2010 Vol. 25, No. 4
Display Method:
2010, 25(4): 387-391.
Abstract:
A pair of specific primers targeting hemagglutinin gene of H9 avian influenza virus(AIV) was designed for the development of a SYBR Green I fluorescent based real-time RT-PCR(RRT-PCR) to quantify the H9 subtype AIV for rapid diagnosis.The detection limit of RRT-PCR was 8.33×102 plasmid copies.The melting curve analysis using SYBR Green I dye showed one specific peak at the melting temperature of(83.83±0.22)℃ with no primer-dimers peak.No amplification was detected by this method from the unrelated RNA samples,such as H5 subtype AIV,duck hepatitis virus,duck plague virus or avian paramyxovirus type-1.High reproducibility was obtained for detecting plasmid DNA with intra-assay of 0.52%-1.48% and inter-assay of 0.71%-2.21%.
A pair of specific primers targeting hemagglutinin gene of H9 avian influenza virus(AIV) was designed for the development of a SYBR Green I fluorescent based real-time RT-PCR(RRT-PCR) to quantify the H9 subtype AIV for rapid diagnosis.The detection limit of RRT-PCR was 8.33×102 plasmid copies.The melting curve analysis using SYBR Green I dye showed one specific peak at the melting temperature of(83.83±0.22)℃ with no primer-dimers peak.No amplification was detected by this method from the unrelated RNA samples,such as H5 subtype AIV,duck hepatitis virus,duck plague virus or avian paramyxovirus type-1.High reproducibility was obtained for detecting plasmid DNA with intra-assay of 0.52%-1.48% and inter-assay of 0.71%-2.21%.
Effect of the 2 different stage feeding on performance and carcass quality of growing-finishing pigs
2010, 25(4): 392-395.
Abstract:
Performance of two multi-stage feedings and their effect on the carcass characteristics on pigs for meat consumption were studied.The results showed that the average day gain in the test group increased 4.53%(P0.05)over the control.There was no significant difference on the feed conversion rate(i.e.,2.96 vs.2.97) between the two groups.The average daily feeding index in the test group was improved by 4.13%(P0.05)as compared to the control.There was no significant difference on carcass quality either(P0.05).However,the feed cost was reduced at the rate of 0.66 yuan per kilogram weight gain by using the 5-stage feeding method.
Performance of two multi-stage feedings and their effect on the carcass characteristics on pigs for meat consumption were studied.The results showed that the average day gain in the test group increased 4.53%(P0.05)over the control.There was no significant difference on the feed conversion rate(i.e.,2.96 vs.2.97) between the two groups.The average daily feeding index in the test group was improved by 4.13%(P0.05)as compared to the control.There was no significant difference on carcass quality either(P0.05).However,the feed cost was reduced at the rate of 0.66 yuan per kilogram weight gain by using the 5-stage feeding method.
2010, 25(4): 396-398.
Abstract:
Using muscovy duck as male parent and Beijing duck as the female parent,the generation development and breeding effect of the progeny white-plumage mule duck were studied.The result showed that,through the selection in four generations,the A-B grade white plumage rate of the mule duck was improved from 19.55 % to 76.86 %,and the A-C grade from 61.55 % to 98.17 %.The average realized heritability in three generations was 0.6979.
Using muscovy duck as male parent and Beijing duck as the female parent,the generation development and breeding effect of the progeny white-plumage mule duck were studied.The result showed that,through the selection in four generations,the A-B grade white plumage rate of the mule duck was improved from 19.55 % to 76.86 %,and the A-C grade from 61.55 % to 98.17 %.The average realized heritability in three generations was 0.6979.
2010, 25(4): 399-404.
Abstract:
The effects of rearing chicken in a fermentation bed on their behaviors,e.g.posturing,drinking and feeding,were observed.The results showed that the broilers sat more(about 80% of the time) and moved less(about 10% of the time) on the fermentation bed.The peak of moving around occurred most frequently at 8:00-10:00 and 18:00-20:00,when the atmospheric temperature was lower in a day.The peak of feeding and drinking occurred twice daily,i.e.,the peak of feeding at 14:00-16:00 and 18:00-20:00,and drinking at 10:00-12:00 and 14:00-16:00.Furthermore,the chicken's body temperature and gaping frequency directly correlated to the ambient temperature.
The effects of rearing chicken in a fermentation bed on their behaviors,e.g.posturing,drinking and feeding,were observed.The results showed that the broilers sat more(about 80% of the time) and moved less(about 10% of the time) on the fermentation bed.The peak of moving around occurred most frequently at 8:00-10:00 and 18:00-20:00,when the atmospheric temperature was lower in a day.The peak of feeding and drinking occurred twice daily,i.e.,the peak of feeding at 14:00-16:00 and 18:00-20:00,and drinking at 10:00-12:00 and 14:00-16:00.Furthermore,the chicken's body temperature and gaping frequency directly correlated to the ambient temperature.
2010, 25(4): 405-409.
