2012 Vol. 27, No. 12
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2012, 27(12): 1275-1279.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2012.12.001
Abstract:
A new PCR-ELISA detection method of Streptococcus suis type 2 has been set up.A pair of primers contained upstream biotin label and a digoxin-marked specific probe were designed according to the published Streptococcus suis type 2 cps2j gene sequences,PCR amplifier was used as the hybrid spaces,and several main parameters were optimized.The results showed that the concentration of salmon sperm DNA of 1.6mg/mL,denaturation temperature of 94℃,denaturation time of 1 min,probe concentration 0.5 μmol·mL-1,hybridization temperature of 55℃,the the hybridization time 1 min,the first anti-role time 45 min,the second anti-role 40 min were the best conditions for sensitivity and specificity.17 negative samples were measured whose average was 0.057,variance was 0.047,and the ritical value was 0.198.
A new PCR-ELISA detection method of Streptococcus suis type 2 has been set up.A pair of primers contained upstream biotin label and a digoxin-marked specific probe were designed according to the published Streptococcus suis type 2 cps2j gene sequences,PCR amplifier was used as the hybrid spaces,and several main parameters were optimized.The results showed that the concentration of salmon sperm DNA of 1.6mg/mL,denaturation temperature of 94℃,denaturation time of 1 min,probe concentration 0.5 μmol·mL-1,hybridization temperature of 55℃,the the hybridization time 1 min,the first anti-role time 45 min,the second anti-role 40 min were the best conditions for sensitivity and specificity.17 negative samples were measured whose average was 0.057,variance was 0.047,and the ritical value was 0.198.
2012, 27(12): 1280-1282.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2012.12.002
Abstract:
Antigenicity of the immune stimulating complexes in the outer membrane protein(OMP-ISCOMs) of Vibrio vulnifiticus was studied by injecting the vaccine into the European eels(Anguilla anguilla).The minimum dosage required for effective vaccination was determined by serology and immune protection test.The immune response was dosage dependent.Thirty days after the eels were challenged with the V.vulnificus FJ03-X2 strains at 200,100,50 and 25 μg·mL-1 to result in 100%,87.5%,75% and 50% of protection,respectively;and the titers of serum antibody of 1∶6400,1∶3200,1∶800 and 1∶200 in turn,respectively.It appeared that the minimum dose of the OMP-ISCOMs of Vibrio vulnifiticus vaccine was 0.59 μg·g-1.
Antigenicity of the immune stimulating complexes in the outer membrane protein(OMP-ISCOMs) of Vibrio vulnifiticus was studied by injecting the vaccine into the European eels(Anguilla anguilla).The minimum dosage required for effective vaccination was determined by serology and immune protection test.The immune response was dosage dependent.Thirty days after the eels were challenged with the V.vulnificus FJ03-X2 strains at 200,100,50 and 25 μg·mL-1 to result in 100%,87.5%,75% and 50% of protection,respectively;and the titers of serum antibody of 1∶6400,1∶3200,1∶800 and 1∶200 in turn,respectively.It appeared that the minimum dose of the OMP-ISCOMs of Vibrio vulnifiticus vaccine was 0.59 μg·g-1.
2012, 27(12): 1283-1286.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2012.12.003
Abstract:
The acute toxicities of 18 drugs commonly applied for aquaculture purposes,including bromo-chloro-dimethyl,tri-chloroisocyanuric acid,Mebendazole,trichlorfon,Cupri Sulfas,et al.on the glass eels of Anguilla bicolor bicolor were studied at the water temperature between 26℃ and 28℃.The results showed that the safe concentration of Sanhuang San,quaternary ammonium salt iodine complex and bromo-chloro-dimethyl were 15.25,2.01 and 1.00 mg·L-1,respectively.Normally,the concentrations applied on fish were lower than these safety limits.However,since the glass eels were modestly sensitive to fomaldehyde,glutaraldehyde,tri-chloroisocyanuric acid,trichlorfon,Mebendazole and Ouzhitemie,and their application concentrations were generally higher than the safety threshold,restrictions on their usages and dosages would be necessary.On the other hand,because the glass eels were highly sensitive to Yuanchongqing,Zhihuanjin,Texiaozhihuanjin,Povidon Iodine Solution,Neomycin Sulfate,White Dot Net and XiaoGuadisha,applications of these chemicals should be avoided to warrant public safety.
The acute toxicities of 18 drugs commonly applied for aquaculture purposes,including bromo-chloro-dimethyl,tri-chloroisocyanuric acid,Mebendazole,trichlorfon,Cupri Sulfas,et al.on the glass eels of Anguilla bicolor bicolor were studied at the water temperature between 26℃ and 28℃.The results showed that the safe concentration of Sanhuang San,quaternary ammonium salt iodine complex and bromo-chloro-dimethyl were 15.25,2.01 and 1.00 mg·L-1,respectively.Normally,the concentrations applied on fish were lower than these safety limits.However,since the glass eels were modestly sensitive to fomaldehyde,glutaraldehyde,tri-chloroisocyanuric acid,trichlorfon,Mebendazole and Ouzhitemie,and their application concentrations were generally higher than the safety threshold,restrictions on their usages and dosages would be necessary.On the other hand,because the glass eels were highly sensitive to Yuanchongqing,Zhihuanjin,Texiaozhihuanjin,Povidon Iodine Solution,Neomycin Sulfate,White Dot Net and XiaoGuadisha,applications of these chemicals should be avoided to warrant public safety.
