2011 Vol. 26, No. 5
Display Method:
2011, 26(5): 687-690.
Abstract:
Immunoglobulin of red spotted grouper (Epinephelus akaara), purified by saturation ammonium sulfate precipitation follow with Sephrose-4B chromatography, was used as antigen to immunize BALB/c mice. After cell fusion and screening the antibody secreting cell, two hybridoma cell lines which secreting monoclonal antibodies (Mab) against E. akaara Ig had been established. In isotyping analysis, the results showed that both Mabs were IgG1. ELISA results showed that titer of ascites was 106 and sensitivity of the Mabs to purified E. akaara Ig was as low as 62ng. Further experiments proved that Mab-2D3 only specifically bound to the Ig of E. akaara, while Mab-8D6 not only able to recognize the Ig of E. akaara but also recognizes serum Ig of some marine fishes such as Cuvier et Valenciennes, Lateolabrax japonicus, Pseudosciaena crocea. Mab-8D6 also had low level cross reaction with the serum Ig of Cyprinus carpio and Anguilla anguilla. Western-blotting revealed that both Mabs can recognized molecular weight 790 kD Ig of E. akaara under non-denatured and non-reduced conditions, while neither of the Mabs can recognized the heavy chain and light chain of E. akaara Ig under denatured conditions. All the results demonstrated that Mab-2D3 and Mab-8D6 against different epitopes, Mab-2D3 have stronger specificity and recognize unique epitopes of E. akaara Ig, while cross reaction result of Mab-8D6 suggested that E. akaara have closely evolution relation on Ig with above marine fishes.
Immunoglobulin of red spotted grouper (Epinephelus akaara), purified by saturation ammonium sulfate precipitation follow with Sephrose-4B chromatography, was used as antigen to immunize BALB/c mice. After cell fusion and screening the antibody secreting cell, two hybridoma cell lines which secreting monoclonal antibodies (Mab) against E. akaara Ig had been established. In isotyping analysis, the results showed that both Mabs were IgG1. ELISA results showed that titer of ascites was 106 and sensitivity of the Mabs to purified E. akaara Ig was as low as 62ng. Further experiments proved that Mab-2D3 only specifically bound to the Ig of E. akaara, while Mab-8D6 not only able to recognize the Ig of E. akaara but also recognizes serum Ig of some marine fishes such as Cuvier et Valenciennes, Lateolabrax japonicus, Pseudosciaena crocea. Mab-8D6 also had low level cross reaction with the serum Ig of Cyprinus carpio and Anguilla anguilla. Western-blotting revealed that both Mabs can recognized molecular weight 790 kD Ig of E. akaara under non-denatured and non-reduced conditions, while neither of the Mabs can recognized the heavy chain and light chain of E. akaara Ig under denatured conditions. All the results demonstrated that Mab-2D3 and Mab-8D6 against different epitopes, Mab-2D3 have stronger specificity and recognize unique epitopes of E. akaara Ig, while cross reaction result of Mab-8D6 suggested that E. akaara have closely evolution relation on Ig with above marine fishes.
2011, 26(5): 691-696.
Abstract:
To keep track of the pathogenicity and genomic features of avian paramyxovirus type 1 prevailing in ducks, virulence to different animals and genome sequences of two isolates as well as its genetic diversity and evolution were determined. Phylogenetic analysis showed that M4 shared a high identity with vaccine strain Ulster and belonged to genotype I, while PX2/03 isolate clustered with those virulent waterfowl isolates, such as FP1/02, which were belong to genotype VIII. Genome sequencing results showed that the genome size of M4 is 15186 bp, which is six bp shorter than that of PX2/03, and despite the fact that the two isolates shared a high identity of 92.3% with each other, they distinct significantly in pathogenicity. M4 strain was almost nonpathogenic while PX2/03 was highly pathogenic to chicken and different species of ducks. Additional, animal experiment results indicated that Muscovy duck was more susceptible to PX2/03 isolate than Mule duck or cherry valley duck does despite the similar fatality of these animals after infected with strain PX2/03.
To keep track of the pathogenicity and genomic features of avian paramyxovirus type 1 prevailing in ducks, virulence to different animals and genome sequences of two isolates as well as its genetic diversity and evolution were determined. Phylogenetic analysis showed that M4 shared a high identity with vaccine strain Ulster and belonged to genotype I, while PX2/03 isolate clustered with those virulent waterfowl isolates, such as FP1/02, which were belong to genotype VIII. Genome sequencing results showed that the genome size of M4 is 15186 bp, which is six bp shorter than that of PX2/03, and despite the fact that the two isolates shared a high identity of 92.3% with each other, they distinct significantly in pathogenicity. M4 strain was almost nonpathogenic while PX2/03 was highly pathogenic to chicken and different species of ducks. Additional, animal experiment results indicated that Muscovy duck was more susceptible to PX2/03 isolate than Mule duck or cherry valley duck does despite the similar fatality of these animals after infected with strain PX2/03.
2011, 26(5): 697-700.
Abstract:
A high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of sulfadiazine and sulfamethoxazole in European eels (Anguilla anguilla) muscle. Homogenized tissue were extracted with 10% sodium sulfate and acetonitrile- Chloroform(10∶1), the extract was concentrated by nitrogen, and redissolved into 2 mL mobile phase and defatted with n-hexane. Sulfadiazine and sulfamethoxazole were separated on Eclipse XDB-C18 Column with mobile phases containing acetonitrile and 0.05 molL-1 ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (20∶80) and finally determined by Multiple Wavelength Detector (MWD). The detection limit of sulfadiazine and sulfamethoxazole were 4 gkg-1and 8 gkg-1.In the range of 0.01~5.0 gkg-1, the mean recoveries were more than 80%. The intraday and interday precisions were less than 5%. It showed that the method meet the conventional residue testing requirements.
A high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of sulfadiazine and sulfamethoxazole in European eels (Anguilla anguilla) muscle. Homogenized tissue were extracted with 10% sodium sulfate and acetonitrile- Chloroform(10∶1), the extract was concentrated by nitrogen, and redissolved into 2 mL mobile phase and defatted with n-hexane. Sulfadiazine and sulfamethoxazole were separated on Eclipse XDB-C18 Column with mobile phases containing acetonitrile and 0.05 molL-1 ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (20∶80) and finally determined by Multiple Wavelength Detector (MWD). The detection limit of sulfadiazine and sulfamethoxazole were 4 gkg-1and 8 gkg-1.In the range of 0.01~5.0 gkg-1, the mean recoveries were more than 80%. The intraday and interday precisions were less than 5%. It showed that the method meet the conventional residue testing requirements.
2011, 26(5): 701-704.
Abstract:
Guyou 2173 was developed by crossing the high quality 3-line male sterile Gufeng A with the restorer line, Fuhui 2173. The hybrid rice exhibited the desirable characteristics including population uniformity, good color change during mycelium ripening, high yield, stable yield,ecological adaptabilities and high seed production. It has been certified by Fujian Crop Variety Evaluation Committee(Sanming) in 2011. Fuhui 2173 was a result of crossing Shuhui 527 as the female parent with A227 in Hainan in the spring of 2003. The F1 derived from the combination was applied as the female parent to cross with HK01 in Fuzhou in the fall of this year. And then, its F3 (HR328) and F4 (ER435) were planted in the rice-blast-infected field at Shanghang for cultivars-screening. The selected plant lines were repeatedly cultivated for several generations in Shaxian and Hainan to assure cultivar stability. This paper presents the breeding procedures, hybrid characteristics and seed production of Guyou 2173.
Guyou 2173 was developed by crossing the high quality 3-line male sterile Gufeng A with the restorer line, Fuhui 2173. The hybrid rice exhibited the desirable characteristics including population uniformity, good color change during mycelium ripening, high yield, stable yield,ecological adaptabilities and high seed production. It has been certified by Fujian Crop Variety Evaluation Committee(Sanming) in 2011. Fuhui 2173 was a result of crossing Shuhui 527 as the female parent with A227 in Hainan in the spring of 2003. The F1 derived from the combination was applied as the female parent to cross with HK01 in Fuzhou in the fall of this year. And then, its F3 (HR328) and F4 (ER435) were planted in the rice-blast-infected field at Shanghang for cultivars-screening. The selected plant lines were repeatedly cultivated for several generations in Shaxian and Hainan to assure cultivar stability. This paper presents the breeding procedures, hybrid characteristics and seed production of Guyou 2173.
2011, 26(5): 705-710.
Abstract:
In this study, extract high quality genomic DNA from jute (Corohorus olitorius L) and establish a stable SRAP reaction system, including template DNA concentration, Mg2+ concentration, Taq DNA polymerase concentration, dNTPs concentration and forward and reverse primer concentration, using a population F2 progeny derived from a cross of glycanes thesia (wild species) and wild leaf jute (cultivated species). The results showed that the DNA isolated with modified CTAB method had good quality. The optimum SRAP reaction system could amplify high levels of polymorphism, good repeatability and clear band pattern. SRAP-PCR system (total volume of 25 l) was established as follows: template DNA 100 ng, forward primer 0.48 molL-1, reverse primer 0.48 molL-1, Mg2+ 2.8 mmolL-1, dNTPs 0.35 mmolL-1, Taq DNA polymerase 0.7 U. It showed that the optimized system can be applied in the SRAP analysis for Corohorus olitorius L., which provided technical support for the genetic linkage map construction in the future.
In this study, extract high quality genomic DNA from jute (Corohorus olitorius L) and establish a stable SRAP reaction system, including template DNA concentration, Mg2+ concentration, Taq DNA polymerase concentration, dNTPs concentration and forward and reverse primer concentration, using a population F2 progeny derived from a cross of glycanes thesia (wild species) and wild leaf jute (cultivated species). The results showed that the DNA isolated with modified CTAB method had good quality. The optimum SRAP reaction system could amplify high levels of polymorphism, good repeatability and clear band pattern. SRAP-PCR system (total volume of 25 l) was established as follows: template DNA 100 ng, forward primer 0.48 molL-1, reverse primer 0.48 molL-1, Mg2+ 2.8 mmolL-1, dNTPs 0.35 mmolL-1, Taq DNA polymerase 0.7 U. It showed that the optimized system can be applied in the SRAP analysis for Corohorus olitorius L., which provided technical support for the genetic linkage map construction in the future.
