2015 Vol. 30, No. 9
Display Method:
2015, 30(9): 831-835.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2015.09.001
Abstract:
SSPA genes of six serotypes of Riemerella anatipestifer were amplified with specific primers by PCR.DNA sequencing confirmed that SSPA gene has a ORF(1692bp),encoding 563 amino acid.Molecular analysis of SSPA genes was performed by DNAstar,SignalP V4.0,TM-HMM Server V.2.0,NetNGly c1.0,YinOYang 1.0and NetPhos 2.0.The results showed that the amino acid encoded by the SSPA gene contains one potential N-glycosylation site,one potential O-glycosylation site and 38 potential phosphorylation sites(including 9serine,12 threonine and 17 tyrosine sites),there is no transmembrane area,the signal peptide protein cutting part is between A(ala)in the 19 th and Q(glutamine)in the 20 th.The nucleotide homology of SSPA among different serotypes of Riemerella anatipestifer was 95.7%-100.0%,and amino acid homology was 98.2%-100.0%.
SSPA genes of six serotypes of Riemerella anatipestifer were amplified with specific primers by PCR.DNA sequencing confirmed that SSPA gene has a ORF(1692bp),encoding 563 amino acid.Molecular analysis of SSPA genes was performed by DNAstar,SignalP V4.0,TM-HMM Server V.2.0,NetNGly c1.0,YinOYang 1.0and NetPhos 2.0.The results showed that the amino acid encoded by the SSPA gene contains one potential N-glycosylation site,one potential O-glycosylation site and 38 potential phosphorylation sites(including 9serine,12 threonine and 17 tyrosine sites),there is no transmembrane area,the signal peptide protein cutting part is between A(ala)in the 19 th and Q(glutamine)in the 20 th.The nucleotide homology of SSPA among different serotypes of Riemerella anatipestifer was 95.7%-100.0%,and amino acid homology was 98.2%-100.0%.
2015, 30(9): 836-840.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2015.09.002
Abstract:
To improve the quality of silage,7various ratios of the mixture of ramie and hybrid Pennisetum,i.e.,100∶0(P100),70∶30(PR73),60∶40(PR64),50∶50(PR55),40∶60(PR46),30∶70(PR37)and 0∶100(R100),were tested.After fermented for 60 days at ambient temperature,the nutritional value of the silages was determined with 3replicates for each mixture.The results showed that the quality of R100 silage was the poorest among all.It was the highest in pH,acetic acid,butyric acid and ammonia nitrogen contents,and the lowest inlactic acid and hemicellulose contents.The quality of P100 silage was the best,containing the highest amounts of dry matters,water soluble-carbohydrates,neutral detergent fiber,hemicellulose,crude protein and lactic acid,and the lowest on pH,acetic acid,butyric acid and ammonia nitrogen minimum contents among the mixtures.It appeared that the greater the portion of hybrid Pennisetumin the mixture,the better the quality of the fermented silage.
To improve the quality of silage,7various ratios of the mixture of ramie and hybrid Pennisetum,i.e.,100∶0(P100),70∶30(PR73),60∶40(PR64),50∶50(PR55),40∶60(PR46),30∶70(PR37)and 0∶100(R100),were tested.After fermented for 60 days at ambient temperature,the nutritional value of the silages was determined with 3replicates for each mixture.The results showed that the quality of R100 silage was the poorest among all.It was the highest in pH,acetic acid,butyric acid and ammonia nitrogen contents,and the lowest inlactic acid and hemicellulose contents.The quality of P100 silage was the best,containing the highest amounts of dry matters,water soluble-carbohydrates,neutral detergent fiber,hemicellulose,crude protein and lactic acid,and the lowest on pH,acetic acid,butyric acid and ammonia nitrogen minimum contents among the mixtures.It appeared that the greater the portion of hybrid Pennisetumin the mixture,the better the quality of the fermented silage.
