2015 Vol. 30, No. 1
Display Method:
2015, 30(1): 1-5.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2015.01.001
Abstract:
An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) method was developed to detect serum antibodies for duck Tembusu virus(DTV).ELISA plates were coated with the main antigenic determinant of the envelop proteins(E1protein).The optimized test conditions included:concentration of E1 coating on the ELISA plate of 1.548 mg·L-1,serum sample dilution at 1∶100,and HRP-labeled goat anti-duck IgG dilution at1∶6 000.The specific tests showed no cross-reactions on anti-sera against the avian influenza virus,Newcastle disease virus,duck hepatitis virus-I,duck hepatitis type 1virus with pancreatitis,pasteurellosis or riemerella anatipestifer,indicating a high specificity of the ELISA against DTV.The coefficients of variation of the intro-and inter-batch duplicability tests were below 10%.The sensitivity was 1∶3 200.Compared with the indirect ELISA coated with DTV,the coincidence rate of indirect ELISA was 95.1%.Out of the 237 laying duck serum samples collected from Fujian,194(i.e.,77.9% of the total)were found positive on the indirect ELISA.The newly developed indirect ELISA methodology appeared to have desirable specificity,repeatability,as well as sensitivity,and could potentially be applied for routine DTV detection.
An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) method was developed to detect serum antibodies for duck Tembusu virus(DTV).ELISA plates were coated with the main antigenic determinant of the envelop proteins(E1protein).The optimized test conditions included:concentration of E1 coating on the ELISA plate of 1.548 mg·L-1,serum sample dilution at 1∶100,and HRP-labeled goat anti-duck IgG dilution at1∶6 000.The specific tests showed no cross-reactions on anti-sera against the avian influenza virus,Newcastle disease virus,duck hepatitis virus-I,duck hepatitis type 1virus with pancreatitis,pasteurellosis or riemerella anatipestifer,indicating a high specificity of the ELISA against DTV.The coefficients of variation of the intro-and inter-batch duplicability tests were below 10%.The sensitivity was 1∶3 200.Compared with the indirect ELISA coated with DTV,the coincidence rate of indirect ELISA was 95.1%.Out of the 237 laying duck serum samples collected from Fujian,194(i.e.,77.9% of the total)were found positive on the indirect ELISA.The newly developed indirect ELISA methodology appeared to have desirable specificity,repeatability,as well as sensitivity,and could potentially be applied for routine DTV detection.
2015, 30(1): 6-8.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2015.01.002
Abstract:
In this study,an Orf virus strain,named ORFV-FZ,was isolated from the infected goat in the farm of Fuzhou in Fujian.The B2 Lgene fragment of the ORFV-FZ strain was amplified and sequenced.The sequencing result showed that the nucleotide homology of the ORFV-FZ strain with those strains from Fujian,Xinjiang and Guangxi were above 99%,in which,the homology between ORFV-FZ and FJ-YX strain was up to 99.8%,indicated the possibility of the same origin of these two strains.
In this study,an Orf virus strain,named ORFV-FZ,was isolated from the infected goat in the farm of Fuzhou in Fujian.The B2 Lgene fragment of the ORFV-FZ strain was amplified and sequenced.The sequencing result showed that the nucleotide homology of the ORFV-FZ strain with those strains from Fujian,Xinjiang and Guangxi were above 99%,in which,the homology between ORFV-FZ and FJ-YX strain was up to 99.8%,indicated the possibility of the same origin of these two strains.
2015, 30(1): 9-13.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2015.01.003
Abstract:
Ninety weaned piglets [Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire,average body weight(11.2±0.8)kg]were selected and divided into group 1(control group,basic diet),group 2(basic diet added with antibiotics),group 3(basic diet added with xylo-oligosaccharide),group 4(basic diet added with probiotics)and group 5(basic diet added with probiotics and xylo-oligosaccharide).Each group had 3repeats,to observe the effect of probiotics and xylo-oligosaccharide on growth performance and enteric microbial in weaned piglets.The results showed that thoct compared with control,the average daily gain was significantly increased in group 2,3,4and group 5(P<0.05)and the highest was observed in group 5,showing significantly increase than group 2;feed conversion rate,serum urea N and E.coli in jejunum were significantly decreased(P<0.05)in group 2,3,4,5and the lowest of them was observed in group 5.Serum IgG and IgM were higher in group 3,4,5than group 2and control(P<0.05),and the highest levels of IgG and IgM was obtained in group 5.Lactic acid bacteria in jejunum were higher in group3,4,5than group 2and control(P<0.05)and the highest was obtained in group 5.The results indicated that based diet added individually or combination with probiotics and xylo-oligosaccharide can improve the growth performance,microbial population status and immune function of weaned piglets.
