2016 Vol. 31, No. 11
Display Method:
2016, 30(11): 1139-1144.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.11.001
Abstract:
Since 2011, variant pseudorabies (PR) had occurred to the Bartha-k61 vaccinated pigs on farms in most provinces in China. The traditional Bartha-k61 vaccine could not prevent those pigs from contracting the viral disease. As a result, substantial financial losses had incurred to the porcine industry. A previous study indicated that there existed distinctive variations between the gE gene of the typical PR virus (PRV) and that of the variant PRV. For comparison, the sequence of the gB gene of the typical PRV was downloaded from GenBank. It was found that at Positions 395,453,562, and 739 they showed different characteristics, and their nucleotide homology was 98.1%-100% and amino acids 96.1%-100%. A phylogenetic analysis suggested that the viruses were from two different branches and differed significantly depending upon their geographic origins. In China, these viruses had different sub-branches. And, the variant PRV shared a same sub-branch in origin with the newly identified Nyctereutes procyonoides and Yorkshire Terrier PR. The information obtained would be valuable for studying biological functions of gB as well as origin-tracing on variant PRV.
Since 2011, variant pseudorabies (PR) had occurred to the Bartha-k61 vaccinated pigs on farms in most provinces in China. The traditional Bartha-k61 vaccine could not prevent those pigs from contracting the viral disease. As a result, substantial financial losses had incurred to the porcine industry. A previous study indicated that there existed distinctive variations between the gE gene of the typical PR virus (PRV) and that of the variant PRV. For comparison, the sequence of the gB gene of the typical PRV was downloaded from GenBank. It was found that at Positions 395,453,562, and 739 they showed different characteristics, and their nucleotide homology was 98.1%-100% and amino acids 96.1%-100%. A phylogenetic analysis suggested that the viruses were from two different branches and differed significantly depending upon their geographic origins. In China, these viruses had different sub-branches. And, the variant PRV shared a same sub-branch in origin with the newly identified Nyctereutes procyonoides and Yorkshire Terrier PR. The information obtained would be valuable for studying biological functions of gB as well as origin-tracing on variant PRV.
Rapid Detection of Monoclonal Antibody against Vibrio anguillarum by Using Conjugated Colloidal Gold
2016, 30(11): 1145-1150.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.11.002
Abstract:
Vibrio anguillarum, strain SMW5, were inactivated by formaldehyde to be used as the antigen for immunizing Balb/c mice. Three hybridomas strains secreting monoclonal antibodies (McAb) against V. anguillarum were obtained and named as 1H9, 1C12, and 6F8 with the isotypes of IgG2a, IgM, and IgG2b, respectively. The titers of 1H9 in ascites of Balb/c mice were 1:6.4×105. The polyclonal antibody was prepared against V. anguillarum, with a titer of 1:3.2×105. A rapid, accurate and easy gold immunochromatographic lateral flow assay methodology (GICA) was developed for detecting V. anguillarum. The monoclonal antibody, 1H9, was conjugated with colloidal gold as a signal generator on the conjugate pad. The polyclonal antibody was used as a capture antibody for the test line (T), and the goat anti-mouse IgG antibody as the capture antibody for the control line (C) on nitrocellose membrane. A GICA test strip was assembled with an absorbing pad, a conjugate pad, and a nitrocellose membrane sprayed with the capture antibody. The sensitivity of the GICA test strip towards V. anguillarum was high with a detection limit of 6.3×104cfu·mL-1. The specificity of the assay showed no cross-reaction with 7 other aquaculture pathogens, including Aeromonas hydrophila, A. cavia, A. sobria, Edwardsiella tarda, and Streptococcus agalactiae. An accurate confirmation could be completed in 10 min for the assay. It appeared that the newly developed method using the GICA test strip was adequate for V. anguillarum detection.
Vibrio anguillarum, strain SMW5, were inactivated by formaldehyde to be used as the antigen for immunizing Balb/c mice. Three hybridomas strains secreting monoclonal antibodies (McAb) against V. anguillarum were obtained and named as 1H9, 1C12, and 6F8 with the isotypes of IgG2a, IgM, and IgG2b, respectively. The titers of 1H9 in ascites of Balb/c mice were 1:6.4×105. The polyclonal antibody was prepared against V. anguillarum, with a titer of 1:3.2×105. A rapid, accurate and easy gold immunochromatographic lateral flow assay methodology (GICA) was developed for detecting V. anguillarum. The monoclonal antibody, 1H9, was conjugated with colloidal gold as a signal generator on the conjugate pad. The polyclonal antibody was used as a capture antibody for the test line (T), and the goat anti-mouse IgG antibody as the capture antibody for the control line (C) on nitrocellose membrane. A GICA test strip was assembled with an absorbing pad, a conjugate pad, and a nitrocellose membrane sprayed with the capture antibody. The sensitivity of the GICA test strip towards V. anguillarum was high with a detection limit of 6.3×104cfu·mL-1. The specificity of the assay showed no cross-reaction with 7 other aquaculture pathogens, including Aeromonas hydrophila, A. cavia, A. sobria, Edwardsiella tarda, and Streptococcus agalactiae. An accurate confirmation could be completed in 10 min for the assay. It appeared that the newly developed method using the GICA test strip was adequate for V. anguillarum detection.