2015, 30(9): 841-844.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2015.09.003
Abstract:
Nutritional composition of the stems and leaves of ginseng,Radix pseudostellariae,was analyzed to determine their potential use for feed.The results showed that the ginseng stems and leaves contained 13.39%crude protein,2.57%fat,8.32%crude fiber,0.95%calcium,and 0.53% phosphorous.The proteins had 10.83%total amino acids,4.40% essential amino acid and 6.43% nonessential amino acid,an E/N ratio of 68.4% and an E/T ratio up to 40.6%,with Met+Cys the greatest limiting essential amino acid but abundant on Phe and Tyr.Quality of the protein was close to the FAO/WHO recommended level.Therefore,the stems and leaves of the ginseng could possibly become a new source of feeding material for domesticated livestock.
Nutritional composition of the stems and leaves of ginseng,Radix pseudostellariae,was analyzed to determine their potential use for feed.The results showed that the ginseng stems and leaves contained 13.39%crude protein,2.57%fat,8.32%crude fiber,0.95%calcium,and 0.53% phosphorous.The proteins had 10.83%total amino acids,4.40% essential amino acid and 6.43% nonessential amino acid,an E/N ratio of 68.4% and an E/T ratio up to 40.6%,with Met+Cys the greatest limiting essential amino acid but abundant on Phe and Tyr.Quality of the protein was close to the FAO/WHO recommended level.Therefore,the stems and leaves of the ginseng could possibly become a new source of feeding material for domesticated livestock.
2015, 30(9): 845-849.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2015.09.004
Abstract:
To select an early maturing hybrid rice suitable for cultivation in southern China,the widely applied restorer line Minghui 82 was used to cross with the blast resistant Japonica Yunyin and the late recovery variety,HK01.As a result,the new restorer line Fuhui1095 was successfully bred through multiple crosses with a confirmation by years of inoculation tests as well as bioassays on samples from the fields of naturally induced blast infections.Subsequently,Minbiao You 1095 was bred.It exhibited the desirable characteristics of early maturity,good plant type,large panicles with numerous spikelets,fine color change at mycelium ripening and high yield.The new variety was certified by Fujian Crop Variety Appraisal Committee in June,2014,and considered suitable for promotion in the province.
To select an early maturing hybrid rice suitable for cultivation in southern China,the widely applied restorer line Minghui 82 was used to cross with the blast resistant Japonica Yunyin and the late recovery variety,HK01.As a result,the new restorer line Fuhui1095 was successfully bred through multiple crosses with a confirmation by years of inoculation tests as well as bioassays on samples from the fields of naturally induced blast infections.Subsequently,Minbiao You 1095 was bred.It exhibited the desirable characteristics of early maturity,good plant type,large panicles with numerous spikelets,fine color change at mycelium ripening and high yield.The new variety was certified by Fujian Crop Variety Appraisal Committee in June,2014,and considered suitable for promotion in the province.
2015, 30(9): 850-855.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2015.09.005
Abstract:
To study the enhancing effect on the disease-resistance of longan by genetic modification,twononphotosynthetic ferredoxins from the plant were transferred to Oncdiumthrough Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105 for cultivation on a culture medium containing 5mg·L-1hygromycin.As compared to the plants in the wild,the Fd3 transgenic plants showed a significantly higher resistance to soft rot disease improving the resistance grading from highly sensitive(Di=100)to moderate(Di=27.5).In addition,the survival rate of the transplants also increased significantly from 79.3%to 95.7%.
To study the enhancing effect on the disease-resistance of longan by genetic modification,twononphotosynthetic ferredoxins from the plant were transferred to Oncdiumthrough Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105 for cultivation on a culture medium containing 5mg·L-1hygromycin.As compared to the plants in the wild,the Fd3 transgenic plants showed a significantly higher resistance to soft rot disease improving the resistance grading from highly sensitive(Di=100)to moderate(Di=27.5).In addition,the survival rate of the transplants also increased significantly from 79.3%to 95.7%.