2012, 27(12): 1287-1291.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2012.12.004
Abstract:
Plant expression vector,pCAGFPHyg,carrying mgfp4 gene was introduced into rice Minghui 86(Indica Sativa L.) mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens.The transgenic rice containing 101 independent clones was obtained.PCR and the southern blot analysis ensured that the exogenous genes were indeed integrated into the rice genome.The result of T1 segregation analysis from T0 rice seeds indicated that most of the transgenic plants were inserted by a single T-DNA.It was confirmed by the fluorescence microscopic and RT-PCR detections that the mgfp4 gene was expressed in the transgenic rice,although no acceptable result of green fluorescence was secured.
Plant expression vector,pCAGFPHyg,carrying mgfp4 gene was introduced into rice Minghui 86(Indica Sativa L.) mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens.The transgenic rice containing 101 independent clones was obtained.PCR and the southern blot analysis ensured that the exogenous genes were indeed integrated into the rice genome.The result of T1 segregation analysis from T0 rice seeds indicated that most of the transgenic plants were inserted by a single T-DNA.It was confirmed by the fluorescence microscopic and RT-PCR detections that the mgfp4 gene was expressed in the transgenic rice,although no acceptable result of green fluorescence was secured.
2012, 27(12): 1292-1297.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2012.12.005
Abstract:
A genetic analysis on the yield-related traits of Zea mays L.was conducted by using the mixed major genes and polygene inheritance models.The joint analytic method on the P1,P2,F1,B1,B2 and F2 generations of two crosses made from 3 inbred lines of the maize,which was newly bred by the Agricultural Sciences Institute of Riparian of Jiangsu Yangtze,was applied for the study.The results indicated that the weight per ear of maize was controlled by two pairs of major genes and the polygenes with additive-dominance-epistatic effects.And,the trait was mainly governed by the major genes in both crosses.The ear length was controlled by the additive-dominance-epistasis polygenes in the cross S1×S3;whereas in the cross S3×S7,the trait was controlled by one additive-dominance major-gene as well as the additive-dominance-epistasis polygenes.The ear diameter was controlled by one additive-dominance major-gene and the additive-dominance-epistasis polygenes in the cross S1×S3;whereas in the cross S3×S7,the trait was controlled by one wholly dominance major-gene and the additive-dominance polygenes.Both ear length and diameter were mostly governed by polygenes.The cob diameter was controlled by two additive-dominance-epistasis major-genes and the additive-dominance polygenes in the cross S1×S3;whereas in the cross S3×S7,the trait was controlled by two additive-dominance-epistasis major-genes and the additive-dominance-epistasis polygenes,and was mainly governed by polygenes.The cob diameter,weight per ear and ear diameter were mostly affected by their additive genetic components.Therefore,to use favorable allele polymerization would be effective for breeding and/or early generation selection.Nevertheless,to obtain the high phenotypic individuals with the ear length trait ought to take place in the late generation stage,as its main genetic components were non-additive.And the F1 generation of the two traits,due to the superdominance effect,could produce the high phenotypic cross combinations.
A genetic analysis on the yield-related traits of Zea mays L.was conducted by using the mixed major genes and polygene inheritance models.The joint analytic method on the P1,P2,F1,B1,B2 and F2 generations of two crosses made from 3 inbred lines of the maize,which was newly bred by the Agricultural Sciences Institute of Riparian of Jiangsu Yangtze,was applied for the study.The results indicated that the weight per ear of maize was controlled by two pairs of major genes and the polygenes with additive-dominance-epistatic effects.And,the trait was mainly governed by the major genes in both crosses.The ear length was controlled by the additive-dominance-epistasis polygenes in the cross S1×S3;whereas in the cross S3×S7,the trait was controlled by one additive-dominance major-gene as well as the additive-dominance-epistasis polygenes.The ear diameter was controlled by one additive-dominance major-gene and the additive-dominance-epistasis polygenes in the cross S1×S3;whereas in the cross S3×S7,the trait was controlled by one wholly dominance major-gene and the additive-dominance polygenes.Both ear length and diameter were mostly governed by polygenes.The cob diameter was controlled by two additive-dominance-epistasis major-genes and the additive-dominance polygenes in the cross S1×S3;whereas in the cross S3×S7,the trait was controlled by two additive-dominance-epistasis major-genes and the additive-dominance-epistasis polygenes,and was mainly governed by polygenes.The cob diameter,weight per ear and ear diameter were mostly affected by their additive genetic components.Therefore,to use favorable allele polymerization would be effective for breeding and/or early generation selection.Nevertheless,to obtain the high phenotypic individuals with the ear length trait ought to take place in the late generation stage,as its main genetic components were non-additive.And the F1 generation of the two traits,due to the superdominance effect,could produce the high phenotypic cross combinations.