Ninety weaned piglets [Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire,average body weight(11.2±0.8)kg]were selected and divided into group 1(control group,basic diet),group 2(basic diet added with antibiotics),group 3(basic diet added with xylo-oligosaccharide),group 4(basic diet added with probiotics)and group 5(basic diet added with probiotics and xylo-oligosaccharide).Each group had 3repeats,to observe the effect of probiotics and xylo-oligosaccharide on growth performance and enteric microbial in weaned piglets.The results showed that thoct compared with control,the average daily gain was significantly increased in group 2,3,4and group 5(P<0.05)and the highest was observed in group 5,showing significantly increase than group 2;feed conversion rate,serum urea N and E.coli in jejunum were significantly decreased(P<0.05)in group 2,3,4,5and the lowest of them was observed in group 5.Serum IgG and IgM were higher in group 3,4,5than group 2and control(P<0.05),and the highest levels of IgG and IgM was obtained in group 5.Lactic acid bacteria in jejunum were higher in group3,4,5than group 2and control(P<0.05)and the highest was obtained in group 5.The results indicated that based diet added individually or combination with probiotics and xylo-oligosaccharide can improve the growth performance,microbial population status and immune function of weaned piglets.
2015, 30(1): 14-17.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2015.01.004
Abstract:
For medicine selection and safety assessment of disease control of Pomoxisnigromacufastus,the acute toxicity test of seventeen aquaculture drugs were done for Juvenile Pomoxis nigromacufastus.The results showed that the safety concentrations of seventeen aquaculture drugs from the highest to the lowest were natrii chloridum(220mg·L-1),mequindox(16.75 mg·L-1),baichongke(10.72 mg·L-1),meijunjing(7.98 mg·L-1),florfeniol(7.52mg·L-1),mebendazolum(3.44 mg·L-1),liquor formaldehyde(3.16 mg·L-1),polyiodide(1.94mg·L-1),kalii permanganas(1.07mg·L-1),yuchongkexing(0.76mg·L-1),xiaoguazhihuanjing(0.39mg·L-1),trichlophonus(0.35 mg·L-1),baitechongqing(0.32 mg·L-1),xinyiwei(0.3 mg· L-1),trichlorinafed isocyanuric acid(0.06 mg·L-1),baiteyichongdi(0.031 mg·L-1),and cupric sulfate(0.028mg·L-1).The safety concentrations of cupric sulfat for Juvenile Pomoxis nigromacufastus were significantly lower than commonly used concentrations.Cupric sulfate cannot be used to cure the disease of Juvenile Pomoxis nigromacufastus. The safety concentrations of Trichlorinafed isocyanuric acid,Liqour formaldehyde, Kalii permanganas,Yuchongkexing and Natrii chloridum for Juvenile Pomoxis nigromacufastus were lower than their commonly used concentrations,so they should be used carefully.The safety concentrations of eleven kinds of drugs of mebendazolum, polyiodide, meijunjing, baichongke, xiaoguazhihuanjing, xinyiwei, baitechongqing,trichlophonus, mequindox,florfeniol and baiteyichongdi were near or higher than their commonly used concentrations,so they could be used safely in cultivation of Pomoxis nigromacufastus.
For medicine selection and safety assessment of disease control of Pomoxisnigromacufastus,the acute toxicity test of seventeen aquaculture drugs were done for Juvenile Pomoxis nigromacufastus.The results showed that the safety concentrations of seventeen aquaculture drugs from the highest to the lowest were natrii chloridum(220mg·L-1),mequindox(16.75 mg·L-1),baichongke(10.72 mg·L-1),meijunjing(7.98 mg·L-1),florfeniol(7.52mg·L-1),mebendazolum(3.44 mg·L-1),liquor formaldehyde(3.16 mg·L-1),polyiodide(1.94mg·L-1),kalii permanganas(1.07mg·L-1),yuchongkexing(0.76mg·L-1),xiaoguazhihuanjing(0.39mg·L-1),trichlophonus(0.35 mg·L-1),baitechongqing(0.32 mg·L-1),xinyiwei(0.3 mg· L-1),trichlorinafed isocyanuric acid(0.06 mg·L-1),baiteyichongdi(0.031 mg·L-1),and cupric sulfate(0.028mg·L-1).The safety concentrations of cupric sulfat for Juvenile Pomoxis nigromacufastus were significantly lower than commonly used concentrations.Cupric sulfate cannot be used to cure the disease of Juvenile Pomoxis nigromacufastus. The safety concentrations of Trichlorinafed isocyanuric acid,Liqour formaldehyde, Kalii permanganas,Yuchongkexing and Natrii chloridum for Juvenile Pomoxis nigromacufastus were lower than their commonly used concentrations,so they should be used carefully.The safety concentrations of eleven kinds of drugs of mebendazolum, polyiodide, meijunjing, baichongke, xiaoguazhihuanjing, xinyiwei, baitechongqing,trichlophonus, mequindox,florfeniol and baiteyichongdi were near or higher than their commonly used concentrations,so they could be used safely in cultivation of Pomoxis nigromacufastus.