2011, 26(5): 711-717.
Abstract:
The sweet potato of Fushu 88 were stored under relative humidity of 85% with temperature at 5℃, 10℃, 17℃, respectively, for comparing their nutritive composition in the content of starch, reduced sugar, sucrose, protein, amino acids, vitamin C and crude fiber. The results showed that the storage temperature was an important factor in changing of potatoes component contents. Ten degree Celsius was a proper storage temperature for Fushu 88 in its good preservation quality. At 5℃ storage, the chilling damage with decaying of potatoes were resulted; while over 17℃, the metabolic activities and germination of potatoes were enhanced. The significant correlation between starch and reducing sugar content was found in negative but it was positive significantly in between of protein and amino acids.
The sweet potato of Fushu 88 were stored under relative humidity of 85% with temperature at 5℃, 10℃, 17℃, respectively, for comparing their nutritive composition in the content of starch, reduced sugar, sucrose, protein, amino acids, vitamin C and crude fiber. The results showed that the storage temperature was an important factor in changing of potatoes component contents. Ten degree Celsius was a proper storage temperature for Fushu 88 in its good preservation quality. At 5℃ storage, the chilling damage with decaying of potatoes were resulted; while over 17℃, the metabolic activities and germination of potatoes were enhanced. The significant correlation between starch and reducing sugar content was found in negative but it was positive significantly in between of protein and amino acids.
2011, 26(5): 718-722.
Abstract:
In searching for high yield cultivation techniques for a new vegetable soybean variety, Maodou 3, a mathematical model was established. Correlation between the soybean yield and its major agronomic measures, including N, P2O5, K2O applications and planting density, was studied using a quadric universal rotation design. The results showed that N had the greatest effect on yield among different ferlizers, with a maximum seed yield of 10 509.54 kghm-2 at 225.0 kghm-2 N fertilization. At the same application level, K2O yielded 10 473.44 kghm-2. Within a certain range, increased P2O5 produced higher yield, but the yield declined beyond that range. Higher planting density resulted in lower yield due to the prominant branching characteristics of the cultivar. Therefore, it was important to control the planting density. According to the mathematic model, the optimized agronomic measures for top yield(10 000 kghm-2)were: 130.05-147.80 kghm-2 N, 284.27-313.97 kghm-2 P2O5, 144.77-161.03 kghm-2 K2O and (20.15-21.33)104 plantshm-2.
In searching for high yield cultivation techniques for a new vegetable soybean variety, Maodou 3, a mathematical model was established. Correlation between the soybean yield and its major agronomic measures, including N, P2O5, K2O applications and planting density, was studied using a quadric universal rotation design. The results showed that N had the greatest effect on yield among different ferlizers, with a maximum seed yield of 10 509.54 kghm-2 at 225.0 kghm-2 N fertilization. At the same application level, K2O yielded 10 473.44 kghm-2. Within a certain range, increased P2O5 produced higher yield, but the yield declined beyond that range. Higher planting density resulted in lower yield due to the prominant branching characteristics of the cultivar. Therefore, it was important to control the planting density. According to the mathematic model, the optimized agronomic measures for top yield(10 000 kghm-2)were: 130.05-147.80 kghm-2 N, 284.27-313.97 kghm-2 P2O5, 144.77-161.03 kghm-2 K2O and (20.15-21.33)104 plantshm-2.
2011, 26(5): 723-728.
Abstract:
Puhua 1 was a new, spring peanut variety bred by crossing between Minghua 2 and Sanyou 71-61. The variety showed the characteristics of high quality, high and stable yield, and broad adaptability. The relationship between its yield and various agronomic practices (e.g., seeding, N, P, K, Ca applications) for Puhua 1 was studied using a quadratic universal rotation combination design. The results showed that the optimal conditions to achieve a yield greater than 4,500 kghm-2 were: (29.850-30.360)104 plantshm-2, N 147.660-152.340 kghm-2, P2O5 78.750-83.280 kghm-2, K2O 173.370-192.150 kghm-2 and CaO 47.325-49.980 kghm-2.
Puhua 1 was a new, spring peanut variety bred by crossing between Minghua 2 and Sanyou 71-61. The variety showed the characteristics of high quality, high and stable yield, and broad adaptability. The relationship between its yield and various agronomic practices (e.g., seeding, N, P, K, Ca applications) for Puhua 1 was studied using a quadratic universal rotation combination design. The results showed that the optimal conditions to achieve a yield greater than 4,500 kghm-2 were: (29.850-30.360)104 plantshm-2, N 147.660-152.340 kghm-2, P2O5 78.750-83.280 kghm-2, K2O 173.370-192.150 kghm-2 and CaO 47.325-49.980 kghm-2.
2011, 26(5): 729-732.
Abstract:
In order to breed a new variety of peanuts with wide adaptability, high yield and high-quality for Fujian, Fuhua 6 was nurtured by the Institute of Crop Sciences, Fujian Academy of agricultural Sciences. It had a high yield with a high-oil content. The variety took part in the 2008-2009 provincial spring peanut regional tests, had a production experiment executed in the spring of 2010, and passed the field evaluation held by the peanut professional group of the non-major crop variety appraisal committee of Fujian province in August 2010. In 2008, its pod yield was 3 926.85 kghm-2, increasing 11.05% over the control, Quanhua 10. The kernel yield was 2 640.00 kghm-2, increasing 9.54% over the control. And, in 2009, the pod yield was 4 039.20 kghm-2, increasing 8.50% over the control, Quanhua 7. The kernel yield was 2 672.25 kghm-2, increasing 7.71% over the control. In the spring of 2010, the production experiment on Fuhua 6 was carried out. It passed the evaluation by the peanut professional group of Fujian Crop Variety Approval Committee in August, and was completed in December 2010. Fuhua 6 was examined and approved by the provincial government in February 2011. The kernels contained 54.04% crude fat, 24.48% protein. They were susceptible to bacterial wilt, had a medium resistance to leaf spot, but high resistances to rust, flood and lodging. The growth period of Fuhua 6 was about 129 days. The variety was suitable for sowing at the end of February to early April, and in late July to early August as well, from the southern to the northern regions in Fujian. The recommended planting density was 18 000-20 000 kghm-2in spring, and 20 000-22 000 kghm-2 in autumn. During its growth period 67.5-82.5 kghm-2 of N with the ratio of N∶ P∶K of 1.0∶0.8∶1.2 were needed. The base fertilizers included 50% of N fertilizer, 100% of P fertilizer and 70% of K fertilizer, and the remainder as top dressing.
In order to breed a new variety of peanuts with wide adaptability, high yield and high-quality for Fujian, Fuhua 6 was nurtured by the Institute of Crop Sciences, Fujian Academy of agricultural Sciences. It had a high yield with a high-oil content. The variety took part in the 2008-2009 provincial spring peanut regional tests, had a production experiment executed in the spring of 2010, and passed the field evaluation held by the peanut professional group of the non-major crop variety appraisal committee of Fujian province in August 2010. In 2008, its pod yield was 3 926.85 kghm-2, increasing 11.05% over the control, Quanhua 10. The kernel yield was 2 640.00 kghm-2, increasing 9.54% over the control. And, in 2009, the pod yield was 4 039.20 kghm-2, increasing 8.50% over the control, Quanhua 7. The kernel yield was 2 672.25 kghm-2, increasing 7.71% over the control. In the spring of 2010, the production experiment on Fuhua 6 was carried out. It passed the evaluation by the peanut professional group of Fujian Crop Variety Approval Committee in August, and was completed in December 2010. Fuhua 6 was examined and approved by the provincial government in February 2011. The kernels contained 54.04% crude fat, 24.48% protein. They were susceptible to bacterial wilt, had a medium resistance to leaf spot, but high resistances to rust, flood and lodging. The growth period of Fuhua 6 was about 129 days. The variety was suitable for sowing at the end of February to early April, and in late July to early August as well, from the southern to the northern regions in Fujian. The recommended planting density was 18 000-20 000 kghm-2in spring, and 20 000-22 000 kghm-2 in autumn. During its growth period 67.5-82.5 kghm-2 of N with the ratio of N∶ P∶K of 1.0∶0.8∶1.2 were needed. The base fertilizers included 50% of N fertilizer, 100% of P fertilizer and 70% of K fertilizer, and the remainder as top dressing.
2011, 26(5): 733-736.
Abstract:
Funingshu 12, a new sweet potato variety of high yield type, was bred by crossing between Ningshu 3 (♀)and Jinshan 72 (♂) . In the provincial trial and production test pilot, the average fresh potato production increase significantly, dry matter production equivalent to the control of Jinshan 57. Two-year trial in provinces which the average fresh potato yield 12.92% increase compared to the control, and increase 23.99% of yield compared with the control in fresh potato production test. The dry matter rate of 23.66% and extraction rate of 14.23%. The tests showed that the variety had a high yield, stable yield, better quality, resistance of Fusarium disease and Warm potato diseas, wide adaptability. Suitable for large scale applications in Fujian Province.The variety was validated in March, 2011 by Fujian Provincial Crop Variety Approval Committee, and there is a good prospect.
Funingshu 12, a new sweet potato variety of high yield type, was bred by crossing between Ningshu 3 (♀)and Jinshan 72 (♂) . In the provincial trial and production test pilot, the average fresh potato production increase significantly, dry matter production equivalent to the control of Jinshan 57. Two-year trial in provinces which the average fresh potato yield 12.92% increase compared to the control, and increase 23.99% of yield compared with the control in fresh potato production test. The dry matter rate of 23.66% and extraction rate of 14.23%. The tests showed that the variety had a high yield, stable yield, better quality, resistance of Fusarium disease and Warm potato diseas, wide adaptability. Suitable for large scale applications in Fujian Province.The variety was validated in March, 2011 by Fujian Provincial Crop Variety Approval Committee, and there is a good prospect.
