and photosynthetic activity of the seedlings were inhibited, while the antioxidant enzymatic activities increased significantly under the Cd-stresses. The inhibitions were more pronounced with higher addition ofCd. On the other hand, with the aid of arbuscular mycorrhizal, the leaf area, root activity and underground dry weight of the seedlings cultivated under the Cd-stress increased dramatically. Meanwhile, Pn, Gs and Tr improved significantly, Ci decreased significantly, Fv/Fm, ETR, qP and фPSII improved significantly, and NPQ decreased significantly; while, the activities of POD and CAT were enhanced, and the O2 producing rate and MDA content decreased. It appeared that arbuscular mycorrhizal could alleviate the growth inhibition effects and decrease the damage to the photosynthetic system on the cucumber seedlings due to Cd-stress, especially, when the stress was less severe at a low level, such as 0.2 mmol·L-1.
Effect of nursery substrates inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal on the growth and physiological characteristics of cucumber seedlings under Cd-stress was studied. Two levels of Cd, i.e., 0.2 and 0.4 mmol·L-1, were artificially imposed on the substrate during the experimentation for observation. The results showed that the growth, photosynthesis and photosynthetic activity of the seedlings were inhibited, while the antioxidant enzymatic activities increased significantly under the Cd-stresses. The inhibitions were more pronounced with higher addition ofCd. On the other hand, with the aid of arbuscular mycorrhizal, the leaf area, root activity and underground dry weight of the seedlings cultivated under the Cd-stress increased dramatically. Meanwhile, Pn, Gs and Tr improved significantly, Ci decreased significantly, Fv/Fm, ETR, qP and фPSII improved significantly, and NPQ decreased significantly; while, the activities of POD and CAT were enhanced, and the O2 producing rate and MDA content decreased. It appeared that arbuscular mycorrhizal could alleviate the growth inhibition effects and decrease the damage to the photosynthetic system on the cucumber seedlings due to Cd-stress, especially, when the stress was less severe at a low level, such as 0.2 mmol·L-1.
2016, 31(12): 1329-1333.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.12.013
Abstract:
The Ganoderma varieties cultivated in the producing regions in southern China were collected, identified and organized for information on the resources and future breeding needs. Initially, 17 Ganoderma varieties were screened by the mycelial antagonistic reaction among them. Subsequently, they were identified and classified through the uses of ITS -RFLP and ITS sequence clustering analysis. Finally, the verification by a compatibility test was conducted on the strains. The results indicated that they belonged to 3 categories with 11 of them being G. lucidum, one of them G. sinense, and 5 of them G. resinaceum. The strains selected for cultivation varied from region to region. For instance, the Lujiao Lingzhi and Xuezhi were G. lucidum, whereas, Kaiping and "0057" were G. resinaceum.
The Ganoderma varieties cultivated in the producing regions in southern China were collected, identified and organized for information on the resources and future breeding needs. Initially, 17 Ganoderma varieties were screened by the mycelial antagonistic reaction among them. Subsequently, they were identified and classified through the uses of ITS -RFLP and ITS sequence clustering analysis. Finally, the verification by a compatibility test was conducted on the strains. The results indicated that they belonged to 3 categories with 11 of them being G. lucidum, one of them G. sinense, and 5 of them G. resinaceum. The strains selected for cultivation varied from region to region. For instance, the Lujiao Lingzhi and Xuezhi were G. lucidum, whereas, Kaiping and "0057" were G. resinaceum.
