1992 Vol. 7, No. 2
Display Method:
1992, 7(2): 1-8.
Abstract:
This is one of the serial papers on the Computer-aided forecasting network for rice pests and diseases. The forecast entity model for the rice pests and diseases was analysed. The layer division of the network, the confugurations of the conputer hardware and the communication devices were established. Through the analyse of entity model of the data base for the pests and diseases, the designation principle, the designing method for the structures and files of the data base were worked out. The functions of the software of the network were divided into four parts. (1) the data base management, (2) the forecasting analysis system, (3) the forecasting consult system and (4) the communication service system. The network has been successfully put into agricultural production in Nan Ping Prefecture, Fujia Provice in 1991.
This is one of the serial papers on the Computer-aided forecasting network for rice pests and diseases. The forecast entity model for the rice pests and diseases was analysed. The layer division of the network, the confugurations of the conputer hardware and the communication devices were established. Through the analyse of entity model of the data base for the pests and diseases, the designation principle, the designing method for the structures and files of the data base were worked out. The functions of the software of the network were divided into four parts. (1) the data base management, (2) the forecasting analysis system, (3) the forecasting consult system and (4) the communication service system. The network has been successfully put into agricultural production in Nan Ping Prefecture, Fujia Provice in 1991.
1992, 7(2): 9-15.
Abstract:
A single fine plant of Longan strain "lidongben" was selected from the variation of seedlings in 1980. The investigation results showed that, this single fine strain has good habits in flowering and fruiting, with high yield,middle to large size of fruit body,thick pulp,high sugar content,sweet taste and high quality, easy to be dried. Its maturing period is extremely late, which is 15 days later than the fine strain " Jiuyuewu" (late maturing strain) , so it possesses special significance for prolonging the supply of fresh fruit and processing period. Its asexual descendants have high stability of heredity. The zymographic analysis of peroxidase isozyme showed that, it is different from " Youtanben" which has similarity of leaf-form and fruit shape. "Lidongben" was identified as a new fine strain.
A single fine plant of Longan strain "lidongben" was selected from the variation of seedlings in 1980. The investigation results showed that, this single fine strain has good habits in flowering and fruiting, with high yield,middle to large size of fruit body,thick pulp,high sugar content,sweet taste and high quality, easy to be dried. Its maturing period is extremely late, which is 15 days later than the fine strain " Jiuyuewu" (late maturing strain) , so it possesses special significance for prolonging the supply of fresh fruit and processing period. Its asexual descendants have high stability of heredity. The zymographic analysis of peroxidase isozyme showed that, it is different from " Youtanben" which has similarity of leaf-form and fruit shape. "Lidongben" was identified as a new fine strain.
1992, 7(2): 16-21.
Abstract:
The morphological characteristics of pollen grains in 16 varieties of amla (Phyllanthus emblica L.)are examined by optical microscope and SEM. The pollen grains of amla are spherical. The mean axis diameter is 17. 82 ?21. 19μm. The colporate number in pollen grains is mostly 4-5. The net-like sculptures exist on the exine of pollen grains. Among different amia varieties, there are very significant differences in pollen size which has moderately positive correlation with fruit size (r = 0. 8269) and some differences of the exine sculpture are also found. These differences may be taken into account for references in the variety identification. Regardless of interspecific or intervarietal levels, the colporate types of pollen grains are diversified , which reflects the polymorphous character of pollen grains in the family Euphorbiaceae and the genus Phyllanthus Linn. There is no clear distinction for grouping the intervarietal differences of amla pollen morphology as yet and no close relation with the geographic distribution. It seems that the systemic development of different amla varieties is still located at the nearly same level of seminatural condition.
The morphological characteristics of pollen grains in 16 varieties of amla (Phyllanthus emblica L.)are examined by optical microscope and SEM. The pollen grains of amla are spherical. The mean axis diameter is 17. 82 ?21. 19μm. The colporate number in pollen grains is mostly 4-5. The net-like sculptures exist on the exine of pollen grains. Among different amia varieties, there are very significant differences in pollen size which has moderately positive correlation with fruit size (r = 0. 8269) and some differences of the exine sculpture are also found. These differences may be taken into account for references in the variety identification. Regardless of interspecific or intervarietal levels, the colporate types of pollen grains are diversified , which reflects the polymorphous character of pollen grains in the family Euphorbiaceae and the genus Phyllanthus Linn. There is no clear distinction for grouping the intervarietal differences of amla pollen morphology as yet and no close relation with the geographic distribution. It seems that the systemic development of different amla varieties is still located at the nearly same level of seminatural condition.