2011, 26(5): 737-741.
Abstract:
A new sweet potato variety Rongshu756 was developed from Jinshan57(female parent)/ Rongshu201(male parent) in 2003. The new variety possessed stronger disease resistance, stable yield and good storability. It was subjected to the Fujian regional variety test in 2006 and the nation regional variety test in 2008. It was certificated by Fujian Committee for Crop Variety Registration in 2009,and by National Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2011. Also,The key cultivation techniques was suggested in the paper.
A new sweet potato variety Rongshu756 was developed from Jinshan57(female parent)/ Rongshu201(male parent) in 2003. The new variety possessed stronger disease resistance, stable yield and good storability. It was subjected to the Fujian regional variety test in 2006 and the nation regional variety test in 2008. It was certificated by Fujian Committee for Crop Variety Registration in 2009,and by National Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2011. Also,The key cultivation techniques was suggested in the paper.
2011, 26(5): 742-746.
Abstract:
Adding tea-branch dust as substitution in Ganoderma lucidum cultivation, its effects on the biomass and the content of Ganoderma polysaccharide and triterpenes were analyzed. The results showed that, by using tea-branch dust in culture, Ganoderma lucidum grew well with normal fruits obtained and spores released. Comparing with control group, the Ganoderma lucidum in substitution group decreased the biological efficiency by 6.25%-31.33%, increased the content of polysaccharide and triterpenes 3.03%-28.28% and 2.62%-17.40%, respectively. The results suggest that tea-branch dust can be used as a substitution in Ganoderma lucidum cultivation but the application amount should be not more than 70%.
Adding tea-branch dust as substitution in Ganoderma lucidum cultivation, its effects on the biomass and the content of Ganoderma polysaccharide and triterpenes were analyzed. The results showed that, by using tea-branch dust in culture, Ganoderma lucidum grew well with normal fruits obtained and spores released. Comparing with control group, the Ganoderma lucidum in substitution group decreased the biological efficiency by 6.25%-31.33%, increased the content of polysaccharide and triterpenes 3.03%-28.28% and 2.62%-17.40%, respectively. The results suggest that tea-branch dust can be used as a substitution in Ganoderma lucidum cultivation but the application amount should be not more than 70%.
2011, 26(5): 747-752.
Abstract:
Genetic polymorphisms of 60 Capsicum annuum L.cultivars were analyzed by using RAPD. Ten from 200 primers were selected for amplification. Seventy DNA fragments and 38 bands showed polymorphisms that occupied 54.3% of the entire amplified bands. Each primer could amplify 4 to 9,averaging 7 bands, polymorphic bands.Most of the amplified fragments had a length ranging from 100 to 2 000 bp. The cluster analysis using DPS software showed that the tested materials could be categorized into 5 groups at D=0.33. The first group included 85 varieties; the second group had only one species, i.e., MLG horn from Shaxian, Fujian; the third group had also only the yellow pepper from Yongan, Fujian; the fourth group contained two cultivars, the small greens hot pepper PBC1752 and PBC81; and the last group, Xiaoxian pepper, PBC932-6-2. All of these speices were genetically closely related with little differentiations among them.
Genetic polymorphisms of 60 Capsicum annuum L.cultivars were analyzed by using RAPD. Ten from 200 primers were selected for amplification. Seventy DNA fragments and 38 bands showed polymorphisms that occupied 54.3% of the entire amplified bands. Each primer could amplify 4 to 9,averaging 7 bands, polymorphic bands.Most of the amplified fragments had a length ranging from 100 to 2 000 bp. The cluster analysis using DPS software showed that the tested materials could be categorized into 5 groups at D=0.33. The first group included 85 varieties; the second group had only one species, i.e., MLG horn from Shaxian, Fujian; the third group had also only the yellow pepper from Yongan, Fujian; the fourth group contained two cultivars, the small greens hot pepper PBC1752 and PBC81; and the last group, Xiaoxian pepper, PBC932-6-2. All of these speices were genetically closely related with little differentiations among them.
2011, 26(5): 753-757.
Abstract:
Free amino acids in the flowers of 30 loquat germplasms were determined using an automatic amino acid analyzer. The results showed that all samples contained 16 amino acids. Among them, 7 were essential amino acids, including Phe, Thr and Lys. The content of Thr was the highest (i.e., 238.46-727.45 mghg-1) and Met the lowest (i.e., 0.21-3.92 mghg-1). The greatest contents of TAA, EAA and NAA were found in the flowers of Dayeyangdun loquat, which were 2.69, 2.95 and 3.11 times of the lowest contents, respectively. No significant differences were found among the 30 loquat germplasms in the contents of TAA and NAA, nor EAA/TAA ratio. But, EAA in the flowers of loquat germplasms from different regions showed significant differences. No significant differences were found on the contents of TAA, EAA and NAA or EAA/TAA ratio in the flowers of loquat germplasms with flesh of different colors. The average NAA in flowers of several wild loquat germplasms was significantly lower than that of the loquat cultivars, while TAA and EAA showed no significant differences.
Free amino acids in the flowers of 30 loquat germplasms were determined using an automatic amino acid analyzer. The results showed that all samples contained 16 amino acids. Among them, 7 were essential amino acids, including Phe, Thr and Lys. The content of Thr was the highest (i.e., 238.46-727.45 mghg-1) and Met the lowest (i.e., 0.21-3.92 mghg-1). The greatest contents of TAA, EAA and NAA were found in the flowers of Dayeyangdun loquat, which were 2.69, 2.95 and 3.11 times of the lowest contents, respectively. No significant differences were found among the 30 loquat germplasms in the contents of TAA and NAA, nor EAA/TAA ratio. But, EAA in the flowers of loquat germplasms from different regions showed significant differences. No significant differences were found on the contents of TAA, EAA and NAA or EAA/TAA ratio in the flowers of loquat germplasms with flesh of different colors. The average NAA in flowers of several wild loquat germplasms was significantly lower than that of the loquat cultivars, while TAA and EAA showed no significant differences.
2011, 26(5): 758-761.
Abstract:
Bright Red 1 (CHT07CHT81) is a new, early maturing cherry tomato F1 hybrid. Its parents were the offspring selected from Japanese and Taiwan commercial varieties. In the spring of 2004, 6 combinations were obtained by crossing 3 cherry tomatoes of the indeterminate growth habit type, CHT01, CHT02 and CHT07, as female, and two of the determinate growth habit type, CHT56 and CHT81, as male parent. Their heterosis and comprehensive characteristics were studied in the autumn and winter of 2004. Three cultivation seasons in the two-year (2005-2006) followed by a multi-year (2006-2008) comparison tests and a production demonstration were conducted. As a result, a new indeterminate growth habit type tomato variety with strong growth potential and high resistances to ToMV and leaf mould was selected. The plant produced mature fruits red in color, oblong in shape, crisp in texture, sweet in taste and weighed 16-18 grams per fruit. It had desirable commodity characteristics for storage and transportation. it's the average yield of the plant was 52 500-60 000 kghm-2. The variety was certified as a new cultivars by the Provincial Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2011.
Bright Red 1 (CHT07CHT81) is a new, early maturing cherry tomato F1 hybrid. Its parents were the offspring selected from Japanese and Taiwan commercial varieties. In the spring of 2004, 6 combinations were obtained by crossing 3 cherry tomatoes of the indeterminate growth habit type, CHT01, CHT02 and CHT07, as female, and two of the determinate growth habit type, CHT56 and CHT81, as male parent. Their heterosis and comprehensive characteristics were studied in the autumn and winter of 2004. Three cultivation seasons in the two-year (2005-2006) followed by a multi-year (2006-2008) comparison tests and a production demonstration were conducted. As a result, a new indeterminate growth habit type tomato variety with strong growth potential and high resistances to ToMV and leaf mould was selected. The plant produced mature fruits red in color, oblong in shape, crisp in texture, sweet in taste and weighed 16-18 grams per fruit. It had desirable commodity characteristics for storage and transportation. it's the average yield of the plant was 52 500-60 000 kghm-2. The variety was certified as a new cultivars by the Provincial Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2011.
2011, 26(5): 762-765.
Abstract:
Three Phalaenopsis cultivars, i.e., V31, Sunset Red and Dahonghua, were used for the experiment. Effects of plant growth regulators on the clusterd bud proliferation and rooting of the cultivars were studied. The results showed that in addition to the increase of BA concentration, the bud proliferation rate of the 3 cultivars increased initially, and then, decreased. Optimal NAA concentration in the culture medium could help improve rooting. However, its effects on bud prooliferation and rooting differed with cultivars. For V31, the proliferation increased on the basal medium containing 5.0 mgL-1BA (after 50 d of culture, the proliferation rate was 5.24), while the root growth, on the basal medium with addition of 0.5 mgL-1 NAA. The optimal medium for the Sunset Red was with 7.5 mgL-1 BA to reach a proliferation rate of 2.04 and 0.5 mgL-1 NAA to achieve an effective root induction. For Dahonghua, the proliferation was best improved by the addition of 10.0 mgL-1 BA (the rate was 2.25), and the root growth was best with addition of 1.0 mgL-1 NAA in the medium.
Three Phalaenopsis cultivars, i.e., V31, Sunset Red and Dahonghua, were used for the experiment. Effects of plant growth regulators on the clusterd bud proliferation and rooting of the cultivars were studied. The results showed that in addition to the increase of BA concentration, the bud proliferation rate of the 3 cultivars increased initially, and then, decreased. Optimal NAA concentration in the culture medium could help improve rooting. However, its effects on bud prooliferation and rooting differed with cultivars. For V31, the proliferation increased on the basal medium containing 5.0 mgL-1BA (after 50 d of culture, the proliferation rate was 5.24), while the root growth, on the basal medium with addition of 0.5 mgL-1 NAA. The optimal medium for the Sunset Red was with 7.5 mgL-1 BA to reach a proliferation rate of 2.04 and 0.5 mgL-1 NAA to achieve an effective root induction. For Dahonghua, the proliferation was best improved by the addition of 10.0 mgL-1 BA (the rate was 2.25), and the root growth was best with addition of 1.0 mgL-1 NAA in the medium.