2016, 30(11): 1151-1157.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.11.003
Abstract:
Effect of antimicrobial lipopeptides (AML) in fishmeal on the nutritional composition of the meat from Darkbarbel catfish (Pelteobagrus vachelli) was studied. Five diets incorporated with 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4% of AML were used to feed randomly selected 4 groups of fish comprising 20 individuals each for 8 weeks. The amino acids and fatty acids in the fish muscles were analyzed. The results showed no significant differences in protein or ash contents among the fish fed with the varied amounts of AML (P>0.05). On the other hand, the fish meat was considered of high-quality protein according to FAO/WHO standards. The greatest amount of amino acid in the meat was Glu, followed by Asp and Arg. The rich content of Lys was ideal to supplement grains for human nutritional need. AML did not show any significant effect on the amino acid contents (P>0.05). The fish meat contained more than 11 kinds of fatty acids, including 3 saturated, 4 monounsaturated, and 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. There was no significant differences on the fatty acid contents found in meat from the fish fed on diets with 5 different AML levels either.
Effect of antimicrobial lipopeptides (AML) in fishmeal on the nutritional composition of the meat from Darkbarbel catfish (Pelteobagrus vachelli) was studied. Five diets incorporated with 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4% of AML were used to feed randomly selected 4 groups of fish comprising 20 individuals each for 8 weeks. The amino acids and fatty acids in the fish muscles were analyzed. The results showed no significant differences in protein or ash contents among the fish fed with the varied amounts of AML (P>0.05). On the other hand, the fish meat was considered of high-quality protein according to FAO/WHO standards. The greatest amount of amino acid in the meat was Glu, followed by Asp and Arg. The rich content of Lys was ideal to supplement grains for human nutritional need. AML did not show any significant effect on the amino acid contents (P>0.05). The fish meat contained more than 11 kinds of fatty acids, including 3 saturated, 4 monounsaturated, and 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. There was no significant differences on the fatty acid contents found in meat from the fish fed on diets with 5 different AML levels either.
2016, 30(11): 1158-1163.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.11.004
Abstract:
A strong restoring line, Fuhui 636, was developed by crossing Minghui 63 and indica-japonica intermediate type material, 8L124. After years of verification, evaluation, and selection on the blast-resistance of its offspring, a new two-line indica hybrid rice variety, Juliangyou 636, was bred by crossing it with two-line sterile line, RGD-7S. The new variety showed desirable characteristics on population uniformity, grain size, yield, adaptability, disease-resistance, etc. It was approved by the Approval Committee of Fujian Province in June,2014. This article details the breeding procedures, yield performance, and characteristics of Juliangyou 636.
A strong restoring line, Fuhui 636, was developed by crossing Minghui 63 and indica-japonica intermediate type material, 8L124. After years of verification, evaluation, and selection on the blast-resistance of its offspring, a new two-line indica hybrid rice variety, Juliangyou 636, was bred by crossing it with two-line sterile line, RGD-7S. The new variety showed desirable characteristics on population uniformity, grain size, yield, adaptability, disease-resistance, etc. It was approved by the Approval Committee of Fujian Province in June,2014. This article details the breeding procedures, yield performance, and characteristics of Juliangyou 636.
2016, 30(11): 1164-1170.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.11.005
Abstract:
Long-chain acyl coenzyme A synthetase (LACS) is one of the important catalytic lipid metabolic enzymes in peanut plants. To understand the mechanism of the fatty acid metabolism in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), the cDNA of LACS6 gene was cloned by RT-PCR (GenBank accession number:KU301860). Its structure was analyzed, homology with other plants compared, and mRNA expression in different tissues obtained using real-time PCR. The results showed that the cDNA was 2,116 bp including an open reading frame of 2,088 bp, encoded 695 amino acids, and had 23 exons and 22 introns. Its amino acid sequence alignment showed a conserved domain of eukaryotic long-chain fatty acid CoA synthetase, as well as conserved activation and binding sites. The homologies of LACS6 gene with the genes from Cicer arietinum, Vigna radiate, Glycine max, Prunus mume and others were between 79% and 87%. The evolutionary tree indicated that the gene was close to those from leguminous plants, such as chickpeas. The real-time PCR analysis showed that it was differentially expressed in the ovary stalks, roots, stems, leaves, flowers and kernels on a peanut plant. The ovary stalks and flowers had the highest expression among all,and with significant differences,The order of expression ranked as flowers > ovary stalks > leaves > kernels > stems > roots. The information obtained would benefit further studies on the fatty acid metabolism and quality improvement for peanut.