2012, 27(12): 1298-1302.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2012.12.006
Abstract:
Stepwise regression and path analyses,as well as the decision-making factor calculation,were used to evaluate the correlation between the traits of carambola(Averrhoa carambola Linn.) and the severity of damage on the fruits infested by Bactrocera dorsalis Hensel.The results showed that the number of the insect larvae on the infested fruits increased with the maturity,soluble solids content and softness of the fruits.The correlations decreased in the order of:fruit firmness(X4)>tartaric acid(X7)>reductive sugar(X3)>pH value(X2)>total amino acid content(X5)>oxalic acid(X6)>crude protein(X1).The regression equation of the correlation was∶ Y=459.2219 + 91.6060X1-91.2226X2-100.8494X4 + 0.4432X11(citric acid),with a correlation coefficient of 99.98%.The decision coefficients of the 4 studied traits were found to be:fruit firmness(X4)>crude protein(X1)>pH value(X1)>citric acid(X11).Hence,the main decision-making factors on the fruit damage by B.dorsalis were fruit firmness and crude protein content,the primary restricted trait was pH value,and the appropriate restricted trait was citric acid.The results could help better determine the timing for effective pest control of B.dorsalis larvae.
Stepwise regression and path analyses,as well as the decision-making factor calculation,were used to evaluate the correlation between the traits of carambola(Averrhoa carambola Linn.) and the severity of damage on the fruits infested by Bactrocera dorsalis Hensel.The results showed that the number of the insect larvae on the infested fruits increased with the maturity,soluble solids content and softness of the fruits.The correlations decreased in the order of:fruit firmness(X4)>tartaric acid(X7)>reductive sugar(X3)>pH value(X2)>total amino acid content(X5)>oxalic acid(X6)>crude protein(X1).The regression equation of the correlation was∶ Y=459.2219 + 91.6060X1-91.2226X2-100.8494X4 + 0.4432X11(citric acid),with a correlation coefficient of 99.98%.The decision coefficients of the 4 studied traits were found to be:fruit firmness(X4)>crude protein(X1)>pH value(X1)>citric acid(X11).Hence,the main decision-making factors on the fruit damage by B.dorsalis were fruit firmness and crude protein content,the primary restricted trait was pH value,and the appropriate restricted trait was citric acid.The results could help better determine the timing for effective pest control of B.dorsalis larvae.
2012, 27(12): 1303-1307.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2012.12.007
Abstract:
A systematic investigation on the composition and structure of the arthropod communities in the Lotononis bainesii canopies in 2009 collected 1 093 individual insects.Among them,46.92% were pests,20.21% neutala insects,and 32.87% natural enemies.The Shannon-Wiener index of the community significantly and positively correlated to their species richness in the order of∶ arthropod community﹥natural enemy subcommunity﹥neutala insect subcommunity﹥pest subcommunity.The species abundance of the natural enemies subcommunities significantly and positively correlated to the pest subcommunities(P<0.05).
A systematic investigation on the composition and structure of the arthropod communities in the Lotononis bainesii canopies in 2009 collected 1 093 individual insects.Among them,46.92% were pests,20.21% neutala insects,and 32.87% natural enemies.The Shannon-Wiener index of the community significantly and positively correlated to their species richness in the order of∶ arthropod community﹥natural enemy subcommunity﹥neutala insect subcommunity﹥pest subcommunity.The species abundance of the natural enemies subcommunities significantly and positively correlated to the pest subcommunities(P<0.05).
2012, 27(12): 1308-1312.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2012.12.008
Abstract:
The inter-simple sequence repeat(ISSR) method was applied to assess the genetic makeup of 17,including 6 new longan varieties.Out of the 30 ISSR primers,5 were selected for the analysis.Cluster analysis showed that the genetic similarity coefficients ranged from 0.75 to 0.93,and that the 17 cultivars could be clustered into 4 groups using a genetic similarity coefficient threshold of 0.785.These varieties could be satisfactorily distinguished by a single ISSR primer,py-9,and established their digital DNA fingerprints accordingly.The results provided an important basis for identifying new longan varieties,as well as evaluating and utilizing the germplasm resources.
The inter-simple sequence repeat(ISSR) method was applied to assess the genetic makeup of 17,including 6 new longan varieties.Out of the 30 ISSR primers,5 were selected for the analysis.Cluster analysis showed that the genetic similarity coefficients ranged from 0.75 to 0.93,and that the 17 cultivars could be clustered into 4 groups using a genetic similarity coefficient threshold of 0.785.These varieties could be satisfactorily distinguished by a single ISSR primer,py-9,and established their digital DNA fingerprints accordingly.The results provided an important basis for identifying new longan varieties,as well as evaluating and utilizing the germplasm resources.
2012, 27(12): 1313-1317.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2012.12.009
Abstract:
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was employed to analyze the proteome of loquat peel in two varieties which have different resistance to high temperature stress under short-term sunburn.The results showed that the honghouben' had 32 differentially expressed proteins point,including 17 up-regulated,15 down-regulated,and the jinzhong' had 52 differentially expressed proteins point,including 38 up-regulated,14 down-regulated under short-term sunburn.The quantity of differentially expressed proteins of loquat peel in two varieties was different.It implicated that two varieties had different sensitivity to sunburn.
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was employed to analyze the proteome of loquat peel in two varieties which have different resistance to high temperature stress under short-term sunburn.The results showed that the honghouben' had 32 differentially expressed proteins point,including 17 up-regulated,15 down-regulated,and the jinzhong' had 52 differentially expressed proteins point,including 38 up-regulated,14 down-regulated under short-term sunburn.The quantity of differentially expressed proteins of loquat peel in two varieties was different.It implicated that two varieties had different sensitivity to sunburn.
