Effects of Long-term Spent Straw Incorporation on Organic Carbons in Soil and Carbon Pool Management at Two-crop Rice Fields
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摘要:
目的 以我国南方典型红壤水稻土为研究对象，研究双季稻田土壤肥力和有机碳组分的变化特征。 方法 以2005年布置的定位试验为研究平台，设计3个处理：不施肥处理（CK）、化肥处理（NPK）和秸秆还田配施化肥处理（M）。于2020年晚稻收获后，采集耕作层土壤样本，测定土壤有机碳组分和微生物量碳氮等肥力指数。 结果 长期秸秆还田配施化肥处理显著改善了双季稻田土壤肥力。长期秸秆还田配施化肥改变了土壤有机碳组分，M处理较CK处理显著提高有机碳（SOC）、游离态颗粒碳（FPOC）、可溶性颗粒碳（DOC）含量（P＜0.05）。同时，M处理有机碳各组分含量均高于NPK处理，其中颗粒态有机碳含量M处理（2.32 g·kg−1）显著高于NPK处理（1.94 g·kg−1）。NPK处理和M处理土壤微生物量碳（SMBC）较CK相比分别提高了21.94%和25.98%。此外，秸秆还田配施化肥提高了碱解氮（AN）、有效磷（AP）和速效钾（AK）等养分指标。 结论 秸秆还田配施化肥可以增加土壤碳库，提高碳库管理指数，调控土壤有机碳组分。土壤速效磷（AP）是影响有机碳组分的最为关键的环境因子，其次是pH和全磷（TP）。 Abstract:Objective Fertility and organic carbons in soil as affected by long-term post-harvest incorporation of spent rice straws on a typical red earth, two-cropping rice field in southern China were studied for better farming management. Method On the lots, treatments with applications of no fertilizer (CK), chemical fertilizer (NPK), or spent rice straws+chemical fertilizer (M) were implemented. After the late season, 2nd crop of rice was harvested in 2020, samples in the tillage layer (0-20 cm) at the test lots were collected to determine the organic carbons (OC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), nitrogen, and other fertility indicators in the soil. Result The long-term incorporation of straw discards by plowing them back into the field along with chemical fertilizer significantly improved the soil fertility. The M treatment altered the OC composition with significantly increased free particulate carbon (FPOC) and soluble particulate carbon (DOC), over CK (P＜0.05). The carbon pool in soil was enriched more than NPK treatment, especially, the content of granular OC of 2.32 g·kg−1 was significantly higher under M treatment than 1.94 g·kg−1 under NPK. Compared with CK, the MBC increased by 21.94% under NPK, and even higher, by 25.98%, under M. In addition, M also raised the nutrients, such as alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK), in the soil at the two-crop rice fields. Conclusion By turning discarded straws into the rice field after harvest along with chemical fertilization, the carbon pool, OC composition, nutrients in the soil, as well as farming management, were significantly improved. Aside from AP, pH and total phosphorus (TP) were the other important factors affecting the carbon pool in the rice field. With the incorporation of spent straws as described in this article AP in soil benefitted as well. -
图 1 稻田土壤环境因子与碳组分冗余分析
Figure 1. Redundancy analysis on environmental factors and carbon composition in soil of rice field
表 1 长期定位试验各处理化肥养分投入量
Table 1. Nutrient inputs of treatments in long-term experiment
（单位：kg·hm−2） 处理
Treatment早稻 Early rice 晚稻 Late rice 总计 Total N P2O5 K2O N P2O5 K2O N P2O5 K2O CK 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 NPK 180.0 90.0 135.0 180.0 90.0 135.0 360.0 180.0 270.0 M 138.6 80.4 61.1 138.6 80.4 61.1 277.2 160.8 122.2 
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表 2 秸秆还田对双季稻田有机碳组分的影响
Table 2. Effect of straw incorporation on OC in soil of two-crop rice field
处理
Treatment游离态颗粒碳
FPOC/（g·kg−1）闭蓄态颗粒碳
OPOC/（g·kg−1）矿质态颗粒碳
MOC/（g·kg−1）可溶性有机碳
DOC/（mg·kg−1）易氧化性有机碳
POXC/（g·kg−1）颗粒态有机碳
POC/（g·kg−1）有机碳
SOC/（g·kg−1）CK 0.57±0.06 a 1.09±0.17 b 2.92±0.05 b 407.77±7.58 b 5.74±0.07 b 1.66±0.14 b 12.92±0.10 b NPK 0.67±0.05 a 1.27±0.17 a 2.72±0.11 b 545.20±6.97 a 6.48±0.15 a 1.94±0.14 b 14.29±0.08 a M 0.78±0.06 a 1.54±0.23 a 3.42±0.06 a 546.37±6.36 a 6.78±0.20 a 2.32±0.17 a 14.57±0.12 a 同一列中不同小写字母表示差异显著（P＜0.05）。数据为均值±标准误。表3～6同。
Data with different lowercase letters on same column indicate significant differences (P＜0.05). Data presented as mean±standard error, n=3. Same for Tables 3–6.