Abstract:
40 sows with endometritis and 15 sows with non-endometritis were selected and butchered in slaughter house.Mucus samples of uterine horn and uterine cervix were collected from the sows and inoculated into the culture medium.All the bacteria were purified and identified by automated bacterial identification and antibiotics susceptibility test system(ATB).Pathogenicity of each identified strains were determined by challenge intra-peritoneally to white mouse.The results show that from 40 sows with endometritis,70 isolates were determined,among them,47 isolates were in uterine cervix and 23 isolates were in uterine horn respectively.The positive rate was 100%.2 isolates were determined in uterine cervix of one of 15 sows with non-endometritis.The positive rate was 6.67%.Among the 72 isolates,16 strains were identified.The main strains were Escherichia coli,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Pseudomonas putida and A.hydrophila and only Pseudomonas aeruginosa and A.hydrophila showed pathogenic effect in white mice.Antibiotics susceptibility test on the isolated strains of P.aeruginosa and A.hydrophila exhibited that they had strong resistance to 28 antibiotics.The results indicated that high culling rate of sows are related to endometritis.Environmental bacteria are main pathogenic bacteria of endotremitis conditionally,which have resistance to antibiotics mainly used in clinical practice.
40 sows with endometritis and 15 sows with non-endometritis were selected and butchered in slaughter house.Mucus samples of uterine horn and uterine cervix were collected from the sows and inoculated into the culture medium.All the bacteria were purified and identified by automated bacterial identification and antibiotics susceptibility test system(ATB).Pathogenicity of each identified strains were determined by challenge intra-peritoneally to white mouse.The results show that from 40 sows with endometritis,70 isolates were determined,among them,47 isolates were in uterine cervix and 23 isolates were in uterine horn respectively.The positive rate was 100%.2 isolates were determined in uterine cervix of one of 15 sows with non-endometritis.The positive rate was 6.67%.Among the 72 isolates,16 strains were identified.The main strains were Escherichia coli,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Pseudomonas putida and A.hydrophila and only Pseudomonas aeruginosa and A.hydrophila showed pathogenic effect in white mice.Antibiotics susceptibility test on the isolated strains of P.aeruginosa and A.hydrophila exhibited that they had strong resistance to 28 antibiotics.The results indicated that high culling rate of sows are related to endometritis.Environmental bacteria are main pathogenic bacteria of endotremitis conditionally,which have resistance to antibiotics mainly used in clinical practice.
2010, 25(4): 410-413.
Abstract:
The abolone seedlings at shell length of(16.3±0.2)mm,density of 1633/m2 have been cultivated in 6 pools at the condition of 19.6-26℃,salinity 30,and the effect on abalone seedling culture between two modes have been compared,the water-saving mode of adding microbiological agents and the traditional mode.After 60 days of culture,the shell length,survival rate and average daily gain of the abalone seedlings between the test group and the control group were(21.57± 0.40)mm and(23.17±0.38)mm,(93.69±0.46)% and(91.61±1.55)%,(87.77±4.21)μmd-1 and(114.42±6.76)μmd-1.The result showed that: after adding micro-biological agents,75.76% of cultivation water was saved,the effect was significant(P0.05),and it can help reduce the adverse effects of water exchange,and improve the survival rate of abalone seedling cultivation(P0.05).
The abolone seedlings at shell length of(16.3±0.2)mm,density of 1633/m2 have been cultivated in 6 pools at the condition of 19.6-26℃,salinity 30,and the effect on abalone seedling culture between two modes have been compared,the water-saving mode of adding microbiological agents and the traditional mode.After 60 days of culture,the shell length,survival rate and average daily gain of the abalone seedlings between the test group and the control group were(21.57± 0.40)mm and(23.17±0.38)mm,(93.69±0.46)% and(91.61±1.55)%,(87.77±4.21)μmd-1 and(114.42±6.76)μmd-1.The result showed that: after adding micro-biological agents,75.76% of cultivation water was saved,the effect was significant(P0.05),and it can help reduce the adverse effects of water exchange,and improve the survival rate of abalone seedling cultivation(P0.05).
2010, 25(4): 414-417.
Abstract:
Mintang 95-261 was selected from the cross combination(ROC1證P72-1210).This new sugarcane variety had the desirable characteristics of middle-to-late maturity,high yield,high sucrose content,excellent adaptability,high adversity resistance and wide adaptability.The results obtained from the test at various sites in the past several years showed its average cane yield to be 119.825 thm-2 and sugar yield of 17.770 thm-2.These were higher than those of the currently leading variety by 11.56% on cane yield and 11.45% on sugar yield.Its sucrose content was 14.79% during November to February,i.e.,0.23% lower than that of the currently leading variety.The hereditary composition of Mingtang 95-261 was rich,containing 13 different basic germplasms.
Mintang 95-261 was selected from the cross combination(ROC1證P72-1210).This new sugarcane variety had the desirable characteristics of middle-to-late maturity,high yield,high sucrose content,excellent adaptability,high adversity resistance and wide adaptability.The results obtained from the test at various sites in the past several years showed its average cane yield to be 119.825 thm-2 and sugar yield of 17.770 thm-2.These were higher than those of the currently leading variety by 11.56% on cane yield and 11.45% on sugar yield.Its sucrose content was 14.79% during November to February,i.e.,0.23% lower than that of the currently leading variety.The hereditary composition of Mingtang 95-261 was rich,containing 13 different basic germplasms.
2010, 25(4): 418-421.
Abstract:
A new potato variety,Fuke 76,was bred from the cross combination,Ba9譑atadin.The upright plant was 41cm high with 2-3 main stems,oblate tuber,yellow skin,pale-yellow flesh,7 tubers per plant,18.31% dry matter and appealing eating quality.Its growth period was 92 d with a tuber yield of 30 442.2 kghm2,which exceeded the variety,Zihua 851,by 15.31% in comparison.The variety has been released by Fujian provincial authorities in February 2010.To achieve high yield for Fuke 76,the application of healthy seed tubers,appropriate hastening on germination,adequate planting density,correct fertilization,late blight control and in-time harvesting are recommended.