2012, 27(12): 1318-1322.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2012.12.010
Abstract:
Effect of bagging on fruit appearance and quality was studied on the white flesh Guifei loquat(Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.).Three types of bags(i.e.,the single-layer kraft paper bag,the single-layer kraft paper bag + meshed bag,and the double-layer,dark interior,yellow paper bag).The results showed that the rust spot disease index and incidence of anthracnose significantly decreased when the fruits were covered with the bags,particularly when the kraft paper bag over wrapped with a meshed bag(KPMB) was used.The bagging also promoted luster of the loquat fruits.On the other hand,the fruit weight was not significantly affected,and the total sugar and titratable acid contents were lowered.Compared with Control,bagging with KPMB increased the fruit's amino acid content.The fruits bagged with the double-layer,dark interior yellow paper bags had higher carotenoid content in its flesh than Control.Bagging seemed to be conducive to the flavonoid accumulation in the flesh.Over all,KPMB appeared to be the most appropriate material for the bagging of Guifei loquat.
Effect of bagging on fruit appearance and quality was studied on the white flesh Guifei loquat(Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.).Three types of bags(i.e.,the single-layer kraft paper bag,the single-layer kraft paper bag + meshed bag,and the double-layer,dark interior,yellow paper bag).The results showed that the rust spot disease index and incidence of anthracnose significantly decreased when the fruits were covered with the bags,particularly when the kraft paper bag over wrapped with a meshed bag(KPMB) was used.The bagging also promoted luster of the loquat fruits.On the other hand,the fruit weight was not significantly affected,and the total sugar and titratable acid contents were lowered.Compared with Control,bagging with KPMB increased the fruit's amino acid content.The fruits bagged with the double-layer,dark interior yellow paper bags had higher carotenoid content in its flesh than Control.Bagging seemed to be conducive to the flavonoid accumulation in the flesh.Over all,KPMB appeared to be the most appropriate material for the bagging of Guifei loquat.
2012, 27(12): 1323-1327.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2012.12.011
Abstract:
You 510,a natural hybrid offspring of Lechang Baimaocha cultivars,was the tea plant from which the leaves were used for this study.The major biochemical changes in the leaves during processing and their possible relationship with the resulting white tea quality were investigated in order to optimize the processing technology.During the tea-making process,the picked fresh leaves were first withered 56 h,then dried.The white tea typically smells and tastes sweet with the characteristic aroma.The soluble solid content of the tea's water extract reached a maximum at 24th hour of wilting.It,then,descended significantly with continued wilting.The total polyphenols in the tea leaves peaked after wilting for 12 h,followed by a gradual decline with wilting.The caffeine content in the leaves reached the highest at 48 h,without appreciable fluctuations during the entire wilting process.Content of catechins,such as EC,EGC and EGCG,was at its highest after wilting for 12 h.On the other hand,GA content was at its highest at 48 h,and both C and ECG declined with wilting progressed.The total amino acids of the withered leaves significantly increased initially to peak at 12 h,then decreased to a minimum at 48 h.Theanine appeared to change in a similar manner.The content of GABA was found to significantly and continuously increase throughout the process.
You 510,a natural hybrid offspring of Lechang Baimaocha cultivars,was the tea plant from which the leaves were used for this study.The major biochemical changes in the leaves during processing and their possible relationship with the resulting white tea quality were investigated in order to optimize the processing technology.During the tea-making process,the picked fresh leaves were first withered 56 h,then dried.The white tea typically smells and tastes sweet with the characteristic aroma.The soluble solid content of the tea's water extract reached a maximum at 24th hour of wilting.It,then,descended significantly with continued wilting.The total polyphenols in the tea leaves peaked after wilting for 12 h,followed by a gradual decline with wilting.The caffeine content in the leaves reached the highest at 48 h,without appreciable fluctuations during the entire wilting process.Content of catechins,such as EC,EGC and EGCG,was at its highest after wilting for 12 h.On the other hand,GA content was at its highest at 48 h,and both C and ECG declined with wilting progressed.The total amino acids of the withered leaves significantly increased initially to peak at 12 h,then decreased to a minimum at 48 h.Theanine appeared to change in a similar manner.The content of GABA was found to significantly and continuously increase throughout the process.
2012, 27(12): 1328-1332.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2012.12.012
Abstract:
The petioles and leaves of Pelargonium spp.cv Citronella were used to study the effect of N-carboxymethylchitosan(NCMC) in varying concentrations on the enzymatic activities of the explants.The results indicated that the activities of POD,NR and IAA-oxidase increased to different levels in the explants due to the presence of NCMC in the medium.Specifically,the POD activity increased 8.57 times as compared to the control with the application of 4 g·L-1 NCMC,and the activities of NR and IAA-oxidase increased 3.5 times and 3 times,respectively,of the control group with the application of 2 g·L-1 NCMC.It suggested that NCMC could encourage callus formation on the petioles and leaves of Pelargonium spp.cv Citronella.