2015, 30(1): 18-21.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2015.01.005
Abstract:
In order to solve genetic degradation of Haliotis discus nanri,a 390 dfeeding trial was conducted to evaluate growth rate and survival rate of three juvenile hybrid abalones(H.discus nanri♀ ×H.discus hannai♂;H.discus nanri♀ × H.discus discus♂;H.discus nanri♀ × H.discus nanri♂)under marine cage culture condition in March 2013.Three hybrid abalones came from artificial rearing condition in October 2012,each treatment stocked with 2 500 juvenile abalones.The results showed that the growth rate and survival rate of oversummering of H.discus nanri♀×H.discus hannai♂and H.discus nanri♀×H.discus discus♂were significantly(P<0.05)higher than those of H.discus nanri♀ ×H.discus nanri♂before separate fries.The growth rate and survival rate were not significantly different(P>0.05)between H.discus nanri♀ × H.discus hannai♂and H.discus nanri♀×H.discus discus♂.The decreasing order of growth rate and survival rate of three abalones was H.discus nanri♀×H.discus discus♂>H.discus nanri♀ ×H.discus hannai♂>H.discus nanri♀ ×H.discus nanri♂after separate fries.There were significant differences(P <0.05)among three hybrid abalones.In conclusion,it is possible to solve genetic degradation of Haliotis discus nanri by cross breeding in abalone culture.The cross breeding technique was important to maximize growth rate and survival rate of abalones.
In order to solve genetic degradation of Haliotis discus nanri,a 390 dfeeding trial was conducted to evaluate growth rate and survival rate of three juvenile hybrid abalones(H.discus nanri♀ ×H.discus hannai♂;H.discus nanri♀ × H.discus discus♂;H.discus nanri♀ × H.discus nanri♂)under marine cage culture condition in March 2013.Three hybrid abalones came from artificial rearing condition in October 2012,each treatment stocked with 2 500 juvenile abalones.The results showed that the growth rate and survival rate of oversummering of H.discus nanri♀×H.discus hannai♂and H.discus nanri♀×H.discus discus♂were significantly(P<0.05)higher than those of H.discus nanri♀ ×H.discus nanri♂before separate fries.The growth rate and survival rate were not significantly different(P>0.05)between H.discus nanri♀ × H.discus hannai♂and H.discus nanri♀×H.discus discus♂.The decreasing order of growth rate and survival rate of three abalones was H.discus nanri♀×H.discus discus♂>H.discus nanri♀ ×H.discus hannai♂>H.discus nanri♀ ×H.discus nanri♂after separate fries.There were significant differences(P <0.05)among three hybrid abalones.In conclusion,it is possible to solve genetic degradation of Haliotis discus nanri by cross breeding in abalone culture.The cross breeding technique was important to maximize growth rate and survival rate of abalones.
2015, 30(1): 22-25.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2015.01.006
Abstract:
To identify a batch of metacercariaes detected from those Radix swinhoei collected in Gutian,Fujian,an artificial infection trial was carried out by using 100 metacercariaes to infect each of four mule ducks at 20 days of age.The result showed that the trematodes,(2.21~3.30)mm ×(0.70~0.85)mm in size,were detected from the rectums of each duck with the average number of 52.The body of the trematode contained 2parts,front and rear.The forepart was cup-shaped,containing oral sucker,pharynx,ventral sucker and false sucker;the rear part was falcate or short cylindrical,containing two lobulated testicles,one oarium,seminal vesicle,yolk gland and eggs.Therefore,the trematode was identified as Pseudostrigeapoyangensis.This trial confirmed that Fujian was the second province in which the trematode existed and the Radix swinhoei was the second intermediate host of the trematode,while the developing time from the metacercariaes to the adult was 5days.
To identify a batch of metacercariaes detected from those Radix swinhoei collected in Gutian,Fujian,an artificial infection trial was carried out by using 100 metacercariaes to infect each of four mule ducks at 20 days of age.The result showed that the trematodes,(2.21~3.30)mm ×(0.70~0.85)mm in size,were detected from the rectums of each duck with the average number of 52.The body of the trematode contained 2parts,front and rear.The forepart was cup-shaped,containing oral sucker,pharynx,ventral sucker and false sucker;the rear part was falcate or short cylindrical,containing two lobulated testicles,one oarium,seminal vesicle,yolk gland and eggs.Therefore,the trematode was identified as Pseudostrigeapoyangensis.This trial confirmed that Fujian was the second province in which the trematode existed and the Radix swinhoei was the second intermediate host of the trematode,while the developing time from the metacercariaes to the adult was 5days.
