1987 Vol. 2, No. 2
Display Method:
1987, 2(2): 1-9.
Abstract:
In vitro screening of seed-derived and microspore-derived callus lines was carried out by the biotechnology of plant cell culture, with the raw toxin extract of piricularia oryzae as stress factor.JR19 and other mutants resisting rice blast were otbtained.There were significant differences in the resistance to rice blast in seedlings and the esterase isozyme zymograms of embryoes between mutants and original varieties.Some resistant mutants in R2 were still able to resist rice blast in R3.These mutants were almost accompanied by variations in agronomic traits such as dwarfism, high sterility, heading date or grain weight. Most of the mutants were basically regular and consistent in R2 and relatively stable in R3. The efficiency and possible potential of screening resistant mutants in vitro and its use in resistant rice breeding were discussed. The procedure of screening resistant mutants in vitro was suggested.
In vitro screening of seed-derived and microspore-derived callus lines was carried out by the biotechnology of plant cell culture, with the raw toxin extract of piricularia oryzae as stress factor.JR19 and other mutants resisting rice blast were otbtained.There were significant differences in the resistance to rice blast in seedlings and the esterase isozyme zymograms of embryoes between mutants and original varieties.Some resistant mutants in R2 were still able to resist rice blast in R3.These mutants were almost accompanied by variations in agronomic traits such as dwarfism, high sterility, heading date or grain weight. Most of the mutants were basically regular and consistent in R2 and relatively stable in R3. The efficiency and possible potential of screening resistant mutants in vitro and its use in resistant rice breeding were discussed. The procedure of screening resistant mutants in vitro was suggested.
1987, 2(2): 10-17.
Abstract:
Rice varieties were scored in five grades through the determination of their symptom responsibility to K-deficient rice plants sensitivity to K fertilizer application and suitability to low K environments under greenhouse or field conditions to identify their resistance to low K environments. Of the 439 rice varieties identified, 34 possessed strong tolerance for low K environments. Some of them were provided for K-deficient plot trails (the average available K : 65 ppm). Under the condition of no or little K fertilizer application, these varieties increased the grain yield by 10-15% more than the conventional rice varieties.The results of soil and solution cultivation showed that in low K environments tolerant varieties took up 29% K than sensitive varieties; the K amount transferred to grains was increased about 10%) and K efficiency was increased 7 %. The low critical K concentrations absorpted by tolerant varieties was lower then sensitive varieties,so it increased their efficiemcy ustillization of soils slow available K, possfsion of this characteris-tics was closely related to the quality and quantity of their root developemnt. Especially, the low K-tolerant varieties showed the excellent characteristics of strong vitality of root systems and normal growth of plants without early declining in the late growth period.
Rice varieties were scored in five grades through the determination of their symptom responsibility to K-deficient rice plants sensitivity to K fertilizer application and suitability to low K environments under greenhouse or field conditions to identify their resistance to low K environments. Of the 439 rice varieties identified, 34 possessed strong tolerance for low K environments. Some of them were provided for K-deficient plot trails (the average available K : 65 ppm). Under the condition of no or little K fertilizer application, these varieties increased the grain yield by 10-15% more than the conventional rice varieties.The results of soil and solution cultivation showed that in low K environments tolerant varieties took up 29% K than sensitive varieties; the K amount transferred to grains was increased about 10%) and K efficiency was increased 7 %. The low critical K concentrations absorpted by tolerant varieties was lower then sensitive varieties,so it increased their efficiemcy ustillization of soils slow available K, possfsion of this characteris-tics was closely related to the quality and quantity of their root developemnt. Especially, the low K-tolerant varieties showed the excellent characteristics of strong vitality of root systems and normal growth of plants without early declining in the late growth period.
1987, 2(2): 18-23.