1992, 7(2): 22-26.
Abstract:
A further study on the aril initiation and ontogenesis of Longan fruit from the angles of anatomy and physiology was carried out. The ontogenesis of Longan fruit maybe divided into two different stages based on the examination. The first stage is the growth of fruit and seed coats, about 50 days. The second stage is the growth of aril and cotyledon, and fruit maturing. Its duration is about 60 days. Obviously, the growth of fruit and seed coats is almost synchronism and takes place before the growth of cotyledon and aril.
A further study on the aril initiation and ontogenesis of Longan fruit from the angles of anatomy and physiology was carried out. The ontogenesis of Longan fruit maybe divided into two different stages based on the examination. The first stage is the growth of fruit and seed coats, about 50 days. The second stage is the growth of aril and cotyledon, and fruit maturing. Its duration is about 60 days. Obviously, the growth of fruit and seed coats is almost synchronism and takes place before the growth of cotyledon and aril.
1992, 7(2): 27-31.
Abstract:
6-Benzylaminopurine at 25-100 ppm was applied to "Shuizhang" longan trees in late-November. Results showed that this practice has effects on the flower-bud differentiation in off-year. Flower cluster rate increased with the increase of 6-benzylaminopurine concentrations. The high concentration (100 ppm) has a significantly primotive effect on flowering (p≤0. 05). However, 6-benzylaminopurine had no obvious effect in on- year. All treatments have no unhealthy effect on the development of flower cluster, summer shoots and autumn shoots.
6-Benzylaminopurine at 25-100 ppm was applied to "Shuizhang" longan trees in late-November. Results showed that this practice has effects on the flower-bud differentiation in off-year. Flower cluster rate increased with the increase of 6-benzylaminopurine concentrations. The high concentration (100 ppm) has a significantly primotive effect on flowering (p≤0. 05). However, 6-benzylaminopurine had no obvious effect in on- year. All treatments have no unhealthy effect on the development of flower cluster, summer shoots and autumn shoots.
1992, 7(2): 32-35.
Abstract:
The pollen of Citrullus lanutas (Thunb.) Mansf eld. can be stored in liquid nitrogen (-19 6℃) . The survival rate of cryopreserved pollen decreased with the increase of drying period. When using anther as material , the relationship between the survival rate of cryopreserved pollen and drying period can be described as a parabola curve. The survival rate was also affected by cooling and warming rate, rapid cooling and warming support higher survival rate. The cryopreserved pollens may go on the normal fertilization, and the plants fruit after pollination with the pollen.
The pollen of Citrullus lanutas (Thunb.) Mansf eld. can be stored in liquid nitrogen (-19 6℃) . The survival rate of cryopreserved pollen decreased with the increase of drying period. When using anther as material , the relationship between the survival rate of cryopreserved pollen and drying period can be described as a parabola curve. The survival rate was also affected by cooling and warming rate, rapid cooling and warming support higher survival rate. The cryopreserved pollens may go on the normal fertilization, and the plants fruit after pollination with the pollen.
1992, 7(2): 36-41.
Abstract:
Soil Identification and Optimum Fertilizer Application is an excellent creation to apply modern mathematics, computer technology to the area of comprehensive fertilization. The most conspicuous character of this technique is, under the prerequisite without analysing soil nutrition, farmer needs only provide the information about the crop yield, fertilizer applied in last croping season in a given land, the special microcomputer will rapidly calculate the optimum fertilizer amount and forecast the crop yield in present croping season in the same land, thus save the labour, material and financial expenses. This technique has been popularized to the paddy field in Fujian for 4 years(from 1987 to 1990,8 croping seasons) ,the accumulative popularized area reached 16. 7 million Mu, the grain yield increased in 4-year period is more than 0. 38 million tons, the total economical benefit reached 260 million RMB Yuan. This technique has also been extender to Jiangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hubei provinces, and all received good results.
