Potato Growth and Soil Enzyme Activities as Affected by Rotation or Continuous Cropping Cultivation
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摘要:
目的 探究长期轮作与连作对马铃薯生长发育及土壤酶活性的影响。 方法 采用连续5年定点试验，以正茬马铃薯为对照，研究马铃薯和玉米轮作、普通连作（马铃薯春作）、强化连作（马铃薯春秋连作）对马铃薯植株形态、土壤酶活性、土壤全量养分与速效养分的影响。 结果 普通连作与强化连作降低了马铃薯株高、茎粗和总叶面积，增加了根系长度，而轮作可增加马铃薯株高、茎粗和总叶面积大小，且随着生育期推进差异更加显著；整体上土壤酶活性大小为正茬薯作>马铃薯和玉米轮作>普通连作>强化连作，除脲酶外，其余酶活性在马铃薯整个生育期均为上升趋势，马铃薯和玉米轮作相比普通连作与强化连作增幅更大；土壤中速效养分受连作方式影响较大，其中成熟期马铃薯和玉米轮作土壤中碱解氮、速效钾和速效磷分别高于普通连作4.98%、6.79%、16.38%，高于强化连作13.02%、15.21%、16.12%，生育期前后养分含量差异也更大。 结论 通过轮作可以提高土壤酶活性，加速土壤中速效养分转化，促进马铃薯植株生长发育，从而缓解长期连作对马铃薯的胁迫作用。 Abstract:Objective Effects of rotation or continuous cropping potatoes on the plant growth and soil chemical and biochemical properties were studied. Method A 5-year fix-point experiment was conducted to compare the effects of a potato-maize rotation cultivation, the commonly practiced continuous annual planting of potatoes in spring, and an intensified continuous spring and autumn cropping in a same year on the morphological indices of the potato plants as well as the enzyme activities and total effective and available nutrients in the soil. Result Both common and the intensified continuous cropping caused reductions on the plant height, stem girth, and leaf area but an increase on the root length in comparison with control. On the other hand, the rotation cultivation of potatoes and maize raised those first 3 indicators in increasing differentiations from the other cropping practices along with growth of the plants. Meanwhile, the enzyme activities in the soil were higher than the continuous cropping fields, especially the intensified continuous cropping one. In addition, the available nutrients were also significantly affected by the cultivation practices. For instance, at time of crop maturation, the total nitrogen, total potassium, and total phosphorus in the soil, where the cultivation was conducted by rotating potato and maize crops, were 4.98%, 6.79%, and 16.38%, respectively, higher than those in the soil under the common continuous cropping, and 13.02%, 15.21%, and 16.12%, respectively, higher than those under the intensified continuous cropping. Conclusion Rotation cultivation of potatoes and maize significantly promoted the potato plant growth and development, enhanced the soil enzyme activity, and accelerated the transformation of available nutrients in soil to materially reduce the stress on the plants incurred by long-term continuous cropping. -
Key words:
- Potato /
- continuous cropping /
- rotation /
- soil enzyme /
- soil nutrients
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图 1 轮作与连作对马铃薯株高的影响
注：MPRC，马铃薯和玉米轮作；PCC，普通连作；PICC，强化连作；PNC，正茬薯作。图柱上方小写字母不同表示处理间差异达到显著水平（P<0.05 ），下图同。
Figure 1. Effects of rotation and continuous cropping on potato plant height
Note: MPRC: potato-maize rotation cropping; PCC: potato continuous cropping; PICC: potato intensified continuous cropping: PNC: potato normal planting. Different lower case letters above columns indicate significant differences between treatments. Same for following figures.
图 2 轮作与连作对马铃薯茎粗的影响
Figure 2. Effects of rotation and continuous cropping on potato stem girth
图 3 轮作与连作 对马铃薯总叶面积的影响
Figure 3. Effects of rotation and continuous cropping on potato leaf area
图 4 轮作与连作对马铃薯根长的影响
Figure 4. Effects of rotation and continuous cropping on potato root length
表 1 试验处理
Table 1. Tested crop cultivation treatments
年份
Years对照
Control普通连作
Potato continuous cropping马铃薯和玉米轮作
Potato maize rotation cropping强化连作
