1988 Vol. 3, No. 1
Display Method:
1988, 3(1): 1-10.
Abstract:
A study on the use of antibiotics to control citrus huanglungbin was made during the years of 1980-1983.The study involved four experiments:1)treatment of diseased citrus plants by injecting antibiotics into their trunks; 2)treatment of diseased citrus budwoods with antibiotics; 3)treatment of diseased citrus buds with antibiotics; 4)test of the efficacy time of antibiotics in the diseased citrus plant. The results obtained showed that tetracycline-HCl(1-4 million units per plant)or penici-llin-G(4-12 millions units per plant)had therapeutic effect to some extent on the disease. The symptoms of the diseased plant disappeared temporarily, but one or two years later they appeared again and even became more serious. Tetracycline-HCl distributed systematically in the diseased citrus plants after press injection and it remained only for a short duration of 20-25 days in the plant, which has been demonstrated by tissue bioassay. Treatment of diseased citrus budwoods with antibiotics showed that tctracycline-HCl(2000 ppm for 2 hrs)gave almost the same effect on the disease as hotsteam(45-47℃ for 50 min.)-No symptoms were found in the young shoots grown from the above-mentioned treated budwoods. The survival rate of budwoods treated with antibiotics was higher than that of budwoods treated with hot-steam. Of the budwoods treated with 1000 and 2000ppm of penicillin-G for 2 hrs,17.7% and 11.8% showed symptoms respectively. By treating diseased buds with 500-1000 ppm of tetracycline-HCl or penicillin-G for 30-60 min., an ideal result was obtained that no symptoms were found in the young shoots grown from the treated buds grafted on the rootstock.
A study on the use of antibiotics to control citrus huanglungbin was made during the years of 1980-1983.The study involved four experiments:1)treatment of diseased citrus plants by injecting antibiotics into their trunks; 2)treatment of diseased citrus budwoods with antibiotics; 3)treatment of diseased citrus buds with antibiotics; 4)test of the efficacy time of antibiotics in the diseased citrus plant. The results obtained showed that tetracycline-HCl(1-4 million units per plant)or penici-llin-G(4-12 millions units per plant)had therapeutic effect to some extent on the disease. The symptoms of the diseased plant disappeared temporarily, but one or two years later they appeared again and even became more serious. Tetracycline-HCl distributed systematically in the diseased citrus plants after press injection and it remained only for a short duration of 20-25 days in the plant, which has been demonstrated by tissue bioassay. Treatment of diseased citrus budwoods with antibiotics showed that tctracycline-HCl(2000 ppm for 2 hrs)gave almost the same effect on the disease as hotsteam(45-47℃ for 50 min.)-No symptoms were found in the young shoots grown from the above-mentioned treated budwoods. The survival rate of budwoods treated with antibiotics was higher than that of budwoods treated with hot-steam. Of the budwoods treated with 1000 and 2000ppm of penicillin-G for 2 hrs,17.7% and 11.8% showed symptoms respectively. By treating diseased buds with 500-1000 ppm of tetracycline-HCl or penicillin-G for 30-60 min., an ideal result was obtained that no symptoms were found in the young shoots grown from the treated buds grafted on the rootstock.
1988, 3(1): 11-16.
Abstract:
This report describes the results of studies during the last four years on the effects of different precooling times, preservatives, packages and temperatures on the storage life of litchi fruit, and also their application. Fast precooling, treatment with preservatives, packaging with PE film and cold storage of litchi fruit after harvest are basic conditions for a mediumor longterm storage. A change in temperature decreases the storability of the fruit. Browning and rotting of litchi were reduced significantly by Rovral, TBZ and MBC. Of the three, Rovral was the most effective. The rate of good fruit was 85% for Wuye, and 15% for Lanzhu after 8 days’ storage at ambient temperature; 95% for Wuye and 96.7% for Lanzhu after 45 days’ storage at 1-3℃. In 1986, a commercial use of these results was studied. 46,200 kilograms of Wuye, after being dipped in cold preservatives and packaged in PE bags, was stored at 1-3℃. After 25 days of cold storage, the rate of good fruit was 95%.