2015, 30(9): 856-862.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2015.09.006
Abstract:
Under controlled indoor conditions at 20-22℃and 35%-45% RH,withering of the spring tea shoots,i.e.,2or 3leaves with a bud(A)and 2to 4leaves with a banjhi bud(B),harvested from 10 tea cultivars,including Rougui and Shuixian,was conducted to study the compositional changes in the leaves.Samples were collected at water loss of the leaves at 0,15%,30%,45% and 60% to determine the catechin and alkaloid contents using HPLC.The results showed that the highest contents of catechin monomers and total catechins occurred when water loss of the leaves was in the range of 30% to 45%,indicating transformation of catechinsduring early stage of withering.As the withering progressed,EGCG,EC,ECG and total catechins of the samples began to fall,and EGC and TB reduced gradually,while CAF and alkaloids increased.The scope of the changes were more prominent in Group A than B.The principal component analysis(PCA)and the cluster analysis rendered a similar classification in dividing the 110 samples into the two types,A and B,which were grouped based on the tenderness of the tea shoots.The PCA results suggested that tea catechins and alkaloids rose and fell due to the oxidization and degradation of catechins by the polyphenol oxidase during the time period.Apparently,withering affected the contents of catechins and alkaloids in the leaves.Therefore,it was conceivable that proper control on moisture loss of the leaves could improve the flavoring and active components of the resultant tea.
Under controlled indoor conditions at 20-22℃and 35%-45% RH,withering of the spring tea shoots,i.e.,2or 3leaves with a bud(A)and 2to 4leaves with a banjhi bud(B),harvested from 10 tea cultivars,including Rougui and Shuixian,was conducted to study the compositional changes in the leaves.Samples were collected at water loss of the leaves at 0,15%,30%,45% and 60% to determine the catechin and alkaloid contents using HPLC.The results showed that the highest contents of catechin monomers and total catechins occurred when water loss of the leaves was in the range of 30% to 45%,indicating transformation of catechinsduring early stage of withering.As the withering progressed,EGCG,EC,ECG and total catechins of the samples began to fall,and EGC and TB reduced gradually,while CAF and alkaloids increased.The scope of the changes were more prominent in Group A than B.The principal component analysis(PCA)and the cluster analysis rendered a similar classification in dividing the 110 samples into the two types,A and B,which were grouped based on the tenderness of the tea shoots.The PCA results suggested that tea catechins and alkaloids rose and fell due to the oxidization and degradation of catechins by the polyphenol oxidase during the time period.Apparently,withering affected the contents of catechins and alkaloids in the leaves.Therefore,it was conceivable that proper control on moisture loss of the leaves could improve the flavoring and active components of the resultant tea.
2015, 30(9): 863-867.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2015.09.007
Abstract:
Triennial‘Summer Black'grape was used in this study to discuss the effects of various growth regulators,such as Qibao,GA3,CPPU and Baoguo 909,on the appearance,quality and shelf life of the grapes.Among the regulators,Qibao and Baoguo 909 showed better results in weight gains of clusters and berries,and significant increases in soluble solids and sugar-acid ratio,as well as the diameter of stems and berries.However,considering the cost,Qibao was better than Baoguo 909.
Triennial‘Summer Black'grape was used in this study to discuss the effects of various growth regulators,such as Qibao,GA3,CPPU and Baoguo 909,on the appearance,quality and shelf life of the grapes.Among the regulators,Qibao and Baoguo 909 showed better results in weight gains of clusters and berries,and significant increases in soluble solids and sugar-acid ratio,as well as the diameter of stems and berries.However,considering the cost,Qibao was better than Baoguo 909.
2015, 30(9): 868-873.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2015.09.008
Abstract:
Aglutathione peroxidasegene(GPX)was cloned from the leaves of Putian pear,PyruscalleryanaDecne.The RT-PCR and RACE were applied to obtain the complete cDNA sequence for GPX.The full length of the cDNA was approximately 932 bp consisting of an open reading frame of 507 bpwith the 5′-and 3′-untranslated regions of204 bp and 221 bp,respectively.The putative protein had 168 amino acids and was greater than 90% homogenous on the sequence with Maluspumila,Citrus reticulata Banco,Dimocarpuslongan and Litchi chinensis.The gene had been registered in GenBankwith a code of JQ011278.The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of GPX were analyzed by using a bioinformatics software.The results showed that the protein had a molecular weight of 20083.0Da anda theoretical pI 5.61.It was a hydrophilic cytoplasmic protein without transmembrane domain and signal peptide.The cell was mainly located in the cytoplasm at a region most likely to form coiled-coilcontaining26.58% α-spiral,19.26%extending chain and 54.16%irregular curl.And,there were 12 phosphorylation sites on the cell.A3-Dmolecular structure of the enzyme was proposed with relevant analysis.