The petioles and leaves of Pelargonium spp.cv Citronella were used to study the effect of N-carboxymethylchitosan(NCMC) in varying concentrations on the enzymatic activities of the explants.The results indicated that the activities of POD,NR and IAA-oxidase increased to different levels in the explants due to the presence of NCMC in the medium.Specifically,the POD activity increased 8.57 times as compared to the control with the application of 4 g·L-1 NCMC,and the activities of NR and IAA-oxidase increased 3.5 times and 3 times,respectively,of the control group with the application of 2 g·L-1 NCMC.It suggested that NCMC could encourage callus formation on the petioles and leaves of Pelargonium spp.cv Citronella.
2012, 27(12): 1333-1338.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2012.12.013
Abstract:
In this paper,a strain of agaricus blazei named J1 was used as original strain.Using 60CO-UV compound mutation,a mutant strain was got that had significant differences with J1 in morphology.The result of fruiting experiment showed that the agronomic characters of the mutant strain including color of fruiting body,the average weight per fruitbody,the diameter of pileus,the thickness of pileus,the diameter of stalk,the height of stalk,and so on,was significantly different with J1,and the yield increased significantly.Biological characteristic research indicated∶ the mycelium growth rate of mutant strain and J1 has significant differences in different temperature,pH and ratio of material to water.The mycelium of mutant strain and J1 were observed by means of Scanning Electron Microscopy,and the results showed that the mycelium of mutant strain with particulate on surface was thinner than J1.The analysis of SSR marks fingerprint showed that the mutant strain and J1 had obvious differences.Series of studies showed that the mutant strain which was named "FUJI J77" is a new strain that has great potential for development.
In this paper,a strain of agaricus blazei named J1 was used as original strain.Using 60CO-UV compound mutation,a mutant strain was got that had significant differences with J1 in morphology.The result of fruiting experiment showed that the agronomic characters of the mutant strain including color of fruiting body,the average weight per fruitbody,the diameter of pileus,the thickness of pileus,the diameter of stalk,the height of stalk,and so on,was significantly different with J1,and the yield increased significantly.Biological characteristic research indicated∶ the mycelium growth rate of mutant strain and J1 has significant differences in different temperature,pH and ratio of material to water.The mycelium of mutant strain and J1 were observed by means of Scanning Electron Microscopy,and the results showed that the mycelium of mutant strain with particulate on surface was thinner than J1.The analysis of SSR marks fingerprint showed that the mutant strain and J1 had obvious differences.Series of studies showed that the mutant strain which was named "FUJI J77" is a new strain that has great potential for development.
2012, 27(12): 1339-1342.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2012.12.014
Abstract:
One Acetobacter strain, FJAT-13797, was isolated from Tibetan kefir.The image under scanning electronic microscope showed that the bacterium was rod-shaped with round ends, and presented in single or pairs without spores.The strain showed the bio-chemical properties of Acetobacter spp.The 16S rDNA sequence analysis indicated that the strain, FJAT-13797, belonged to Acetobacter orientalis.
One Acetobacter strain, FJAT-13797, was isolated from Tibetan kefir.The image under scanning electronic microscope showed that the bacterium was rod-shaped with round ends, and presented in single or pairs without spores.The strain showed the bio-chemical properties of Acetobacter spp.The 16S rDNA sequence analysis indicated that the strain, FJAT-13797, belonged to Acetobacter orientalis.
2012, 27(12): 1343-1346.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2012.12.015
Abstract:
The sheathing leaves of Zizania latifolia, which contained 4 times higher in organic matters and twice more nitrogen than the rice straw, was seen as an excellent potential substrate material for mushroom cultivation.Our experiment by adding the sheathing leaves of Z.latifolia to the traditional compost formulation in growing Agaricus bisporus indicated that increasing the sheathing leaves in the medium slowed the hyphae running, delayed the pinning to 3 days, and postponed the mushroom harvest up to 4 days.The optimal results appeared to be when 50% sheathing leaves and 50% rice straw were used in combination for the formulation.Using the formulation, (a) the mushroom yield in one growing season reached 20.45 kg·m-2, approaching the same level as the traditional formula (Control) ; (b) the output/input ratio was 4.479, which was higher than 3.439 for Control;and, (c) there was no appreciable differences from Control on the single fruit weight or the characteristics of the fruiting body.Thus, the substitution seemed economically viable.And, at the same time, the practice could alleviate the rice straw shortage in major mushroom producing areas, and materially reduce waste and pollution caused by the disposal of the sheathing leaves.
The sheathing leaves of Zizania latifolia, which contained 4 times higher in organic matters and twice more nitrogen than the rice straw, was seen as an excellent potential substrate material for mushroom cultivation.Our experiment by adding the sheathing leaves of Z.latifolia to the traditional compost formulation in growing Agaricus bisporus indicated that increasing the sheathing leaves in the medium slowed the hyphae running, delayed the pinning to 3 days, and postponed the mushroom harvest up to 4 days.The optimal results appeared to be when 50% sheathing leaves and 50% rice straw were used in combination for the formulation.Using the formulation, (a) the mushroom yield in one growing season reached 20.45 kg·m-2, approaching the same level as the traditional formula (Control) ; (b) the output/input ratio was 4.479, which was higher than 3.439 for Control;and, (c) there was no appreciable differences from Control on the single fruit weight or the characteristics of the fruiting body.Thus, the substitution seemed economically viable.And, at the same time, the practice could alleviate the rice straw shortage in major mushroom producing areas, and materially reduce waste and pollution caused by the disposal of the sheathing leaves.