2011, 26(5): 766-768.
Abstract:
Shape deformation of the fruits of Cuiguan, Qingxiang, Xueqing, Yuguan and Huangjin pears was investigated. The results showed that the irregularity occurred commonly at an average defective rate of 46.02% and varied with varieties in the flower- and fruit-thinning cultivation. For instance, the defective rate for Huangjin was the lowest (33.57%) followed by Qingxiang (43.78%). Compared with Cuiguan, Yuguan and Xueqing,the deflective fruit rates of Huangjin and Qingsiang were lower,the difference were extremely significant and significant respectively. On the other hand, there was no difference on the shape deformation among Cuiguan, Yuguan and Xueqing pears. The deformation appeared to start during enlarging of the young fruits, and a considerable number of deformed fruits had already existed by then. The pear deformation developed in three stages, namely, the slow growth, rapid expansion and relative stability.The good shape of young fruit in the early developing is the base of keeping growing symmetrically in the follow-up development.The progression from upward growth to downward is the crucial period of controlling fruit growing unsymmetrically.
Shape deformation of the fruits of Cuiguan, Qingxiang, Xueqing, Yuguan and Huangjin pears was investigated. The results showed that the irregularity occurred commonly at an average defective rate of 46.02% and varied with varieties in the flower- and fruit-thinning cultivation. For instance, the defective rate for Huangjin was the lowest (33.57%) followed by Qingxiang (43.78%). Compared with Cuiguan, Yuguan and Xueqing,the deflective fruit rates of Huangjin and Qingsiang were lower,the difference were extremely significant and significant respectively. On the other hand, there was no difference on the shape deformation among Cuiguan, Yuguan and Xueqing pears. The deformation appeared to start during enlarging of the young fruits, and a considerable number of deformed fruits had already existed by then. The pear deformation developed in three stages, namely, the slow growth, rapid expansion and relative stability.The good shape of young fruit in the early developing is the base of keeping growing symmetrically in the follow-up development.The progression from upward growth to downward is the crucial period of controlling fruit growing unsymmetrically.
2011, 26(5): 769-773.
Abstract:
Seventeen cauliflower genotypes were subjected to heat stress to study the effects on 3 agronomical and 6 physi-biochemical traits. Using the principal component analysis, subordinate function and system clustering analysis on these 9 traits, heat tolerance of the genotypes was evaluated. The principal component analysis indicated that the 9 indices could be characterized into 5 factors with an accumulative contribution rate of up to 0. 877. Based on the D value of subordinate function analysis, the 17 genotypes were divided into 3 clusters by system clustering analysis. The most heat tolerant genotype was H1-3Y-H, the medium tolerant genotypes were ZF1-H, 14, A-118-3, 18-2-2-4s, 143-4-1-1-5-4s, A-422-2, A-25H1-2, H1♂-2Y, 142-2-5 and A3A19-2, and the lest tolerant genotypes were B-1H-1-3-2, C-519-1, C-1196-6, A6A19-2, C-519-1A36-5 and B-210-2. The selection and evaluation methods developed in this study provided a useful tool for further study on heat tolerance and breeding of cauliflowers.
Seventeen cauliflower genotypes were subjected to heat stress to study the effects on 3 agronomical and 6 physi-biochemical traits. Using the principal component analysis, subordinate function and system clustering analysis on these 9 traits, heat tolerance of the genotypes was evaluated. The principal component analysis indicated that the 9 indices could be characterized into 5 factors with an accumulative contribution rate of up to 0. 877. Based on the D value of subordinate function analysis, the 17 genotypes were divided into 3 clusters by system clustering analysis. The most heat tolerant genotype was H1-3Y-H, the medium tolerant genotypes were ZF1-H, 14, A-118-3, 18-2-2-4s, 143-4-1-1-5-4s, A-422-2, A-25H1-2, H1♂-2Y, 142-2-5 and A3A19-2, and the lest tolerant genotypes were B-1H-1-3-2, C-519-1, C-1196-6, A6A19-2, C-519-1A36-5 and B-210-2. The selection and evaluation methods developed in this study provided a useful tool for further study on heat tolerance and breeding of cauliflowers.
2011, 26(5): 774-777.
Abstract:
Effect of hormone application on tissue culture of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim was investigated. Stems with axillary buds were used as explantlet,and MS for the basic medium. A vailable methods for the rapid propagation to clone T. kirilowii Maxim are reviewed.In the experiment, the young adventitious buds continuously appeared for 15 days in the culture medium of MS + 1.0 mgL-1 BA. In 30 days, the average number of shoots was 6.5, and the average shoot ratio was 81.25%. The excised plantlets could produce root 15 days after inoculation on the MS + 0.4 mg NAA L-1 medium. They continued to gradually develop into normal plants. A single plant had an average of 5 roots. The average rooting percentage was 100%. This rapid propagation method for T. kirilowii Maxim appeared to offer many benefits at low cost.
Effect of hormone application on tissue culture of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim was investigated. Stems with axillary buds were used as explantlet,and MS for the basic medium. A vailable methods for the rapid propagation to clone T. kirilowii Maxim are reviewed.In the experiment, the young adventitious buds continuously appeared for 15 days in the culture medium of MS + 1.0 mgL-1 BA. In 30 days, the average number of shoots was 6.5, and the average shoot ratio was 81.25%. The excised plantlets could produce root 15 days after inoculation on the MS + 0.4 mg NAA L-1 medium. They continued to gradually develop into normal plants. A single plant had an average of 5 roots. The average rooting percentage was 100%. This rapid propagation method for T. kirilowii Maxim appeared to offer many benefits at low cost.
2011, 26(5): 778-782.
Abstract:
Shoot tips from Liriope muscari (Desne.) Bailey were used as explants to grow on media with varied sterilization time,under induced differentiation,as well as different strengthening and rooting treatments, and transplantation conditions. The shoot tips were cut from the plants and cultured on MS medium containing 2.0 mgL-1 BA and 0.2 mgL-1 NAA. The highest differentiating rate of 90% was achieved. The medium with 4.0 mgL-1BA and 0.2 mgL-1 NAA was suitable for multiple-shoot proliferation. A certain concentrations of BA promoted the shoot differentiation. The optimized medium for seeding and rooting was when MS was mixed with 0.5 mgL-1 IBA, which improved the root coefficient to 6.87. Peat soil was found to be the best medium material for the transplantation.
Shoot tips from Liriope muscari (Desne.) Bailey were used as explants to grow on media with varied sterilization time,under induced differentiation,as well as different strengthening and rooting treatments, and transplantation conditions. The shoot tips were cut from the plants and cultured on MS medium containing 2.0 mgL-1 BA and 0.2 mgL-1 NAA. The highest differentiating rate of 90% was achieved. The medium with 4.0 mgL-1BA and 0.2 mgL-1 NAA was suitable for multiple-shoot proliferation. A certain concentrations of BA promoted the shoot differentiation. The optimized medium for seeding and rooting was when MS was mixed with 0.5 mgL-1 IBA, which improved the root coefficient to 6.87. Peat soil was found to be the best medium material for the transplantation.
2011, 26(5): 783-787.
Abstract:
Effects of eliminating leaf-picking in the summer on the annual tea production were studied. The tea plant, Fuyun 10, was used for the investigation. The factors examined included germination, sprouting density, bud weight, net photosynthetic rate, fresh leave output and tea quality. The results showed that by eliminating the tea-picking in the summer, the germination advanced 4 to 6 days. With the practice, the sprouting density became extremely significantly lower than control, while the bud weight improved and the net photosynthetic rate increased 3.51%-26.19%. The output of fresh leaves increased from 26.62% to 188.88%, which was significantly higher than that of control. The sensory evaluation scores on aroma and taste were higher than control, from 4 to 8, and the overall scores were higher than control, from 2.8 to 4.3, on a 10 point-scale. Meanwhile, the tea quality was improved by one grade. The practice also reduced the cost and increased the net profit from 373.50 yuanhm-2 to 8 483.40 yuanhm-2. Consequently,it seemed to be most suitable for the areas where labor is scarce. Otherwise, increased fertilization might still be appropriate for the traditional year-round picking operations.
Effects of eliminating leaf-picking in the summer on the annual tea production were studied. The tea plant, Fuyun 10, was used for the investigation. The factors examined included germination, sprouting density, bud weight, net photosynthetic rate, fresh leave output and tea quality. The results showed that by eliminating the tea-picking in the summer, the germination advanced 4 to 6 days. With the practice, the sprouting density became extremely significantly lower than control, while the bud weight improved and the net photosynthetic rate increased 3.51%-26.19%. The output of fresh leaves increased from 26.62% to 188.88%, which was significantly higher than that of control. The sensory evaluation scores on aroma and taste were higher than control, from 4 to 8, and the overall scores were higher than control, from 2.8 to 4.3, on a 10 point-scale. Meanwhile, the tea quality was improved by one grade. The practice also reduced the cost and increased the net profit from 373.50 yuanhm-2 to 8 483.40 yuanhm-2. Consequently,it seemed to be most suitable for the areas where labor is scarce. Otherwise, increased fertilization might still be appropriate for the traditional year-round picking operations.
2011, 26(5): 788-792.
Abstract:
Cut flowers of Eustoma grandiforum cultivars702 were used to determine the physiological and biochemical changes taking place in the flowers kept in vase. The results showed that the fresh weight, soluble proteins, soluble sugar, respiration rate, as well as SOD and CAT activities in the flower petals increased in the early stage and decreased later on. On the other hand, the relative electric conductivity and POD activity increased while being held in a vase. Damage on the cell membrane resulted from the decreased protective enzymes activity and membrane lipid peroxidation might induce senescence on the cut-flowers.