A new potato variety,Fuke 76,was bred from the cross combination,Ba9譑atadin.The upright plant was 41cm high with 2-3 main stems,oblate tuber,yellow skin,pale-yellow flesh,7 tubers per plant,18.31% dry matter and appealing eating quality.Its growth period was 92 d with a tuber yield of 30 442.2 kghm2,which exceeded the variety,Zihua 851,by 15.31% in comparison.The variety has been released by Fujian provincial authorities in February 2010.To achieve high yield for Fuke 76,the application of healthy seed tubers,appropriate hastening on germination,adequate planting density,correct fertilization,late blight control and in-time harvesting are recommended.
2010, 25(4): 422-427.
Abstract:
NPK fertilization is important in order to increase the crop yield and income for peanut farmers in Nanan with its existing soil conditions.Effect of fertilizer application on yield were found to be N PK,and the fertilization benefit NKP.The output/input ratio of N,P2O5 and K2O were 6.2,3.8 and 4.0,respectively.There was a negative correlation between the available NPK in soil and the nutrient utilization.The critical indices of low effective phosphorus content of critical index on alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen,available P and K in soil were 65mgkg-1,14.8 mgkg-1 and 36 mgkg-1,respectively,and those of high were 120 mgkg-1,52.6 mgkg-1 and 133 mgkg-1,respectively.The recommended NPK application rate would be reduced with high available nutrients in soil.Maximum application rate of N for peanut was 96.3 17.5 kghm-2 and the ratio of N:P2O5 :K2O was 1:0.53:1.29.The economical application rate of N was 85.9 19.6 kghm-2 at the N:P2O5:K2O ratio of 1:0.51:1.25 for the peanut farming in Nanan region.
NPK fertilization is important in order to increase the crop yield and income for peanut farmers in Nanan with its existing soil conditions.Effect of fertilizer application on yield were found to be N PK,and the fertilization benefit NKP.The output/input ratio of N,P2O5 and K2O were 6.2,3.8 and 4.0,respectively.There was a negative correlation between the available NPK in soil and the nutrient utilization.The critical indices of low effective phosphorus content of critical index on alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen,available P and K in soil were 65mgkg-1,14.8 mgkg-1 and 36 mgkg-1,respectively,and those of high were 120 mgkg-1,52.6 mgkg-1 and 133 mgkg-1,respectively.The recommended NPK application rate would be reduced with high available nutrients in soil.Maximum application rate of N for peanut was 96.3 17.5 kghm-2 and the ratio of N:P2O5 :K2O was 1:0.53:1.29.The economical application rate of N was 85.9 19.6 kghm-2 at the N:P2O5:K2O ratio of 1:0.51:1.25 for the peanut farming in Nanan region.
2010, 25(4): 428-431.
Abstract:
Correlation among main agronomic traits of 20 varieties of Mesona chinensism and the factors affecting their yield were analyzed.The results showed that the stem length,plant height,stem diameter and internodes length had significant effects on the yield per plant.Both the stem length and plant height significantly correlated to the yield,with the stem length being the greatest among all examined traits.
Correlation among main agronomic traits of 20 varieties of Mesona chinensism and the factors affecting their yield were analyzed.The results showed that the stem length,plant height,stem diameter and internodes length had significant effects on the yield per plant.Both the stem length and plant height significantly correlated to the yield,with the stem length being the greatest among all examined traits.
2010, 25(4): 432-437.
Abstract:
Twelve silage maize inbred lines,which were cultivated by the Corps Research Institute at Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences,and 4 other main inbred lines were selected for the study.The 16 inbred lines were designed by P1xP2 uncompleted diallel crossing of NCII method to evaluate their combining ability and correlation,as well as,for path analysis.The results showed that the inbred lines of MQ12-243 had higher general combining ability with a crossed high biological yield of the hybrids of MQ12-243 18599.The hN2 for biological yield was lower and that for plant height higher.Correlation and Path analysis,plant height,ear height and 100-kernel weight had a significant positive correlation with the biological yield.The direct effect of 100-kernel weight on biological yield was most significant.The indirect effect of plant height and ear height on biological yield was equally significant.Therefore,it was concluded that the inbred lines should be selected with high plant height,ear height and kernel weight.
Twelve silage maize inbred lines,which were cultivated by the Corps Research Institute at Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences,and 4 other main inbred lines were selected for the study.The 16 inbred lines were designed by P1xP2 uncompleted diallel crossing of NCII method to evaluate their combining ability and correlation,as well as,for path analysis.The results showed that the inbred lines of MQ12-243 had higher general combining ability with a crossed high biological yield of the hybrids of MQ12-243 18599.The hN2 for biological yield was lower and that for plant height higher.Correlation and Path analysis,plant height,ear height and 100-kernel weight had a significant positive correlation with the biological yield.The direct effect of 100-kernel weight on biological yield was most significant.The indirect effect of plant height and ear height on biological yield was equally significant.Therefore,it was concluded that the inbred lines should be selected with high plant height,ear height and kernel weight.
2010, 25(4): 438-443.
