Adaptation of Leptocybe invase to Varying Environmental Conditions
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摘要:
目的 研究环境因子对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂生长适应性的影响，旨在探究该害虫快速入侵及适应新环境的生理机制。 方法 测定不同地理区域的形态指标、不同温度下的形态指标、呼吸强度、保护酶（超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶）活性和取食不同寄主的形态指标、解毒酶（乙酰胆碱酯酶、羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽-S转移酶、多酚氧化酶）活性。 结果 桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的形态指标与纬度呈现负相关的趋势；温度对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的呼吸强度和体内的保护酶活性均存在显著影响，20～30 ℃范围内，桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的呼吸速率和保护酶活性相对稳定，当超过30 ℃时，桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的呼吸速率显著上升，但是保护酶活性显著下降；当低于20 ℃时桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的呼吸速率显著下降，保护酶活性也显著下降。不同寄主对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂体内的解毒酶活性和形态指标也存在着显著的影响，取食巨园桉DH201-2的桉树枝瘿姬小蜂形态指标与4种解毒酶（乙酰胆碱酯酶、羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽-S转移酶、多酚氧化酶）的平均活性均高于取食窿缘桉的桉树枝瘿姬小蜂相应的指标。 结论 桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的形态大小与纬度呈现负相关的趋势，该害虫的适宜温区是20～30 ℃，取食巨园桉的形态指标和解毒酶活性均高于取食窿缘桉的。 Abstract:Objective Adaptability to environmental variations of Leptocybe invase Fisher et LaSalle for growth and survival was investigated based on the physiological mechanisms of the pest in dealing with the adverse conditions. Methods Geography-, temperature-, and host-specific morphological indicators, respiratory intensity, and activities of protective enzymes (such as, superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase) and detoxification enzymes (such as, acetylcholinesterase, carboxylesterase, glutathione-S-transferase, polyphenol oxidase) of the insect were analyzed. Results The morphological indicators of L. invase were inversely correlated to the latitude of the area it lived in. Its respiratory intensity and protective enzyme activity were relatively stable between 20 ℃ and 30 ℃. However, a surrounding temperature beyond 30 ℃ significantly raised the respiration rate and reduced the protective enzyme activity, while below 20 ℃ significantly decreased both. The diet also induced morphological differentiations in the insect. For instance, and the activities of 4 detoxification enzymes (acetylcholinesterase, carboxylesterase, glutathione-S-transferase, and polyphenol oxidase) were higher in the insects fed on DH201-2 (Eucalyptus grandis×E. tereticornis) than those on E. exserta. Conclusion L. invase found in areas of lower latitude were smaller in body size than those of higher latitude. They thrived between 20℃ and 30℃. And the host plants on which they infested affected their morphology as well as the detoxification enzymes in the insect. -
图 1 个体大小与纬度之间的关系
Figure 1. Relationship between latitude and body size of female L. invase
图 2 接种5代后不同地理种群桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的形态指标
图中不同字母表示组内各个形态指标有显著性差异（P＜0.05）。
Figure 2. Morphological indicators of L. invase from different geographical locations 5 generations after inoculation
Data with different letters in same group indicate significant differences on morphological index atP＜0.05.
图 3 不同寄主桉树枝瘿姬小蜂形态指标
**表示差异极显著 （P ＜ 0.01）。
Figure 3. Morphological indicators of female L. invase adults fed on different host plants
** indicates extremely significant difference (t-test, P＜0.01).
图 4 不同温度下桉树枝瘿姬小蜂形态指标
图中不同字母表示不同温度间有显著性差异（P＜0.05）。图5同。
Figure 4. Morphological indicators of L. invase adults living under different temperatures
Data with different letters mean significant differences at P＜0.05. Same for Fig. 5.
图 5 不同温度对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂CO2的释放速率的影响
Figure 5. Effect of temperature on CO2 release of L. invases
图 6 温度与CO2释放速率和保护酶活性的相关性
图中*、**和***表示相关性分别为P＜0.05、P＜0.01,P＜0.001。
Figure 6. Correlations between temperature and CO2 release and protection enzyme activity of L. invases
*, **, and *** indicate correlation at P＜0.05, P＜0.01, and P＜0.001, respectively.
图 7 不同温度对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂体内保护酶的影响
Figure 7. Effect of temperature on protective enzymes in L. invases
图 8 不同寄主植物对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂体内解毒酶活性的影响
**表示差异极显著（t-test，P ＜ 0.01）。
Figure 8. Effect of host plant on detoxification enzyme of L. invase
** indicates extremely significant difference (t-test, P＜0.01).
表 1 不同地理种群下桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的形态指标
Table 1. Morphological indicators of L. invases from different geographic locations
地理种群
Geographic populations体长
Body length/μm头宽
Head width/μm胸宽
Chest width/μm腹宽
Abdominal width/μm翅展
Wingspan/μm南宁（NN） 1265.68±11.28a 372.10±3.88a 374.04±2.76a 464.35±4.35a 2711.93±22.52a 梧州（WZ） 1199.81±11.19b 370.65±2.40a 372.19±2.16a 433.95±6.63b 2655.34±19.29a 赣州（GZ） 1070.30±9.37c 336.69±3.35b 328.40±1.66b 394.97±5.31c 2457.55±17.59b 三明（SM） 1064.06±7.70c 334.57±3.28b 335.53±2.41b 405.22±3.67c 2487.28±18.80b 攀枝花（PZH） 1084.94±10.07c 338.92±2.30b 331.60±2.86b 396.58±2.25c 2477.85±28.57b 表中数据为平均值±标准误，不同字母表示同一列数据间有显著性差异（P ＜0.05）。
Data are average±standard error; those with different letters on same column indicate significant differences.
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表 2 桉树枝瘿姬小蜂形态指标各个主成分的特征值
Table 2. Eigenvalues of principle components on body size of female L. invasa adults
主成分
Principal
Components特征值
Eigenvalue贡献率
Contribution
rate/%累计贡献率
Cumulative
contribution
rate/%1 4.33 86.62 86.62 2 0.31 6.27 92.89 3 0.22 4.30 97.19 4 0.09 1.84 99.03 5 0.05 0.97 100
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表 3 不同温度下桉树枝瘿姬小蜂保护酶的活性
Table 3. Protective enzyme activities of L. invases grown under different temperatures
温度
Temperature酶 Enzymes 超氧化物歧化酶
SOD/（U·mg−1 ）过氧化氢酶
CAT/（U·mg−1 ）过氧化物酶
POD/（U·mg−1）15 ℃ 6.26±0.34 b 21.65±0.02 b 17.15±0.01 b 20 ℃ 9.73±0.31 a 29.30±0.45 a 24.10±0.01 a 25 ℃ 10.39±0.20 a 30.15±0.01 a 24.09±0.03a 30 ℃ 10.09±0.09 a 28.85±0.14 a 22.58±0.02 a 35 ℃ 6.57±0.14 b 20.16±0.02 b 15.65±0.03 c 图中不同字母表示不同温度间有显著性差异（P＜0.05）。
Data with different letters indicate significant differences at P＜0.05.
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