2015, 30(1): 26-32.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2015.01.007
Abstract:
The amino acid contents and types of longan flower were analyzed based on longan germplasm.The results showed that,total free amino acid content(TAA)was up to 8 091.06mg·hg-1 with all 18 amino acid types,among them the highest amino acid was Glutamic acid(1 008.26 mg·hg-1),and the lowest was Cysteine(17.19 mg·hg-1).Glutamic acid,aspartic acid,lysine,leucine,arginine,valine,proline,seven amino acids were the major amino acids of longan flowers,accounting for 59.31% TAA content.The difference of amino acid was great among the longan genotypes,and the coefficient of variation was from 11.00% to 80.01%in 18 amino acids.The nutrition analysis showed that,the ratio of essential amino acid to total amino acid was from 38.91% to 42.94%.There were two longan genotypes with 4good amino acid model ratios,as for Shiyue longan and Dawuyuan.And(Methionine+Cysteine)was the first limiting amino acid.There were abundant in functional amino acid and tasted amino acid from different longan genotypes.The 3grading criteria of total amino acid contents was proposed based on cluster analysis,and 5longan genotypes with highest amino acid content was selected for special longan germplasm.
The amino acid contents and types of longan flower were analyzed based on longan germplasm.The results showed that,total free amino acid content(TAA)was up to 8 091.06mg·hg-1 with all 18 amino acid types,among them the highest amino acid was Glutamic acid(1 008.26 mg·hg-1),and the lowest was Cysteine(17.19 mg·hg-1).Glutamic acid,aspartic acid,lysine,leucine,arginine,valine,proline,seven amino acids were the major amino acids of longan flowers,accounting for 59.31% TAA content.The difference of amino acid was great among the longan genotypes,and the coefficient of variation was from 11.00% to 80.01%in 18 amino acids.The nutrition analysis showed that,the ratio of essential amino acid to total amino acid was from 38.91% to 42.94%.There were two longan genotypes with 4good amino acid model ratios,as for Shiyue longan and Dawuyuan.And(Methionine+Cysteine)was the first limiting amino acid.There were abundant in functional amino acid and tasted amino acid from different longan genotypes.The 3grading criteria of total amino acid contents was proposed based on cluster analysis,and 5longan genotypes with highest amino acid content was selected for special longan germplasm.
2015, 30(1): 33-37.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2015.01.008
Abstract:
To research the relativity of color with contents of anthocyanin,flavonoids and arotenoid in plum,the study detected and compared the color(LCH0),contents of anthocyanin,flavonoids and carotenoid for peel and flesh of 14 plum varieties.It also analyzed the relativity of color with contents of anthocyanin,flavonoids and carotenoid.The results indicated:First,hue angle(H0)was a important indicator index of color because it suggested the similar consequence as eyes on color.Second,the contents of anthocyanin,flavonoids and carotenoid were rich in plum peel,and also in plum flesh.They were highly different among varieties(P<0.01).Third,The luminance(L),both of peel and flesh,had significant negative correlation with the contents of anthocyanin and carotenoid,respectively(P<0.01);what's more,it presented an identical tendency between H0 of flesh with the conetents of anthocyanin and carotenoid(P<0.01),respectively;but color saturation(C)was not obviously correlated with the two contents(P>0.05),respectively.However,the correlations of L,C and H0 with content of flavonoids were not obvious(P>0.05),respectively.
To research the relativity of color with contents of anthocyanin,flavonoids and arotenoid in plum,the study detected and compared the color(LCH0),contents of anthocyanin,flavonoids and carotenoid for peel and flesh of 14 plum varieties.It also analyzed the relativity of color with contents of anthocyanin,flavonoids and carotenoid.The results indicated:First,hue angle(H0)was a important indicator index of color because it suggested the similar consequence as eyes on color.Second,the contents of anthocyanin,flavonoids and carotenoid were rich in plum peel,and also in plum flesh.They were highly different among varieties(P<0.01).Third,The luminance(L),both of peel and flesh,had significant negative correlation with the contents of anthocyanin and carotenoid,respectively(P<0.01);what's more,it presented an identical tendency between H0 of flesh with the conetents of anthocyanin and carotenoid(P<0.01),respectively;but color saturation(C)was not obviously correlated with the two contents(P>0.05),respectively.However,the correlations of L,C and H0 with content of flavonoids were not obvious(P>0.05),respectively.