Abstract:
A four factors five levers quadratic general rotary design was used to optimize the planting density and NPK application rates for high yield and high quality sweet potato,"Yanshu 5".A mathematic model was established:Y=53.76143+2.37583X1+3.04500X2+1.38583X3+1.89750X4-1.48932X12-1.07557X22-2.11557X32-2.45807X42+1.56750X1X2+0.29375X1X3+0.69875X1X4+0.71625X2X3+0.35125X2X4+0.23500X3X4.Impact of various factors on the yield of Yanshu 5 was in the order of K P density N.The optimized conditions to achieve a tuber yield of 48-53 thm-2 included: planting density at 57 900-62 600 hm-2 and applications of 46% urea at 321.75-401.4 kghm-2,12% super-phosphate at 400.5-483.9 kghm-2 and 50% potassium at 325.05-388.2 kghm-2.
A four factors five levers quadratic general rotary design was used to optimize the planting density and NPK application rates for high yield and high quality sweet potato,"Yanshu 5".A mathematic model was established:Y=53.76143+2.37583X1+3.04500X2+1.38583X3+1.89750X4-1.48932X12-1.07557X22-2.11557X32-2.45807X42+1.56750X1X2+0.29375X1X3+0.69875X1X4+0.71625X2X3+0.35125X2X4+0.23500X3X4.Impact of various factors on the yield of Yanshu 5 was in the order of K P density N.The optimized conditions to achieve a tuber yield of 48-53 thm-2 included: planting density at 57 900-62 600 hm-2 and applications of 46% urea at 321.75-401.4 kghm-2,12% super-phosphate at 400.5-483.9 kghm-2 and 50% potassium at 325.05-388.2 kghm-2.
2010, 25(4): 444-449.
Abstract:
Seven yellow peach samples,including Jinxiu,Fenghuang and their variant lines,were studied by means of the sequence-related amplified polymorphism(SRAP) molecular marker technology.By screening a total of 40 SRAP primer combinations,it was found that 2 combinations could positively identify the differential amplification between Fenghuang and its variant line Jinhuang,as they were genetically diversified.Subsequently,these specific marker bands were cloned,sequenced,analyzed and converted into stable sequence characterized amplified region(SCAR) markers using the corresponding SCAR primers.The SCAR markers from SRAP were suitable for rapid identification of the variant lines.The evidence of the genetic diversity was further verified by SCAR PCR.On the other hand,DNA polymorphism between Jinxiu and its variant lines was not detected.
Seven yellow peach samples,including Jinxiu,Fenghuang and their variant lines,were studied by means of the sequence-related amplified polymorphism(SRAP) molecular marker technology.By screening a total of 40 SRAP primer combinations,it was found that 2 combinations could positively identify the differential amplification between Fenghuang and its variant line Jinhuang,as they were genetically diversified.Subsequently,these specific marker bands were cloned,sequenced,analyzed and converted into stable sequence characterized amplified region(SCAR) markers using the corresponding SCAR primers.The SCAR markers from SRAP were suitable for rapid identification of the variant lines.The evidence of the genetic diversity was further verified by SCAR PCR.On the other hand,DNA polymorphism between Jinxiu and its variant lines was not detected.
Effects of elevated CO2 concentration on growth and photo-physiological characteristics of Cymbidium
2010, 25(4): 450-453.
Abstract:
Growth and physiological implications on Cymbidium plant under the increased CO2 concentration were studied.The results show that the increased CO2 promoted plant growth and development.Increased CO2 significantly promoted the growth of flower buds,but not the flowering rate.CO2 concentration made the flowering start early,but no significant effect on the length of flowering period.Elevated CO2 also resulted in reduced stomatal conductance(SC) and transpiration rates(TR),as well as,an increased net photosynthetic rate.
Growth and physiological implications on Cymbidium plant under the increased CO2 concentration were studied.The results show that the increased CO2 promoted plant growth and development.Increased CO2 significantly promoted the growth of flower buds,but not the flowering rate.CO2 concentration made the flowering start early,but no significant effect on the length of flowering period.Elevated CO2 also resulted in reduced stomatal conductance(SC) and transpiration rates(TR),as well as,an increased net photosynthetic rate.
2010, 25(4): 454-457.
Abstract:
With the application of Jun-Cao technique,the Chamaecrista Rotundifolia with the capacity of improving soil fertility and water conservation in red soil mountain area,local mountain grass Miscanthus and straw were used to build heap fermentation and cultivate Agaricus Blazei under counter-ecological cultivation.And the comparative analysis of yield and fatty acids,amino acid and polysaccharide content of fruiting body to Agaricus Blazei can provide a new technique mode based on counter-ecological cultivation of wild Agaricus Blazei and eco-cycle cultivation under Gualou shacks.
With the application of Jun-Cao technique,the Chamaecrista Rotundifolia with the capacity of improving soil fertility and water conservation in red soil mountain area,local mountain grass Miscanthus and straw were used to build heap fermentation and cultivate Agaricus Blazei under counter-ecological cultivation.And the comparative analysis of yield and fatty acids,amino acid and polysaccharide content of fruiting body to Agaricus Blazei can provide a new technique mode based on counter-ecological cultivation of wild Agaricus Blazei and eco-cycle cultivation under Gualou shacks.
2010, 25(4): 458-461.