Cut flowers of Eustoma grandiforum cultivars702 were used to determine the physiological and biochemical changes taking place in the flowers kept in vase. The results showed that the fresh weight, soluble proteins, soluble sugar, respiration rate, as well as SOD and CAT activities in the flower petals increased in the early stage and decreased later on. On the other hand, the relative electric conductivity and POD activity increased while being held in a vase. Damage on the cell membrane resulted from the decreased protective enzymes activity and membrane lipid peroxidation might induce senescence on the cut-flowers.
2011, 26(5): 793-797.
Abstract:
The predacious mite Neoseiulus cucumeris is an important natural enemy of many pest and spider mite. However, this predator is very susceptible to insecticides such as avermectin, which is commonly used in the orchard. Selected the avemectin resistant strain by using the slide-dip method and the original population were from the population, which reared in laboratory without exposed to any insecticide for a few years. The high resistance of N. cucumeris to avermectin was gained after 54 generations. The LC50 of susceptible strain was only 2.527 0 mgL-1 , however that of resistant strain was up to 163.293 0 mgL-1 .The resistant of resistant strain was 64.62-fold as large as susceptible strain. The models of resistance growth of resistant strain was as follow, y=120.4141/. A resistance recession of resistant strain after 120 generations to avemectin was studied in this paper. The results showed the resistance of resistant strain to avemectin without exposure to avemectin decreased very quickly, and the reduction rate reached 78.46% after 60 generations, and the resistance declined slowly from 60 generations to 120 generations, and the resistant was 10-fold as large as susceptible strain. Furthermore, when the resistance declined to 20% percent of the original resistant level, the resistance re-growth was also studied in this paper. The results suggested that the resistance went up quickly after using avemectin about 24 generations; and the resistant was 43.73-fold of that of susceptible strain. The results suggested that the cultivated resistant strain which applied in the field will reduce the conflict between biological control and chemical control.
The predacious mite Neoseiulus cucumeris is an important natural enemy of many pest and spider mite. However, this predator is very susceptible to insecticides such as avermectin, which is commonly used in the orchard. Selected the avemectin resistant strain by using the slide-dip method and the original population were from the population, which reared in laboratory without exposed to any insecticide for a few years. The high resistance of N. cucumeris to avermectin was gained after 54 generations. The LC50 of susceptible strain was only 2.527 0 mgL-1 , however that of resistant strain was up to 163.293 0 mgL-1 .The resistant of resistant strain was 64.62-fold as large as susceptible strain. The models of resistance growth of resistant strain was as follow, y=120.4141/. A resistance recession of resistant strain after 120 generations to avemectin was studied in this paper. The results showed the resistance of resistant strain to avemectin without exposure to avemectin decreased very quickly, and the reduction rate reached 78.46% after 60 generations, and the resistance declined slowly from 60 generations to 120 generations, and the resistant was 10-fold as large as susceptible strain. Furthermore, when the resistance declined to 20% percent of the original resistant level, the resistance re-growth was also studied in this paper. The results suggested that the resistance went up quickly after using avemectin about 24 generations; and the resistant was 43.73-fold of that of susceptible strain. The results suggested that the cultivated resistant strain which applied in the field will reduce the conflict between biological control and chemical control.
2011, 26(5): 798-803.
Abstract:
Two hundred and sixteen soybean root rot samples were collected from Zhangzhou, Xiamen, Longyan city in Fujian province during 2007 to 2009 in order to determine the fungal pathogens that could cause soybean root rot, and three hundred and seven filamentous fungi strains were isolated from the samples. Five groups of pathogen were identified, which were Fusarium oxysporum (112 isolates), Fusarium solani (74 isolates), Phytophthora sojae (79 isolates), Rhizoctonia solani (24 isolates),Pythium aphanidermatum (18 isolates) according to the cultural characteristics, morphology, pathogenicity and the rDNA-ITS sequences of the isolates. The results of the pathogenicity of these pathogens revealed that P. sojae, F. oxysporum and F. solani isolates showed strong pathogenicity to soybean roots by artifical infection, leading to disease incidences by 100%、97.8% and 95.6%, respectively, but R. solani and P. aphanidermatum isolates showed weak pathogenicity.
Two hundred and sixteen soybean root rot samples were collected from Zhangzhou, Xiamen, Longyan city in Fujian province during 2007 to 2009 in order to determine the fungal pathogens that could cause soybean root rot, and three hundred and seven filamentous fungi strains were isolated from the samples. Five groups of pathogen were identified, which were Fusarium oxysporum (112 isolates), Fusarium solani (74 isolates), Phytophthora sojae (79 isolates), Rhizoctonia solani (24 isolates),Pythium aphanidermatum (18 isolates) according to the cultural characteristics, morphology, pathogenicity and the rDNA-ITS sequences of the isolates. The results of the pathogenicity of these pathogens revealed that P. sojae, F. oxysporum and F. solani isolates showed strong pathogenicity to soybean roots by artifical infection, leading to disease incidences by 100%、97.8% and 95.6%, respectively, but R. solani and P. aphanidermatum isolates showed weak pathogenicity.
2011, 26(5): 804-807.
Abstract:
The bioassay method of virulent Ralstonia solanacearum strain was established on the tomato plants treated by different concentration of virulent R. solanacearum strain FJAT-91. The results showed that the R. solanacearum strains isolated from wilted tomato plants were virulent strains according to the colony form and test of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with special primers. The disease symptom of tomato plants treated with different concentrations appeared on the fifth day. The tomato plants began wilting on the fourth day, which were treated with concentration of 104 cfumL-1, and the incidence was reached 90% after 8 days. Time to LC50 of tomato plants was shortened along with the increasing of concentration of R.solanacearum. Therefore, the concentration of 104 cfumL-1 is the optimal one that could shorten test period and make the tomato plant wilt.
The bioassay method of virulent Ralstonia solanacearum strain was established on the tomato plants treated by different concentration of virulent R. solanacearum strain FJAT-91. The results showed that the R. solanacearum strains isolated from wilted tomato plants were virulent strains according to the colony form and test of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with special primers. The disease symptom of tomato plants treated with different concentrations appeared on the fifth day. The tomato plants began wilting on the fourth day, which were treated with concentration of 104 cfumL-1, and the incidence was reached 90% after 8 days. Time to LC50 of tomato plants was shortened along with the increasing of concentration of R.solanacearum. Therefore, the concentration of 104 cfumL-1 is the optimal one that could shorten test period and make the tomato plant wilt.
2011, 26(5): 808-811.
Abstract:
The major pathogen that causes leaf butt rot of phalaenopsis disease is Fusarium oxsproum. This study aimed to understand the biological characteristics of F.oxsproum and the pathogen's sensitivity to fungicides. It was hoped that some fungicides could be identified for an effective control of the leaf butt rot. The optimum temperature for the bacteria to grow was found to be 26℃, and that for the conidia germination 20℃or 22℃. The pH range for its growth was 6 to 7. For the pathogen's spores to germinate, it required high humidity. High humidity and moisture promoted conidia germination. By alternating light and dark, the spore germination was encouraged. Sportak, sporgon and carbendazim at concentration of 500 mgL-1 and 1 000 mgL-1 showed strong inhibitive effects on F.oxsproum, with the inhibiting rate of 100% on the mycelium growth. Pot experiment by dipping the leaves infected with phalaenopsis indicated that carbendazim or thiophanate-methyl at the concentrations of 500 mgL-1 and 1 000 mgL-1 could effectively control the penetration of the pathogen.
The major pathogen that causes leaf butt rot of phalaenopsis disease is Fusarium oxsproum. This study aimed to understand the biological characteristics of F.oxsproum and the pathogen's sensitivity to fungicides. It was hoped that some fungicides could be identified for an effective control of the leaf butt rot. The optimum temperature for the bacteria to grow was found to be 26℃, and that for the conidia germination 20℃or 22℃. The pH range for its growth was 6 to 7. For the pathogen's spores to germinate, it required high humidity. High humidity and moisture promoted conidia germination. By alternating light and dark, the spore germination was encouraged. Sportak, sporgon and carbendazim at concentration of 500 mgL-1 and 1 000 mgL-1 showed strong inhibitive effects on F.oxsproum, with the inhibiting rate of 100% on the mycelium growth. Pot experiment by dipping the leaves infected with phalaenopsis indicated that carbendazim or thiophanate-methyl at the concentrations of 500 mgL-1 and 1 000 mgL-1 could effectively control the penetration of the pathogen.
2011, 26(5): 812-817.
Abstract:
Occurrence of Prodenia litura in sweet potato fields was investigated in 2010 in order to reveal their distribution. Eight groups of samples were obtained. Several clustering indices, power law of Taylor and Iwao's way (regressive relation by m*-m) were used to test the spatial distribution pattern of P.litura in sweet potato fields. The results showed the eggs of P.litura fits the pattern of symmetrical distribution,and the larva of P.litura fits the pattern of aggregative distribution in sweet potato fields with the basic component of distribution of colony. The population density effected the Spatial distribution. The cause of their aggregation was tested by Blaekith's method, when m4.424 1,their aggregation was caused by some environmental factors such as climate,soil humidity,and growth and so on;when m4.424 1,their aggregation was caused by their behavior and environmental conditions.Based on the data of the spatial distribution, the model for determining the optimum theoretical sampling number model and the optimum sequential sampling model were proposed.
Occurrence of Prodenia litura in sweet potato fields was investigated in 2010 in order to reveal their distribution. Eight groups of samples were obtained. Several clustering indices, power law of Taylor and Iwao's way (regressive relation by m*-m) were used to test the spatial distribution pattern of P.litura in sweet potato fields. The results showed the eggs of P.litura fits the pattern of symmetrical distribution,and the larva of P.litura fits the pattern of aggregative distribution in sweet potato fields with the basic component of distribution of colony. The population density effected the Spatial distribution. The cause of their aggregation was tested by Blaekith's method, when m4.424 1,their aggregation was caused by some environmental factors such as climate,soil humidity,and growth and so on;when m4.424 1,their aggregation was caused by their behavior and environmental conditions.Based on the data of the spatial distribution, the model for determining the optimum theoretical sampling number model and the optimum sequential sampling model were proposed.