Aglutathione peroxidasegene(GPX)was cloned from the leaves of Putian pear,PyruscalleryanaDecne.The RT-PCR and RACE were applied to obtain the complete cDNA sequence for GPX.The full length of the cDNA was approximately 932 bp consisting of an open reading frame of 507 bpwith the 5′-and 3′-untranslated regions of204 bp and 221 bp,respectively.The putative protein had 168 amino acids and was greater than 90% homogenous on the sequence with Maluspumila,Citrus reticulata Banco,Dimocarpuslongan and Litchi chinensis.The gene had been registered in GenBankwith a code of JQ011278.The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of GPX were analyzed by using a bioinformatics software.The results showed that the protein had a molecular weight of 20083.0Da anda theoretical pI 5.61.It was a hydrophilic cytoplasmic protein without transmembrane domain and signal peptide.The cell was mainly located in the cytoplasm at a region most likely to form coiled-coilcontaining26.58% α-spiral,19.26%extending chain and 54.16%irregular curl.And,there were 12 phosphorylation sites on the cell.A3-Dmolecular structure of the enzyme was proposed with relevant analysis.
2015, 30(9): 874-876.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2015.09.009
Abstract:
Ruyu 53 Balsam pear was the F1 hybrid between the inbred line Meiguan-49 and K0816.The variety displayed early-middle ripe character.The fruit was long stick,green skin,with round tumour.The average weight was 500 g,the length was about 35 cm,the diameter was 6-7cm,the meat thickness was about 1.0cm.The fruit meat tasted sweet,fragile and little bitter.Ruyu53 Balsam pear produced stable(yield ranging from 2 000 to 3 000kg·667m-2.It is suitable to be planted in Fujian province and periphery provinces.
Ruyu 53 Balsam pear was the F1 hybrid between the inbred line Meiguan-49 and K0816.The variety displayed early-middle ripe character.The fruit was long stick,green skin,with round tumour.The average weight was 500 g,the length was about 35 cm,the diameter was 6-7cm,the meat thickness was about 1.0cm.The fruit meat tasted sweet,fragile and little bitter.Ruyu53 Balsam pear produced stable(yield ranging from 2 000 to 3 000kg·667m-2.It is suitable to be planted in Fujian province and periphery provinces.
2015, 30(9): 877-883.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2015.09.010
Abstract:
Deficiency on available boron and magnesium in the red-soil among the tea plantations in South China is common.This study attempted to determine the optimal application of boron and magnesium fertilizers to remedy the shortage.Using application of a chemical fertilizer(CF)as control,a 3-year field trial on 3treatments,i.e.,(a)CF and boron(CF+B),(b)CF and magnesium(CF+Mg)and(c)CF,boron and magnesium(CF+B+Mg),was conducted.Yield,quality and mineral nutrient absorption of the tea as well as fertility of the red-soil were monitored.Compared with control,the 3treatments increased the yield by 7.86%-14.03%,free amino acids by18.63%-35.29%,tea polyphenols by 4.15%-7.91%,water extracts by 5.53%-10.42%,and theine by10.73%-24.52%.The ratio of tea polyphenols to free amino acidsdecreased by 12.20%-20.24%;while the contents of B,Mg,nitrogen,potassium and phosphorus were raised by15.99%-36.34%,7.63%-19.08%,6.12%-12.39%,2.42%-13.87% and 2.92%-7.60%,respectively.The minerals in the soil,including the available B,Mg,phosphorus and potassium,increased by 133.33%-273.33%,6.63%-34.65%,20.29%-58.60% and 15.38%-32.83%,respectively.On the other hand,the pH,organic matters,total nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogenin the soil showed no significant differences.It appeared that the fertilization with CF combined with B and Mg was comparatively superior in enhancing the yield,quality and mineral nutrient absorption of the tea.