Long-chain acyl coenzyme A synthetase (LACS) is one of the important catalytic lipid metabolic enzymes in peanut plants. To understand the mechanism of the fatty acid metabolism in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), the cDNA of LACS6 gene was cloned by RT-PCR (GenBank accession number:KU301860). Its structure was analyzed, homology with other plants compared, and mRNA expression in different tissues obtained using real-time PCR. The results showed that the cDNA was 2,116 bp including an open reading frame of 2,088 bp, encoded 695 amino acids, and had 23 exons and 22 introns. Its amino acid sequence alignment showed a conserved domain of eukaryotic long-chain fatty acid CoA synthetase, as well as conserved activation and binding sites. The homologies of LACS6 gene with the genes from Cicer arietinum, Vigna radiate, Glycine max, Prunus mume and others were between 79% and 87%. The evolutionary tree indicated that the gene was close to those from leguminous plants, such as chickpeas. The real-time PCR analysis showed that it was differentially expressed in the ovary stalks, roots, stems, leaves, flowers and kernels on a peanut plant. The ovary stalks and flowers had the highest expression among all,and with significant differences,The order of expression ranked as flowers > ovary stalks > leaves > kernels > stems > roots. The information obtained would benefit further studies on the fatty acid metabolism and quality improvement for peanut.
2016, 30(11): 1171-1174.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.11.006
Abstract:
Based on the climate and ecological conditions in Fujian, a new high-quality, high-yield sweet corn, Mintian 6855, was bred by crossing Mintianxi 688 and Mintianxi 0155. Mintian 6855 showed desirable properties on yield, quality, and adaptability. Its yield determined in a 2-year regional test was 5.8%, which was 14.76% higher than that of control; and, it was 14 854.8 kg·hm-2 as shown in the production test, which was 3.41% higher that of control. Mintian 6855 had passed the provincial evaluation in May 2016.
Based on the climate and ecological conditions in Fujian, a new high-quality, high-yield sweet corn, Mintian 6855, was bred by crossing Mintianxi 688 and Mintianxi 0155. Mintian 6855 showed desirable properties on yield, quality, and adaptability. Its yield determined in a 2-year regional test was 5.8%, which was 14.76% higher than that of control; and, it was 14 854.8 kg·hm-2 as shown in the production test, which was 3.41% higher that of control. Mintian 6855 had passed the provincial evaluation in May 2016.
2016, 30(11): 1175-1180.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.11.007
Abstract:
Contents of glucosinolate, ascorbic acid and polyphenols, as well as antioxidant activities of 4 cauliflowers (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) that bore sprouts of different colors were studied. The results showed that the compositions and contents of glucosinolate differed in the sprouts. For the white, purple, and yellow sprouts, glucoiberin was most abundant; while for the green sprouts, glucoerucin. The greatest total glucosinolate was found in the purple and green sprouts, followed by the white and yellow. No significant differences on polyphenols were observed among the white, green, and purple sprouts, and yellow sprouts had the least amount of polyphenols. The yellow sprouts contained the highest content of ascorbic acid, followed by the purple and white, and the green sprouts the least. The antioxidant activities in the different-colored cauliflower sprouts were higher in the purple or green than the white or yellow, which was the same for glucosinolate content.
Contents of glucosinolate, ascorbic acid and polyphenols, as well as antioxidant activities of 4 cauliflowers (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) that bore sprouts of different colors were studied. The results showed that the compositions and contents of glucosinolate differed in the sprouts. For the white, purple, and yellow sprouts, glucoiberin was most abundant; while for the green sprouts, glucoerucin. The greatest total glucosinolate was found in the purple and green sprouts, followed by the white and yellow. No significant differences on polyphenols were observed among the white, green, and purple sprouts, and yellow sprouts had the least amount of polyphenols. The yellow sprouts contained the highest content of ascorbic acid, followed by the purple and white, and the green sprouts the least. The antioxidant activities in the different-colored cauliflower sprouts were higher in the purple or green than the white or yellow, which was the same for glucosinolate content.
2016, 30(11): 1181-1186.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.11.008
Abstract:
Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) is a conserved key enzyme in phosphoinositide signaling for animals and plants. It plays an important role in growth and development, as well as various abiotic and biotic stresses in the organisms. Based upon the existing database and bioinformatics methodologies, PI-PLC family gene structures and their positions on chromosome and duplication for poplar (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray) (Pt) were obtained. PI-PLC proteins were classified according to their phylogenetic relationship. The results showed that 7 PtPLC genes existed in the poplar genome on 4 chromosomes. Their multiple alignments and motif displays indicated that all of the PtPLC proteins contained 4 conserved domains (i.e., EF, X, Y, and C2). Phylogenetic analysis on the PtPLC family classified them into two groups. The information would be the basis for a study on the functions of PtPI-PLC gene family.
Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) is a conserved key enzyme in phosphoinositide signaling for animals and plants. It plays an important role in growth and development, as well as various abiotic and biotic stresses in the organisms. Based upon the existing database and bioinformatics methodologies, PI-PLC family gene structures and their positions on chromosome and duplication for poplar (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray) (Pt) were obtained. PI-PLC proteins were classified according to their phylogenetic relationship. The results showed that 7 PtPLC genes existed in the poplar genome on 4 chromosomes. Their multiple alignments and motif displays indicated that all of the PtPLC proteins contained 4 conserved domains (i.e., EF, X, Y, and C2). Phylogenetic analysis on the PtPLC family classified them into two groups. The information would be the basis for a study on the functions of PtPI-PLC gene family.
2016, 30(11): 1187-1192.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.11.009
Abstract:
A total of 118,900 ESTs in Capsicum annuum L were downloaded from NCBI for identifying and developing an SSR marker. As a result, 3,343 SSRs in the ESTs with an average of one SSR per 17.20 kb were found, including 283 SSR motifs. Analysis on the SSR motifs revealed that they were mostly di-nucleotides (1,476 SSR) and hexa-nucleotides (1,128 SSR), accounting for 44.15% and 33.74% of the total, respectively. GA/TC was the most frequently found motifs (14.30% of all), which was followed by CT/AG (94 SSR, and 8.11% of all). From the 3,343 SSR-containing ESTs, 200 primer pairs were designed and validated for amplification using 17 pepper inbred lines. The results showed that 71 primer pairs yielded 220 amplification bands. Using those 71 pairs of polymorphic primers, the genetic relationship between the parents, P181-2-6 and P230-2-5, and their F1 hybrid was determined. It appeared that the SSR markers identified from the ESTs of C. annuum were potentially of practical applicatios.
A total of 118,900 ESTs in Capsicum annuum L were downloaded from NCBI for identifying and developing an SSR marker. As a result, 3,343 SSRs in the ESTs with an average of one SSR per 17.20 kb were found, including 283 SSR motifs. Analysis on the SSR motifs revealed that they were mostly di-nucleotides (1,476 SSR) and hexa-nucleotides (1,128 SSR), accounting for 44.15% and 33.74% of the total, respectively. GA/TC was the most frequently found motifs (14.30% of all), which was followed by CT/AG (94 SSR, and 8.11% of all). From the 3,343 SSR-containing ESTs, 200 primer pairs were designed and validated for amplification using 17 pepper inbred lines. The results showed that 71 primer pairs yielded 220 amplification bands. Using those 71 pairs of polymorphic primers, the genetic relationship between the parents, P181-2-6 and P230-2-5, and their F1 hybrid was determined. It appeared that the SSR markers identified from the ESTs of C. annuum were potentially of practical applicatios.
2016, 30(11): 1193-1197.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.11.010
Abstract:
SRAP was applied for the determination of the genetic diversity of 24 hybrid cultivars of Cymbidium. Eleven polymorphic primer combinations were screened to result in 119 amplified DNA bands. Of the amplified DNA, 102 were polymorphic, at a ratio of 86.1%. The average number of polymorphic loci amplified by each primer was 9.3. The genetic similarity among the 24 germplasms ranged from 0.43 to 0.98, averaging 0.67. The UPGMA cluster analysis classified the germplasms with a similarity coefficient of 0.69 into 5 groups clearly showing the genetic diversity and relationship among the hybrids.
SRAP was applied for the determination of the genetic diversity of 24 hybrid cultivars of Cymbidium. Eleven polymorphic primer combinations were screened to result in 119 amplified DNA bands. Of the amplified DNA, 102 were polymorphic, at a ratio of 86.1%. The average number of polymorphic loci amplified by each primer was 9.3. The genetic similarity among the 24 germplasms ranged from 0.43 to 0.98, averaging 0.67. The UPGMA cluster analysis classified the germplasms with a similarity coefficient of 0.69 into 5 groups clearly showing the genetic diversity and relationship among the hybrids.