2011, 26(5): 818-821.
Abstract:
The saccharification of cassava starch was studied by using dextrose equivalent as index. The effect of single factor was analyzed in the best efficiency of saccharification. Results showed that the proper value of the factor were for temperature 60 to 65℃, reaction time 105 to 115 min, enzyme level 1.5 to 2.5 mL, pH 3.5 to 4.5 and rotation rate in 180 rpm, respectively. However, the optimum parameters for saccharification were determined by orthogonal experiments as pH at 4.0, with enzyme of 2 mLL-1 and in which treated for 105 min at 65℃. Saccharification efficiency (DE) could reach to 105%.
The saccharification of cassava starch was studied by using dextrose equivalent as index. The effect of single factor was analyzed in the best efficiency of saccharification. Results showed that the proper value of the factor were for temperature 60 to 65℃, reaction time 105 to 115 min, enzyme level 1.5 to 2.5 mL, pH 3.5 to 4.5 and rotation rate in 180 rpm, respectively. However, the optimum parameters for saccharification were determined by orthogonal experiments as pH at 4.0, with enzyme of 2 mLL-1 and in which treated for 105 min at 65℃. Saccharification efficiency (DE) could reach to 105%.
2011, 26(5): 822-826.
Abstract:
The high resistant starch rice, Gongmi 3, a typical Japonica rice, Nipponbare, and Indica rice 9311 were selected to study the cooking and pH effect on their starches. The results showed that the resistant starch content decreased in the order of no cookingcooking and overnight-holdingcooking. A significant difference existed between no cooking and the other two. The pH effect on the resistant starch content was pH 5.2 pH 6.0 pH 6.9. A significant difference was shown between pH 5.2 and the others, but no difference was found between pH 6.0 and pH 6.9. Among the three rice varieties, the resistant starch content decreased in the order of Gongmi 39311Nipponbare. When the pH of the starch hydrolysis buffer was 6.0, cooking seemed to induce the minimal change in the resistant starch content of the rice. The results were also reproducible with minor differences between the replicates.
The high resistant starch rice, Gongmi 3, a typical Japonica rice, Nipponbare, and Indica rice 9311 were selected to study the cooking and pH effect on their starches. The results showed that the resistant starch content decreased in the order of no cookingcooking and overnight-holdingcooking. A significant difference existed between no cooking and the other two. The pH effect on the resistant starch content was pH 5.2 pH 6.0 pH 6.9. A significant difference was shown between pH 5.2 and the others, but no difference was found between pH 6.0 and pH 6.9. Among the three rice varieties, the resistant starch content decreased in the order of Gongmi 39311Nipponbare. When the pH of the starch hydrolysis buffer was 6.0, cooking seemed to induce the minimal change in the resistant starch content of the rice. The results were also reproducible with minor differences between the replicates.
2011, 26(5): 827-831.
Abstract:
For curing tobacco, the biomass compounded coal (BCC) and anthracite were compared in Qujing, Yunnan in 2010. Effect of the different materials on burning efficiency, coal refill frequency and fuel consumption, as well as quality of the cured tobacco and curing benefits were examined. The results showed that BCC raised temperature steadily, exhibiting the effect mainly during the color-fixing and drying stages. It could maintain the curing temperature evenly, which was critical mainly during the yellowing at 38℃ and color-fixation at 47℃. But, the coal quantity needed was greater and the requirement for coal refill more frequent than anthracite. The burning efficiency of BCC was 4.0 percent higher than the anthracite. The tobacco cured by using the former retained enough oil and sustained an attractive color. Hence, there was an increased proportion of high quality tobacco with an improved profit margin by 95 yuan/100 kg cured tobacco, which was 9.8 percent higher, of the product cured by using BCC than anthracite. Furthermore, BCC applied the static immersion diffusion combustion mode to complement biomass and coal resulting in a highly efficient combustion. Therefore, BCC could potentially be used as an alternative fuel to replace anthracite for tobacco curing.
For curing tobacco, the biomass compounded coal (BCC) and anthracite were compared in Qujing, Yunnan in 2010. Effect of the different materials on burning efficiency, coal refill frequency and fuel consumption, as well as quality of the cured tobacco and curing benefits were examined. The results showed that BCC raised temperature steadily, exhibiting the effect mainly during the color-fixing and drying stages. It could maintain the curing temperature evenly, which was critical mainly during the yellowing at 38℃ and color-fixation at 47℃. But, the coal quantity needed was greater and the requirement for coal refill more frequent than anthracite. The burning efficiency of BCC was 4.0 percent higher than the anthracite. The tobacco cured by using the former retained enough oil and sustained an attractive color. Hence, there was an increased proportion of high quality tobacco with an improved profit margin by 95 yuan/100 kg cured tobacco, which was 9.8 percent higher, of the product cured by using BCC than anthracite. Furthermore, BCC applied the static immersion diffusion combustion mode to complement biomass and coal resulting in a highly efficient combustion. Therefore, BCC could potentially be used as an alternative fuel to replace anthracite for tobacco curing.
2011, 26(5): 832-836.
Abstract:
Different sources and concentrations of carbon and nitrogen were applied to submerged culture of monascus purpureus S for understanding their effects in regulating pigment metabolites. Results showed that the carbon and nitrogen sources effected monascus purpureus S pigment significantly in its color unit and hue (p1%). The optimal concentrations of carbon and nitrogen for generating pigment were about 4%-5% and 2.00%-2.40%, respectively. The highest color value was observed by using mannitol as only carbon source (119.6 ug-1) and followed by rice powder (113.9 ug-1), the hue of both pigment products tended to red; the color value was low and the hue was towards yellow while applying glucose or sucrose as carbon source. By different nitrogen sources, the hue of pigment tended to yellow and orange-red with (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3, respectively, but it would tend towards red when with either one of monosodium or peptone, respectively. The color value of products was observed in order of the highest from (NH4)2SO4, then NH4NO3, with both over 100.0 ug-1; and followed by the products from monosodium and peptone with value over 80.0 ug-1. Results suggest that NH4+ may enhance monascus purpureus S in generating yellow pigment while NO3- in red pigment.
Different sources and concentrations of carbon and nitrogen were applied to submerged culture of monascus purpureus S for understanding their effects in regulating pigment metabolites. Results showed that the carbon and nitrogen sources effected monascus purpureus S pigment significantly in its color unit and hue (p1%). The optimal concentrations of carbon and nitrogen for generating pigment were about 4%-5% and 2.00%-2.40%, respectively. The highest color value was observed by using mannitol as only carbon source (119.6 ug-1) and followed by rice powder (113.9 ug-1), the hue of both pigment products tended to red; the color value was low and the hue was towards yellow while applying glucose or sucrose as carbon source. By different nitrogen sources, the hue of pigment tended to yellow and orange-red with (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3, respectively, but it would tend towards red when with either one of monosodium or peptone, respectively. The color value of products was observed in order of the highest from (NH4)2SO4, then NH4NO3, with both over 100.0 ug-1; and followed by the products from monosodium and peptone with value over 80.0 ug-1. Results suggest that NH4+ may enhance monascus purpureus S in generating yellow pigment while NO3- in red pigment.
2011, 26(5): 837-841.
Abstract:
Effects of vacuum concentrated sugar infusion and hot-air drying were studied with Taiwan fat ginger on its qualities and proper water activity for preservation. The results showed that using concentrated sugar infusion of 0.09-0.095 MPa decreased the browning of products. It could control the product in reduced sugar content and preserve it from moisture absorption or crystallization. According to the speed of temperature rising, the process of hot-air drying for sugar ginger was divided into three phases of accelerating, constant speed and decelerating. The phases of accelerating and constant speed were relatively shorter than it of decelerating that carrying on the most of drying process. The appropriate drying parameters in this phase were 70-80℃ for 7-9 hours. By which, the sugar ginger maintained good taste with a favorable water activity (Aw0.69) for products stored.
Effects of vacuum concentrated sugar infusion and hot-air drying were studied with Taiwan fat ginger on its qualities and proper water activity for preservation. The results showed that using concentrated sugar infusion of 0.09-0.095 MPa decreased the browning of products. It could control the product in reduced sugar content and preserve it from moisture absorption or crystallization. According to the speed of temperature rising, the process of hot-air drying for sugar ginger was divided into three phases of accelerating, constant speed and decelerating. The phases of accelerating and constant speed were relatively shorter than it of decelerating that carrying on the most of drying process. The appropriate drying parameters in this phase were 70-80℃ for 7-9 hours. By which, the sugar ginger maintained good taste with a favorable water activity (Aw0.69) for products stored.
2011, 26(5): 842-846.
Abstract:
Fruits of persimmon cv. Zaohong were treated with carbon dioxide and alcohol in different concentration for deastringency. The results showed that, at room temperature, the treatment of carbon dioxide and alcohol reduced soluble tannin content significantly. Especially in treatment with 30% and 40% alcohol and 80% carbon dioxide, the content of soluble tannin was reduced to lower than a threshold value within 96 hours. The efficiency of reduction was better in alcohol treatment than in carbon dioxide treatment. The content of soluble sugar in treated fruits revealed decreasing in early phase of treatment for 48h then turn to increasing and the trends were different in between two treatments. The content of titratable acid and chloroplast pigment in treated fruits were decreased but the carotenoid content was increased gradually. The vitamin C content increased slightly at early phase of treatment, then downwards to decrease. Overall results, it was indicated that deastringency effect for persimmon fruits presented better with carbon dioxide treatment than with alcoholic. The higher the concentration, the better fruit quality.