Deficiency on available boron and magnesium in the red-soil among the tea plantations in South China is common.This study attempted to determine the optimal application of boron and magnesium fertilizers to remedy the shortage.Using application of a chemical fertilizer(CF)as control,a 3-year field trial on 3treatments,i.e.,(a)CF and boron(CF+B),(b)CF and magnesium(CF+Mg)and(c)CF,boron and magnesium(CF+B+Mg),was conducted.Yield,quality and mineral nutrient absorption of the tea as well as fertility of the red-soil were monitored.Compared with control,the 3treatments increased the yield by 7.86%-14.03%,free amino acids by18.63%-35.29%,tea polyphenols by 4.15%-7.91%,water extracts by 5.53%-10.42%,and theine by10.73%-24.52%.The ratio of tea polyphenols to free amino acidsdecreased by 12.20%-20.24%;while the contents of B,Mg,nitrogen,potassium and phosphorus were raised by15.99%-36.34%,7.63%-19.08%,6.12%-12.39%,2.42%-13.87% and 2.92%-7.60%,respectively.The minerals in the soil,including the available B,Mg,phosphorus and potassium,increased by 133.33%-273.33%,6.63%-34.65%,20.29%-58.60% and 15.38%-32.83%,respectively.On the other hand,the pH,organic matters,total nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogenin the soil showed no significant differences.It appeared that the fertilization with CF combined with B and Mg was comparatively superior in enhancing the yield,quality and mineral nutrient absorption of the tea.
Correlation Between Environmental pH and Antagonism of Trichodrma harzianum against Botrytis cinerea
2015, 30(9): 884-890.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2015.09.011
Abstract:
The gray mold disease on fruits,vegetables and flowers caused by Botrytis cinereais rather common and difficult to control.Oxalic acid(OA)is considered a critical factor in the infection through lowering pH in the infected area.Trichodermaspp.is a valuable bio-control agentin preventing gray rot on the plants.The fungusis known to be capable of eliminating OA.However,whether or not OA elimination is the reason that renders Trichodermaspp.its ability to ward off the gray rot remains unknown.To better understand the mechanism,this study firstly determined the effect brought about by T.harzianum LTR-2on the ambient pH when the plant was under an OA stress.Then,the antagonism effect of LTR-2against B.cinerea on pH and OA elimination was examined.Furthermore,the correlation between the inhibition rate and the ambient pH was statistically analyzed.The results showed that LTR-2could raise the pH when the OA concentration was less than 50mmol·L-1 in the surrounding area.Either in a PDA co-culture or plant tissue,LTR-2exhibited the ability to reduce acidification caused by the presence of B.cinerea.Statistical analysis showed a linear correlation between the acid-reduction rate of LTR-2and the pH on the medium or the ambient area on the plant.In a test,LTR-2validated its ability toalleviate OA on the cucumber petals infected by B.cinerea.The results obtained from current experimentation seemed to imply that elimination of OA on the plant could be one of the key factors in the control mechanismof gray mold disease involving LTR-2and B.cinerea.
The gray mold disease on fruits,vegetables and flowers caused by Botrytis cinereais rather common and difficult to control.Oxalic acid(OA)is considered a critical factor in the infection through lowering pH in the infected area.Trichodermaspp.is a valuable bio-control agentin preventing gray rot on the plants.The fungusis known to be capable of eliminating OA.However,whether or not OA elimination is the reason that renders Trichodermaspp.its ability to ward off the gray rot remains unknown.To better understand the mechanism,this study firstly determined the effect brought about by T.harzianum LTR-2on the ambient pH when the plant was under an OA stress.Then,the antagonism effect of LTR-2against B.cinerea on pH and OA elimination was examined.Furthermore,the correlation between the inhibition rate and the ambient pH was statistically analyzed.The results showed that LTR-2could raise the pH when the OA concentration was less than 50mmol·L-1 in the surrounding area.Either in a PDA co-culture or plant tissue,LTR-2exhibited the ability to reduce acidification caused by the presence of B.cinerea.Statistical analysis showed a linear correlation between the acid-reduction rate of LTR-2and the pH on the medium or the ambient area on the plant.In a test,LTR-2validated its ability toalleviate OA on the cucumber petals infected by B.cinerea.The results obtained from current experimentation seemed to imply that elimination of OA on the plant could be one of the key factors in the control mechanismof gray mold disease involving LTR-2and B.cinerea.