2012, 27(12): 1347-1351.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2012.12.016
Abstract:
Based on metabonomics,229 extracellular metabolites from three Bacillus genera were identified by GC/MS.PCA and hierarchical cluster analysis showed that the metabonomics differed among the genera,but were similar within same genus.The strains in a genus could be clustered into one group.The strains of Paenibacillus and Bacillus clustered into one subgroup,and the stains of Brevibacillus clustered into another subgroup.In this study,three metabolic markers were identified for the three Bacillus genera.
Based on metabonomics,229 extracellular metabolites from three Bacillus genera were identified by GC/MS.PCA and hierarchical cluster analysis showed that the metabonomics differed among the genera,but were similar within same genus.The strains in a genus could be clustered into one group.The strains of Paenibacillus and Bacillus clustered into one subgroup,and the stains of Brevibacillus clustered into another subgroup.In this study,three metabolic markers were identified for the three Bacillus genera.
2012, 27(12): 1352-1359.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2012.12.017
Abstract:
Microbial metabolomics refers to the qualitative and quantitative analysis of all low molecular weight metabolites present in and around the microbial cells.It has been widely applied in combination with other biological fields of studies for fermentation process control,metabolites analysis and microbial species upgrading.In cultivating microorganisms,the intracellular metabolites can turnover in an extremely rapid pace.Consequently,instantaneous fixation of the metabolism is essential for an accurate sampling.And,the development of a highly efficient and reliable quenching protocol is in order for most metabolomical studies.In this study,5 quenching solvent mixtures were evaluated by comparing their intracellular metabolite retention rates measured by LC-MS using the cold methanol extraction method.The results indicated that cold-methanol/water = 3/2(V/V) containing the buffer agent,HEPES,was the most efficient and reproducible quenching agent for Brevibacillus brevis cell culture.Using this method of quenching,more than 3 000 intracellular metabolites were detected in the positive ion ESI mode,which could detect more metabolites than the negative ion ESI mode.
Microbial metabolomics refers to the qualitative and quantitative analysis of all low molecular weight metabolites present in and around the microbial cells.It has been widely applied in combination with other biological fields of studies for fermentation process control,metabolites analysis and microbial species upgrading.In cultivating microorganisms,the intracellular metabolites can turnover in an extremely rapid pace.Consequently,instantaneous fixation of the metabolism is essential for an accurate sampling.And,the development of a highly efficient and reliable quenching protocol is in order for most metabolomical studies.In this study,5 quenching solvent mixtures were evaluated by comparing their intracellular metabolite retention rates measured by LC-MS using the cold methanol extraction method.The results indicated that cold-methanol/water = 3/2(V/V) containing the buffer agent,HEPES,was the most efficient and reproducible quenching agent for Brevibacillus brevis cell culture.Using this method of quenching,more than 3 000 intracellular metabolites were detected in the positive ion ESI mode,which could detect more metabolites than the negative ion ESI mode.
2012, 27(12): 1360-1368.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2012.12.018
Abstract:
Biological characteristics of the 60Co-induced mutants of Ralstonia solanacearum to be used as plant vaccines were studied.The avirulent strain of R.solanacearum,FJAT-1458,was treated by 60Co irradiation to create the mutant library.The bio-control efficiency on the bacterial wilt disease and the colonization on the host of the original and the mutated strains were compared.The results showed that the optimum 60Co dosage for the mutagenic treatment was 200Gy.After such treatment,92.5% of the irradiated bacteria were found dead.Among the 52 60Co-irradiated mutants,13.5% of them displayed an increased bio-control efficiency,while 21.6% showed a negative effect,as compared to the original strain.The 15-day,91.7% control efficiency on the bacterial wilt disease of the mutant,FJAT-15022,was the highest among all.It was significantly higher than the original strain,FJAT-1458,which had a control efficiency of 83.3%.Furthermore,the mutant,FJAT-15022,could grow at 40℃,while the original strain,FJAT-1458,could not.The colonization of the 60Co-mutanted strain,FJAT-15022,in the host was 5 days longer than that of the original strain,FJAT-1458.On the other hand,the number of FJAT-1458 in the host was more than that of the mutant,FJAT-15022.
Biological characteristics of the 60Co-induced mutants of Ralstonia solanacearum to be used as plant vaccines were studied.The avirulent strain of R.solanacearum,FJAT-1458,was treated by 60Co irradiation to create the mutant library.The bio-control efficiency on the bacterial wilt disease and the colonization on the host of the original and the mutated strains were compared.The results showed that the optimum 60Co dosage for the mutagenic treatment was 200Gy.After such treatment,92.5% of the irradiated bacteria were found dead.Among the 52 60Co-irradiated mutants,13.5% of them displayed an increased bio-control efficiency,while 21.6% showed a negative effect,as compared to the original strain.The 15-day,91.7% control efficiency on the bacterial wilt disease of the mutant,FJAT-15022,was the highest among all.It was significantly higher than the original strain,FJAT-1458,which had a control efficiency of 83.3%.Furthermore,the mutant,FJAT-15022,could grow at 40℃,while the original strain,FJAT-1458,could not.The colonization of the 60Co-mutanted strain,FJAT-15022,in the host was 5 days longer than that of the original strain,FJAT-1458.On the other hand,the number of FJAT-1458 in the host was more than that of the mutant,FJAT-15022.