Fruits of persimmon cv. Zaohong were treated with carbon dioxide and alcohol in different concentration for deastringency. The results showed that, at room temperature, the treatment of carbon dioxide and alcohol reduced soluble tannin content significantly. Especially in treatment with 30% and 40% alcohol and 80% carbon dioxide, the content of soluble tannin was reduced to lower than a threshold value within 96 hours. The efficiency of reduction was better in alcohol treatment than in carbon dioxide treatment. The content of soluble sugar in treated fruits revealed decreasing in early phase of treatment for 48h then turn to increasing and the trends were different in between two treatments. The content of titratable acid and chloroplast pigment in treated fruits were decreased but the carotenoid content was increased gradually. The vitamin C content increased slightly at early phase of treatment, then downwards to decrease. Overall results, it was indicated that deastringency effect for persimmon fruits presented better with carbon dioxide treatment than with alcoholic. The higher the concentration, the better fruit quality.
2011, 26(5): 847-851.
Abstract:
In this research, dried soymilk residue and spent culture substrate of Flammlina velutip were mixed at the ratio of 1∶1(w/w) as the culture medium for Mucor pusillus to generate milk-clotting enzyme (rennet). The process of preparing crude milk-clotting enzyme powder was investigated. The procedure was divided in 7 steps including solid-state fermentation in Erlemeyer flask, water extraction, flocculation with Al2(SO4)3, microfiltration to remove fungi, ultrafiltration to concentrate enzyme, ethanol precipitation under room temperature, vacuum drying at 40℃. Results showed that the temperature for inactivation of rennet was around 52℃ in water solution, while lowered it to 35℃ in ethanol solution. The ethanol concentration for the best effect in rennet precipitation was 70%, which recovered rennet activity of 77.24%. The final product obtained was in crude enzyme powder with its purity in rennet for 65.8% and the recovering efficiency of filtrated enzyme for 69.1%. The biotransformation of rennet in crude enzyme was 4 975 SU per gram of culture medium. Comparing conventional procedure in low-temperature precipitation and freeze-drying, results indicated that the milk-clotting enzyme of Mucor pusillus could be recovered in certain extent of rennet activity even with room-temperature precipitation and 40℃ vacuum drying.
In this research, dried soymilk residue and spent culture substrate of Flammlina velutip were mixed at the ratio of 1∶1(w/w) as the culture medium for Mucor pusillus to generate milk-clotting enzyme (rennet). The process of preparing crude milk-clotting enzyme powder was investigated. The procedure was divided in 7 steps including solid-state fermentation in Erlemeyer flask, water extraction, flocculation with Al2(SO4)3, microfiltration to remove fungi, ultrafiltration to concentrate enzyme, ethanol precipitation under room temperature, vacuum drying at 40℃. Results showed that the temperature for inactivation of rennet was around 52℃ in water solution, while lowered it to 35℃ in ethanol solution. The ethanol concentration for the best effect in rennet precipitation was 70%, which recovered rennet activity of 77.24%. The final product obtained was in crude enzyme powder with its purity in rennet for 65.8% and the recovering efficiency of filtrated enzyme for 69.1%. The biotransformation of rennet in crude enzyme was 4 975 SU per gram of culture medium. Comparing conventional procedure in low-temperature precipitation and freeze-drying, results indicated that the milk-clotting enzyme of Mucor pusillus could be recovered in certain extent of rennet activity even with room-temperature precipitation and 40℃ vacuum drying.
2011, 26(5): 852-859.
Abstract:
Using Teyou 63, the absorption and accumulation characteristics of N and K, as well as the N nutrition of the hybrid rice were studied. The results showed that there was a linear correlation between the total nutrient absorption and accumulation of N, and K2O and the square root of fertilizer application rate. With the increased fertilizer application rate, the nutrient uptake also increased. However, the nutrient utilization efficiency was reduced. Before the rice-heading started, the N accumulation centers were in the leaves and stem-sheath. After the heading, the center moved to the ears. After the heading, about 55% of N in the leaves and about 40% of N in the stem-sheath transported to the ears. The apparent transporting rate of the grain-filling was about 90%. The K accumulation centers were in the stems and sheaths, storing about 70% of K for the entire plant. After the heading, 34% to 40% of the K transported into the ears and the stem-sheath, with an apparent transporting rate of about 80%. In high yield cultivation, the highest N and K2O application rates were 2 kg and 2.72 kg, respectively, for every 100 kg of grain yield. The economic N and K2O application rates were 1.75 kg and 1.25 kg, respectively. The hybrid rice was more sensitive to N fertilization, and more resistant to low or high K than the other nutrients. The highest N application rate and economic K application rate should be recommended for the rice production. During each growth period, the leaf dry matter weight increased with N application. At the tillering stage and bud differentiation stage, the dry matter weight of stem-sheath also increased with N application. But from meiosis, both the stem-sheath weight and ear weight had parabolic correlation with N application. Therefore, the N nutrition was further studied. The N content in the leaves of high yield rice at different growth and development phases of the hybrid rice was determined. Each growth period and leaf positions at different N application rates had a certain color level and color difference among them, which provided an index for the N nutrition diagnosis.
Using Teyou 63, the absorption and accumulation characteristics of N and K, as well as the N nutrition of the hybrid rice were studied. The results showed that there was a linear correlation between the total nutrient absorption and accumulation of N, and K2O and the square root of fertilizer application rate. With the increased fertilizer application rate, the nutrient uptake also increased. However, the nutrient utilization efficiency was reduced. Before the rice-heading started, the N accumulation centers were in the leaves and stem-sheath. After the heading, the center moved to the ears. After the heading, about 55% of N in the leaves and about 40% of N in the stem-sheath transported to the ears. The apparent transporting rate of the grain-filling was about 90%. The K accumulation centers were in the stems and sheaths, storing about 70% of K for the entire plant. After the heading, 34% to 40% of the K transported into the ears and the stem-sheath, with an apparent transporting rate of about 80%. In high yield cultivation, the highest N and K2O application rates were 2 kg and 2.72 kg, respectively, for every 100 kg of grain yield. The economic N and K2O application rates were 1.75 kg and 1.25 kg, respectively. The hybrid rice was more sensitive to N fertilization, and more resistant to low or high K than the other nutrients. The highest N application rate and economic K application rate should be recommended for the rice production. During each growth period, the leaf dry matter weight increased with N application. At the tillering stage and bud differentiation stage, the dry matter weight of stem-sheath also increased with N application. But from meiosis, both the stem-sheath weight and ear weight had parabolic correlation with N application. Therefore, the N nutrition was further studied. The N content in the leaves of high yield rice at different growth and development phases of the hybrid rice was determined. Each growth period and leaf positions at different N application rates had a certain color level and color difference among them, which provided an index for the N nutrition diagnosis.
2011, 26(5): 860-863.
Abstract:
A 2-year field experiment was conducted to study the effect of the long-term compound additives (NAM) in varying quantities on the tea trees. The results showed that increased NAM caused gradual increase on NH4+-N and reduction on NO3--N. The additive slowed down the conversion of NH4+-N to NO3--N. With the additon of NAM, tea yield was increased initially, and then, decreased. Both yield and hundred-bud-weight of green tea peaked when 75% NAM was applied. The yield was more than 5.20% in 2010, and 2.64% in 2009, as compared to the control. The increasing rates on tea yield, bud density and hundred-bud-weight were higher in 2010 than 2009. And, the NH4+-N and NO3--N contents in the soil were also higher in 2010 than 2009. Thus, it was concluded that NAM application could inhibit urea hydrolysis and ammonium nitrification resulting in savings on labor fertilizer.
A 2-year field experiment was conducted to study the effect of the long-term compound additives (NAM) in varying quantities on the tea trees. The results showed that increased NAM caused gradual increase on NH4+-N and reduction on NO3--N. The additive slowed down the conversion of NH4+-N to NO3--N. With the additon of NAM, tea yield was increased initially, and then, decreased. Both yield and hundred-bud-weight of green tea peaked when 75% NAM was applied. The yield was more than 5.20% in 2010, and 2.64% in 2009, as compared to the control. The increasing rates on tea yield, bud density and hundred-bud-weight were higher in 2010 than 2009. And, the NH4+-N and NO3--N contents in the soil were also higher in 2010 than 2009. Thus, it was concluded that NAM application could inhibit urea hydrolysis and ammonium nitrification resulting in savings on labor fertilizer.
2011, 26(5): 864-869.
Abstract:
In order to solve the problem about the historical data management, collaboration and exchange department of survey data, data analysis and display of prevention and control of alien invasive species in Fujian province, geographic information systems technology, remote sensing and global positioning systems (the 3S technology), personal digital assistant and third generation mobile communication system were applied to design the data acquisition and management team work model of alien invasive species for Fujian province in this study, and realize the information system and develop data acquisition devices. For different user needs, the system realizes the alien invasive species information processing flow, such as data acquisition, data transmission, data management, data query and publish information. This study has completed to acquire, collate and store 156 alien invasive species records in Fujian province. Implementation and operation of system could provide basic data sources, technology and devices supports for risk assessment and early warning monitor with alien invasive species in Fujian province.
In order to solve the problem about the historical data management, collaboration and exchange department of survey data, data analysis and display of prevention and control of alien invasive species in Fujian province, geographic information systems technology, remote sensing and global positioning systems (the 3S technology), personal digital assistant and third generation mobile communication system were applied to design the data acquisition and management team work model of alien invasive species for Fujian province in this study, and realize the information system and develop data acquisition devices. For different user needs, the system realizes the alien invasive species information processing flow, such as data acquisition, data transmission, data management, data query and publish information. This study has completed to acquire, collate and store 156 alien invasive species records in Fujian province. Implementation and operation of system could provide basic data sources, technology and devices supports for risk assessment and early warning monitor with alien invasive species in Fujian province.
2011, 26(5): 870-876.
