Quality Improvement and brewing optimization for Wine Made from Ziqiu Wild Grapes
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摘要:
目的 从葡萄的品质提升和工艺优化这两个维度上,研究GS-1叶面肥对紫秋山葡萄营养品质,以及不同工艺参数对葡萄酒口感的影响,从而为酿造出优质的山葡萄酒提供理论与技术支持。 方法 在葡萄转色期后分3次喷施不同浓度的GS-1叶面肥,定期检测紫秋山葡萄总酸、总糖含量的变化,计算糖酸比(成熟度系数),明确紫秋山葡萄的最佳加工采收期;葡萄采收后,通过比较不同叶面肥浓度对紫秋山葡萄果实原花青素、游离花色苷、总酚、总类黄酮等主要营养品质的影响,确定GS-1叶面肥的最佳施用浓度;以感官评价和理化指标为评判标准,对菌种、发酵温度、时间、接种量4个因素进行单因素试验,并在单因素试验的基础上进行正交试验,优化山葡萄酒的发酵工艺。 结果 (1)紫秋山葡萄在福建闽南地区适宜的加工采收日期为9月下旬,其采收成熟度系数(M值)可以达到21以上;(2)紫秋山葡萄在喷施稀释300倍GS-1叶面肥后可显著提升营养品质,其总糖、原花青素、游离花色苷、总酚、总类黄酮的含量比对照分别提高3.79%、26.99%、35.41%、13.91%、24.12%;(3)优化后的紫秋山葡萄酒发酵的工艺参数为菌种JP2酿酒酵母,发酵温度24 ℃,接种量1%,发酵时间10 d。 结论 通过喷施GS-1叶面肥和成熟度监测,可以提升闽南地区紫秋山葡萄的品质;通过对紫秋山干红葡萄酒酿造工艺进行优化,提升了紫秋山葡萄酿造品质,为紫秋山葡萄酒行业的发展提供数据支持。 Abstract:Objective Improvement on quality of wine made from Ziqiu wild grapes southern grapes was explored through vine fertilization and vinification optimization. Method Ziqiu wild grape vines were foliar-sprayed with GS-1 solutions in various concentrations 3 times after the grape color began to change. Application concentration was selected to maximize the contents of proanthocyanidins, free anthocyanins, total phenolics, and total flavonoids in the grapes. Contents of total acid and sugar in the grapes were monitored regularly and ratio of sugar to acid (ripeness coefficient) calculated to determine the time for harvesting and processing. Sensory evaluation and physiochemical parameters on the wine were used to optimize the inoculum species and amount, temperature, and time of the fermentation process in a single factor test followed by an orthogonal experiment. Result (1) Late September, when grape maturity coefficient, M, reached over 21, was the time for harvesting and starting fermentation. (2) By spraying 300x dilution of GS-1 on the vines, the harvested grapes produced significantly increased amount of key nutrients in the wine. For instance, total sugar, proanthocyanidins, free anthocyanins, total phenolics, and total flavonoids rose 3.74%, 26.99%, 35.41%, 13.91%, and 24.12%, respectively, over control. (3) The optimized fermentation applied JP2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae as the inoculum at 1% to culture at 24 ℃ for 10 d. Conclusion The Ziqiu wild grapes grown on the vines sprayed with GS-1 and picked at the time closely scrutinized by the fruit maturity coefficient produced a wine made by the optimized process with significantly improved nutritional and sensory quality. -
Key words:
- Ziqiu wild grape /
- nutritional quality /
- maturity /
- harvest period /
- process optimization
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表 1 正交试验设计
Table 1. Orthogonal experiment design
处理号
Processing
numberA菌种
StrainB接种量
Inoculation
amount/%C温度
Temperature/
℃D空列
Empty
column1 1(BV818) 1(0.5) 1(20) 1 2 1(BV818) 2(1.0) 2(24) 2 3 1(BV818) 3(1.5) 3(28) 3 4 2(JP2) 1(0.5) 2(24) 3 5 2(JP2) 2(1.0) 3(28) 1 6 2(JP2) 3(1.5) 1(20) 2 7 3(XR) 1(0.5) 3(28) 2 8 3(XR) 2(1.0) 1(20) 3 9 3(XR) 3(1.5) 2(24) 1 表 2 叶面肥处理后紫秋山葡萄果实在成熟期间总酸含量的变化
Table 2. Changes in total acidity of Ziqiu wild grape fruit during ripening after foliar fertilizer treatment
处理
Group8月19日
August 19th8月24日
August 24th8月29日
August 29th9月2日
September 2nd9月5日
September 5th9月8日
September 8th9月11日
September 11th9月14日
September 14th9月17日
September 17th9月20日
September 20th9月23日
September 23rd9月26日
September 26th对照
Control15.00±
0.69 Aa11.34±
0.13 Aa9.65±
0.15 Aa9.37±
0.19 Aa8.66±
0.33 Aa8.08±
0.26 Aa7.71±
0.09 Aa7.33±
0.31 Aa7.26±
0.03 Aa6.81±
0.07 Aa6.34±
0.03 Aa6.13±
0.02 Aa稀释600倍
Diluted 600 times12.10±
0.20 Ab11.05±
0.06 Aab9.24±
0.09 Aab9.04±
0.12 Aab8.55±
0.03 Aa7.96±
0.16 Aa7.38±
0.04 Aa7.31±
0.13 Aa7.03±
0.18 Aab6.46±
0.05 Bb6.43±
0.21 Aa5.96±
0.18 Aa稀释300倍
Diluted 300 times11.90±
0.10 Ab10.63±
0.15 Ab8.91±
0.06 Ab8.72±
0.05 Ab8.35±
0.09 Aa7.63±
0.09 Aa7.38±
0.11 Aa6.81±
0.10 Aa6.55±
0.07 Ab6.42±
0.06 Bb6.06±
0.09 Aa6.06±
0.07 Aa不同大、小写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)或差异显著(P<0.05)。表3、4同。
Different uppercase and lowercase letters indicate extremely significant difference (P<0.01) or significant difference (P<0.05).