This report describes the results of studies during the last four years on the effects of different precooling times, preservatives, packages and temperatures on the storage life of litchi fruit, and also their application. Fast precooling, treatment with preservatives, packaging with PE film and cold storage of litchi fruit after harvest are basic conditions for a mediumor longterm storage. A change in temperature decreases the storability of the fruit. Browning and rotting of litchi were reduced significantly by Rovral, TBZ and MBC. Of the three, Rovral was the most effective. The rate of good fruit was 85% for Wuye, and 15% for Lanzhu after 8 days’ storage at ambient temperature; 95% for Wuye and 96.7% for Lanzhu after 45 days’ storage at 1-3℃. In 1986, a commercial use of these results was studied. 46,200 kilograms of Wuye, after being dipped in cold preservatives and packaged in PE bags, was stored at 1-3℃. After 25 days of cold storage, the rate of good fruit was 95%.
1988, 3(1): 17-22.
Abstract:
The banana leaf skipper, Erionota torus Evans, spreading in several provinces in south China, was a severe pest infesting the leaves of bananas. The life-history and biological characters of the banana leaf skipper were observed during 1941-54, in Yongan, Shaxian and Fuzhou.The results indicated that it multiplied four generations yearly; generations were overlapping; and old instar larvae overwintered in the leaf rolls. In 1982-83, further observations were made on the biological characters. The results showed that it was four generations yearly in Fuzhou. The natural enemies of the banana leaf skipper and the natural parasitic enemy rate were investigated. 8 species of parasitic enemies were attained in the stages of eggs, larvae and pupae when they were bred in the laboratory. Deltamethrin, DDVp or Malathion was sprayed on the young larvae.They all had good(and the first had the best)effects.
The banana leaf skipper, Erionota torus Evans, spreading in several provinces in south China, was a severe pest infesting the leaves of bananas. The life-history and biological characters of the banana leaf skipper were observed during 1941-54, in Yongan, Shaxian and Fuzhou.The results indicated that it multiplied four generations yearly; generations were overlapping; and old instar larvae overwintered in the leaf rolls. In 1982-83, further observations were made on the biological characters. The results showed that it was four generations yearly in Fuzhou. The natural enemies of the banana leaf skipper and the natural parasitic enemy rate were investigated. 8 species of parasitic enemies were attained in the stages of eggs, larvae and pupae when they were bred in the laboratory. Deltamethrin, DDVp or Malathion was sprayed on the young larvae.They all had good(and the first had the best)effects.
1988, 3(1): 23-32.
Abstract:
This experiment was conducted for four years running(1981-1984)in our institute, at the testing pit under a movable rain shelter, in order to study the effect of soil moisture on the physiological function, yield and sugar content of sugarcane. The tests were carried out at the fast-growing stage(FGS)of the cane and the maturing-stage for cane processing(MSP).The tests at FGS indicate that 1)physiological functions such as chlorophyll content, intensities of photosynthesis and transpiration, ratio of free water and bound water, increase with soil water; 2)the increase shows a declining tendency when the water holding capacity(WHC)reaches 70-80%; 3)cane yields increase most significantly with soil water, but the increases of the two treatments at the WHC’S of 70-80% and 90-100% do not show significant difference; 4)sugar content decreases significantly if water deficiency occurs seriously at FGS, in spite of normal soil poisture at MSP.The tests at MSP show that 1)sugar content decreases most significantly with the increase of WHC(the former decreases by 0.32-0.5% as the latter increases at 10%); 2)the increase of WHC has no marked effect on cane yields; 3)the WHC’S of 30-40% are adequate.The physiological indexes of water at FGS tests indicate that irrigation is necessary as the intake force of cane leaves is above the critical level of 11.5 bar.
This experiment was conducted for four years running(1981-1984)in our institute, at the testing pit under a movable rain shelter, in order to study the effect of soil moisture on the physiological function, yield and sugar content of sugarcane. The tests were carried out at the fast-growing stage(FGS)of the cane and the maturing-stage for cane processing(MSP).The tests at FGS indicate that 1)physiological functions such as chlorophyll content, intensities of photosynthesis and transpiration, ratio of free water and bound water, increase with soil water; 2)the increase shows a declining tendency when the water holding capacity(WHC)reaches 70-80%; 3)cane yields increase most significantly with soil water, but the increases of the two treatments at the WHC’S of 70-80% and 90-100% do not show significant difference; 4)sugar content decreases significantly if water deficiency occurs seriously at FGS, in spite of normal soil poisture at MSP.The tests at MSP show that 1)sugar content decreases most significantly with the increase of WHC(the former decreases by 0.32-0.5% as the latter increases at 10%); 2)the increase of WHC has no marked effect on cane yields; 3)the WHC’S of 30-40% are adequate.The physiological indexes of water at FGS tests indicate that irrigation is necessary as the intake force of cane leaves is above the critical level of 11.5 bar.
1988, 3(1): 33-40.