Abstract:
The production performance(i.e.,mycelium growth,growth period,yield and biological quality) of 8 strains of Agaricus blazei Murrill commonly found in Fujian was evaluated.The results showed that the local and No.11 strains were most desirable with stable yields.The No.11 strain had the highest yield among all.It had a 66d growth period,robust mycelium development,and thick,strong,dense,light-colored,rapid growth of fruiting body formation.In contrast,the local strain had a 55d growth period and was slightly less desirable on other characteristics than the No.11 strain.Nonetheless,they both were considered suitable for mass cultivation in Fujian.
The production performance(i.e.,mycelium growth,growth period,yield and biological quality) of 8 strains of Agaricus blazei Murrill commonly found in Fujian was evaluated.The results showed that the local and No.11 strains were most desirable with stable yields.The No.11 strain had the highest yield among all.It had a 66d growth period,robust mycelium development,and thick,strong,dense,light-colored,rapid growth of fruiting body formation.In contrast,the local strain had a 55d growth period and was slightly less desirable on other characteristics than the No.11 strain.Nonetheless,they both were considered suitable for mass cultivation in Fujian.
2010, 25(4): 462-467.
Abstract:
Inhibition effect of 22 strains of Trichoderma sp.and their metabolites against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense race four(FOC)was studied in vitro.The bioassay data obtained indicated that the inhibition rates of(a) the tested strains on the FOC mycelia growth in the plate-culture experiments ranged from 61.76% to 100%,(b) the 20%(V/V) T.sp.culture filtrates were 11.83%-52.69%,(c) the non-volatile and volatile metabolites were 3.83%-74.62% and 11.17%-29.37%,respectively,and(d) the spherical conidia spore germination from FOC treated with 20%-50%(V/V) of T.05-049 culture filtrate for 9h and the sickle-shaped conidia for 6h were 86.60%-96.40% and 56.29%-85.41%,respectively.
Inhibition effect of 22 strains of Trichoderma sp.and their metabolites against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense race four(FOC)was studied in vitro.The bioassay data obtained indicated that the inhibition rates of(a) the tested strains on the FOC mycelia growth in the plate-culture experiments ranged from 61.76% to 100%,(b) the 20%(V/V) T.sp.culture filtrates were 11.83%-52.69%,(c) the non-volatile and volatile metabolites were 3.83%-74.62% and 11.17%-29.37%,respectively,and(d) the spherical conidia spore germination from FOC treated with 20%-50%(V/V) of T.05-049 culture filtrate for 9h and the sickle-shaped conidia for 6h were 86.60%-96.40% and 56.29%-85.41%,respectively.
2010, 25(4): 468-474.
Abstract:
Aimed to fine tune the processing in order to upgrade the flavor quality of Dangui(C.Snensis cv.Dangui) Oolong Tea,this study was conducted to analyze the flavoring components of the tea under varying processing conditions.The tea made with the second leaves of slightly or medium banjhi were used for the study.The strictly controlled air temperature and relative humidity in the processing room were the processing variables.The results showed that the major aromatic compounds of the Dangui Oolong Tea were geraniol,α-farnesene,benzeneacetaldehyde,benzaldehyde,β-linalool and linalool oxides,cis-3-hexenyl hexoate,butanoic acid,3-methyl-,2-phenylethyl ester,3,4-dimethylcyclohexanol,benzyl nitrile and indole.They differed,and were much richer,in the tea processed in the air-conditioned room than in nature environment.The sensory evaluation indicated that the scores on the flavor,aroma,taste,liquor color of the tea samples were higher when processed in a controlled environment than not.It was thus concluded that by controlling the processing room temperature and relative humidity,the tea quantity could be improved with the increase in the flavoring constituents of the resultant tea product.
Aimed to fine tune the processing in order to upgrade the flavor quality of Dangui(C.Snensis cv.Dangui) Oolong Tea,this study was conducted to analyze the flavoring components of the tea under varying processing conditions.The tea made with the second leaves of slightly or medium banjhi were used for the study.The strictly controlled air temperature and relative humidity in the processing room were the processing variables.The results showed that the major aromatic compounds of the Dangui Oolong Tea were geraniol,α-farnesene,benzeneacetaldehyde,benzaldehyde,β-linalool and linalool oxides,cis-3-hexenyl hexoate,butanoic acid,3-methyl-,2-phenylethyl ester,3,4-dimethylcyclohexanol,benzyl nitrile and indole.They differed,and were much richer,in the tea processed in the air-conditioned room than in nature environment.The sensory evaluation indicated that the scores on the flavor,aroma,taste,liquor color of the tea samples were higher when processed in a controlled environment than not.It was thus concluded that by controlling the processing room temperature and relative humidity,the tea quantity could be improved with the increase in the flavoring constituents of the resultant tea product.
2010, 25(4): 475-478.
Abstract:
Flavonoids and amino acids in the postharvest,mature fruits of longan(Dimocarpus longan Lour.) cultivar,Lidongben,stored at 4℃ and -20℃ were determined.Both flavonoids and decreased during the early storage,and increased later on.The concentration of total amino acids increased slowly at first and then decreased.The analytical results showed that the flavonoids might play significant negative roles in the contents of alanine and threonine.At-20℃,there was no significant change in flavonoids content after 30 days storage.The flavonoids might play significant roles in the content of tyrosin.