2015, 30(9): 891-895.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2015.09.012
Abstract:
Under field conditions,168 loquat germplasms were scrutinized for their resistance to leaf spot disease for two years.The disease indices were rated between 3.8and 47.6,with which the germplasms were categorized by a clustering analysis into 5groups.Eight of the 168 germplasms were highly resistant,24 resistant,82 medium resistant,52 susceptible and 2highly susceptible.The 8highly resistant loquats included Mu Luo,Da Mao,Qakleaf,Zhuo Nan 1,Li Zhi,Long Zao 1,Tang Tou 3and Gang Kou 11.The two highly susceptible germplasms were Sen Wei Zao Sheng and Xiang Cheng 4.There was no correlation found between the stomatal density or the size of lower epiderm and the resistance to leaf spot disease of the loquats.
Under field conditions,168 loquat germplasms were scrutinized for their resistance to leaf spot disease for two years.The disease indices were rated between 3.8and 47.6,with which the germplasms were categorized by a clustering analysis into 5groups.Eight of the 168 germplasms were highly resistant,24 resistant,82 medium resistant,52 susceptible and 2highly susceptible.The 8highly resistant loquats included Mu Luo,Da Mao,Qakleaf,Zhuo Nan 1,Li Zhi,Long Zao 1,Tang Tou 3and Gang Kou 11.The two highly susceptible germplasms were Sen Wei Zao Sheng and Xiang Cheng 4.There was no correlation found between the stomatal density or the size of lower epiderm and the resistance to leaf spot disease of the loquats.
2015, 30(9): 896-900.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2015.09.013
Abstract:
The aromatic constituents in the fresh leaves of Fuyun 6tea(Camelliasinensis cv.Fuyun6)were found to increase significantly under varying degrees of Polyphagotarsonemus latus stress.There were 66 aromatic compounds in the leaves when the tea plants were under a medium stress.As the stress leve lincreased,46 new volatile substances were identified,as compared to control.17 aromatics,such ascedrol,methylsalicylate and 2-Hexyl-1-octanol,were detectedonly when the plants were subjected to a light stress.Some others,such as geranylgeraniol,D-limonene and styrene,existed only in the samples under a medium stress.A severe stress could cause the generation of 10 aromatics,such as copaene.All levels of stress tested in this study produced 6aromatic constituents including hexanal.
The aromatic constituents in the fresh leaves of Fuyun 6tea(Camelliasinensis cv.Fuyun6)were found to increase significantly under varying degrees of Polyphagotarsonemus latus stress.There were 66 aromatic compounds in the leaves when the tea plants were under a medium stress.As the stress leve lincreased,46 new volatile substances were identified,as compared to control.17 aromatics,such ascedrol,methylsalicylate and 2-Hexyl-1-octanol,were detectedonly when the plants were subjected to a light stress.Some others,such as geranylgeraniol,D-limonene and styrene,existed only in the samples under a medium stress.A severe stress could cause the generation of 10 aromatics,such as copaene.All levels of stress tested in this study produced 6aromatic constituents including hexanal.
2015, 30(9): 901-904.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2015.09.014
Abstract:
The pathogen that causedSclerotialblight in Dendrobium officinaleKimura et Migo was identified to beSclerotiumrolfsii Sacc.by its morphological characteristics,as well as through the pathogenicity test and sequence homology analysis of its rDNA-ITS.The ITS sequence of the funguswas 100% identical with that of Atheliarolfsii(GenBank ID:HQ420816.1).Subsequently,a toxicity test on 5fungicides for controlling S.rolfsii was conducted in the laboratory by using mycelium growth rate method and variance analysis.The results showed thatpolyversum and 80% ethylicin hada significant effect on controlling the pathogen with aninhibitory rate exceeding 87%,which reached an extremely significant level.
The pathogen that causedSclerotialblight in Dendrobium officinaleKimura et Migo was identified to beSclerotiumrolfsii Sacc.by its morphological characteristics,as well as through the pathogenicity test and sequence homology analysis of its rDNA-ITS.The ITS sequence of the funguswas 100% identical with that of Atheliarolfsii(GenBank ID:HQ420816.1).Subsequently,a toxicity test on 5fungicides for controlling S.rolfsii was conducted in the laboratory by using mycelium growth rate method and variance analysis.The results showed thatpolyversum and 80% ethylicin hada significant effect on controlling the pathogen with aninhibitory rate exceeding 87%,which reached an extremely significant level.