2016, 30(11): 1198-1203.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.11.011
Abstract:
The peduncle axillary buds of Zelglossoda Calico Gem, Green Valley #1, were used as explants for the study. The bud clumps induction pathway was experimented with orthogonal design to study the effects of the key factors, such as culture medium (i.e., MS, Hyponex #1, Improvement #1, Improvement #2, and Improvement #3), phytohormone (i.e., 6-BA, NAA, and IBA), and CH, on the plant growth during the induction, propagation, and rooting stages. The results showed that the main factors affecting the bud multiplication included 6-BA, basic medium, NAA, and CH. The optimal growth was observed under the use of the combination of Improvement #1 medium, 6-BA 3.0 mg·L-1, NAA 0.1 mg·L-1, CH 0.5 g·L-1 and agar powder 5.0 g·L-1 to result in an averaged propagation coefficient of 5.8 in 50 days. For the rooting, Improvement #3 with added IBA 0.5 mg·L-1,AC 0.5 g·L-1, sugar 20 g·L-1,agar 3.6 g·L-1 and carrageenan 3.6 g·L-1 was the best with a 100.0% rooting rate. The survival rate of the plantlets in 6 months after transplanting from the test tubes was 96.8%.
The peduncle axillary buds of Zelglossoda Calico Gem, Green Valley #1, were used as explants for the study. The bud clumps induction pathway was experimented with orthogonal design to study the effects of the key factors, such as culture medium (i.e., MS, Hyponex #1, Improvement #1, Improvement #2, and Improvement #3), phytohormone (i.e., 6-BA, NAA, and IBA), and CH, on the plant growth during the induction, propagation, and rooting stages. The results showed that the main factors affecting the bud multiplication included 6-BA, basic medium, NAA, and CH. The optimal growth was observed under the use of the combination of Improvement #1 medium, 6-BA 3.0 mg·L-1, NAA 0.1 mg·L-1, CH 0.5 g·L-1 and agar powder 5.0 g·L-1 to result in an averaged propagation coefficient of 5.8 in 50 days. For the rooting, Improvement #3 with added IBA 0.5 mg·L-1,AC 0.5 g·L-1, sugar 20 g·L-1,agar 3.6 g·L-1 and carrageenan 3.6 g·L-1 was the best with a 100.0% rooting rate. The survival rate of the plantlets in 6 months after transplanting from the test tubes was 96.8%.
2016, 30(11): 1204-1209.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.11.012
Abstract:
To establish a simple and reliable extraction and measurement method for the total phenol content in luffa (Luffa cylindrical Roem), ultrasound and Folin-Ciocaleu colorimetry were applied and operational procedures optimized. Phenols could be optimally extracted from the luffa mesocarp when it was mixed ultrasonically with 80% ethanol in 1:10 ratio at 40℃ for 30 min. The total phenolic content had a linear correlation (Y=0.6279X+0.0273; R2=0.9947) with the optical absorbance at 750 nm when the solution was made with 3 mL of 0.5 mol·L-1 Na2CO3 and 1.5 mL of 0.5 mol·L-1 Folin-Ciocalteu to react with the sample for 60 min at 30℃. The newly developed extraction and subsequent measurement procedures were simple, rapid, sensitive and accurate. It was considered adequate for the determination of total phenol in luffa.
To establish a simple and reliable extraction and measurement method for the total phenol content in luffa (Luffa cylindrical Roem), ultrasound and Folin-Ciocaleu colorimetry were applied and operational procedures optimized. Phenols could be optimally extracted from the luffa mesocarp when it was mixed ultrasonically with 80% ethanol in 1:10 ratio at 40℃ for 30 min. The total phenolic content had a linear correlation (Y=0.6279X+0.0273; R2=0.9947) with the optical absorbance at 750 nm when the solution was made with 3 mL of 0.5 mol·L-1 Na2CO3 and 1.5 mL of 0.5 mol·L-1 Folin-Ciocalteu to react with the sample for 60 min at 30℃. The newly developed extraction and subsequent measurement procedures were simple, rapid, sensitive and accurate. It was considered adequate for the determination of total phenol in luffa.
2016, 30(11): 1210-1215.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.11.013
Abstract:
The hydrological function is one of the important ecological contributions of tree litter in a forest. To understand the eco-hydrological effects of litter from bush pruning in tea plantations, the biomass, water retention, and flood-intercepting capacity of the litter were studied in the field as well as in the laboratory with simulation experiments. The results indicated that the various pruning practices produced 1.75 tons to 2.49 tons of litter biomass per hm2; and, the water retention of the litter peaked within 2 h after a rainfall. The maximum water holding of the leaves was 106.16%, which was greater than that of the leaves-stems mixture, and followed by that of the stems; that of the mixed litter was 121.33% by the moderate pruning, 113.69% by the severe pruning, and 106.16% by the light pruning; the average rate of water absorbed by the leaves was 2.14 g·g-1·h-1, followed by the mixed litter, and the lowest by the stems; the maximum flood-intercepting rates ranged from 95.12% to 110.12% with effective rates of 79.19%-91.91%; when the clippings of leaves and stems were mixed, the capacity was highest with the moderate pruning with an effective intercepting capacity of 2.19 t·hm-2, followed by the severe pruning, and the lowest with the light pruning. It was concluded that after pruning the potential of a tea plantation to prevent flooding from a heavy downpour was less than that of the forest ecosystem at large.