2016, 31(12): 1334-1339.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.12.014
Abstract:
A method by combining liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry was developed to determine the residues of 20 pesticides in edible fungi. Samples were extracted using acetonitrile containing 0.1% acetic acid cleaned-up with anhydrous magnesium sulfate and primary secondary amine (PSA). Measurement on the residues was conducted on the extracts under the modes of electrospray positive ionization (ESI+) and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), using external standards. The calibration curves of the pesticides had a linear relationship with a correlation coefficients greater than 0.99 in the range of 0.005 to 0.10 mg·kg-1. The optimized testing conditions included a lower limits of quantitation (LOQs, S/N>10) at 0.005 mg·kg-1. A test for recovery was performed by adding 0.05 mg·kg-1 standard pesticides to the mushrooms and white fungi. It was found that the recovery rates ranged from 65.1% to 96.0%, with a relative standard deviations of 2.5%-9.0%. It was concluded that the newly developed methodology was rapid and accurate, and could be applied for the determination of the 20 pesticide residues in edible fungi.
A method by combining liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry was developed to determine the residues of 20 pesticides in edible fungi. Samples were extracted using acetonitrile containing 0.1% acetic acid cleaned-up with anhydrous magnesium sulfate and primary secondary amine (PSA). Measurement on the residues was conducted on the extracts under the modes of electrospray positive ionization (ESI+) and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), using external standards. The calibration curves of the pesticides had a linear relationship with a correlation coefficients greater than 0.99 in the range of 0.005 to 0.10 mg·kg-1. The optimized testing conditions included a lower limits of quantitation (LOQs, S/N>10) at 0.005 mg·kg-1. A test for recovery was performed by adding 0.05 mg·kg-1 standard pesticides to the mushrooms and white fungi. It was found that the recovery rates ranged from 65.1% to 96.0%, with a relative standard deviations of 2.5%-9.0%. It was concluded that the newly developed methodology was rapid and accurate, and could be applied for the determination of the 20 pesticide residues in edible fungi.
2016, 31(12): 1340-1344.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.12.015
Abstract:
Surveys were conducted on the weeds grown in the regeneration rice fields at 11 affiliated villages in 5 townships of Youxi Country in central Fujian by the sampling method of inverted W. A total of 17 species belonging to 11 families were found. Among them, 3 were of the Gramineae and Cyperaceae families, and two of the Lythraceae and Onagraceae families. Based on their dominance and diversity in 6 villages, such as Maoze, 8 species were considered the dominant weeds, which included Echinochloa crusgalli, Euphorbia lathyris, Eclipta prostrata, Lindernia procumbens, Rotala indica, Ammannia rotundifolia, Monochoria vaginalis, and Heleocharis plantagineiformis. The weed community mainly consisted of M. vaginalis, E. lathyris, E. crusgalli, E. prostrata, R. indica and L. procumbens. The species richness, diversity and evenness of the communities in the fields at Peng, Geqiutou and Maze villages were higher than those of the others. Significant differences on the composition of the weed communities were observed among the surveyed villages. The variations might be attributed to the differences on the local ecology, as well as the history of rice cultivation and applied herbicides in those fields at Youxi.
Surveys were conducted on the weeds grown in the regeneration rice fields at 11 affiliated villages in 5 townships of Youxi Country in central Fujian by the sampling method of inverted W. A total of 17 species belonging to 11 families were found. Among them, 3 were of the Gramineae and Cyperaceae families, and two of the Lythraceae and Onagraceae families. Based on their dominance and diversity in 6 villages, such as Maoze, 8 species were considered the dominant weeds, which included Echinochloa crusgalli, Euphorbia lathyris, Eclipta prostrata, Lindernia procumbens, Rotala indica, Ammannia rotundifolia, Monochoria vaginalis, and Heleocharis plantagineiformis. The weed community mainly consisted of M. vaginalis, E. lathyris, E. crusgalli, E. prostrata, R. indica and L. procumbens. The species richness, diversity and evenness of the communities in the fields at Peng, Geqiutou and Maze villages were higher than those of the others. Significant differences on the composition of the weed communities were observed among the surveyed villages. The variations might be attributed to the differences on the local ecology, as well as the history of rice cultivation and applied herbicides in those fields at Youxi.