Soil Identification and Optimum Fertilizer Application is an excellent creation to apply modern mathematics, computer technology to the area of comprehensive fertilization. The most conspicuous character of this technique is, under the prerequisite without analysing soil nutrition, farmer needs only provide the information about the crop yield, fertilizer applied in last croping season in a given land, the special microcomputer will rapidly calculate the optimum fertilizer amount and forecast the crop yield in present croping season in the same land, thus save the labour, material and financial expenses. This technique has been popularized to the paddy field in Fujian for 4 years(from 1987 to 1990,8 croping seasons) ,the accumulative popularized area reached 16. 7 million Mu, the grain yield increased in 4-year period is more than 0. 38 million tons, the total economical benefit reached 260 million RMB Yuan. This technique has also been extender to Jiangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hubei provinces, and all received good results.
1992, 7(2): 42-47.
Abstract:
It was found that there was a specific mathematical relation between dosage (or concentration) and death rate in biological measurement after a strict mathematical inference, calculation and statistics. Based on the above mathematical model, a new calculation method for biological measurement was invented. The BASIC program of this new method was also developed. The new method will bring out not only accurate and reliable results, but also higher calculation efficiency if it is applied to the compulation of biological measurement.
It was found that there was a specific mathematical relation between dosage (or concentration) and death rate in biological measurement after a strict mathematical inference, calculation and statistics. Based on the above mathematical model, a new calculation method for biological measurement was invented. The BASIC program of this new method was also developed. The new method will bring out not only accurate and reliable results, but also higher calculation efficiency if it is applied to the compulation of biological measurement.
1992, 7(2): 48-52.
Abstract:
Myrica rubra is not only a subtropical tree but also a Actinomycete-nodulated plant. Root nodules of Myrica rubra have a nitrogen-fixing activity. The nitrogenase activity of exised nodules can last 4-5 hours and keep a higher activity. The nitrogen-fixing activities of nodules were determined separately, the highest activity was found in the matured nodules. The optimum temperature for nitrogen fixation of exised nodules ranged 25-30℃, the highest is at 30℃ Both nitrogenase activity of the seedlings with root nodules and nitrate reductase activity (NRA) in seedling leaves are inhibited by NO3-. However, the inhibition of NRA in the plants with or without nodules has a certain difference. The root nodules of Myrica rubra contain a hydrogen-absorbing enzyme which can increase effectively nitrogenase activity.
Myrica rubra is not only a subtropical tree but also a Actinomycete-nodulated plant. Root nodules of Myrica rubra have a nitrogen-fixing activity. The nitrogenase activity of exised nodules can last 4-5 hours and keep a higher activity. The nitrogen-fixing activities of nodules were determined separately, the highest activity was found in the matured nodules. The optimum temperature for nitrogen fixation of exised nodules ranged 25-30℃, the highest is at 30℃ Both nitrogenase activity of the seedlings with root nodules and nitrate reductase activity (NRA) in seedling leaves are inhibited by NO3-. However, the inhibition of NRA in the plants with or without nodules has a certain difference. The root nodules of Myrica rubra contain a hydrogen-absorbing enzyme which can increase effectively nitrogenase activity.
1992, 7(2): 53-59.
Abstract:
The pot experiments were conducted for two years to determine some characters of root system of wild soybean (Glgcine Soja). The results showed that there were significant differences among the genotypes of wild soybean in dry weight, morphological characters, growth vigor, formation and N-fixing activity of root nodules. The shoot/root ratio for wild soybean was increased during the growing period. The increment of root dry weight of wild soybean was much higher than that of cultivated soybean during the pod-bearing stage. The intensity of biological oxidation of a-naphthylamine in root system, the nodule number and N-fixing activity of wild soybean was higher than that of cultivated one during seedling stage. The taproot of wild soybean played an important role on nitrogen fixation during the seedling stage, but the lateral roots gave more nodules and higher N-fixing activity after stem-branching stage. The dry weight of top part and N content in leaves of wild soybean increased with the increases of root dry weight, number and fresh weight of nodules, and N-fixing activity. Abundant resources of wild soybean with high N-fixing activity and growth vigor of root system could be selected as the parent materials for soybean breeding.