Same for Table 3 and 4.表 3 叶面肥处理后紫秋山葡萄果实在成熟期间总糖含量的变化
Table 3. Changes in total sugar content in Ziqiu wild grape fruit during ripening after foliar fertilizer treatment
处理
Group8月19日
August 19th8月24日
August 24th8月29日
August 29th9月2日
September 2nd9月5日
September 5th9月8日
September 8th9月11日
September 11th9月14日
September 14th9月17日
September 17th9月20日
September 20th9月23日
September 23rd9月26日
September 26th对照
Control47.40±
2.90 Bc71.60±
1.80 Ab90.60±
2.80 Aa99.25±
1.95 Ab103.50±
1.40 Ab110.25±
1.25 Ab114.20±
1.20 Ab118.20±
0.70 Bb120.95±
0.55 Bc123.75±
0.95 Bc128.85±
0.65 Bb131.70±
0.10 Cc稀释600倍
Diluted 600 times55.70±
0.50 ABb75.15±
3.75 Aab94.70±
0.10 Aa103.70±
0.50 Aab106.65±
0.25 Aab114.35±
1.35 Aab118.40±
0.90 Aa120.65±
0.65 Bb123.85±
0.35 Bb126.95±
0.75 ABb130.70±
0.30 ABb132.70±
0.10 Bb稀释300倍
Diluted 300 times67.90±
0.10 Aa83.50±
0.10 Aa97.70±
0.13 Aa105.93±
0.18 Aa108.73±
0.28 Aa116.80±
0.30 Aa121.13±
0.43 Aa126.13±
0.38 Aa128.18±
0.18 Aa130.98±
0.08 Aa133.00±
0.10 Aa136.63±
0.08 Aa表 4 叶面肥处理后紫秋山葡萄果实在成熟期间糖酸比(M值)的变化
Table 4. The change in sugar-acid ratio (M value) of Ziqiu wild grape fruit during ripening after foliar fertilizer treatment
处理
Group8月19日
August 19th8月24日
August 24th8月29日
August 29th9月2日
September 2nd9月5日
September 5th9月8日
September 8th9月11日
September 11th9月14日
September 14th9月17日
September 17th9月20日
September 20th9月23日
September 23rd9月26日
September 26th对照
Control3.17±
0.34 Bc6.31±
0.23 Ab9.40±
0.44 Ab10.60±
0.42 Ab11.98±
0.62 Aa13.66±
0.59 Aa14.82±
0.03 Ab16.31±
0.61 Ab16.49±
0.03 Bb18.17±
0.05 Cc20.32±
0.05 Aa21.47±
0.07 Aa稀释600倍 Diluted 600 times 4.60±
0.12 ABb6.80±
0.38 Aab10.25±
0.08 Aab11.47±
0.10 Aab12.48±
0.07 Aa14.37±
0.47 Aa16.05±
0.12 Aa16.52±
0.19 Ab17.63±
0.50 ABb19.66±
0.13 Bb20.34±
0.71 Aa22.27±
0.68 Aa稀释300倍 Diluted 300 times 5.71±
0.06 Aa7.87±
0.13 Aa10.97±
0.08 Aa12.13±
0.05 Aa13.00±
0.07 Aa15.35±
0.25 Aa16.47±
0.36 Aa18.46±
0.17 Aa19.59±
0.15 Aa20.43±
0.09 Aa21.95±
0.35 Aa22.51±
0.22 Aa表 5 不同叶面肥处理对紫秋山葡萄主要营养品质的影响
Table 5. Effects of foliar spray on major nutrients in grapes
处理
Group总糖
Total sugar/
(g·kg−1)总酸
Total acid/
(g·kg−1)原花青素
Proanthocyanidins/
(mg·g−1)游离花色苷
Free anthocyanins/
(mg·kg−1)总酚
Total phenolics/
(mg·g−1)总类黄酮
Total flavonoids/
(mg·g−1)对照Control 131.70±0.10Cc 6.13±0.02Aa 7.52±0.12Bb 472.15±3.68Bb 3.02±0.06Bb 16.54±0.29Bb 稀释600倍
Diluted 600 times132.70±0.10Bb 5.96±0.18Aa 8.43±0.24Ab 610.42±6.19Aa 3.33±0.05ABa 18.75±0.33Ab 稀释300倍
Diluted 300 times136.63±0.08Aa 6.06±0.07Aa 9.55±0.07Aa 639.33±6.51Aa 3.44±0.02Aa 20.53±0.28Aa 不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01),小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。