2012, 27(12): 1369-1377.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2012.12.019
Abstract:
Coconut shell powder(CSP) and edible fungi waste(EFW) were used in formulating fermentation bed to produce material for hog feeding.Physicochemical properties including temperature,pH,electrical conductivity,salinity and microbial content of the fermentation bed,as well as the result of the subsequent hog-feeding,were used to optimize the fermentation process and feed formulation.When CSP∶EFW = 2∶1(v/v),the feeding results similar to the control(i.e.,chaff∶sawdust=1∶1) were obtained under otherwise same conditions.It was thus classified with the control in a same category at λ=1.5.As the CSP∶EFW ratio of 1∶1 was applied,it could be classified with the control at λ=8.75.The hog-feeding experiments with the materials showed that better sensory and meat quality were detected in the treatments than the control.And,the most desirable results in raising the pigs were observed when the feed was formulated with a CSP∶EFR ratio of 2∶1,followed by the ratio of 1∶1.
Coconut shell powder(CSP) and edible fungi waste(EFW) were used in formulating fermentation bed to produce material for hog feeding.Physicochemical properties including temperature,pH,electrical conductivity,salinity and microbial content of the fermentation bed,as well as the result of the subsequent hog-feeding,were used to optimize the fermentation process and feed formulation.When CSP∶EFW = 2∶1(v/v),the feeding results similar to the control(i.e.,chaff∶sawdust=1∶1) were obtained under otherwise same conditions.It was thus classified with the control in a same category at λ=1.5.As the CSP∶EFW ratio of 1∶1 was applied,it could be classified with the control at λ=8.75.The hog-feeding experiments with the materials showed that better sensory and meat quality were detected in the treatments than the control.And,the most desirable results in raising the pigs were observed when the feed was formulated with a CSP∶EFR ratio of 2∶1,followed by the ratio of 1∶1.
2012, 27(12): 1378-1382.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2012.12.020
Abstract:
This paper reports the resources and molecular phylogeny of the microbes that degrade ammonia-nitrogen pollutants in sewer.An efficient strain,JN-2,was isolated from the sludge in a large livestock farm.A screening medium was used to isolate the strain.Its biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA gene sequence were determined to construct the phylogenetic tree.The results indicated that JN-2′s NH+4-N degrading efficiency per 24 h at 28℃ and pH 7 was 75.6% of its initial concentration of 200 mg·L-1.The accession number of its 16S rDNA gene sequence in GeneBank was JX535021.The phylogenetic tree showed that JN-2 had an 100% homology to Ochrobactrum sp..The NH+4-N reduction on sewer by the free-state JN-2 was 30.1%,and by the immobilized strain,62.8%.
This paper reports the resources and molecular phylogeny of the microbes that degrade ammonia-nitrogen pollutants in sewer.An efficient strain,JN-2,was isolated from the sludge in a large livestock farm.A screening medium was used to isolate the strain.Its biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA gene sequence were determined to construct the phylogenetic tree.The results indicated that JN-2′s NH+4-N degrading efficiency per 24 h at 28℃ and pH 7 was 75.6% of its initial concentration of 200 mg·L-1.The accession number of its 16S rDNA gene sequence in GeneBank was JX535021.The phylogenetic tree showed that JN-2 had an 100% homology to Ochrobactrum sp..The NH+4-N reduction on sewer by the free-state JN-2 was 30.1%,and by the immobilized strain,62.8%.
2012, 27(12): 1383-1390.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2012.12.021
Abstract:
Taiwan leisure agriculture zone,which belongs to the public economy,is programmed by the authorities and relies on the government for the funds and public facilities.The policies on leisure agriculture zone have been modified serveral times to promote its orderly development.There are now 71 leisure agriculture zones in Taiwan mainly located in the middle and eastern areas.On the basis of regional resources and economic advantages,these leisure agriculture zones boast leisure product forms with typically regional characteristics,such as picking fruit,appreciating flower,natural ecotope,riding bicycle,climbing mountain,enjoying gourmet food and so on.The leisure agriculture zones in Taiwan are operated by communities combined in strategic alliance.Previous research showed that the construction of leisure agriculture zone could effectively promote the matching industries and intensive management.As the assembling and multiplier-developing industry,the leisure agriculture zone is the critical policy guide for the development of leisure agriculture and plays a crucial role for the construction of multifunctional industrial complex of leisure agriculture.Scientific layout and strict examination and verification would guarantee the leisure agriculture developing in order,meanwhile the community management and pertinent advices for different stages of leisure agriculture could ensure the effective work of leisure agriculture zone.
Taiwan leisure agriculture zone,which belongs to the public economy,is programmed by the authorities and relies on the government for the funds and public facilities.The policies on leisure agriculture zone have been modified serveral times to promote its orderly development.There are now 71 leisure agriculture zones in Taiwan mainly located in the middle and eastern areas.On the basis of regional resources and economic advantages,these leisure agriculture zones boast leisure product forms with typically regional characteristics,such as picking fruit,appreciating flower,natural ecotope,riding bicycle,climbing mountain,enjoying gourmet food and so on.The leisure agriculture zones in Taiwan are operated by communities combined in strategic alliance.Previous research showed that the construction of leisure agriculture zone could effectively promote the matching industries and intensive management.As the assembling and multiplier-developing industry,the leisure agriculture zone is the critical policy guide for the development of leisure agriculture and plays a crucial role for the construction of multifunctional industrial complex of leisure agriculture.Scientific layout and strict examination and verification would guarantee the leisure agriculture developing in order,meanwhile the community management and pertinent advices for different stages of leisure agriculture could ensure the effective work of leisure agriculture zone.