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表 3 不同处理双季稻土壤颗粒有机碳占总有机碳的比例
Table 3. Particulate OC/total OC ratio of soil under treatments
处理
Treatment颗粒有机碳/总有机碳
POC/TOC矿质结合态有机碳/总有机碳
MOC/TOC颗粒有机碳/矿质结合态有机碳
POC/MOCCK 0.13±0.01 a 0.26±0.01 b 0.43±0.04 b NPK 0.14±0.01 a 0.30±0.01a 0.52±0.03 a M 0.16±0.01 a 0.30±0.01 a 0.53±0.03 a
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表 4 不同施肥处理双季稻田土壤基本理化性质 （0～20 cm）
Table 4. Physiochemical properties of soils (0-20 cm) under treatments
处理
TreatmentpH 有机质
SOC/（g·kg−1）速效磷
AP/（mg·kg−1）速效钾
AK/（mg·kg−1）碱解氮
AN/（mg·kg−1）全氮
TN/（g·kg−1）全磷
TP/(g·kg−1)全钾
TK/(g·kg−1)CK 6.83±0.01 a 22.27±0.18 c 31.22±2.43 c 54.92±2.47 b 96.10±2.66 a 1.21±0.02 a 0.89±0.04 b 1.47±0.02 a NPK 6.01±0.07 b 24.64±0.19 b 63.64±1.99 b 120.79±3.39 a 106.75±5.08 a 1.26±0.07 a 1.47±0.10 a 1.56±0.16 a M 5.47±0.04 c 25.13±0.35 a 74.99±1.43 a 116.63±8.11 a 103.02±3.19 a 1.24±0.06 a 1.67±0.05 a 1.69±0.03 a
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表 5 秸秆还田配施化肥处理下土壤微生物量碳氮的影响（0–20 cm）
Table 5. Effects of treatments on microbial biomass C and N in soil (0–20 cm)
处理
Treatment微生物量碳SMBC/
（mg·kg−1）微生物量氮SMBN/
（mg·kg−1）微生物量碳氮比
SMBC/SMBN土壤微生物量碳的
分配比例SMBC to TOC/%CK 358.85±11.59 b 36.81±2.43 b 10.36±0.77 a 2.78±0.11 b NPK 437.59±5.95 a 51.55±6.54 a 8.72±0.86 b 3.06±0.01 ab M 452.06±17.27 a 46.77±2.32 ab 9.74±0.80 ab 3.10±0.07 a
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表 6 秸秆还田配施化肥对土壤碳库管理指数的影响
Table 6. Effects of straws and fertilizer application on carbon pool management
处理 碳库活度
A碳库活度指数
AI碳库指数
CPI碳库管理指数
CPMICK 0.80±0.03 a 1.00±0.00 a 1.00±0.00 a 100.00±0.00 b NPK 0.83±0.04 a 1.05±0.08 a 1.11±0.01 a 116.10±7.94 ab M 0.87±0.00 a 1.09±0.02 a 1.13±0.01 a 125.43±2.13 a
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