2015, 30(1): 38-59.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2015.01.009
Abstract:
The Bacillus-like bacteria in this paper are defined as a great variety of the Firmicutes bacteria,which belong to the genus Bacillus and related genera in taxonomy and can form endospores with very strong resistance.The Bacillus-like bacteria exist in extremely diverse environment,and they have been widely used in food-stuff,agriculture and forestry,industry,biotechnology,medicine,metallurgy,environmental protection,military and other fields.Therefore,researches on taxonomy of the Bacillus-like bacteria are always very important and fundamental work.With the improvement of experimental techniques and research methods,more and more Bacillus-like species are discovered.However,a large number of new species and genera have not been assigned their corresponding Chinese names.On the other hand,many Bacillus-like species have been changed their taxonomic status and a few Bacillus-like species have been combined with corresponding species due to synonyms.Certainly,these changes cause chaos and confusion for the related researchers in China.According to the recently updated version(2014December)of the‘List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature'on the LPSN website and‘Berger′s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology,Volume 3:The Firmicutes'(the second edition),753 species of the Bacillus-like bacteria that belong to 5families and 71 genera were listed in this paper.Furthermore,changes in taxonomy of the genus Bacillus and related genera were presented and the Latin names and Chinesenames of each family,genus and species were listed,respectively.Our work would play a certain role in promoting research and application of the Bacillus-like bacteria in China.
The Bacillus-like bacteria in this paper are defined as a great variety of the Firmicutes bacteria,which belong to the genus Bacillus and related genera in taxonomy and can form endospores with very strong resistance.The Bacillus-like bacteria exist in extremely diverse environment,and they have been widely used in food-stuff,agriculture and forestry,industry,biotechnology,medicine,metallurgy,environmental protection,military and other fields.Therefore,researches on taxonomy of the Bacillus-like bacteria are always very important and fundamental work.With the improvement of experimental techniques and research methods,more and more Bacillus-like species are discovered.However,a large number of new species and genera have not been assigned their corresponding Chinese names.On the other hand,many Bacillus-like species have been changed their taxonomic status and a few Bacillus-like species have been combined with corresponding species due to synonyms.Certainly,these changes cause chaos and confusion for the related researchers in China.According to the recently updated version(2014December)of the‘List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature'on the LPSN website and‘Berger′s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology,Volume 3:The Firmicutes'(the second edition),753 species of the Bacillus-like bacteria that belong to 5families and 71 genera were listed in this paper.Furthermore,changes in taxonomy of the genus Bacillus and related genera were presented and the Latin names and Chinesenames of each family,genus and species were listed,respectively.Our work would play a certain role in promoting research and application of the Bacillus-like bacteria in China.
2015, 30(1): 60-64.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2015.01.010
Abstract:
Fatty acids were important components of cell membrane of bacteria,and were subjected to the control of genetic material on cell membrane.The components and contents of fatty acids of Bacillus species were highly conserved and stable.Differences in chain length,position of double bond and binding of functional group,made fatty acids very useful as taxonomic markers.In bacterial culture and fatty acid extraction stages,the experiment results showed that the identification of Bacillus′s fatty acids was affected by saponification time and fatty acid extraction reagent dose.Using type species as object,effects of different detection conditions on fatty acid results of the genus Bacillus were investigated.The optimum conditions for the detection were saponification time of 25 to 30min,saponification reagent dosage of 1.0mL,methylation reagent dosage of 1.5mL.
Fatty acids were important components of cell membrane of bacteria,and were subjected to the control of genetic material on cell membrane.The components and contents of fatty acids of Bacillus species were highly conserved and stable.Differences in chain length,position of double bond and binding of functional group,made fatty acids very useful as taxonomic markers.In bacterial culture and fatty acid extraction stages,the experiment results showed that the identification of Bacillus′s fatty acids was affected by saponification time and fatty acid extraction reagent dose.Using type species as object,effects of different detection conditions on fatty acid results of the genus Bacillus were investigated.The optimum conditions for the detection were saponification time of 25 to 30min,saponification reagent dosage of 1.0mL,methylation reagent dosage of 1.5mL.