2016, 31(12): 1345-1352.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.12.016
Abstract:
Extracellular metabolites in the supernatants 52 Bacillus-like strains were analyzed by HPLC along with the quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-TOF-MS). Subsequently, the molecular feature extraction (MFE) was performed on the data using the software MassHunter followed by submitting the information for comparison against the mass spectrometry database, Metlin. Free oleic acid was thereby detected in the cultural supernatant of Bacillus plakortidis, FJAT-14858. Its matching score with oleic acid was 95.61, accurate mass was 284.2693, and relative content in the metabolites collected was up to 1.62%. To date, B. plakortidis FJAT-14858 was the first Bacillus-like bacterium known to produce free oleic acid with no cytotoxicity to the bacteria per se.
Extracellular metabolites in the supernatants 52 Bacillus-like strains were analyzed by HPLC along with the quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-TOF-MS). Subsequently, the molecular feature extraction (MFE) was performed on the data using the software MassHunter followed by submitting the information for comparison against the mass spectrometry database, Metlin. Free oleic acid was thereby detected in the cultural supernatant of Bacillus plakortidis, FJAT-14858. Its matching score with oleic acid was 95.61, accurate mass was 284.2693, and relative content in the metabolites collected was up to 1.62%. To date, B. plakortidis FJAT-14858 was the first Bacillus-like bacterium known to produce free oleic acid with no cytotoxicity to the bacteria per se.
2016, 31(12): 1353-1359.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.12.017
Abstract:
To explore the potential of utilizing slurry from biogas-producing fermentation beds for fertilization, 'Fujian 6' grass (Pennisetum americanum P. purpureum CV. Minmu 6) was used in a turf experiment. Varied quantities of slurry application (i.e., N1 as control, and N2 through N5 as treatments) on the grass were executed. The plant height and yield of the grass, as well as the ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and the activities of urease, protease, glutaminase and asparaginase in the soil, were determined. The results showed that the applications improved the plant height over N1, but no significant differences among the treatments (P>0.05). The grass yield was also significantly increased (P < 0.05) reaching 174 754 kg·hm-2, a level 119.0% higher than that of N1. In the 0-20 cm or 20-40 cm soil layers, there was no significant change on the ammonium nitrogen content (P>0.05), but the nitrate nitrogen increased with increasing slurry application. Compared to N1, N4 and N5 significantly increased the nitrate nitrogen content in the 0-20 cm soil (P < 0.05). The effects of biogas slurry on the activities of urease, protease, glutaminase and Asparaginase were not significant during T1(May, 7, 2015) period (P>0.05). A correlation analysis on the data re-confirmed a significant correlation between the biogas slurry applications and the plant height of the grass (P < 0.05), and an extremely significant correlation between the applications and the nitrate nitrogen in 0-20 cm layer of soil and the yield of the grass (P < 0.01) at all time periods, but none on the enzymatic activities during T1 period.
To explore the potential of utilizing slurry from biogas-producing fermentation beds for fertilization, 'Fujian 6' grass (Pennisetum americanum P. purpureum CV. Minmu 6) was used in a turf experiment. Varied quantities of slurry application (i.e., N1 as control, and N2 through N5 as treatments) on the grass were executed. The plant height and yield of the grass, as well as the ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and the activities of urease, protease, glutaminase and asparaginase in the soil, were determined. The results showed that the applications improved the plant height over N1, but no significant differences among the treatments (P>0.05). The grass yield was also significantly increased (P < 0.05) reaching 174 754 kg·hm-2, a level 119.0% higher than that of N1. In the 0-20 cm or 20-40 cm soil layers, there was no significant change on the ammonium nitrogen content (P>0.05), but the nitrate nitrogen increased with increasing slurry application. Compared to N1, N4 and N5 significantly increased the nitrate nitrogen content in the 0-20 cm soil (P < 0.05). The effects of biogas slurry on the activities of urease, protease, glutaminase and Asparaginase were not significant during T1(May, 7, 2015) period (P>0.05). A correlation analysis on the data re-confirmed a significant correlation between the biogas slurry applications and the plant height of the grass (P < 0.05), and an extremely significant correlation between the applications and the nitrate nitrogen in 0-20 cm layer of soil and the yield of the grass (P < 0.01) at all time periods, but none on the enzymatic activities during T1 period.