Abstract:
Two early-maturing indica male sterile lines(A), V20A with the cytoplasm from the wild abortive rice plant, and Zhen Ding 28A with the cytoplasm from the Indonesian paddy rice NO. 6, and their maintainer lines(B), six indica restorer lines(R)and an American early-maturing indice variety(V), Blue Belle, were used as parents to produce 72 F1 crosses including A/B, A/R(V), B/R(V), R(V)/B. The results of genetic analysis of heading time of F1 hybrids could be summarized as follows:1)The major genes for heading are apparently different in these two male sterile lines(maintainer lines).2)There could be different in the major genes in the restorer lines(variety).3)Both of the two kinds of the cytoplasms of male sterility have no apparent effect on the heading time.
Two early-maturing indica male sterile lines(A), V20A with the cytoplasm from the wild abortive rice plant, and Zhen Ding 28A with the cytoplasm from the Indonesian paddy rice NO. 6, and their maintainer lines(B), six indica restorer lines(R)and an American early-maturing indice variety(V), Blue Belle, were used as parents to produce 72 F1 crosses including A/B, A/R(V), B/R(V), R(V)/B. The results of genetic analysis of heading time of F1 hybrids could be summarized as follows:1)The major genes for heading are apparently different in these two male sterile lines(maintainer lines).2)There could be different in the major genes in the restorer lines(variety).3)Both of the two kinds of the cytoplasms of male sterility have no apparent effect on the heading time.
1988, 3(1): 41-45.
Abstract:
A tall-culm mutant, Mh-1, is obtained by using radiation of 60Co Yd ray(30 kr)in a variety of hsien rice.Compared with the parent ‘Guichao No.2’, the mutant ‘Mh-l’ has a 48.7% increase in plant height, which results from the lengthening of internodes. ‘Mh-1’ basically reserves all the characters except plant height, It is a comparatively ideal mutant.The tall-culm mutant ‘Mh-1’ is test crossed by the parent ‘Guichao No.2’ and a common semidwarf variety ‘Gingbaoai’. The progenies are all semidwarf plants in F1 generation. There appears in F2 the segregation rate of 3(semidwarf):1(tall). F3 has the same segregation rate as F2 has. In the segregation population, the tall progenies are always a bit shorter than ‘Mh-1’, and the short progenies are always a bit taller than the semidwarf parent.The result shows that the character of being short-stalked is dominant while tall-culm is a recessive character. The plant height of the tall-culm mutant is controlled by a pair of the recessive main genes, which is simple inheritance in nature. It is also influenced by minor genes.The prospective use of the tall-culm recessive gene is also discussed in this paper.
A tall-culm mutant, Mh-1, is obtained by using radiation of 60Co Yd ray(30 kr)in a variety of hsien rice.Compared with the parent ‘Guichao No.2’, the mutant ‘Mh-l’ has a 48.7% increase in plant height, which results from the lengthening of internodes. ‘Mh-1’ basically reserves all the characters except plant height, It is a comparatively ideal mutant.The tall-culm mutant ‘Mh-1’ is test crossed by the parent ‘Guichao No.2’ and a common semidwarf variety ‘Gingbaoai’. The progenies are all semidwarf plants in F1 generation. There appears in F2 the segregation rate of 3(semidwarf):1(tall). F3 has the same segregation rate as F2 has. In the segregation population, the tall progenies are always a bit shorter than ‘Mh-1’, and the short progenies are always a bit taller than the semidwarf parent.The result shows that the character of being short-stalked is dominant while tall-culm is a recessive character. The plant height of the tall-culm mutant is controlled by a pair of the recessive main genes, which is simple inheritance in nature. It is also influenced by minor genes.The prospective use of the tall-culm recessive gene is also discussed in this paper.
1988, 3(1): 46-55.
Abstract:
In comparison with single cropping, double cropping gave significant biomass and economic yields. Three kinds of double cropping, namely spring soybean-late rice, spring tobacco-late rice and soring soybeaa intercropping with corn-late rice, are recommended in fields well-irrigated but not suitable for the growth of double cropping rice owing to the limitation of solar energy.The double cropping of early riceautumn corn is suitable for fields where the crop after early rice is apt to suffer from drought. Fields for double cropping rice should be kept relatively stable in area so as to stablize rice production. Where the acreage per capta is somewhat larger and there is a limited supply of solar energy, maintaining single-cropping rice to some extent is still necessary, for the purpose of alleviating labour shortage and doing farm work in the right season. In general, soil fertility is somewhat higher after double cropping than after single cropping.And soil fertility is also somewhat higher after double cropping of rice and an upland crop than after doubling cropping of rice.