2015, 30(1): 65-68.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2015.01.011
Abstract:
Aspergillus flavus is a devastating pathogen for human health and economic development,for the aflatoxins produced by A.flavus has strong toxicity for humans and animals.Therefore,to establish a rapid,accurate and sensitivity detection system for A.flavus,we developed a nested polymerase chain reaction(PCR)based on the aflP(GenBank:FN398191)gene.In the present study,aflP was used as a molecular target,alignment of the aflPregion sequences with other sequences belonging to Aspergillus species closely related to A.flavus and other fungi was used to identify conserved and differing regions,and then two pairs of PCR primers(aflP-1-F/aflP-1-R and aflP-2-F/aflP-1-R)were developed.For specificity testing,DNA extracted from 7 A.flavus,5different Aspergillus spp.and 21 other fungi were used,and our results showed that a 211 bp of specific band can be amplified only in aflatoxins produced A.flavus strains.A nested PCR procedure using aflP-1-F/aflP-1-R as the first-round primers and the followed using aflP-2-F/aflP-1-R increased the detection sensitivity 100-fold to10 fg.Furthermore,the aflP-based PCR was used for detection analysis of cDNA from artificially and naturally aflatoxins-contaminated corn and peanut samples and our results suggest that the aflP-based PCR detection is a specific,sensitive and rapid diagnostic tool for A.flavus monitoring.
Aspergillus flavus is a devastating pathogen for human health and economic development,for the aflatoxins produced by A.flavus has strong toxicity for humans and animals.Therefore,to establish a rapid,accurate and sensitivity detection system for A.flavus,we developed a nested polymerase chain reaction(PCR)based on the aflP(GenBank:FN398191)gene.In the present study,aflP was used as a molecular target,alignment of the aflPregion sequences with other sequences belonging to Aspergillus species closely related to A.flavus and other fungi was used to identify conserved and differing regions,and then two pairs of PCR primers(aflP-1-F/aflP-1-R and aflP-2-F/aflP-1-R)were developed.For specificity testing,DNA extracted from 7 A.flavus,5different Aspergillus spp.and 21 other fungi were used,and our results showed that a 211 bp of specific band can be amplified only in aflatoxins produced A.flavus strains.A nested PCR procedure using aflP-1-F/aflP-1-R as the first-round primers and the followed using aflP-2-F/aflP-1-R increased the detection sensitivity 100-fold to10 fg.Furthermore,the aflP-based PCR was used for detection analysis of cDNA from artificially and naturally aflatoxins-contaminated corn and peanut samples and our results suggest that the aflP-based PCR detection is a specific,sensitive and rapid diagnostic tool for A.flavus monitoring.
2015, 30(1): 69-74.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2015.01.012
Abstract:
Methanol and fusel oil in fermented and aged red bayberry wine were investigated using gas chromatography to understand the changes of methanol and fusel oil during aging.Resultsshowed that there was no methanol in fermented red baybery wine.The content of fusel oil in the red bayberry wine was 290.375mg·L-1that was a reasonable content.Methanol was also not generated during aging.The content of fusel oil,isobutyl alcohol,phenethyl alcohol and benzyl alcohol were significantly decreased in the red bayberry wine aged 15 d.Continuously aging to 60 d,the content of isobutyl alcohol resulting of bad flavor was still in significant decreased while the content of phenethyl alcohol and benzyl alcohol relating with aromatic flavor had less change.Further aging,the content of fusel oil and composition were relatively stable.These indicated that 60 daging period could effectively change the red bayberry wine to soft.The method established in determination of methanol and fusel oil for red bayberry wine performed with high precision and accuracy(RSD was 1.02%-4.27%),and the recovery of standard addition was 94.091%-100.515%.
Methanol and fusel oil in fermented and aged red bayberry wine were investigated using gas chromatography to understand the changes of methanol and fusel oil during aging.Resultsshowed that there was no methanol in fermented red baybery wine.The content of fusel oil in the red bayberry wine was 290.375mg·L-1that was a reasonable content.Methanol was also not generated during aging.The content of fusel oil,isobutyl alcohol,phenethyl alcohol and benzyl alcohol were significantly decreased in the red bayberry wine aged 15 d.Continuously aging to 60 d,the content of isobutyl alcohol resulting of bad flavor was still in significant decreased while the content of phenethyl alcohol and benzyl alcohol relating with aromatic flavor had less change.Further aging,the content of fusel oil and composition were relatively stable.These indicated that 60 daging period could effectively change the red bayberry wine to soft.The method established in determination of methanol and fusel oil for red bayberry wine performed with high precision and accuracy(RSD was 1.02%-4.27%),and the recovery of standard addition was 94.091%-100.515%.
2015, 30(1): 75-79.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2015.01.013
Abstract:
To increase extraction rate in shorted extraction time,microwave-assisted technology was used for extracting polysaccharides of Clitocybe maxima stipe ground by particle size of 20 mesh vs 300 mesh.The crude polysaccharide was extracted from coarse and ultra-fine powder with the solvent water and precipitated with ethanol,then the content was detected using the phenol-sulfuric acid method.The effect on polysaccharide dissolubility was studied for the superfine grinding technology.The results showed that the best extraction parameters for ultra-fine powder were:extraction time 2h,extraction temperature 80℃,the ratio of material to solvent 1∶40,extracting twice,and obtained polysaccharides 8.93%.The extraction parameters for coarse powder were:extraction time 4h,extraction temperature 90℃,the ratio of material to solvent 1∶40,extracting once and polysaccharide yield5.86%.Comparing with coarse powder,extracting polysaccharides with ultra-fine powder shortened extraction time for 50%,increased polysaccharide yield by 3.07 percentage points,and improved the purity of polysaccharides by 12.14 percentage points.It was indicated that ultra-fine grinding technology has improved the extraction efficiency of polysaccharide for Clitocybe Maxima stipe.