Abstract:
Remote-training of the rural practical technology is an important way to improve the peasants' science-and-technology cultural quality, cultivate new peasants and develop the modern agriculture. Rural practical technology training is an information communication and should be studied from the view of communication and the pattern of information circulating. Using the 5W mode of communication, from the perspective of the five elements including communication subject, communication content, communication channel, communication object and communication effect, the paper builds a communication mode of Fujian remote-training of the rural practical technology. And the paper analyzes the communication subject whose leading role is the government, the communication content whose core is the rural practical technology, the communication channel whose focus is the modern and traditional medium, the communication object whose key is the peasants, the communication effect whose center is the short-term and long-term benefit. And then, based on the training situation, the paper analyzes the obstacle of the five elements. The paper finally puts forward some suggestions such as promoting resources integration of communication subject, practical communication content,complementary function of communication channel, active participation of communication object and mutual benefit of communication effect.
Remote-training of the rural practical technology is an important way to improve the peasants' science-and-technology cultural quality, cultivate new peasants and develop the modern agriculture. Rural practical technology training is an information communication and should be studied from the view of communication and the pattern of information circulating. Using the 5W mode of communication, from the perspective of the five elements including communication subject, communication content, communication channel, communication object and communication effect, the paper builds a communication mode of Fujian remote-training of the rural practical technology. And the paper analyzes the communication subject whose leading role is the government, the communication content whose core is the rural practical technology, the communication channel whose focus is the modern and traditional medium, the communication object whose key is the peasants, the communication effect whose center is the short-term and long-term benefit. And then, based on the training situation, the paper analyzes the obstacle of the five elements. The paper finally puts forward some suggestions such as promoting resources integration of communication subject, practical communication content,complementary function of communication channel, active participation of communication object and mutual benefit of communication effect.
2011, 26(5): 877-882.
Abstract:
This paper conducts an investigation and research on agricultural socialized service system in Fujian province in recent years. It summarizes the practices and measures of Fujian Province towards service teams, management system, mode of operation and services. Then it analyzes deep-seated problems that restrict the current agricultural social service system. Based on this,specific measures for improvement were raised from the aspects of satisfying the demand of agriculture and the farmer in life and the production, promoting agriculture socialization comprehension service ability, innovating Fujian characteristic agricultural socialization service mechanism, developing the service domain adapting to the new demand of modern agriculture.
This paper conducts an investigation and research on agricultural socialized service system in Fujian province in recent years. It summarizes the practices and measures of Fujian Province towards service teams, management system, mode of operation and services. Then it analyzes deep-seated problems that restrict the current agricultural social service system. Based on this,specific measures for improvement were raised from the aspects of satisfying the demand of agriculture and the farmer in life and the production, promoting agriculture socialization comprehension service ability, innovating Fujian characteristic agricultural socialization service mechanism, developing the service domain adapting to the new demand of modern agriculture.
2011, 26(5): 883-887.
Abstract:
Industrialization of agriculture is inevitable in order to promote and modernize the business. Based on the analysis of the typical cases and relevant theories, the idea of Inclusive Development was formulated. The new concept embraces the elements of human, natural, cultural and institutional resources. It emphasizes benefit maximization for the stockholders, especially the participating small farmers. Inclusive Development strives to ensure the sustainability of the agricultural development as well. At the end, it can result in an all-win outcome.
Industrialization of agriculture is inevitable in order to promote and modernize the business. Based on the analysis of the typical cases and relevant theories, the idea of Inclusive Development was formulated. The new concept embraces the elements of human, natural, cultural and institutional resources. It emphasizes benefit maximization for the stockholders, especially the participating small farmers. Inclusive Development strives to ensure the sustainability of the agricultural development as well. At the end, it can result in an all-win outcome.
2011, 26(5): 888-891.
Abstract:
The new agricultural production services are not only important as a social service, but also critical for modern agricultural development. As a landlocked, mountainous city, Sanming has its unique challenges, as well as opportunities in agricultural production. The newly developed program of multi-agent, multi-form and multi-functional system was designed to help usher in the transformation of Sanming's rudementary agriculture into an advanced business and industry.
The new agricultural production services are not only important as a social service, but also critical for modern agricultural development. As a landlocked, mountainous city, Sanming has its unique challenges, as well as opportunities in agricultural production. The newly developed program of multi-agent, multi-form and multi-functional system was designed to help usher in the transformation of Sanming's rudementary agriculture into an advanced business and industry.
2011, 26(5): 892-894.
Abstract:
In this paper, the funding of Provincial finance in scientific researches was evaluated for comparing effects and problems of the investment. According to the data, the suggestions in increase investment for supporting of innovation in scientific development are proposed.
In this paper, the funding of Provincial finance in scientific researches was evaluated for comparing effects and problems of the investment. According to the data, the suggestions in increase investment for supporting of innovation in scientific development are proposed.
2011, 26(5): 895-898.
Abstract:
The strength of a rice stem is an important property that affects not only the plant's ability to resist lodging, but also its yield and quality. Commonly found, the rice's brittleness mutant could be used in breeding new grain-and-straw dual-purpose rice varieties. Since it can introduce cellulose-decrase, lignin-increase and/or nutrition-modification on rice plants, it is also important in the studies involving breeding rice for paper-making and forage. The source, formation mechanism, gene-mapping, cloning, functional research of the mutant, as well as its applications in breeding conventional transgenic and grain-and-straw dual-purpose rice are reviewed and discussed in this article.
The strength of a rice stem is an important property that affects not only the plant's ability to resist lodging, but also its yield and quality. Commonly found, the rice's brittleness mutant could be used in breeding new grain-and-straw dual-purpose rice varieties. Since it can introduce cellulose-decrase, lignin-increase and/or nutrition-modification on rice plants, it is also important in the studies involving breeding rice for paper-making and forage. The source, formation mechanism, gene-mapping, cloning, functional research of the mutant, as well as its applications in breeding conventional transgenic and grain-and-straw dual-purpose rice are reviewed and discussed in this article.
2011, 26(5): 899-906.
Abstract:
This review was focused on the virulent and avirulent genes and the regulation of Ralstonia solanacearum pathogenicity. Ralstonia solanacearum had been described as a species-complex bacterium, therefore, many technology were applied to identify this bacterium. Meanwhile, the identification of R. solanacearum became more and more quick, convenient and sensitive. The genome of R.solanacearum strain had a size of 5.8 Mb with a high (G+C) content and a coding potential for approximately 5 120 proteins. It was organized in two replicons, a 3.7 Mb chromosome and a 2.1 Mb megaplasmid. The products of type III hrp section system, extrapolysaccharide, cell wall degrading enzymes such as pectinolytic and cellalolytic enzymes constituted were the major factors for the pathogenicity. All of these were mainly related to the hrp gene cluster, avr gene and virulence genes. The Type III secretion system (T3SS) and Type II secretion system (T2SS) that directly translocated effector proteins into the host cells were essential for the development of disease. Moreover, T2SS functionally interacts with T3SS. The virulence and pathogenicity genes of R. solanacearum were controlled by an elaborate sensory network. The system used PhcA concentration as a core to regulate the expression of pathogenic factors, and thus the growth status of bacteria.
This review was focused on the virulent and avirulent genes and the regulation of Ralstonia solanacearum pathogenicity. Ralstonia solanacearum had been described as a species-complex bacterium, therefore, many technology were applied to identify this bacterium. Meanwhile, the identification of R. solanacearum became more and more quick, convenient and sensitive. The genome of R.solanacearum strain had a size of 5.8 Mb with a high (G+C) content and a coding potential for approximately 5 120 proteins. It was organized in two replicons, a 3.7 Mb chromosome and a 2.1 Mb megaplasmid. The products of type III hrp section system, extrapolysaccharide, cell wall degrading enzymes such as pectinolytic and cellalolytic enzymes constituted were the major factors for the pathogenicity. All of these were mainly related to the hrp gene cluster, avr gene and virulence genes. The Type III secretion system (T3SS) and Type II secretion system (T2SS) that directly translocated effector proteins into the host cells were essential for the development of disease. Moreover, T2SS functionally interacts with T3SS. The virulence and pathogenicity genes of R. solanacearum were controlled by an elaborate sensory network. The system used PhcA concentration as a core to regulate the expression of pathogenic factors, and thus the growth status of bacteria.
2011, 26(5): 907-910.
Abstract:
Electroantennogram (EAG) technique is an electrophysiological method which directly to detect insect responses to chemical signal, and has been widely used in the antenna responses of Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, etc to semichemicals. This article described briefly the theory, basic structure and development of EAG, experimental attentions and limitations of the EAG technique, all of which aiming to provide a clear thinking for studying electrophysiological behavior and to make some help for solving the problems.
Electroantennogram (EAG) technique is an electrophysiological method which directly to detect insect responses to chemical signal, and has been widely used in the antenna responses of Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, etc to semichemicals. This article described briefly the theory, basic structure and development of EAG, experimental attentions and limitations of the EAG technique, all of which aiming to provide a clear thinking for studying electrophysiological behavior and to make some help for solving the problems.
2011, 26(5): 911-917.
Abstract:
The genus Bacillus contains Gram-positive, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria that are able to produce bacterial endospores. Spores have a very strong resistance to heat, ultraviolet light, dry, ionizing radiation and a lot of toxic chemicals. As spore properties, Bacillus research has becoming more and more important. International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology (IJSEM), published by the Society for General Microbiology (SGM), is the leading forum for the publication of new taxa of bacteria and yeasts. The papers were mainly introduced references of Bacillus in IJSEM in the past ten years, and approached several desirable questions.
The genus Bacillus contains Gram-positive, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria that are able to produce bacterial endospores. Spores have a very strong resistance to heat, ultraviolet light, dry, ionizing radiation and a lot of toxic chemicals. As spore properties, Bacillus research has becoming more and more important. International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology (IJSEM), published by the Society for General Microbiology (SGM), is the leading forum for the publication of new taxa of bacteria and yeasts. The papers were mainly introduced references of Bacillus in IJSEM in the past ten years, and approached several desirable questions.