The pot experiments were conducted for two years to determine some characters of root system of wild soybean (Glgcine Soja). The results showed that there were significant differences among the genotypes of wild soybean in dry weight, morphological characters, growth vigor, formation and N-fixing activity of root nodules. The shoot/root ratio for wild soybean was increased during the growing period. The increment of root dry weight of wild soybean was much higher than that of cultivated soybean during the pod-bearing stage. The intensity of biological oxidation of a-naphthylamine in root system, the nodule number and N-fixing activity of wild soybean was higher than that of cultivated one during seedling stage. The taproot of wild soybean played an important role on nitrogen fixation during the seedling stage, but the lateral roots gave more nodules and higher N-fixing activity after stem-branching stage. The dry weight of top part and N content in leaves of wild soybean increased with the increases of root dry weight, number and fresh weight of nodules, and N-fixing activity. Abundant resources of wild soybean with high N-fixing activity and growth vigor of root system could be selected as the parent materials for soybean breeding.
1992, 7(2): 60-64.
Abstract:
The numbers of citrus psyllid on the host plants in decreasing order were as follow: Murraya paniculata, young and adult citrus trees. The high temperature in summer (mean temperature, over 28℃and maximum one, over 37℃), dry in autumn (relative humidity, around 70%) , and the increase of population of Tamarixia radiata after September restrain the growth of citrus psylla. But, this pest maybe break out when the tender shoots formed in the crown of host plants, mean temperature in 10-day duration is 25-27℃ and relative humidity is 77-83%. In this period pesticide should be sprayed to control effectively the epidemic of citrus Huanglungbin.
The numbers of citrus psyllid on the host plants in decreasing order were as follow: Murraya paniculata, young and adult citrus trees. The high temperature in summer (mean temperature, over 28℃and maximum one, over 37℃), dry in autumn (relative humidity, around 70%) , and the increase of population of Tamarixia radiata after September restrain the growth of citrus psylla. But, this pest maybe break out when the tender shoots formed in the crown of host plants, mean temperature in 10-day duration is 25-27℃ and relative humidity is 77-83%. In this period pesticide should be sprayed to control effectively the epidemic of citrus Huanglungbin.
1992, 7(2): 65-68.
Abstract:
A destructive base rot disease of passionfruit was found occurring seriously in the main growing areas in the south Fujian. According to the cultural, morphological and pathogenicity studies, the pathogen was identified to be Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht, which belongs to Fusarium Link ex Fr. , Section Elegans Wr.
A destructive base rot disease of passionfruit was found occurring seriously in the main growing areas in the south Fujian. According to the cultural, morphological and pathogenicity studies, the pathogen was identified to be Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht, which belongs to Fusarium Link ex Fr. , Section Elegans Wr.
1992, 7(2): 69-73.
Abstract:
The spatial distribution patterns of the nymph, nymphadult, adult mite, P. quadratus Ewing, were tested by means of the Iwao equation m= α+βx and the Taylor equation S2 = axb respectively. The results showed that all the distribution patterns tested belonged to aggregative one. The 3 types of sampling methods: Diagonal, Paralled and Scattering were involved in the experiment. The optimum sampling method was the Diagonal one with 14 sampling points for the mite.
The spatial distribution patterns of the nymph, nymphadult, adult mite, P. quadratus Ewing, were tested by means of the Iwao equation m= α+βx and the Taylor equation S2 = axb respectively. The results showed that all the distribution patterns tested belonged to aggregative one. The 3 types of sampling methods: Diagonal, Paralled and Scattering were involved in the experiment. The optimum sampling method was the Diagonal one with 14 sampling points for the mite.
1992, 7(2): 74-79.
Abstract:
Weed damage is one of the main contradictions in the field of perenial upland rice. The field survey showed that, there are 98 weed species, 22 families in the field of perenial upland rice. Of these, 7 species are the main weeds, including Solive anthemifolia R. Br. ,Allernanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. , Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, in spring and Eleusine indica(L.) Gaertn, Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. ,Juncellus serotinus (Rottb.) C. B clarke and Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. in autumn. Four green manures were used to control the weed communities at four periods in the upland rice fields. The statistical analysis on the relationship between four growing-manners of green manures with biomass amounts of weeds showed that the growth of green manures has an effective weed-depressing effect. The seed drops of Austragalus sinicus, Kummerowia striata and Lespedeza davidii naturally formed a community of green manure in 1991 , which depressed and replaced the original weeds in the fields of perenial upland rice. Green manures can also increase the manure efficiency, regulate the temperature, thus inprove the growth of perenial upland rice.