The hydrological function is one of the important ecological contributions of tree litter in a forest. To understand the eco-hydrological effects of litter from bush pruning in tea plantations, the biomass, water retention, and flood-intercepting capacity of the litter were studied in the field as well as in the laboratory with simulation experiments. The results indicated that the various pruning practices produced 1.75 tons to 2.49 tons of litter biomass per hm2; and, the water retention of the litter peaked within 2 h after a rainfall. The maximum water holding of the leaves was 106.16%, which was greater than that of the leaves-stems mixture, and followed by that of the stems; that of the mixed litter was 121.33% by the moderate pruning, 113.69% by the severe pruning, and 106.16% by the light pruning; the average rate of water absorbed by the leaves was 2.14 g·g-1·h-1, followed by the mixed litter, and the lowest by the stems; the maximum flood-intercepting rates ranged from 95.12% to 110.12% with effective rates of 79.19%-91.91%; when the clippings of leaves and stems were mixed, the capacity was highest with the moderate pruning with an effective intercepting capacity of 2.19 t·hm-2, followed by the severe pruning, and the lowest with the light pruning. It was concluded that after pruning the potential of a tea plantation to prevent flooding from a heavy downpour was less than that of the forest ecosystem at large.
2016, 30(11): 1216-1220.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.11.014
Abstract:
Aromatic components in flowers of 7 cultivars of Fressia hybrida were determined using the headspace-solid phase micro-extraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for comparison. The results showed that alcohols and olefins were the main aromatics in the flowers. Olefins were found in the largest quantities in Rose Marie flowers, while alcohols,especially,linalool in the flowers from other cultivars. Cluster analysis showed that the genetic makeup of Rose Marie differed from those of White Wing, Jintong, Shuguang, Xiangmei, Ziyu, and Royal Blue.
Aromatic components in flowers of 7 cultivars of Fressia hybrida were determined using the headspace-solid phase micro-extraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for comparison. The results showed that alcohols and olefins were the main aromatics in the flowers. Olefins were found in the largest quantities in Rose Marie flowers, while alcohols,especially,linalool in the flowers from other cultivars. Cluster analysis showed that the genetic makeup of Rose Marie differed from those of White Wing, Jintong, Shuguang, Xiangmei, Ziyu, and Royal Blue.
2016, 30(11): 1221-1225.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.11.015
Abstract:
Antifungal activities of 8 strains of Trichoderma spp. on Botrytis cinerea in Fujian was studied. By means of confrontation culture, all of the strains were shown to effectively inhibit the mycelial growth of the pathogen with inhibition rates ranging from 86.83% to 91.39%. The fermentation broths of the Trichoderma strains differed significantly in their inhibiting effects on hyphal growth of the pathogen. The broth from FJ2006-8 was found to render the highest inhibition rate of 39.44% among all. All tested strains produced volatile as well as non-volatile metabolites. The non-volatile metabolites produced by FJ2006-8 showed the greatest inhibitory effect, reaching a rate of 61.09%, while the volatiles from T05-58 exhibited the highest rate of 22.95%. The results would provide the needed information to develop a biocontrol agent from Trichoderma for the disease on tomato plants caused by the gray mold.
Antifungal activities of 8 strains of Trichoderma spp. on Botrytis cinerea in Fujian was studied. By means of confrontation culture, all of the strains were shown to effectively inhibit the mycelial growth of the pathogen with inhibition rates ranging from 86.83% to 91.39%. The fermentation broths of the Trichoderma strains differed significantly in their inhibiting effects on hyphal growth of the pathogen. The broth from FJ2006-8 was found to render the highest inhibition rate of 39.44% among all. All tested strains produced volatile as well as non-volatile metabolites. The non-volatile metabolites produced by FJ2006-8 showed the greatest inhibitory effect, reaching a rate of 61.09%, while the volatiles from T05-58 exhibited the highest rate of 22.95%. The results would provide the needed information to develop a biocontrol agent from Trichoderma for the disease on tomato plants caused by the gray mold.
2016, 30(11): 1226-1230.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.11.016
Abstract:
An in-lab test was conducted on 11 insecticides to determine their toxicities on the spider, Pardosa pseudoannulata, using a dipping method. According to the quotients(RQ=LC50/low concentration of insecticide) of the insecticides, imidaclprid, nitenpyram, dinotefuran, sulfoxaflor, pymetrozine, buprofezin and chlorantraniliprole had RQs greater than 5.00 and were considered of low risks to P. pseudoannulata; abamectin had a RQ=1.55, of moderate risk; isoprocarb had a RQ=0.25 and fenobucarb 0.17, of high risks; and, chlopyrifos had a RQ=0.001, of extreme risk.