Abstract:
In 1973, the wheat variety Potam S-70, characterized by early cropping, dwarf stem and compact build, and the wheat variety WG-1, characterized by late cropping, high stem and heavy car, were crossed. Through conventional breeding, the new wheat variety LX-35 was obtained. LX-35 showed the following significant characteristics : early cropping, mediumheighted stem, high yielding and strong resistance to stem -rust. Its growth period was 125-130 days. The average height was 90 cm. One mu of land yielded an average of 200-250 kg and possibly 400 kg or more. Each ear contains 30-35 grains. Every thousand grains weighed 45 g. It was slightly susceptible to leaf-rust and powdery mildew. Ears were uniform in height and had strong milking capacity. The new variety presented golden stems and plump grains when ripe. Grains contained 14.13% protain and 0.35% lysine.In 1978-80, joint regional tests were made on Fujian’s varieties of wheat, including LX-35. 34 region-replications carried out in the 3 years showed that LX-35 had an average yield of 208.8 kg, 9% higher than CK, ranking first in all the varieties tested. In the planting seasons of 1980-87, LX-35 was released to many regions in Fujian, Guangdong, Shansi and Inner Mongolia, with a total area of more than five million mu, gaining significant econimic benefit.Considering the climatic Condition in zhangzhou region, the main objective of wheat breeding is to breed early cropping varieties in order to ensure bumper harvests. The work on the breeding of LX-35 proved that following the law of non-balance in development between plant organs, one may "obtain an excellent new variety by combining the character of early cropping of one cultivar with the character of productivity of another through crossing and selection.
In 1973, the wheat variety Potam S-70, characterized by early cropping, dwarf stem and compact build, and the wheat variety WG-1, characterized by late cropping, high stem and heavy car, were crossed. Through conventional breeding, the new wheat variety LX-35 was obtained. LX-35 showed the following significant characteristics : early cropping, mediumheighted stem, high yielding and strong resistance to stem -rust. Its growth period was 125-130 days. The average height was 90 cm. One mu of land yielded an average of 200-250 kg and possibly 400 kg or more. Each ear contains 30-35 grains. Every thousand grains weighed 45 g. It was slightly susceptible to leaf-rust and powdery mildew. Ears were uniform in height and had strong milking capacity. The new variety presented golden stems and plump grains when ripe. Grains contained 14.13% protain and 0.35% lysine.In 1978-80, joint regional tests were made on Fujian’s varieties of wheat, including LX-35. 34 region-replications carried out in the 3 years showed that LX-35 had an average yield of 208.8 kg, 9% higher than CK, ranking first in all the varieties tested. In the planting seasons of 1980-87, LX-35 was released to many regions in Fujian, Guangdong, Shansi and Inner Mongolia, with a total area of more than five million mu, gaining significant econimic benefit.Considering the climatic Condition in zhangzhou region, the main objective of wheat breeding is to breed early cropping varieties in order to ensure bumper harvests. The work on the breeding of LX-35 proved that following the law of non-balance in development between plant organs, one may "obtain an excellent new variety by combining the character of early cropping of one cultivar with the character of productivity of another through crossing and selection.
1987, 2(2): 24-28.
Abstract:
The new variety of sweet potato Fushu 87 was produced by crossbreeding the female parent variety Chaoshu 1 and many male parent varieties in 1980.It underwent the F1 generation choice of the ecological adaptability experimentation of seven points in 1981.During 1983-86, experiments on the ecological adaptation and high yield were conducted in 46 localities.The experimental results indicated that the new variety of sweet potato Fushu 87 possessed the good characters of high yield, wide adaptability, drought resistance,firm resistance to Fusarium bubligenum f. batata Wr.etc.Reasonable cultivating measures to get high yield were given and discussed.In the four years of 1983-86, the total sown area in Fujian amounted approximately to 350 thousand mu. If the yield increased by 50 kilograms of dry sweet potato per mu, the total yield increased was* 17.5 million kilograms. In 1985 Fujian Committee for Identification of Farm Crop Varieties identified it to be one of the excellent varieties for popularization in Fujian.
The new variety of sweet potato Fushu 87 was produced by crossbreeding the female parent variety Chaoshu 1 and many male parent varieties in 1980.It underwent the F1 generation choice of the ecological adaptability experimentation of seven points in 1981.During 1983-86, experiments on the ecological adaptation and high yield were conducted in 46 localities.The experimental results indicated that the new variety of sweet potato Fushu 87 possessed the good characters of high yield, wide adaptability, drought resistance,firm resistance to Fusarium bubligenum f. batata Wr.etc.Reasonable cultivating measures to get high yield were given and discussed.In the four years of 1983-86, the total sown area in Fujian amounted approximately to 350 thousand mu. If the yield increased by 50 kilograms of dry sweet potato per mu, the total yield increased was* 17.5 million kilograms. In 1985 Fujian Committee for Identification of Farm Crop Varieties identified it to be one of the excellent varieties for popularization in Fujian.