Potato intensified continuous cropping2015 — 春薯 Spring Potato 春薯 Spring Potato 春薯-秋薯 Spring Potato - Autumn Potato 2016 — 春薯 Spring Potato 玉米 Corn 春薯-秋薯 Spring Potato - Autumn Potato 2017 — 春薯 Spring Potato 春薯 Spring Potato 春薯-秋薯 Spring Potato - Autumn Potato 2018 — 春薯 Spring Potato 玉米 Corn 春薯-秋薯 Spring Potato - Autumn Potato 2019 正茬薯作 Normal planting 春薯 Spring Potato 春薯 Spring Potato 春薯-秋薯 Spring Potato - Autumn Potato 
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表 2 轮作与连作对马铃薯土壤抗逆性酶活性的影响
Table 2. Effects of rotation and continuous cropping on potato resistance enzyme activities in soil
指标
Index处理
Treatment前期
Earlier stage花期
Florescence stage块茎膨大期
Expansion stage成熟期
Mature stage过氧化氢酶 Catalase/（μg·g−1·24h−1） MPRC 2.73±0.24 a 1.88±0.19 c 1.79±0.03 b 2.35±0.07 b PCC 2.63±0.11 a 1.97±0.23 bc 1.89±0.14 b 2.34±0.25 b PICC 2.76±0.55 a 2.24±0.08 b 1.89±0.06 b 1.24±0.15 c PNC 2.58±0.76 a 2.48±0.15 a 2.61±0.16 a 3.02±0.12 a FDA水解酶 Hydrolase/（μg·g−1·h−1） MPRC 9.4±0.25 b 11.36±0.23 bc 10.96±0.64 b 10.44±0.50 c PCC 7.89±0.42 c 10.83±0.35 c 12.56±0.91 b 11.56±0.95 c PICC 6.49±0.53 d 12.49±0.98 ab 11.56±0.41 b 12.76±0.70 b PNC 10.9±0.68 a 12.66±0.76 a 13.86±0.71 a 15.51±015 a 多酚氧化酶 Polyphenol oxidase/（mg·g−1·20min−1） MPRC 266.90±29.51 b 387.75±43.37 a 483.51±12.38 ab 436.74±45.09 b PCC 282.46±27.22 ab 360.39±53.31 b 431.98±56.99 b 366.26±10.27 c PICC 290.71±7.67 a 324.68±39.01 b 360.07±46.55 c 310.56±17.65 d PNC 228.6±13.13 c 415.95±28.86 a 529.92±67.09 a 587.22±39.27 a 注：同类同列数据后小写英文字母不同表示差异显著（P＜0.05），下表同。
Note: Different lowercase English letters after the same column of data indicate significant differences (P＜0.05). Same for following table.
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表 3 轮作与连作对马铃薯土壤转化酶活性的影响
Table 3. Effects of rotation and continuous cropping on potato invertase activity in soil
指标
Index处理
Treatment前期
Earlier stage花期
Florescence stage块茎膨大期
Expansion stage成熟期
Mature stage磷酸酶 Phosphatase/（mg·g−1） MPRC 0.47±0.02 a 0.53±0.02 b 0.65±0.02 a 0.66±0.05 a PCC 0.48±0.03 a 0.49±0.01 c 0.56±0.04 b 0.59±0.02 b PICC 0.42±0.02 b 0.47±0.02 c 0.54±0.01 b 0.55±0.03 b PNC 0.47±0.02 a 0.62±0.03 a 0.63±0.08 a 0.68±0.1 a 蔗糖酶 Sucrase/（mg·g−1） MPRC 27.75±3.71 a 25.77±1.47 c 31.53±4.83 a 34.11±4.01 b PCC 30.4±1.14 a 28.67±2.17 bc 19.13±3.71 b 21.94±2.43 c PICC 32.28±0.81 a 27.99±4.28 b 20.30±4.31 b 23.60±5.99 c PNC 30.2±2.05 a 30.68±1.27 a 39.74±3.74 a 46.53±4.34 a 脲酶 Urease/（mg·g−1） MPRC 1.52±0.02 c 1.30±0.01 b 1.19±0.05 b 1.40±0.08 b PCC 1.85±0.03 b 1.18±0.03 c 1.14±0.02 b 1.21±0.04 c PICC 1.51±0.05 c 1.24±0.09 bc 1.15±0.05 b 1.18±0.05 d PNC 2.01±0.06 a 1.79±0.06 a 1.74±0.04 a 1.78±0.05 a
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表 4 轮作与连作对马铃薯土壤养分的影响
Table 4. Effects of rotation and continuous cropping on potato nutrients in soil
指标
Index前期
Earlier stage成熟期
Mature stageMPRC PCC PICC PNC MPRC PCC PICC PNC 全氮
Total nitrogen/（g·kg−1）2.13±0.14 b 2.06±037 b 2.08±0.07 b 2.42±0.03 a 1.99±0.10 bc 1.82±0.05 c 1.83±0.08 c 2.10±0.03 ab 碱解氮
Alkeline-N/（mg·kg−1）121.17±0.29 c 119.67±0.58 c 113.33±3.18 c 133.17±4.04 a 113.01±1.73 ab 114.33±2.02 b 106.17±4.04 c 120.17±1.50 a 全磷
Total phosphorus/（g·kg−1）0.57±0.01 a 0.53±0.01 b 0.52±0.01 b 0.53±0.01 b 0.57±0.01 ab 0.56±0.01 b 0.56±0.01 b 0.59±0.02 a 速效磷
Available phosphorus/（mg·kg−1）19.13±1.84 a 15.10±2.39 b 14.36±1.18 b 19.78±1.36 a 19.39±1.01 b 19.76±1.00 b 18.40±0.70 c 21.22±1.69 a 全钾
Total potassium/（g·kg−1）13.02±0.22 a 13.02±0.22 a 13.15±0.12 a 12.31±0.18 b 11.83±0.21 b 11.72±0.11 b 12.67±0.28 a 12.96±0.68 a 速效钾
Available potassium/（mg·kg−1）65.59±3.60 d 84.53±4.57 b 108.99±4.34 a 71.10±2.51 c 97.95±5.75 a 52.20±2.15 c 53.76±2.88 c 62.43±1.44 b
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