An in-lab test was conducted on 11 insecticides to determine their toxicities on the spider, Pardosa pseudoannulata, using a dipping method. According to the quotients(RQ=LC50/low concentration of insecticide) of the insecticides, imidaclprid, nitenpyram, dinotefuran, sulfoxaflor, pymetrozine, buprofezin and chlorantraniliprole had RQs greater than 5.00 and were considered of low risks to P. pseudoannulata; abamectin had a RQ=1.55, of moderate risk; isoprocarb had a RQ=0.25 and fenobucarb 0.17, of high risks; and, chlopyrifos had a RQ=0.001, of extreme risk.
2016, 30(11): 1231-1237.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.11.017
Abstract:
To improve the oolong tea quality and conserve energy in processing, the low-temperature vacuum dehydration was supplemented with forced air circulation for evaluation. Various means of air circulation were implemented to study their effect on the biochemistry and quality of the dried Tieguanyin tea. It was found that the external air circulation (A2) produced higher amounts of water extracts (37.11%), tea polyphenols (25.22%), amino acids (1.83%) and flavonoids (6.05 mg·g-1) in the tea than the close-loop air circulation (A1) or without a forced air circulation (CK). The differences on the contents of polyphenols, amino acids and caffeine were not significant among the samples steeped for 3 times. The dried tea leaves were green, and the brewed tea light yellowish green in color. Sensory evaluation on the tea samples made by the various methods gave A2 the highest score at 89.27±0.21, followed by A1 at 86.27±0.26, and CK the lowest at 85.31±0.18.It appeared that, when the low-temperature vacuum drying was carried out with an external air circulation, the quality of Tieguanyin tea could be improved.
To improve the oolong tea quality and conserve energy in processing, the low-temperature vacuum dehydration was supplemented with forced air circulation for evaluation. Various means of air circulation were implemented to study their effect on the biochemistry and quality of the dried Tieguanyin tea. It was found that the external air circulation (A2) produced higher amounts of water extracts (37.11%), tea polyphenols (25.22%), amino acids (1.83%) and flavonoids (6.05 mg·g-1) in the tea than the close-loop air circulation (A1) or without a forced air circulation (CK). The differences on the contents of polyphenols, amino acids and caffeine were not significant among the samples steeped for 3 times. The dried tea leaves were green, and the brewed tea light yellowish green in color. Sensory evaluation on the tea samples made by the various methods gave A2 the highest score at 89.27±0.21, followed by A1 at 86.27±0.26, and CK the lowest at 85.31±0.18.It appeared that, when the low-temperature vacuum drying was carried out with an external air circulation, the quality of Tieguanyin tea could be improved.
2016, 30(11): 1238-1243.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.11.018
Abstract:
Composition and dynamic changes of the bacterial community during the traditional Hong Qu glutinous rice winemaking were studied using PCR-denaturing gradient gel electropherisis (DGGE), clone library analysis and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP). Sequences of 9 bacteria strains were obtained by DGGE spectrogram. Through cloning and sequencing, it was found that Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus pentosaceu and Lactobacillus brevis were the dominant bacteria during the initial fermentation stage. The RFLP fingerprints showed that 16S rDNA clone libraries had 19 band patterns. Sequencing of different OTUs revealed that L. plantarum, P. pentosaceus, L. brevis and Lactobacillus pentosus presented in the wine during the entire process, but L. plantarum prevailed at the end. By using various molecular biology methods simultaneously to examine the microbial community in winemaking, a comprehensive and objective profile was obtained.
Composition and dynamic changes of the bacterial community during the traditional Hong Qu glutinous rice winemaking were studied using PCR-denaturing gradient gel electropherisis (DGGE), clone library analysis and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP). Sequences of 9 bacteria strains were obtained by DGGE spectrogram. Through cloning and sequencing, it was found that Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus pentosaceu and Lactobacillus brevis were the dominant bacteria during the initial fermentation stage. The RFLP fingerprints showed that 16S rDNA clone libraries had 19 band patterns. Sequencing of different OTUs revealed that L. plantarum, P. pentosaceus, L. brevis and Lactobacillus pentosus presented in the wine during the entire process, but L. plantarum prevailed at the end. By using various molecular biology methods simultaneously to examine the microbial community in winemaking, a comprehensive and objective profile was obtained.