1987, 2(2): 29-35.
Abstract:
During 1984-86, 113 strains of sweet potato bacterial wilt (Pseudomo-nas solanacearum) , which were collected in 26 counties of Fujian, were tested for their pathogenicity. According to the intensity of. virulence, they were divided into five groups (I-V). With the order of I-V, the intensity of virulence gradually increased. The second group (II), which made up 44.3% of the total strains tested,was most widely distributed. The fifth group (V) was the strongest strains in virulence, made up 9.7% of the total strains tested.All the strains tested showed quantitative difference in the intensity of virulence. No distinct specificity was found. The distribution of the strains was that the stronger strains tended to be in old disease areas where the resistant variety was cultivated, and the weaker strains in new disease areas where the susceptible variety was cultivated.The varieties of sweet potato in Fujian and elsewhere in south China for district and probationary comparisons were tested for resistance by using 3 major strains of Groups II-IV. Two highly resistant varieties were obtained. By using the 113 strains of Groups I-V to test the resistance, the results were obtained that Xin Zhong Hua the main variety in Fujian was a highly susceptible variety. 330 and Min Kang 329 were resistant varieties. Min Kang 329 owned the features of strong resistance to disease,high yield,early maturity and good quality. From 1984 to 1986, Ming Kang 329 covered more than 800 thousand mu, over 90% of the area for sweet potato cultivation. 330 was better than Min Kang 329 in the resistance to disease,adaptability,germination and storage. The cultivated area for 330 increased to more than 50 thousand mu this year.
During 1984-86, 113 strains of sweet potato bacterial wilt (Pseudomo-nas solanacearum) , which were collected in 26 counties of Fujian, were tested for their pathogenicity. According to the intensity of. virulence, they were divided into five groups (I-V). With the order of I-V, the intensity of virulence gradually increased. The second group (II), which made up 44.3% of the total strains tested,was most widely distributed. The fifth group (V) was the strongest strains in virulence, made up 9.7% of the total strains tested.All the strains tested showed quantitative difference in the intensity of virulence. No distinct specificity was found. The distribution of the strains was that the stronger strains tended to be in old disease areas where the resistant variety was cultivated, and the weaker strains in new disease areas where the susceptible variety was cultivated.The varieties of sweet potato in Fujian and elsewhere in south China for district and probationary comparisons were tested for resistance by using 3 major strains of Groups II-IV. Two highly resistant varieties were obtained. By using the 113 strains of Groups I-V to test the resistance, the results were obtained that Xin Zhong Hua the main variety in Fujian was a highly susceptible variety. 330 and Min Kang 329 were resistant varieties. Min Kang 329 owned the features of strong resistance to disease,high yield,early maturity and good quality. From 1984 to 1986, Ming Kang 329 covered more than 800 thousand mu, over 90% of the area for sweet potato cultivation. 330 was better than Min Kang 329 in the resistance to disease,adaptability,germination and storage. The cultivated area for 330 increased to more than 50 thousand mu this year.
1987, 2(2): 36-41.
Abstract:
The results of this investigation showed that 1) although Pleurotus sajor-caju could grow on Ashby medium, it had no N-fixing activity in various sterilized media. The determination by using the I5N tracing method in 6 replications also made clear that Pleurotus sajor-caju was unable to utilize atmospheric 15N. These facts demonstrated that Pleurotus sajor-caju itself had no nitrogenase activity; 2) after inoculating Pleurotus sajor-caju, the nitrogenase activity war. 19-62 times higher in the medium treated by boiling water than in the medium treated by autoclave. That is because more N-fixing microorganisms were found in the medium treated by boiling water. The pleurotus sajor-caju which was inoculated in the medium sterilized by autoclave failed to fix 15N, whereas the one in the medium treated by boiling water might fix 15N. The N-fixing microorganisms which were isolated from culture medium possessed various levels of nitrogen fixation. These facts illustrated that the increase of nitrogen amount in the cultivation of Pleurotus sajor-caju might be attributed to the associative nitrogen fixation coordinated by different kinds of N-fixing microorganisms in the medium; 3) although the 15N amount fixet in the medium where Pleurotus sajor-caju was grown together with N-fixing microorgainisms was more than ten times higher than that fixed in the medium where only N-fixing microorganisms were grown, it was not always the case that the combining growth of the Pleurotus sajor-caju with N-fixing microorganisms isolated from medium might increase the N-fixing activity. The results received from the experiment showed that some combinations increased N-fixing activity significantly, but some combinations did not.