2015, 30(9): 905-909.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2015.09.015
Abstract:
Despite efforts attempting to increase the protein extraction rate from soybeans in dried soybean sheet production,the recovery rate remains less than 50%.This article reviews the factors affecting the yield,and presents the results from our experimentation targeted at the soybean-milling and slurry-filtration of the protein extraction prior to sheet formation.The traditional sand and colloid grinder milling methods,ratio of soybeans to water,milling time and particle size were examined.The orthogonal experimentalresults showed that a multiple stage separation should be used for the process.A maximized protein recovery could be obtained by a two-stage filtration:firstly,using the sand milling with a water/soybean ratio of 4.5/1to grind the soybeansfollowed by filtration through a 80 mesh silk cloth;then,applying the colloid grinder with a water/milled slurry ratio of 3.5/1followed by filtration through a 100 mesh silk cloth to collect the soy milk for sheet-making.The yield of soluble matters and quality of soy milk were significantly increased resulting in 56.3%increase on the dried soybean sheets.
Despite efforts attempting to increase the protein extraction rate from soybeans in dried soybean sheet production,the recovery rate remains less than 50%.This article reviews the factors affecting the yield,and presents the results from our experimentation targeted at the soybean-milling and slurry-filtration of the protein extraction prior to sheet formation.The traditional sand and colloid grinder milling methods,ratio of soybeans to water,milling time and particle size were examined.The orthogonal experimentalresults showed that a multiple stage separation should be used for the process.A maximized protein recovery could be obtained by a two-stage filtration:firstly,using the sand milling with a water/soybean ratio of 4.5/1to grind the soybeansfollowed by filtration through a 80 mesh silk cloth;then,applying the colloid grinder with a water/milled slurry ratio of 3.5/1followed by filtration through a 100 mesh silk cloth to collect the soy milk for sheet-making.The yield of soluble matters and quality of soy milk were significantly increased resulting in 56.3%increase on the dried soybean sheets.
2015, 30(9): 910-913.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2015.09.016
Abstract:
A structure for breeding maggots was designed based on the living habits and crawling behavior of the fly larvae.It consisted of 4major components:(1)the escape-preventing feature that had a dry and rough surface to deprive moisture and smoothness for maggots to crawl out of the confinement;(2)the movement-oriented feature that made two sides of the bed higher and brighter than the center to take advantage of the natural tendency of maggots seeking for darkness and moving downward to lure them to the bottom of the structure;(3)the drainage system that used a pipe installed in the center of the lowest point of the bed to connect to the vertical sewage drain as a trap and for maggots collection;(4)the collection barrel that had water drains and a row of wood planks on top for worker to walk on as well as providing shades to encourage maggots to crawl into the barrel for collection.
A structure for breeding maggots was designed based on the living habits and crawling behavior of the fly larvae.It consisted of 4major components:(1)the escape-preventing feature that had a dry and rough surface to deprive moisture and smoothness for maggots to crawl out of the confinement;(2)the movement-oriented feature that made two sides of the bed higher and brighter than the center to take advantage of the natural tendency of maggots seeking for darkness and moving downward to lure them to the bottom of the structure;(3)the drainage system that used a pipe installed in the center of the lowest point of the bed to connect to the vertical sewage drain as a trap and for maggots collection;(4)the collection barrel that had water drains and a row of wood planks on top for worker to walk on as well as providing shades to encourage maggots to crawl into the barrel for collection.