To increase extraction rate in shorted extraction time,microwave-assisted technology was used for extracting polysaccharides of Clitocybe maxima stipe ground by particle size of 20 mesh vs 300 mesh.The crude polysaccharide was extracted from coarse and ultra-fine powder with the solvent water and precipitated with ethanol,then the content was detected using the phenol-sulfuric acid method.The effect on polysaccharide dissolubility was studied for the superfine grinding technology.The results showed that the best extraction parameters for ultra-fine powder were:extraction time 2h,extraction temperature 80℃,the ratio of material to solvent 1∶40,extracting twice,and obtained polysaccharides 8.93%.The extraction parameters for coarse powder were:extraction time 4h,extraction temperature 90℃,the ratio of material to solvent 1∶40,extracting once and polysaccharide yield5.86%.Comparing with coarse powder,extracting polysaccharides with ultra-fine powder shortened extraction time for 50%,increased polysaccharide yield by 3.07 percentage points,and improved the purity of polysaccharides by 12.14 percentage points.It was indicated that ultra-fine grinding technology has improved the extraction efficiency of polysaccharide for Clitocybe Maxima stipe.
2015, 30(1): 80-84.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2015.01.014
Abstract:
Esterified catechins are the major components resulting in bitterness and astringency in instant tea for the taste of additive applied products.Hence,more attention should be paid to the application of tannase in processing of instant tea for it degraded esterified catechins in tea.In this paper,the effects of tannase had been investigated on degrading esterified catechins for instant green tea solution at different concentrations,degradation values of EGCG for per unit tannase(mg)and the application of tannase in processing of instant green tea.The results showed that degradation values of EGCG for per unit tannase(mg)achieved 6.70 mg·mg-1 at diopter of instant green tea solution 2.35.The 3‰ addition of tea materials for tannase was suitable in applying to extracted and separated tea solution to obtain the instant tea powder with mellow taste.Comparing with only by extraction in hot water,applying tannase did not change the instant green tea significantly in the contents of tea polyphenols and catechins.
Esterified catechins are the major components resulting in bitterness and astringency in instant tea for the taste of additive applied products.Hence,more attention should be paid to the application of tannase in processing of instant tea for it degraded esterified catechins in tea.In this paper,the effects of tannase had been investigated on degrading esterified catechins for instant green tea solution at different concentrations,degradation values of EGCG for per unit tannase(mg)and the application of tannase in processing of instant green tea.The results showed that degradation values of EGCG for per unit tannase(mg)achieved 6.70 mg·mg-1 at diopter of instant green tea solution 2.35.The 3‰ addition of tea materials for tannase was suitable in applying to extracted and separated tea solution to obtain the instant tea powder with mellow taste.Comparing with only by extraction in hot water,applying tannase did not change the instant green tea significantly in the contents of tea polyphenols and catechins.
2015, 30(1): 85-89.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2015.01.015
Abstract:
The construction of modern ecological agriculture is not only to the means of agricultural production of science and technology,but also to build a complete modern ecological agriculture industry system.Especially at the present stage of our country,the system of modern ecological agriculture construction is the core of the construction of modern agriculture.This paper summarized the connotation and characteristics of modern ecological agriculture industrialization,the construction of basic framework of ecological agriculture industrialization,the analysis and the type of ecological agriculture industrialization,and analyzed the construction and strategic thinking of building a modern ecological agriculture industry system at last.
The construction of modern ecological agriculture is not only to the means of agricultural production of science and technology,but also to build a complete modern ecological agriculture industry system.Especially at the present stage of our country,the system of modern ecological agriculture construction is the core of the construction of modern agriculture.This paper summarized the connotation and characteristics of modern ecological agriculture industrialization,the construction of basic framework of ecological agriculture industrialization,the analysis and the type of ecological agriculture industrialization,and analyzed the construction and strategic thinking of building a modern ecological agriculture industry system at last.
2015, 30(1): 90-97.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2015.01.016
Abstract:
Herbage,instead of conventional substrates,has been used for cultivating mushroom.however,Its application might affect the yield,quality and edible/medicinal value of the mushroom.It might also reduce the production cost.Both internal and external factors affecting the growth and development of edible fungus.The practices showed that right environment can promote the growth of edible fungus.The paper summarized current progresses in study of fungal cultivars,cultivation methods,production and industry,as well as the problems associated with herbage utilization.Suggestions for further studies are also included.
