Migration of Heavy Metals in Rhizosphere Soil to Ginseng Roots, Stems, and Leaves
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摘要:
目的 探究人参根、茎叶及其根际土壤中重金属污染程度及迁移能力。 方法 对来自吉林省3个产区的15份人参样本中元素Al、V、Cr、Cd、Pb、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ba等进行分析测定,采用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合指数法对根际土壤元素Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn等进行污染评价,分析人参不同部位对其根际土壤中重金属的富集特性及各元素间的相关性。 结果 人参根、茎叶及根际土壤中Al元素含量最高,根、茎叶变异系数范围分别为:12.07%~58.43%,10.02%~87.96%。根际土壤中有13份样品属于安全、清洁水平,2份属于警戒级、尚清洁水平,其中Cd元素是主要污染物。茎叶和根对各元素的富集趋势相似,BCF平均值相差较大,但均表现为对Cu、Zn、Ba、Cd的富集能力较强。 结论 人参种植要采取手段监测与管控单因子污染指数值最大的Cd元素含量,避免土壤镉污染。人参根、茎叶与土壤元素含量的相关性比较复杂,土壤中部分元素在植物吸收、转运过程中存在协同或拮抗作用。 Abstract:Objective Heavy metal pollution in rhizosphere soil and its migration to the roots, stems, and leaves of ginseng plants grown on the land were studied. Methods Contents of Al, V, Cr, Cd, Pb, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Ba in randomly collected 15 batches of ginseng specimens from three producing areas in Jilin Province were analyzed. Pollution of rhizosphere soil by Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn was evaluated using the single factor pollution index and Nemerow composite index methods. Accumulation of heavy metals in different parts of a ginseng plant was correlated with the pollution on the corresponding soil. Results Of all the tested heavy metals, Al in the roots and stems/leaves of the ginseng plants was the highest pollutant in content. The variation coefficient on the roots ranged 12.07-58.43% and that on the stems and leaves 10.02-87.96%. Out of 15 rhizosphere soil samples, 13 were considered safe and clean, and two moderately clean with due warning, which contained a high level of Cd. The ginseng roots and stems/leaves were similar in accumulating the pollutants but significantly different on mean BCFs and all high on Cu, Zn, Ba, and Cd. Conclusion It is crucial that ginseng be cultivated on land with stringent control on heavy metal pollution for safe consumption. Constant monitoring the soil conditions to avoid a high single factor pollution index on Cd was particularly important. The relationship between the heavy metals in ginseng plants and rhizosphere soil was complex, as certain synergistic and/or antagonistic effects might interfere with the absorption and transport of the harmful elements. -
Key words:
- Ginseng /
- soil /
- heavy metals /
- pollution /
- accumulation
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表 1 农用地土壤污染风险筛选值
Table 1. Values for screening pollution risk on agricultural land (单位:mg·kg−1)
元素
Element农用地土壤污染风险筛选值
Risk screening value of soil pollution in agricultural landpH≤5.5 5.5<pH≤6.5 6.5<pH≤7.5 pH>7.5 Cd 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.6 Hg 1.3 1.8 2.4 3.4 As 40 40 30 25 Pb 70 90 120 170 Cr 150 150 200 250 Cu 50 50 100 100 Ni 60 70 100 190 Zn 200 200 250 300 表 2 内梅罗综合污染指数法对土壤环境质量评价分级标准
Table 2. Standards for classifying soil quality by Nemerow comprehensive pollution index method
综合污染指数(P综合)
Composite pollution index污染等级