In comparison with single cropping, double cropping gave significant biomass and economic yields. Three kinds of double cropping, namely spring soybean-late rice, spring tobacco-late rice and soring soybeaa intercropping with corn-late rice, are recommended in fields well-irrigated but not suitable for the growth of double cropping rice owing to the limitation of solar energy.The double cropping of early riceautumn corn is suitable for fields where the crop after early rice is apt to suffer from drought. Fields for double cropping rice should be kept relatively stable in area so as to stablize rice production. Where the acreage per capta is somewhat larger and there is a limited supply of solar energy, maintaining single-cropping rice to some extent is still necessary, for the purpose of alleviating labour shortage and doing farm work in the right season. In general, soil fertility is somewhat higher after double cropping than after single cropping.And soil fertility is also somewhat higher after double cropping of rice and an upland crop than after doubling cropping of rice.
1988, 3(1): 56-63.
Abstract:
6CT-65 model tea leaf dewatering machine was designed on the centrifugal principle. It is mainly composed of a iotating tube, a braking device, a rubber damping device, electric equi-pment and a base. It is used to dewater all kinds of rained tea leaves. It shortens the cooling time, saves energy and improves the quality of tea.This paper illustrates the principle of the prototype, the speed and size of the rotating tube, the centrifugal force, the most pressure borne on each unit area of green leaves, the power of the motor, the dewater-ing rate, the effect of saving energy and the test of the quality of tea. Since 1985 the prototype has treated 4410.1 kg of rained tea leaves. Results show that the dewatering rate of the prototype reaches over 90%. On the average, 100 kg of rained tea leaves loses 11.43 kg of water; in other words, 100 kg of made tea loses 51.66 kg of water, which means that producing 100 kg of made tea saves 27.5 kg of standard coal or 53.74 kg of firewood. Experiments also show that after dewatering treatment, the quality of made tea has been significantly improved. The machine treats 300 kg of rained tea leaves per hour. The technical appraisement in 1987 showed that its function indexes are up to the standard and that its chief technical parameters are reasonable. The prototype is simple in construction and easy to operate. It has produced significant economic benefits.
6CT-65 model tea leaf dewatering machine was designed on the centrifugal principle. It is mainly composed of a iotating tube, a braking device, a rubber damping device, electric equi-pment and a base. It is used to dewater all kinds of rained tea leaves. It shortens the cooling time, saves energy and improves the quality of tea.This paper illustrates the principle of the prototype, the speed and size of the rotating tube, the centrifugal force, the most pressure borne on each unit area of green leaves, the power of the motor, the dewater-ing rate, the effect of saving energy and the test of the quality of tea. Since 1985 the prototype has treated 4410.1 kg of rained tea leaves. Results show that the dewatering rate of the prototype reaches over 90%. On the average, 100 kg of rained tea leaves loses 11.43 kg of water; in other words, 100 kg of made tea loses 51.66 kg of water, which means that producing 100 kg of made tea saves 27.5 kg of standard coal or 53.74 kg of firewood. Experiments also show that after dewatering treatment, the quality of made tea has been significantly improved. The machine treats 300 kg of rained tea leaves per hour. The technical appraisement in 1987 showed that its function indexes are up to the standard and that its chief technical parameters are reasonable. The prototype is simple in construction and easy to operate. It has produced significant economic benefits.
1988, 3(1): 64-67.
Abstract:
In this experiment, the method of embryonic tissue culture and the biochemical method have been used to determine the activity of AKP in the tissue culture fluid which is from 97 duck embryos, aged 13 days, belonging to 4 families; and the productive traits of the half-sib female ducks have also been recorded and studied.The results show: the active intensity of AKP in the duck embryo tissue culture fluid is negatively correlated with the days of sex-maturity of the half-sib female ducks(r=-0.713), but it is positively correlated with the laying number of the ducks aged 240 and 300 days.The correlation coefficients are 0.866 and 0.940 respectively. When the activity of AKP in the duck embryo tissue culture fluid is at 4-7 King units, the sex-maturity of the half-nib female ducks is at the age of 137-143 days, while at 8-12 King units, the sex-maturity is at the age of 121-126 days, 16-17 days earlier than the former. The different is significant(p0.05). As the active intensity rises, the laying number of its half-nib female ducks aged 240 and 300 increases; the difference among the families are highly significant(p0.01).Therefore, according to the activity of AKP in duck embryo tissue culture fluid, we evaluate the stud egg-laying ducks among different families in the early stage. It can be over half a year earlier than if the traditional method is adopted.