The results of this investigation showed that 1) although Pleurotus sajor-caju could grow on Ashby medium, it had no N-fixing activity in various sterilized media. The determination by using the I5N tracing method in 6 replications also made clear that Pleurotus sajor-caju was unable to utilize atmospheric 15N. These facts demonstrated that Pleurotus sajor-caju itself had no nitrogenase activity; 2) after inoculating Pleurotus sajor-caju, the nitrogenase activity war. 19-62 times higher in the medium treated by boiling water than in the medium treated by autoclave. That is because more N-fixing microorganisms were found in the medium treated by boiling water. The pleurotus sajor-caju which was inoculated in the medium sterilized by autoclave failed to fix 15N, whereas the one in the medium treated by boiling water might fix 15N. The N-fixing microorganisms which were isolated from culture medium possessed various levels of nitrogen fixation. These facts illustrated that the increase of nitrogen amount in the cultivation of Pleurotus sajor-caju might be attributed to the associative nitrogen fixation coordinated by different kinds of N-fixing microorganisms in the medium; 3) although the 15N amount fixet in the medium where Pleurotus sajor-caju was grown together with N-fixing microorgainisms was more than ten times higher than that fixed in the medium where only N-fixing microorganisms were grown, it was not always the case that the combining growth of the Pleurotus sajor-caju with N-fixing microorganisms isolated from medium might increase the N-fixing activity. The results received from the experiment showed that some combinations increased N-fixing activity significantly, but some combinations did not.
1987, 2(2): 42-47.
Abstract:
The Anabaena-free azolla was successfully acquired by using tissue culture from the tip of the azolla frond or eliminating Anabaena cells from inner portion of indusium cap and apical membrane of megasporo-carps. The identifications through sectioning, cavity liquid examination, N-free medium cultivation, Nase determination and scanning electromicro-scopic observation proved that the obtained azolla fronds were really Anabaena-free azolla. The Anabaena-free azolla acquired by tip culture and that acquired by removing the indusium cap and apical membrane were continuously grown in nitorgenous culture media for 9 and 2 years respectively. After that they kept making a normal growth. The fact illustrated that the above-mentioned methods to acquire Anabaena-free azolla were reliable. However, the Anabaena-free azolla obtained by chemical or physical means was unstable.The theoretical value and practical significance of Anabaena-free azo-lla were also discussed in this paper.
The Anabaena-free azolla was successfully acquired by using tissue culture from the tip of the azolla frond or eliminating Anabaena cells from inner portion of indusium cap and apical membrane of megasporo-carps. The identifications through sectioning, cavity liquid examination, N-free medium cultivation, Nase determination and scanning electromicro-scopic observation proved that the obtained azolla fronds were really Anabaena-free azolla. The Anabaena-free azolla acquired by tip culture and that acquired by removing the indusium cap and apical membrane were continuously grown in nitorgenous culture media for 9 and 2 years respectively. After that they kept making a normal growth. The fact illustrated that the above-mentioned methods to acquire Anabaena-free azolla were reliable. However, the Anabaena-free azolla obtained by chemical or physical means was unstable.The theoretical value and practical significance of Anabaena-free azo-lla were also discussed in this paper.
1987, 2(2): 48-53.
Abstract:
This paper reports the micrographic structure and nitrogenase activity of nodules in L. leucocephala at their different stages of development. Nodules changed considerably in external shape during their growth, from sphere or column to multibranch. However, all forms of nodules had the common structure,consisting of bacteroid-containing tissues, vascular tissues, meristems and cortices. The highest nitrogenase activity, as determined by acetylene reduction assay, was observed in the mature nodules; the juvenile nodules ranked the second;and the senescent nodules followed as the last. The mature nodules contained the greatest number of bacteroids. The juvenile nodules had more bacteroids than the senescent nodules.The possible mechanism of meristematic differentiation in nodules are also discussed in this paper.