Data with different uppercase letters indicate extremely significant difference at P<0.01; those with different lowercase letters, significant difference at P<0.05.表 6 不同接种量对紫秋山葡萄发酵理化指标的影响
Table 6. Physiochemical indexes on wine affected by inoculation amount
接种量
Inoculation amount/%总酸
Total acid/(g·L−1)总糖
Total sugar/(g·L−1)挥发酸
Volatile acid/(g·L−1)酒精度
Alcohol content/%感官评价得分
Sensory evaluation score0.5 6.08±0.07 3.46±0.02 0.42±0.03 13.1±0.05 83.09 1.0 5.55±0.06 3.79±0.03 0.37±0.02 13.1±0.03 89.45 1.5 5.36±0.06 3.89±0.06 0.35±0.02 12.8±0.02 88.18 2.0 5.86±0.06 3.74±0.04 0.44±0.01 13.1±0.00 85.45 2.5 6.03±0.03 3.65±0.05 0.45±0.03 13.1±0.02 82.00 表 7 不同发酵温度对紫秋山葡萄发酵理化指标的影响
Table 7. Physiochemical indexes on wine affected by fermentation temperature
发酵温度
Fermentation temperature/℃总酸
Total acid/(g·L−1)总糖
Total sugar/(g·L−1)挥发酸
Volatile acid/(g·L−1)酒精度
Alcohol content/%感官评价得分
Sensory evaluation score16 5.82±0.01 4.29±0.09 0.59±0.01 12.4±0.02 81.64 20 5.67±0.01 3.16±0.06 0.39±0.02 12.8±0.02 83.82 24 5.59±0.03 3.69±0.10 0.35±0.00 13.3±0.00 89.64 28 5.56±0.02 3.27±0.05 0.48±0.01 12.8±0.03 71.27 32 5.52±0.03 3.26±0.07 0.57±0.02 12.6±0.04 70.73 表 8 不同发酵时间对紫秋山葡萄发酵理化指标的影响
Table 8. Physiochemical indexes on wine affected by fermentation time
发酵时间
Fermentation time/d总酸
Total acid/(g·L−1)总糖
Total sugar/(g·L−1)挥发酸
Volatile acid/(g·L−1)酒精度
Alcohol content/%感官评价得分
Sensory evaluation score4 5.88±0.09 22.35±1.15 0.45±0.01 12.3±0.02 76.73 7 5.68±0.03 4.12±0.09 0.38±0.03 13.1±0.03 81.64 10 5.56±0.01 3.73±0.04 0.35±0.02 13.3±0.03 89.09 13 5.64±0.04 3.78±0.03 0.41±0.01 13.3±0.00 72.55 16 5.78±0.10 3.74±0.02 0.44±0.03 13.3±0.02 67.09 表 9 不同菌种对紫秋山葡萄发酵理化指标的影响
Table 9. Physiochemical indexes on wine by inoculum species
菌种
Strain总酸
Total acid/(g·L−1)总糖
Total sugar/(g·L−1)挥发酸
Volatile acid/(g·L−1)酒精度
Alcohol content/%感官评价得分
Sensory evaluation scoreJP2 5.54±0.07 3.67±0.09 0.59±0.01 13.1±0.03 89.73 BV818 5.78±0.03 2.27±0.12 0.61±0.03 13.1±0.00 82.64 XR 5.66±0.02 2.12±0.09 0.81±0.02 13.3±0.03 88.64 表 10 正交试验结果
Table 10. L9 (34) orthogonal experiment and results on fermentation
处理号
Processing
numberA菌种
StrainB接种量
Inoculation
amount/%C温度
Temperature/
℃D空列
Empty
column感官
评价得分
Sensory
evaluation
score1 1(BV818) 1(0.5) 1(20) 1 87.05 2 1 2(1.0) 2(24) 2 87.77 3 1 3(1.5) 3(28) 3 84.68 4 2(JP2) 1 2 3 88.5 5 2 2 3 1 86.32 6 2 3 1 2 87.23 7 3(XR) 1 3 2 83.41 8 3 2 1 3 85.05 9 3 3 2 1 83.95 K1 259.50 258.96 259.33 K2 262.05 259.14 260.22 K3 252.41 255.86 254.41 k1 86.50 86.32 86.44 k2 87.35 86.38 86.74 k3 84.14 85.29 84.80 R 3.21 1.09 1.94 主次顺序
Primary and
secondary orderA>C>B 最优水平
Optimal levelA2 B2 C2 -
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