In this experiment, the method of embryonic tissue culture and the biochemical method have been used to determine the activity of AKP in the tissue culture fluid which is from 97 duck embryos, aged 13 days, belonging to 4 families; and the productive traits of the half-sib female ducks have also been recorded and studied.The results show: the active intensity of AKP in the duck embryo tissue culture fluid is negatively correlated with the days of sex-maturity of the half-sib female ducks(r=-0.713), but it is positively correlated with the laying number of the ducks aged 240 and 300 days.The correlation coefficients are 0.866 and 0.940 respectively. When the activity of AKP in the duck embryo tissue culture fluid is at 4-7 King units, the sex-maturity of the half-nib female ducks is at the age of 137-143 days, while at 8-12 King units, the sex-maturity is at the age of 121-126 days, 16-17 days earlier than the former. The different is significant(p0.05). As the active intensity rises, the laying number of its half-nib female ducks aged 240 and 300 increases; the difference among the families are highly significant(p0.01).Therefore, according to the activity of AKP in duck embryo tissue culture fluid, we evaluate the stud egg-laying ducks among different families in the early stage. It can be over half a year earlier than if the traditional method is adopted.
1988, 3(1): 68-73.
Abstract:
Caladium is a notable ornamental foliage plant with beautiful and colourful leaves. It is of a tremendous number of horticultural varieties, thus resulting in some confusion of identification and nomenclature.Esterase isozymic patterns of roots of 13 caladium varieties were detected by using the technique of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on the vertical slabs.The results of the study showed that the bands observed in gels were grouped, according to their different migrants, into three regions, that is, Ea,Eb and Ec. The zymograms between varieties had no significant differences at the regions Eb and EC. The more anodal region Ea was apparently variable.On the basis of the zymogramatic patterns, all varieties of Caladium nortulanum Birdsey tested may be classified into three groups. C. bicolor Veat was also variable at Ea, where a band of faster mobility(Ea5)appeared.In the light of biochemistry the relationships were discussed between zymogram patterns and blade shapes,between the unstability of zymogram and the variability of morphology, thus providing scientific basis for expounding the characteristic features and classifications of caladium.
Caladium is a notable ornamental foliage plant with beautiful and colourful leaves. It is of a tremendous number of horticultural varieties, thus resulting in some confusion of identification and nomenclature.Esterase isozymic patterns of roots of 13 caladium varieties were detected by using the technique of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on the vertical slabs.The results of the study showed that the bands observed in gels were grouped, according to their different migrants, into three regions, that is, Ea,Eb and Ec. The zymograms between varieties had no significant differences at the regions Eb and EC. The more anodal region Ea was apparently variable.On the basis of the zymogramatic patterns, all varieties of Caladium nortulanum Birdsey tested may be classified into three groups. C. bicolor Veat was also variable at Ea, where a band of faster mobility(Ea5)appeared.In the light of biochemistry the relationships were discussed between zymogram patterns and blade shapes,between the unstability of zymogram and the variability of morphology, thus providing scientific basis for expounding the characteristic features and classifications of caladium.
1988, 3(1): 74-81.
Abstract:
In this paper, how biological potassium fertilizers have been sought for and used in recent years has been summarized; the character of supplying potassium by incorporating rice straws into paddy fields as well as its application method and efficiency has been analyzed; the ability to enrich potassium and characters of Alternanthera philoxeroides(Mart.), Pistia stratiotes L. and Azolla as well as the effect of biological potassium fertilizer on the growth of rice have been discussed; comparisons have been made of different application methods of different biological fertilizers and their different benefits; views and suggestions as to the development and use of biological potassium fertilizers have been given; and the potential and possible ways of seeking for potassium-rich plants have also been dealt with.
In this paper, how biological potassium fertilizers have been sought for and used in recent years has been summarized; the character of supplying potassium by incorporating rice straws into paddy fields as well as its application method and efficiency has been analyzed; the ability to enrich potassium and characters of Alternanthera philoxeroides(Mart.), Pistia stratiotes L. and Azolla as well as the effect of biological potassium fertilizer on the growth of rice have been discussed; comparisons have been made of different application methods of different biological fertilizers and their different benefits; views and suggestions as to the development and use of biological potassium fertilizers have been given; and the potential and possible ways of seeking for potassium-rich plants have also been dealt with.
1988, 3(1): 82-84 .
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1988, 3(1): 85-89.
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1988, 3(1): 90-92.
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1988, 3(1): 93-94.
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