This paper reports the micrographic structure and nitrogenase activity of nodules in L. leucocephala at their different stages of development. Nodules changed considerably in external shape during their growth, from sphere or column to multibranch. However, all forms of nodules had the common structure,consisting of bacteroid-containing tissues, vascular tissues, meristems and cortices. The highest nitrogenase activity, as determined by acetylene reduction assay, was observed in the mature nodules; the juvenile nodules ranked the second;and the senescent nodules followed as the last. The mature nodules contained the greatest number of bacteroids. The juvenile nodules had more bacteroids than the senescent nodules.The possible mechanism of meristematic differentiation in nodules are also discussed in this paper.
1987, 2(2): 54-60.
Abstract:
The present experiment was carried out in south Fujian during 1985-86,in order to find out the optimum range of the major nutrient contents in the leaves of Fuyan longan,which variety covered the largest cultivated area in Fujian.It was found that the amount of the mineral elements in the leaves of the same cultivar was affected by different localities and years for sampling.Thus,representative foliar samples should be collected at more orchards and in more years so as to define diagnostic criteria. The results from the statistical analysis indicated that the difference in the variation coefficients of the element contents in the leaves was pronounced, so that this characteristic of different variation coefficients and possible factors that affect the nutrient diagnosis of the leaves should be comprehensively considered to achieve better results.The preliminary study suggested that the values of the optimum range of the mineral elements in the leaves of summer shoots of Fuyan longan were : N 1.5-2.0%, P 0.10-0.17%, K 0.40-0.80%, Ca 0.70-1.70%, Mg 0.14-0.30 %; and that the optimum ratio between the amounts of elements in the leaves was N : P : K : Ca : Mg= 1 : 0.08 : 0.34 : 0.69 : 0:13.The above diagnostic criteria may provide the parameters of fertilizer guide for Fuyan longan.
The present experiment was carried out in south Fujian during 1985-86,in order to find out the optimum range of the major nutrient contents in the leaves of Fuyan longan,which variety covered the largest cultivated area in Fujian.It was found that the amount of the mineral elements in the leaves of the same cultivar was affected by different localities and years for sampling.Thus,representative foliar samples should be collected at more orchards and in more years so as to define diagnostic criteria. The results from the statistical analysis indicated that the difference in the variation coefficients of the element contents in the leaves was pronounced, so that this characteristic of different variation coefficients and possible factors that affect the nutrient diagnosis of the leaves should be comprehensively considered to achieve better results.The preliminary study suggested that the values of the optimum range of the mineral elements in the leaves of summer shoots of Fuyan longan were : N 1.5-2.0%, P 0.10-0.17%, K 0.40-0.80%, Ca 0.70-1.70%, Mg 0.14-0.30 %; and that the optimum ratio between the amounts of elements in the leaves was N : P : K : Ca : Mg= 1 : 0.08 : 0.34 : 0.69 : 0:13.The above diagnostic criteria may provide the parameters of fertilizer guide for Fuyan longan.
1987, 2(2): 61-68.
Abstract:
of the causal agents of cruciferous vegetable mosaic diseases around Fuzhou, isolate No. 26 (the virus isolated from diseased plants of Brassica sp.) was an important one,its frequency being 26.4%.This virus was identified as a strain of TMV on the basis of antiserum reaction, and physical and other properties.The physical properties of this virus were similar to those of TMV, its thermal death point being 98-100℃, the aging period more than 778 days and the dilution end point 10-12-10-13.The virus was transmitted easily by sap inoculation and less easily by larvae of white flies(Pieris rapae Linn.) .It was not transmitted by false cabbage aphides (Rhopolosiphum pseudobrassicae Dav.) or by the seeds of diseased cruciferous plants. Soil mixed with flesh residues of diseased plants induced the infection of transplanted plants.Host range tests were made on 20 plant species or varieties belonging to 13 genera of 8 families. Of them, 14 plant species or varieties belonging to 9 genera of 6 families, including Cruciferae, Solanace-ae, Compositae, Chenopodiaceae, Amaranthaceae and Plantaginaceae were found to be susceptible.Antiserum reation between ordinary TMV antiserum and this virus antigen produced a clear precipitative band, and indicated that two vruscs are related. The particles of this virus were measured 300-400 nm. in Length and 18-19 nm. in diameter, With typical centval cores and spiroid structure of pvotein snbunits.