Weed damage is one of the main contradictions in the field of perenial upland rice. The field survey showed that, there are 98 weed species, 22 families in the field of perenial upland rice. Of these, 7 species are the main weeds, including Solive anthemifolia R. Br. ,Allernanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. , Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, in spring and Eleusine indica(L.) Gaertn, Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. ,Juncellus serotinus (Rottb.) C. B clarke and Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. in autumn. Four green manures were used to control the weed communities at four periods in the upland rice fields. The statistical analysis on the relationship between four growing-manners of green manures with biomass amounts of weeds showed that the growth of green manures has an effective weed-depressing effect. The seed drops of Austragalus sinicus, Kummerowia striata and Lespedeza davidii naturally formed a community of green manure in 1991 , which depressed and replaced the original weeds in the fields of perenial upland rice. Green manures can also increase the manure efficiency, regulate the temperature, thus inprove the growth of perenial upland rice.
1992, 7(2): 80-84.
Abstract:
This paper reported the result of classifying 22 breeds of Lysimachia growing in Fujian province with the systematic clustering method which is in accordance to the basic principle of quantitative classification. 56 selected morphological features of 22 breeds of Lysimachia are clustered by computer to study their interspecific affinity. The result indicated that the use of computer in clustering analysis is comparatively an ideal means for plant classification. The.result of clustering analysis by computer is basically identical with that of traditional classification, and this method is a feasible one that provides some scientific basis for further research on plant classification.
This paper reported the result of classifying 22 breeds of Lysimachia growing in Fujian province with the systematic clustering method which is in accordance to the basic principle of quantitative classification. 56 selected morphological features of 22 breeds of Lysimachia are clustered by computer to study their interspecific affinity. The result indicated that the use of computer in clustering analysis is comparatively an ideal means for plant classification. The.result of clustering analysis by computer is basically identical with that of traditional classification, and this method is a feasible one that provides some scientific basis for further research on plant classification.
1992, 7(2): 85-90.
Abstract:
This paper reviews the present condition on study and utilization of agricultural biotechnology in Fujian Province, It can be make reference for developing the high and new technology on agriculture to promote agricultural modernization in Fujian Province.
This paper reviews the present condition on study and utilization of agricultural biotechnology in Fujian Province, It can be make reference for developing the high and new technology on agriculture to promote agricultural modernization in Fujian Province.
1992, 7(2): 91-94.
Abstract:
This paper reports on the aggressive behavior of Tyrophagus putrescentive (Schrank) and its damage to edible fungi in Fujian Province. The results investigated in 1983-1987 are summarized as follows: Many fruit bodies of mushroom are damaged seriously by the T.putrescentiae such as Agricus bispora. Lentinus edodes. Pleurotus sajor. Ganoderma lucidum and Pleurotus ostreatus. It prefer to eat cap gill of P. sajar and P. ostreatus, especially their spores. We designed a special feed-room to rear this mite and studied its life habits to damage mushrooms. It lives and reproduces under the cap of little folds so the damaged caps are frequently destroyed. The experiments showed that to treat culture materials by boiling water is the best method to control this mite.
This paper reports on the aggressive behavior of Tyrophagus putrescentive (Schrank) and its damage to edible fungi in Fujian Province. The results investigated in 1983-1987 are summarized as follows: Many fruit bodies of mushroom are damaged seriously by the T.putrescentiae such as Agricus bispora. Lentinus edodes. Pleurotus sajor. Ganoderma lucidum and Pleurotus ostreatus. It prefer to eat cap gill of P. sajar and P. ostreatus, especially their spores. We designed a special feed-room to rear this mite and studied its life habits to damage mushrooms. It lives and reproduces under the cap of little folds so the damaged caps are frequently destroyed. The experiments showed that to treat culture materials by boiling water is the best method to control this mite.