Pollution level污染评价
Pollution assessmentP综合≤0.7 安全
Safe清洁
Clean0.7<P综合≤1.0 警戒级
Alert level尚清洁
Relatively clean1.0<P综合≤2.0 轻度污染
Slight pollution开始受污染
Start to be polluted2.0<P综合≤3.0 中度污染
Moderate pollution受中度污染
Moderately pollutedP综合>3.0 重度污染
Heavy pollution受污染已相当严重
Heavy polluted表 3 人参根样本中重金属和有害元素检测结果
Table 3. Heavy metals and harmful elements detected in ginseng roots
(单位:mg·kg−1) 编号
NumberAl V Cr Cd Pb Mn Co Ni Cu Zn Ba 1-1 1475 0.65 1.20 0.11 0.04 44.06 0.19 2.74 9.85 23.12 27.00 1-2 1421 1.52 2.46 0.21 0.24 72.45 0.26 3.48 8.79 23.95 29.18 1-3 1192 0.52 1.55 0.12 0.10 100.11 0.20 2.75 10.32 21.33 17.96 1-4 1390 0.56 1.28 0.11 0 42.80 0.17 2.77 10.11 21.65 26.40 1-5 1366 1.51 1.52 0.20 0.20 70.79 0.25 3.13 8.23 22.04 26.40 2-1 904 0.26 0.17 0.14 0 77.25 0.11 2.13 7.29 14.03 14.80 2-2 1182 0.40 1.54 0.16 0.07 98.50 0.16 2.97 9.91 19.13 22.60 2-3 1252 0.54 1.41 0.19 0.15 103.32 0.20 2.54 12.15 23.97 32.26 2-4 1425 0.61 1.61 0.13 0 116.74 0.22 3.40 10.81 28.18 24.67 2-5 1197 0.40 1.39 0.18 0.08 100.83 0.16 2.97 10.02 23.57 22.40 3-1 1550 0.54 1.39 0.09 0 39.56 0.21 2.97 11.97 23.87 29.19 3-2 2002 0.78 2.32 0.13 0 92.96 0.30 3.35 9.96 23.96 35.54 3-3 1302 0.55 1.08 0.14 0 46.83 0.17 3.27 12.06 23.90 52.15 3-4 1431 0.50 1.40 0.15 0 36.39 0.16 3.19 11.52 21.91 28.32 3-5 1991 0.77 2.18 0.10 0 91.43 0.31 3.18 9.07 25.63 33.23 平均值
Average value1405.33 0.67 1.50 0.14 0.13 75.60 0.20 2.99 10.14 22.68 28.14 标准差
Standard deviation286.88 0.37 0.55 0.04 0.07 27.44 0.06 0.36 1.42 3.15 8.62 CV% 20.41 54.36 36.51 25.83 58.43 36.30 27.13 12.07 14.05 13.89 30.64 表 4 人参茎叶样本中重金属和有害元素检测结果
Table 4. Heavy metals and harmful elements detected in ginseng stems/leaves
(单位:mg·kg−1) 编号
NumberAl V Cr Cd Pb Mn Co Ni Cu Zn Ba 1-1 2984.80 2.14 2.58 0.09 0.71 287.16 0.42 3.02 9.90 35.66 59.44 1-2 2099.19 1.58 1.90 0.18 0.67 417.75 0.42 3.38 11.57 32.98 64.70 1-3 3396.54 3.34 3.12 0.14 0.92 512.10 0.68 4.32 14.28 32.28 68.65 1-4 2989.24 2.08 2.34 0.09 0.67 298.07 0.41 2.91 9.69 33.45 60.72 1-5 2050.26 1.93 2.18 0.22 0.89 412.35 0.50 4.09 14.14 29.68 64.07 2-1 1384.90 1.02 2.16 0.41 0.59 249.32 0.23 2.62 6.85 29.08 60.60 2-2 3790.23 3.46 3.17 0.18 1.11 455.84 0.59 3.84 11.24 30.56 65.08 2-3 1457.44 0.92 2.80 0.37 1.61 188.56 0.23 2.02 7.75 30.83 66.61 2-4 1421.41 0.55 1.02 0.24 0.04 264.36 0.13 1.42 3.83 26.61 63.77 2-5 4014.67 3.02 2.51 0.12 0.87 469.18 0.51 3.20 9.14 26.19 64.62 3-1 1607.11 1.37 1.59 0.17 0.57 212.98 0.30 2.82 13.63 27.52 76.80 3-2 1663.52 1.27 1.30 0.07 0.48 354.39 0.32 3.41 11.31 28.42 60.58 3-3 2033.26 1.55 1.61 0.07 0.66 360.10 0.34 2.53 12.81 25.20 69.63 3-4 1611.22 1.17 1.28 0.13 0.41 209.90 0.25 2.25 11.57 28.62 77.60 3-5 1461.31 1.32 1.36 0.07 0.48 339.09 0.33 3.65 11.18 20.79 52.07 平均值
Average value2264.34 1.78 2.06 0.17 0.71 335.41 0.38 3.03 10.59 29.19 65.00 标准差
Standard deviation919.79 0.89 0.69 0.10 0.35 102.05 0.15 0.79 2.86 3.73 6.51 CV% 10.02 61.49 36.34 61.49 49.75 87.96 49.75 17.98 10.02 29.35 10.02 表 5 人参根际土壤样本中重金属和有害元素检测结果
Table 5. Heavy metals and harmful elements detected in ginseng rhizosphere soil