of the causal agents of cruciferous vegetable mosaic diseases around Fuzhou, isolate No. 26 (the virus isolated from diseased plants of Brassica sp.) was an important one,its frequency being 26.4%.This virus was identified as a strain of TMV on the basis of antiserum reaction, and physical and other properties.The physical properties of this virus were similar to those of TMV, its thermal death point being 98-100℃, the aging period more than 778 days and the dilution end point 10-12-10-13.The virus was transmitted easily by sap inoculation and less easily by larvae of white flies(Pieris rapae Linn.) .It was not transmitted by false cabbage aphides (Rhopolosiphum pseudobrassicae Dav.) or by the seeds of diseased cruciferous plants. Soil mixed with flesh residues of diseased plants induced the infection of transplanted plants.Host range tests were made on 20 plant species or varieties belonging to 13 genera of 8 families. Of them, 14 plant species or varieties belonging to 9 genera of 6 families, including Cruciferae, Solanace-ae, Compositae, Chenopodiaceae, Amaranthaceae and Plantaginaceae were found to be susceptible.Antiserum reation between ordinary TMV antiserum and this virus antigen produced a clear precipitative band, and indicated that two vruscs are related. The particles of this virus were measured 300-400 nm. in Length and 18-19 nm. in diameter, With typical centval cores and spiroid structure of pvotein snbunits.
1987, 2(2): 69-78.
Abstract:
This paper deals mainly with the following:1.the important traits influencing the outcrossing of male steriles(MS) in rice;2.the genetic variability and inheritance of the floral traits; 3.the correlations between the floral traits, and between the floraltraits and the outcrossing of MS; 4.the approach and prospect of breeding MS lines at high levelsof outcrossing.Compared with wild rice, MS lines have some characters favourable to outcrossing, such as complete male sterile, longer duration of spikelet opening; MS lines also have a few unfavourable factors, for instance, lower stigma exsertion, smaller size of stigmas, late flowering,incomplete exsered panicles, cleistogamy.The characters mentioned above are inherited. In general, the traits related to floral structure have greater heritability than those related to flowering behaviour. The latter traits are greatly affected by environmental factors.The genetic differences in the floraltr aits are apparent.The desirable floral plasm exists mainly in wild rice, and also in cultivars.There have not yet been reported the genetic effects of the floral traits on the outcrossing of male steriles and their relative importance. Marked phenotypic correlation has been found between outcrossing and stigma exsertion.The correlation between floral traits are also significant. Discussions have been made on the identification,peculiarity and possible utilization of four special materiales-multi-stigmas, unclosedspikelets after opening,two flowering peaks a day and long panicle necks (eui) .The paper concludes that the program of breeding male steriles at high levels of outerossing by improving the floral traits, especially pistil characters is feasible.
This paper deals mainly with the following:1.the important traits influencing the outcrossing of male steriles(MS) in rice;2.the genetic variability and inheritance of the floral traits; 3.the correlations between the floral traits, and between the floraltraits and the outcrossing of MS; 4.the approach and prospect of breeding MS lines at high levelsof outcrossing.Compared with wild rice, MS lines have some characters favourable to outcrossing, such as complete male sterile, longer duration of spikelet opening; MS lines also have a few unfavourable factors, for instance, lower stigma exsertion, smaller size of stigmas, late flowering,incomplete exsered panicles, cleistogamy.The characters mentioned above are inherited. In general, the traits related to floral structure have greater heritability than those related to flowering behaviour. The latter traits are greatly affected by environmental factors.The genetic differences in the floraltr aits are apparent.The desirable floral plasm exists mainly in wild rice, and also in cultivars.There have not yet been reported the genetic effects of the floral traits on the outcrossing of male steriles and their relative importance. Marked phenotypic correlation has been found between outcrossing and stigma exsertion.The correlation between floral traits are also significant. Discussions have been made on the identification,peculiarity and possible utilization of four special materiales-multi-stigmas, unclosedspikelets after opening,two flowering peaks a day and long panicle necks (eui) .The paper concludes that the program of breeding male steriles at high levels of outerossing by improving the floral traits, especially pistil characters is feasible.
1987, 2(2): 79-80.
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1987, 2(2): 81-83.
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1987, 2(2): 84-87.
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