Herbage,instead of conventional substrates,has been used for cultivating mushroom.however,Its application might affect the yield,quality and edible/medicinal value of the mushroom.It might also reduce the production cost.Both internal and external factors affecting the growth and development of edible fungus.The practices showed that right environment can promote the growth of edible fungus.The paper summarized current progresses in study of fungal cultivars,cultivation methods,production and industry,as well as the problems associated with herbage utilization.Suggestions for further studies are also included.
2015, 30(1): 98-105.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2015.01.017
Abstract:
Natural conditions and human activities can induce severe soil and water losses,which results in the worldwide soil degeneration and ecological depravation.China is among the nations that are most seriously affected by the problem.Thus,the Chinese government has devoted much attention to the water and soil conservation(SWC)in recent decades.To a certain degree,the efforts have reduced the soil erosion,improved the environment,maintained and promoted the soil quality,and ensured a sustainable development. Nonetheless,further improvement is needed.This article introduces the critical concept of SWC and soil quality,as well as the biological,engineering and tillage measures to alleviate the losses.The soil quality,which encompasses visual,physical,chemical and biological aspects,is explained.Furthermore,the degree of soil erosion and SWC measures and their restoration and improvement effects on soil quality were reviewed.Three representative SWC projects,i.e.,the World Bank Loan Loess Plateau Rehabilitation Project,the Zhuxi Watershed Project in Eroded Red Soil Area in Fujian,and the Soil Erosion Control in Typical Eroded Black Soil Area in Northeast China,are presented for illustration.The effects of conservation tillage on soil have been analyzed for further understanding of the various issues associated with the loss of soil and water,the resource and ecology,as well as the conservation.In conclusion,directions for future research in the following specific areas were suggested:(1) methods and standardization of soil quality evaluation;(2)studies on key factors for effective SWC;(3)fundamentals of SWC.This paper aims to provide important references for traditional layout of SWC measures,scientific agricultural production and management,and comprehensive and objective evaluation of effects of soil erosion control.
Natural conditions and human activities can induce severe soil and water losses,which results in the worldwide soil degeneration and ecological depravation.China is among the nations that are most seriously affected by the problem.Thus,the Chinese government has devoted much attention to the water and soil conservation(SWC)in recent decades.To a certain degree,the efforts have reduced the soil erosion,improved the environment,maintained and promoted the soil quality,and ensured a sustainable development. Nonetheless,further improvement is needed.This article introduces the critical concept of SWC and soil quality,as well as the biological,engineering and tillage measures to alleviate the losses.The soil quality,which encompasses visual,physical,chemical and biological aspects,is explained.Furthermore,the degree of soil erosion and SWC measures and their restoration and improvement effects on soil quality were reviewed.Three representative SWC projects,i.e.,the World Bank Loan Loess Plateau Rehabilitation Project,the Zhuxi Watershed Project in Eroded Red Soil Area in Fujian,and the Soil Erosion Control in Typical Eroded Black Soil Area in Northeast China,are presented for illustration.The effects of conservation tillage on soil have been analyzed for further understanding of the various issues associated with the loss of soil and water,the resource and ecology,as well as the conservation.In conclusion,directions for future research in the following specific areas were suggested:(1) methods and standardization of soil quality evaluation;(2)studies on key factors for effective SWC;(3)fundamentals of SWC.This paper aims to provide important references for traditional layout of SWC measures,scientific agricultural production and management,and comprehensive and objective evaluation of effects of soil erosion control.
2015, 30(1): 106-110.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2015.01.018
Abstract:
Flavonoids have several bioactivities and pharmacological effects.Chinese olive is rich in resources and can be used as one of major sources of flavonoids.This paper summarized the research advancement of flavonoids from Chinese olive on extraction,separation and pharmacological activity and the development prospect of extraction,separation and medicinal product of flavonoids from Chinese olive was put forward.
Flavonoids have several bioactivities and pharmacological effects.Chinese olive is rich in resources and can be used as one of major sources of flavonoids.This paper summarized the research advancement of flavonoids from Chinese olive on extraction,separation and pharmacological activity and the development prospect of extraction,separation and medicinal product of flavonoids from Chinese olive was put forward.
2015, 30(1): 111-112.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2015.01.019
Abstract:
Paspalum vaginatum Swartz was reported as a new record species in Fujian,It was found in Fujian Zhangpu.
Paspalum vaginatum Swartz was reported as a new record species in Fujian,It was found in Fujian Zhangpu.