2012, 27(12): 1391-1394.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2012.12.022
Abstract:
In this paper,the advantages of the tea enterprises in India and Sri Lanka were investigated from the following aspects: construction of ecological tea garden,brand image,control of quality security and the pattern of producing and selling.With the aim of internationalizing development for Anxi local tea enterprises,countermeasures were proposed,which included strengthening the ecology,developing cyclic economy,innovating the cooperation model of tea industry and strict supervision on the quality security.
In this paper,the advantages of the tea enterprises in India and Sri Lanka were investigated from the following aspects: construction of ecological tea garden,brand image,control of quality security and the pattern of producing and selling.With the aim of internationalizing development for Anxi local tea enterprises,countermeasures were proposed,which included strengthening the ecology,developing cyclic economy,innovating the cooperation model of tea industry and strict supervision on the quality security.
2012, 27(12): 1395-1400.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2012.12.023
Abstract:
Rice(Oryzae sativa) is one of the most important crops in the world.It is the staple for more than 50% of the global population.Adversity stress is one of the main reasons for the rice to suffer a poor yield.To improve the resistance to stress in rice,it is necessary to firstly understand its mechanism.Many laboratories in China and abroad are indeed working on it.However,due to the highly complex nature,no single gene study can be expected to reveal the entire mechanism in plants.Currently,the technology of gene chips might offer a new tool for the studies of the genes expression and regulation associated with the stress resistance.Recent progress in the application is summarized.
Rice(Oryzae sativa) is one of the most important crops in the world.It is the staple for more than 50% of the global population.Adversity stress is one of the main reasons for the rice to suffer a poor yield.To improve the resistance to stress in rice,it is necessary to firstly understand its mechanism.Many laboratories in China and abroad are indeed working on it.However,due to the highly complex nature,no single gene study can be expected to reveal the entire mechanism in plants.Currently,the technology of gene chips might offer a new tool for the studies of the genes expression and regulation associated with the stress resistance.Recent progress in the application is summarized.
2012, 27(12): 1401-1408.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2012.12.024
Abstract:
Current status of the distribution,structure,property,biosynthesis,detection and extraction of chlorophyll in tea is reviewed.Possible biosynthesis mechanism and applications of the tea chlorophyll for chemical,pharmaceutical and food industries are presented.The discussion includes: ① Research in the genetic mechanism and related functional genes of tea chlorophyll is still in the initial stage.Increased attention and efforts by the scientists will be required.Utilization of models in studying chlorophylls of other plants might be necessary for the study on tea as well.② Understanding the relationship between the chlorophyll and the aroma and taste of tea would provide a guideline for effective tea breeding.③ Chlorophyll extraction and value-added product development would improve the profit margins and warrant a sustainable and healthy tea industry for the nation for the years to come.
Current status of the distribution,structure,property,biosynthesis,detection and extraction of chlorophyll in tea is reviewed.Possible biosynthesis mechanism and applications of the tea chlorophyll for chemical,pharmaceutical and food industries are presented.The discussion includes: ① Research in the genetic mechanism and related functional genes of tea chlorophyll is still in the initial stage.Increased attention and efforts by the scientists will be required.Utilization of models in studying chlorophylls of other plants might be necessary for the study on tea as well.② Understanding the relationship between the chlorophyll and the aroma and taste of tea would provide a guideline for effective tea breeding.③ Chlorophyll extraction and value-added product development would improve the profit margins and warrant a sustainable and healthy tea industry for the nation for the years to come.
2012, 27(12): 1409-1412.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2012.12.026
Abstract:
To use Camellia oleifera branch in liquid culture for Agrocybe chaxingu Huang,the water soluble and ethanol extracted nutritive components of C.oleifera,were analyzed on their anti-oxidation.The results showed that total soluble phenolic content was higher in water extraction than in ethanol extraction.The water extraction of C.oleifera branch powder was rich in water-soluble phenolic compound,minerals and other nutrients.With UV/Vis analyses,the content of water soluble phenolic compounds in C.oleifera branch powder was 79.13μg·mL-1,its inhibition for peroxidation was 52.81% in egg yolk lipoprotein unsaturated fatty acid(PUFA) system,10.53% for superoxide radical scavenging.
To use Camellia oleifera branch in liquid culture for Agrocybe chaxingu Huang,the water soluble and ethanol extracted nutritive components of C.oleifera,were analyzed on their anti-oxidation.The results showed that total soluble phenolic content was higher in water extraction than in ethanol extraction.The water extraction of C.oleifera branch powder was rich in water-soluble phenolic compound,minerals and other nutrients.With UV/Vis analyses,the content of water soluble phenolic compounds in C.oleifera branch powder was 79.13μg·mL-1,its inhibition for peroxidation was 52.81% in egg yolk lipoprotein unsaturated fatty acid(PUFA) system,10.53% for superoxide radical scavenging.