(单位:mg·kg−1) 编号
NumberAl V Cr Cd Pb Mn Co Ni Cu Zn Ba 1-1 73136.93 54.80 43.90 0.56 24.07 2406.05 18.91 65.77 31.14 88.82 223.50 1-2 86154.51 44.18 33.69 0.35 16.78 2740.77 10.65 53.58 28.29 73.20 206.61 1-3 64333.74 50.93 37.37 0.28 16.68 2022.73 16.57 45.35 23.63 81.00 238.75 1-4 79783.41 52.41 40.72 0.51 35.22 2375.47 17.40 54.90 26.81 80.26 225.23 1-5 81160.59 45.12 35.58 0.27 14.33 2401.34 10.93 42.86 23.27 78.89 216.75 2-1 84922.87 40.73 35.74 0.29 13.80 2307.78 8.40 34.81 20.19 67.81 226.59 2-2 83016.45 36.49 22.66 0.20 11.95 2151.34 8.48 33.74 19.32 63.37 207.71 2-3 85159.45 43.64 27.92 0.27 13.98 2263.85 9.31 33.33 18.60 69.02 206.82 2-4 90096.30 39.37 26.04 0.29 14.46 2546.09 8.14 34.58 20.25 91.58 211.79 2-5 94330.80 44.16 33.45 0.24 14.03 2355.70 10.06 40.12 22.59 103.99 243.51 3-1 87839.36 42.30 31.29 0.25 16.20 2600.08 9.40 35.96 21.35 81.41 186.96 3-2 87511.38 37.85 30.37 0.26 16.33 2302.12 8.75 39.59 21.66 67.49 173.98 3-3 85706.23 39.04 28.46 0.24 16.42 2271.62 8.53 40.12 24.82 91.98 176.27 3-4 84904.09 41.94 31.35 0.23 15.95 3264.03 9.22 34.83 20.86 77.97 186.68 3-5 86765.80 37.57 29.33 0.23 13.81 3092.77 8.25 32.82 17.68 65.45 226.58 平均值
Average value83654.79 43.37 32.52 0.30 16.93 2473.45 10.87 41.49 22.70 78.82 210.52 表 6 人参根际土壤重金属污染评价
Table 6. Evaluation on heavy metal pollution of ginseng rhizosphere soil
编号
Number单因子污染指数
Single factor pollution index内梅罗综合污染指数
Nemerow composite pollution index污染等级
Pollution level污染水平
Pollution levelCd Pb Cr Cu Ni Zn 1-1 1.85 0.20 0.22 0.31 0.66 0.36 0.97 警戒级 Alert level 尚清洁 Relatively clean 1-2 1.16 0.14 0.17 0.28 0.54 0.29 0.62 安全 Safe 清洁 Clean 1-3 0.95 0.14 0.19 0.24 0.45 0.32 0.51 安全 Safe 清洁 Clean 1-4 1.72 0.29 0.20 0.27 0.55 0.32 0.90 警戒级 Alert level 尚清洁 Relatively clean 1-5 0.89 0.12 0.18 0.23 0.43 0.32 0.48 安全 Safe 清洁 Clean 2-1 0.95 0.11 0.18 0.20 0.35 0.27 0.51 安全 Safe 清洁 Clean 2-2 0.68 0.10 0.11 0.19 0.34 0.25 0.37 安全 Safe 清洁 Clean 2-3 0.89 0.12 0.14 0.19 0.33 0.28 0.47 安全 Safe 清洁 Clean 2-4 0.98 0.12 0.13 0.20 0.35 0.37 0.52 安全 Safe 清洁 Clean 2-5 0.81 0.12 0.17 0.23 0.40 0.42 0.44 安全 Safe 清洁 Clean 3-1 0.82 0.13 0.16 0.21 0.36 0.33 0.44 安全 Safe 清洁 Clean 3-2 0.88 0.14 0.15 0.22 0.40 0.27 0.47 安全 Safe 清洁 Clean 3-3 0.81 0.14 0.14 0.25 0.40 0.37 0.44 安全 Safe 清洁 Clean 3-4 0.77 0.13 0.16 0.21 0.35 0.31 0.42 安全 Safe 清洁 Clean 3-5 0.78 0.12 0.15 0.18 0.33 0.26 0.42 安全 Safe 清洁 Clean 表 7 人参的BCF平均值
Table 7. Mean BCF of ginseng
采样地
Sample siteAl V Cr Mn Co Ni Cu Zn Ba Cd 茎叶
Stem
leaf根
Root茎叶
Stem
leaf根
Root茎叶
Stem
leaf根
Root茎叶
Stem
leaf根
Root茎叶
Stem
leaf根
Root茎叶
Stem
leaf根
Root茎叶
Stem
leaf根
Root茎叶
Stem
leaf根
Root茎叶
Stem
leaf根
Root茎叶
Stem
leaf根
RootJ1 0.036 0.018 0.045 0.020 0.063 0.043 0.164 0.028 0.034 0.016 0.071 0.058 0.460 0.359 0.409 0.280 0.286 0.115 0.433 0.436 J2 0.027 0.014 0.045 0.011 0.083 0.045 0.141 0.043 0.038 0.019 0.074 0.080 0.386 0.501 0.380 0.278 0.294 0.108 1.002 0.637 J3 0.020 0.018 0.033 0.015 0.048 0.051 0.115 0.022 0.034 0.023 0.073 0.085 0.558 0.515 0.350 0.297 0.392 0.202 0.452 0.524 -
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