2016, 30(11): 1244-1247.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.11.019
Abstract:
4 levels and 5 factors were used in the orthogonal test to investigate the effect of baking temperature and time on quality of Dangui Oolong tea from southern Fujian. The results showed that treatments of A4B1C4D2E3 and A3B2C4D3E1 produced teas of the highest quality. The brewed tea was golden and bright soup, lightly scented with slight sweetness in aroma, or with floral aroma,and mellow in taste. The tea baking was carried out in 3 stages:the first done with a higher temperature to eliminate off-flavors, the second with a lower temperature and longer time to generate flavoring components in teas, and the last with a higher temperature to accentuate the aroma. The optimal temperature and time for the 3 baking stages were found to be 120℃ for 20 min, 90℃ for 130 min, and 120℃ for 30 min. An alternative process was called for 110℃ for 30 min, 90℃ for 140 min, and 130℃ for 10 min. The biochemical composition in tea was also altered during baking. The contents of caffeine and water extracts were significantly increased. The orthogonal experiment indicated that, as far as baking was concerned, the third stage affected the tea quality most significantly.
4 levels and 5 factors were used in the orthogonal test to investigate the effect of baking temperature and time on quality of Dangui Oolong tea from southern Fujian. The results showed that treatments of A4B1C4D2E3 and A3B2C4D3E1 produced teas of the highest quality. The brewed tea was golden and bright soup, lightly scented with slight sweetness in aroma, or with floral aroma,and mellow in taste. The tea baking was carried out in 3 stages:the first done with a higher temperature to eliminate off-flavors, the second with a lower temperature and longer time to generate flavoring components in teas, and the last with a higher temperature to accentuate the aroma. The optimal temperature and time for the 3 baking stages were found to be 120℃ for 20 min, 90℃ for 130 min, and 120℃ for 30 min. An alternative process was called for 110℃ for 30 min, 90℃ for 140 min, and 130℃ for 10 min. The biochemical composition in tea was also altered during baking. The contents of caffeine and water extracts were significantly increased. The orthogonal experiment indicated that, as far as baking was concerned, the third stage affected the tea quality most significantly.
2016, 30(11): 1248-1251.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.11.020
Abstract:
Using a TES-135A color meter, 160 samples of bedding material from the microbial fermentation beds in pig pans were measured. The chromaticity data were fed to the Hunter's color difference formula, △E=[(△L)2+(△a)2+(△b)2]1/2, to obtain the △E value. Based on the average value (μ) and dispersion degree (σ) of △E, the stages of fermentation of the bedding material were classified. The 1st stage ranged from 0 to μ-2σ, the 2nd stage from μ-2σ to μ, the 3rd stage from μ to μ+2σ, and the 4th stage beyond μ+2σ. Subsequently, the apparent color, humidity, odor, and degree of decomposition were determined for samples from each fermentation stage. A regression analysis showed a high correlation between the colorimetric measurements and the observations suggesting the color meter might be used as a means to rapidly determine the fermentation stages of a microbial fermentation bed in a pig pan.
Using a TES-135A color meter, 160 samples of bedding material from the microbial fermentation beds in pig pans were measured. The chromaticity data were fed to the Hunter's color difference formula, △E=[(△L)2+(△a)2+(△b)2]1/2, to obtain the △E value. Based on the average value (μ) and dispersion degree (σ) of △E, the stages of fermentation of the bedding material were classified. The 1st stage ranged from 0 to μ-2σ, the 2nd stage from μ-2σ to μ, the 3rd stage from μ to μ+2σ, and the 4th stage beyond μ+2σ. Subsequently, the apparent color, humidity, odor, and degree of decomposition were determined for samples from each fermentation stage. A regression analysis showed a high correlation between the colorimetric measurements and the observations suggesting the color meter might be used as a means to rapidly determine the fermentation stages of a microbial fermentation bed in a pig pan.
2016, 30(11): 1252-1256.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.11.021
Abstract:
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is an important extracellular signal transmitter and intracellular secondary messenger. Metabolites in the supernatants of liquid culture media for 34 strains of Bacillus were determined by using HPLC and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. It was found that the only B. subtilis strain that produced LPA was FJAT-8784. The obtained LPA showed a matching score of 96.73 according to the Metlin database. It had a molecular weight of 438.2758, and a mass to charge ratio of 439.2819. Consequently, the chemical formula for the isolated LPA was assumed to be C21H43O7P. In the supernatant, the total metabolites contained approximately 1.32% LPA.
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is an important extracellular signal transmitter and intracellular secondary messenger. Metabolites in the supernatants of liquid culture media for 34 strains of Bacillus were determined by using HPLC and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. It was found that the only B. subtilis strain that produced LPA was FJAT-8784. The obtained LPA showed a matching score of 96.73 according to the Metlin database. It had a molecular weight of 438.2758, and a mass to charge ratio of 439.2819. Consequently, the chemical formula for the isolated LPA was assumed to be C21H43O7P. In the supernatant, the total metabolites contained approximately 1.32% LPA.