2016, 31(12): 1360-1367.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.12.019
Abstract:
Effects of percarbamide, urea, and ammonium sulphate on the pH, nitrogen transformation, and contents of exchangeable metal ions, i.e., Mn, Cu, Ca, Mg, Fe and Al, in soil from banana plantations were studied in an indoor incubation experiment that included a static and a dynamic test. The results from the static test showed that the soil pH increased with increasing percarbamide and urea, but it did not responded to the added ammonium sulfate, while the exchangeable Al was negative correlated with pH in the soil. The dynamic test demonstrated that the soil pH decreased with a prolonged incubating time, as the exchangeable Al had a negative correlation with the soil pH; and, the ammonium nitrogen in soil increased initially and followed by a decrease to reach a constant state till the end, while the nitrate nitrogen content tended to rise continuously. On the exchangeable metal ions, the concentrations of Mn and Mg showed an upward trend, that of Cu increased at first and then decreased, and that of Ca decreased initially but increased later on in the soil with a percarbamide application. In the soil with added urea, Mn, Ca and Mg showed an overall increasing trend, and Cu a downward trend, while Fe appeared unaffected. Whereas, the application of ammonium sulphate resulted in general declines on Mn, Ca and Cu with an increase on Mg in the soil, while no significant difference on Fe.
Effects of percarbamide, urea, and ammonium sulphate on the pH, nitrogen transformation, and contents of exchangeable metal ions, i.e., Mn, Cu, Ca, Mg, Fe and Al, in soil from banana plantations were studied in an indoor incubation experiment that included a static and a dynamic test. The results from the static test showed that the soil pH increased with increasing percarbamide and urea, but it did not responded to the added ammonium sulfate, while the exchangeable Al was negative correlated with pH in the soil. The dynamic test demonstrated that the soil pH decreased with a prolonged incubating time, as the exchangeable Al had a negative correlation with the soil pH; and, the ammonium nitrogen in soil increased initially and followed by a decrease to reach a constant state till the end, while the nitrate nitrogen content tended to rise continuously. On the exchangeable metal ions, the concentrations of Mn and Mg showed an upward trend, that of Cu increased at first and then decreased, and that of Ca decreased initially but increased later on in the soil with a percarbamide application. In the soil with added urea, Mn, Ca and Mg showed an overall increasing trend, and Cu a downward trend, while Fe appeared unaffected. Whereas, the application of ammonium sulphate resulted in general declines on Mn, Ca and Cu with an increase on Mg in the soil, while no significant difference on Fe.
2016, 31(12): 1368-1373.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.12.018
Abstract:
Efficiency involving in the resource allocation and utilization of the public institutions for agricultural research in Fujian was evaluated. The input-output indices on 22 local science and technology establishments for the years between 2011 and 2015 were analyzed using the DEA-Malmquist method. As a result, the overall TPFC was found to decline approximately 7.1% annually. Although TEC slightly increased, but the substantial decrease in TC resulted in the downward trend of TPFC at 68.18% of the organizations. Based on the evaluation, the institutions were grouped into low-efficiency, in-between, low-growth, and high-growth categories, and approaches for improvement were formulated for consideration.
Efficiency involving in the resource allocation and utilization of the public institutions for agricultural research in Fujian was evaluated. The input-output indices on 22 local science and technology establishments for the years between 2011 and 2015 were analyzed using the DEA-Malmquist method. As a result, the overall TPFC was found to decline approximately 7.1% annually. Although TEC slightly increased, but the substantial decrease in TC resulted in the downward trend of TPFC at 68.18% of the organizations. Based on the evaluation, the institutions were grouped into low-efficiency, in-between, low-growth, and high-growth categories, and approaches for improvement were formulated for consideration.