Flavonoids and amino acids in the postharvest,mature fruits of longan(Dimocarpus longan Lour.) cultivar,Lidongben,stored at 4℃ and -20℃ were determined.Both flavonoids and decreased during the early storage,and increased later on.The concentration of total amino acids increased slowly at first and then decreased.The analytical results showed that the flavonoids might play significant negative roles in the contents of alanine and threonine.At-20℃,there was no significant change in flavonoids content after 30 days storage.The flavonoids might play significant roles in the content of tyrosin.
2010, 25(4): 479-481.
Abstract:
Changes in quality and some physiological indices of the seeded Ougan(Citrus suavissima.Hort.ex Tanaka) in storage were studied.The SOD activity of the peel decreased prior to being activated.The contents of soluble sugar,reducing sugar,soluble solids and soluble protein of the flesh,the POD activity of the peel and flesh,and the SOD activity of the flesh increased at first and then decreased.The titratable acid,Vc and water content of the flesh showed a downward trend during the entire storage period.It suggested that the peel lagged behind the flesh into the senescence stage,but had a stronger antioxidant capacity,which might play an important role on anti-aging and the damage reduction by free radical oxygen.
Changes in quality and some physiological indices of the seeded Ougan(Citrus suavissima.Hort.ex Tanaka) in storage were studied.The SOD activity of the peel decreased prior to being activated.The contents of soluble sugar,reducing sugar,soluble solids and soluble protein of the flesh,the POD activity of the peel and flesh,and the SOD activity of the flesh increased at first and then decreased.The titratable acid,Vc and water content of the flesh showed a downward trend during the entire storage period.It suggested that the peel lagged behind the flesh into the senescence stage,but had a stronger antioxidant capacity,which might play an important role on anti-aging and the damage reduction by free radical oxygen.
2010, 25(4): 482-485.
Abstract:
The nutrition composition of sweet potatoes with different colors was analyzed.The results showed significant differences among three types of sweet potatoes in the contents of vitamin C,β-carotene,protein,carbohydrate,Cu,Fe,Mn,Mg,Zn and Ca.The orange-colored sweet potatoes had the highest level of β-carotene,and the lowest carbohydrate and Zn contents.The purple sweet potatoes were rich in protein,Zn,Fe,Mn,Mg and Ca,but poor in vitamin C.The sweet potatoes with yellow flesh had a Zn content between those with orange-and purple-colored flesh.
The nutrition composition of sweet potatoes with different colors was analyzed.The results showed significant differences among three types of sweet potatoes in the contents of vitamin C,β-carotene,protein,carbohydrate,Cu,Fe,Mn,Mg,Zn and Ca.The orange-colored sweet potatoes had the highest level of β-carotene,and the lowest carbohydrate and Zn contents.The purple sweet potatoes were rich in protein,Zn,Fe,Mn,Mg and Ca,but poor in vitamin C.The sweet potatoes with yellow flesh had a Zn content between those with orange-and purple-colored flesh.
2010, 25(4): 486-490.
Abstract:
Starch of Castanea henryi from Jianou was obtained by wet extraction to study its chemical and gelatinization characteristics.The results showed that the starch consisted of 22.50% amylose and 59.01% amylopectin,belonging to the category of high-amylose materials.Its relative density was 1.31 with a whiteness score of 63.The starch′s crystal structure was of the C-type with a smooth surface.Most of the starch granules had an oval,otherwise round or irregular,shape with a visible cross image under the microscope under polarized light.Its solubility and swelling capacity increased with temperature with a pasting temperature of 64.8℃.The paste of the starch appeared opaque,had low gel strength,poor freeze-thaw stability,poor thermal stability and a high tendency of agglomeration and retrogradation.
Starch of Castanea henryi from Jianou was obtained by wet extraction to study its chemical and gelatinization characteristics.The results showed that the starch consisted of 22.50% amylose and 59.01% amylopectin,belonging to the category of high-amylose materials.Its relative density was 1.31 with a whiteness score of 63.The starch′s crystal structure was of the C-type with a smooth surface.Most of the starch granules had an oval,otherwise round or irregular,shape with a visible cross image under the microscope under polarized light.Its solubility and swelling capacity increased with temperature with a pasting temperature of 64.8℃.The paste of the starch appeared opaque,had low gel strength,poor freeze-thaw stability,poor thermal stability and a high tendency of agglomeration and retrogradation.
2010, 25(4): 491-495.
Abstract:
The nutrients and nutritive value of Arapaima gigas fillet were determined.The results showed that the protein and fat in the fresh muscles were 16.5% and 6.8%,respectively.The total content of 18 amino acids was 54.76%(dry weight),while 37.6% of which was the 8 essential amino acids.The ratio of essential amino acids to non-essential amino acids was 58.91%.The essential amino acids index was 65.7,with the first and second limiting amino acid being Met and Trp,respectively.The content of 4 flavoring amino acids was 22%.It contained 8.6% DHA and EPA.The unsaturated fatty acid made up 55.8% of the total fatty acids.The contents of minerals and trace elements were high,particularly,Ca(i.e.,3367 mgkg-1).
The nutrients and nutritive value of Arapaima gigas fillet were determined.The results showed that the protein and fat in the fresh muscles were 16.5% and 6.8%,respectively.The total content of 18 amino acids was 54.76%(dry weight),while 37.6% of which was the 8 essential amino acids.The ratio of essential amino acids to non-essential amino acids was 58.91%.The essential amino acids index was 65.7,with the first and second limiting amino acid being Met and Trp,respectively.The content of 4 flavoring amino acids was 22%.It contained 8.6% DHA and EPA.The unsaturated fatty acid made up 55.8% of the total fatty acids.The contents of minerals and trace elements were high,particularly,Ca(i.e.,3367 mgkg-1).