2015, 30(9): 914-918.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2015.09.017
Abstract:
Agriculture crowdfunding,relying on the crowdfunding platform on the Internet,realizes the directly bidirectional interaction between producers and investors(consumers),and comes to be a new agricultural financing way by uniting small amount of money people invest in the projects together.Compared with the traditional agricultural financing and management pattern,agriculture crowdfunding has obvious advantages in realizing the interaction of supply and demand,solving the financing problem,shortening the circulation chain and reducing the agricultural risk.The agriculture crowdfunding in China is still at the preliminary and exploratory stage of development associated with low market recognition,high operating cost,no guarantee for agricultural products security,and risk for production,finance,credit risk.Based on the analysis of agriculture crowdfunding's advantages,risks,and development bottleneck,strategies for Chinese agriculture crowdfunding were proposed,which included(1)raising awareness,enhancing trust and fostering professional market of agriculture crowdfunding;(2)exploring the crowdfunding pattern,and reducing operating costs and ensuring the safety of agricultural products;(3)strengthening project support and the operational supervision to reduce the crowdfunding risks.
Agriculture crowdfunding,relying on the crowdfunding platform on the Internet,realizes the directly bidirectional interaction between producers and investors(consumers),and comes to be a new agricultural financing way by uniting small amount of money people invest in the projects together.Compared with the traditional agricultural financing and management pattern,agriculture crowdfunding has obvious advantages in realizing the interaction of supply and demand,solving the financing problem,shortening the circulation chain and reducing the agricultural risk.The agriculture crowdfunding in China is still at the preliminary and exploratory stage of development associated with low market recognition,high operating cost,no guarantee for agricultural products security,and risk for production,finance,credit risk.Based on the analysis of agriculture crowdfunding's advantages,risks,and development bottleneck,strategies for Chinese agriculture crowdfunding were proposed,which included(1)raising awareness,enhancing trust and fostering professional market of agriculture crowdfunding;(2)exploring the crowdfunding pattern,and reducing operating costs and ensuring the safety of agricultural products;(3)strengthening project support and the operational supervision to reduce the crowdfunding risks.
2015, 30(9): 919-925.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2015.09.018
Abstract:
In soil,nitrogen mostly exists in the form of organic polymers,which can transform into soluble organic nitrogen(SON)through a series of complex biological and non-biological processes.In this paper,SON refers to the organic nitrogen extracted by water or salt solution,rather than the dissolved organic nitrogen(DON)collected in situ.Currently,the research on SON largely focuses on forest-,grassland-and/or agro-ecosystems.There are differences in the content and composition of the soil SON in different ecosystems that vary in soil type,land use,vegetation,soil management and/or environmental factors.A great deal of the information obtained thus far indicates a correlation between SON content and the quantities and components of the microorganisms in soil,the activities of extracellular enzymes,etc.The transformation process may include breakdown of the polymeric nitrogen by bacteria,fungi and/or extracellular depolymerases secreted by microbes in soilor plants into soluble subunits that can be utilized by microorganisms or plants.The soluble subunits may also be further degraded into ammonium(NH+4)and nitrate(NO-3),which are the preferred N source for bacteria,fungi and plants.At present,few study targets the microbes that are capable of degrading organic nitrogen into subunits,while only a few reported the degradation and absorption of organic nitrogen by mycorrhizal fungi.Thus,future studies ought to be directed toward the understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of soil organic nitrogen transformation.
In soil,nitrogen mostly exists in the form of organic polymers,which can transform into soluble organic nitrogen(SON)through a series of complex biological and non-biological processes.In this paper,SON refers to the organic nitrogen extracted by water or salt solution,rather than the dissolved organic nitrogen(DON)collected in situ.Currently,the research on SON largely focuses on forest-,grassland-and/or agro-ecosystems.There are differences in the content and composition of the soil SON in different ecosystems that vary in soil type,land use,vegetation,soil management and/or environmental factors.A great deal of the information obtained thus far indicates a correlation between SON content and the quantities and components of the microorganisms in soil,the activities of extracellular enzymes,etc.The transformation process may include breakdown of the polymeric nitrogen by bacteria,fungi and/or extracellular depolymerases secreted by microbes in soilor plants into soluble subunits that can be utilized by microorganisms or plants.The soluble subunits may also be further degraded into ammonium(NH+4)and nitrate(NO-3),which are the preferred N source for bacteria,fungi and plants.At present,few study targets the microbes that are capable of degrading organic nitrogen into subunits,while only a few reported the degradation and absorption of organic nitrogen by mycorrhizal fungi.Thus,future studies ought to be directed toward the understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of soil organic nitrogen transformation.