2010, 25(4): 496-502.
Abstract:
A custom-made,carbon-based complex Agent-K was used to purify pig farm wastewater.The purification efficiency was indicated by Misgurnus Anguillicaudatus survival rate,micronuclei rate and nuclear anomalies rate.The results showed that,after treatment,the sewage COD and NH3-N decreased significantly,and the pH and DO values increased significantly.The addition of 6% of Agent-K in a solution containing 50% of the sewage for 5 h yielded the optimal purification result.The chemical indicators of the water had a significant or highly significant correlation with the treatment capacity and time.The M.Anguillicaudatus survival rate increased from 0 to 100% when the Agent-K addition increased from 0 to 8% and treated for 4h.The micronuclei rate and nuclear anomalies rate of M.Anguillicaudatus significantly decreased with increased dosage,as compared to the untreated case.The regression analysis indicated a significant correlation among the purification,survival rate,micronucleus rate and nuclear abnormality rate.They could be used as indicators for effluent toxicity determination.
A custom-made,carbon-based complex Agent-K was used to purify pig farm wastewater.The purification efficiency was indicated by Misgurnus Anguillicaudatus survival rate,micronuclei rate and nuclear anomalies rate.The results showed that,after treatment,the sewage COD and NH3-N decreased significantly,and the pH and DO values increased significantly.The addition of 6% of Agent-K in a solution containing 50% of the sewage for 5 h yielded the optimal purification result.The chemical indicators of the water had a significant or highly significant correlation with the treatment capacity and time.The M.Anguillicaudatus survival rate increased from 0 to 100% when the Agent-K addition increased from 0 to 8% and treated for 4h.The micronuclei rate and nuclear anomalies rate of M.Anguillicaudatus significantly decreased with increased dosage,as compared to the untreated case.The regression analysis indicated a significant correlation among the purification,survival rate,micronucleus rate and nuclear abnormality rate.They could be used as indicators for effluent toxicity determination.
2010, 25(4): 503-507.
Abstract:
In this experiment,loach(Misgurnus Anguillicaudatus) was used as the biological indicator to evaluate the capacity of carbon K in purifying wastewater from a pig farm.Using tap water,which had been exposed in open air for 3 days,as the control,loaches were fed in water containing 11.1% pig farm wastewater with or without carbon K.The SOD and GOT activity in the liver of the loaches were determined after 12h,36h,60h and 84h.The results showed that after 12 to 36h in the contaminated water,there was an upward trend on the activities of SOD and GOT in the loaches.The activities gradually decreased with contact time.In contrast,the loaches that were raised in either the tap water or contaminated water with carbon K had a similar change in those enzymatic activities during the same time period.The t-test indicated a significant difference on SOD and a highly significant difference on GOT activities between the two groups and the contaminated water group.It was concluded that the pig farm wastewater was toxic to loach affecting its physiology and biochemistry,and that carbon K could be an effective agent used to purify the wastewater from a pig farm effluent.
In this experiment,loach(Misgurnus Anguillicaudatus) was used as the biological indicator to evaluate the capacity of carbon K in purifying wastewater from a pig farm.Using tap water,which had been exposed in open air for 3 days,as the control,loaches were fed in water containing 11.1% pig farm wastewater with or without carbon K.The SOD and GOT activity in the liver of the loaches were determined after 12h,36h,60h and 84h.The results showed that after 12 to 36h in the contaminated water,there was an upward trend on the activities of SOD and GOT in the loaches.The activities gradually decreased with contact time.In contrast,the loaches that were raised in either the tap water or contaminated water with carbon K had a similar change in those enzymatic activities during the same time period.The t-test indicated a significant difference on SOD and a highly significant difference on GOT activities between the two groups and the contaminated water group.It was concluded that the pig farm wastewater was toxic to loach affecting its physiology and biochemistry,and that carbon K could be an effective agent used to purify the wastewater from a pig farm effluent.
2010, 25(4): 508-512.
Abstract:
Based on the data collected at 8 monitoring locations in Wuyishan National Park in different seasons from 2008 to 2009,the spatial and temporal characteristics of the surface water quality in the area were compiled.The results showed that the water qua1ity was significantly poorer in upstream;NH3-N,TP,NO3--N were significantly higher during dry seasons;and,TN and CODMn were higher in flood season,as the non-specific pollution could be induced by rain falls.The quality variations of the surface waters in the area were attributed to the geological and hydrological factors,human activities,as well as agricultural practices.
Based on the data collected at 8 monitoring locations in Wuyishan National Park in different seasons from 2008 to 2009,the spatial and temporal characteristics of the surface water quality in the area were compiled.The results showed that the water qua1ity was significantly poorer in upstream;NH3-N,TP,NO3--N were significantly higher during dry seasons;and,TN and CODMn were higher in flood season,as the non-specific pollution could be induced by rain falls.The quality variations of the surface waters in the area were attributed to the geological and hydrological factors,human activities,as well as agricultural practices.
2010, 25(4): 513-516.
Abstract:
Six strains of denitrifying bacteria were isolated from the mud in marine aquaculture ponds.Among them,one showed the strongest nitrite degradation capability.The strain was subsequently identified to be a Pseudomonas sp.and named JN1.Its optimum nitrite degradation conditions were determined in the lab to be at 1 000-4 000 mgL-1 sodium nitrite concentration,5%(v/v) bacterial inoculums and pH 6.5-7.5 with 100 mL of fill volume in a 250 mL flask and moderate aeration in the fermentation for 18-30 h.
Six strains of denitrifying bacteria were isolated from the mud in marine aquaculture ponds.Among them,one showed the strongest nitrite degradation capability.The strain was subsequently identified to be a Pseudomonas sp.and named JN1.Its optimum nitrite degradation conditions were determined in the lab to be at 1 000-4 000 mgL-1 sodium nitrite concentration,5%(v/v) bacterial inoculums and pH 6.5-7.5 with 100 mL of fill volume in a 250 mL flask and moderate aeration in the fermentation for 18-30 h.
2010, 25(4): 517-519.
Abstract:
Vegetation coverage,yield and regeneration of the fresh grass,as well as yield and quality of loquat fruits by inter-planting leguminous grasses in a loquat orchard were studied.The results showed that the coverage of the grass reached 70%-90% by inter-planting three different leguminous forages during the late growth period or initial flowering stage.The highest fresh grass yield occurred during seedling emergence until the late growth period with no more than twice in cutting.Chameacrista rotundifolia was a choice perennial for the inter-plantation in southern Fujian.Compared to the control(i.e.,without inter-planted grass),the inter-plantation increased the percentage of the top-grade fruits and average single fruit weight,and decreased the total acid content of the loquat harvested.
Vegetation coverage,yield and regeneration of the fresh grass,as well as yield and quality of loquat fruits by inter-planting leguminous grasses in a loquat orchard were studied.The results showed that the coverage of the grass reached 70%-90% by inter-planting three different leguminous forages during the late growth period or initial flowering stage.The highest fresh grass yield occurred during seedling emergence until the late growth period with no more than twice in cutting.Chameacrista rotundifolia was a choice perennial for the inter-plantation in southern Fujian.Compared to the control(i.e.,without inter-planted grass),the inter-plantation increased the percentage of the top-grade fruits and average single fruit weight,and decreased the total acid content of the loquat harvested.
2010, 25(4): 520-525.
Abstract:
Emergy analysis is a science created by H.T.Odum.Emergy,specifically,Solar Emergy,is "the available solar energy used up directly and indirectly to make a service or product".Odum pioneered the development and use of emergy.He presented it as a way of understanding the behavior of self-organized systems,valuing ecological goods and services,and jointly analyzing ecological and economic systems.This basic concept is quite straightforward,however,its implications potentially profound.This paper discusses the main progress of the science of emergy on its applications and theory,provides insight into the relationship between it and other ecological analysis methods,attempts to point out research difficulties,and suggests areas for further studies in order to promote and better understand it.
Emergy analysis is a science created by H.T.Odum.Emergy,specifically,Solar Emergy,is "the available solar energy used up directly and indirectly to make a service or product".Odum pioneered the development and use of emergy.He presented it as a way of understanding the behavior of self-organized systems,valuing ecological goods and services,and jointly analyzing ecological and economic systems.This basic concept is quite straightforward,however,its implications potentially profound.This paper discusses the main progress of the science of emergy on its applications and theory,provides insight into the relationship between it and other ecological analysis methods,attempts to point out research difficulties,and suggests areas for further studies in order to promote and better understand it.
2010, 25(4): 526-530.
Abstract:
The development,technical characteristics and application of genome shuffling is introduced.Factors that constrain its wide applications are discussed.The viability and prospect for its application in breeding new mushroom varieties are presented.
The development,technical characteristics and application of genome shuffling is introduced.Factors that constrain its wide applications are discussed.The viability and prospect for its application in breeding new mushroom varieties are presented.
2010, 25(4): 531-536.
Abstract:
Based on the available literature,information on the species,quantitative characteristics,population ecology,community ecology,natural enemies and IPM for pest insects on longan(Dimocarpus longana Lour) in China was summarized.Suggestions for future research on the pest management were included.
Based on the available literature,information on the species,quantitative characteristics,population ecology,community ecology,natural enemies and IPM for pest insects on longan(Dimocarpus longana Lour) in China was summarized.Suggestions for future research on the pest management were included.
2010, 25(4): 537-539.
Abstract:
In order to optimize the cultivation of the new,high yield hybrid rapeseed Fengyou 701(Brassica napus L.),an experiment was conducted.A mathematical model was established for the relationship between various cultivation measures and the crop yield by means of the quadric universal rotation design.The optimal agronomic conditions for a yield greater than 2 800 kghm-2 included: pure N at 277.44-288.67 kghm-2,K2O at 187.62-226.41 kghm-2,planting density at(11.80-12.61)?104 plantshm-2 and seedling transplant at 34.5-37.5 day old.
In order to optimize the cultivation of the new,high yield hybrid rapeseed Fengyou 701(Brassica napus L.),an experiment was conducted.A mathematical model was established for the relationship between various cultivation measures and the crop yield by means of the quadric universal rotation design.The optimal agronomic conditions for a yield greater than 2 800 kghm-2 included: pure N at 277.44-288.67 kghm-2,K2O at 187.62-226.41 kghm-2,planting density at(11.80-12.61)?104 plantshm-2 and seedling transplant at 34.5-37.5 day old.
